‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ ﺍاﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍاﻟﺮﺣﻴﯿﻢ‬

‫ﻫﮬﮪھﺬﺍا ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ ﻟﻤﺎﺩدﺓة ‪TU170‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍاﺧﻮﻛﻢ ‪ /‬ﻋﺒﺪﷲ ﺍاﻟﻈﻔﻴﯿﺮﻱي‬

‫ﻳﯾﺸﻤﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭر ﺍاﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﻹﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﻟﻔﺎﻳﯾﻨﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،٬‬ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏب ﻟﻠﻔﺎﻳﯾﻨﻞ ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ch  1:  Information  Technology,  the  Internet,  and  You  ‬‬
‫‪Ch  2:  The  Internet,  the  Web,  and  E-­‐Commerce  ‬‬
‫‪Ch  3:  Application  Software  (Included  pages:    64  to  77,  web  authority  programs  is  not  included)  ‬‬
‫‪Ch  4:  System  Software  (Included  pages:    96  to  100,  mobile  operating  systems  is  not  included)  ‬‬
‫‪Ch  5:  System  Unit  (Included  pages:    124  to  136,  Ports  is  not  included)  ‬‬
‫‪Ch  6:  Input  and  Output  (Included  pages:    154  to  168,  Combination  Input  and  Output  Devices  is  not  included)  ‬‬
‫‪Ch  7:  Secondary  Storage  (Included  pages:    188  to  198)  ‬‬
‫‪Ch  8:  Communications  and  Networks  (Included  pages:    212  to  226,  Strategies  is  not  included)  ‬‬
‫‪Ch  9:  Privacy,  Security,  and  Ethics  ‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻠﻴﯿﻤﺎﺕت ﻫﮬﮪھﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﻟﻨﻬﮭﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍاﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺳﻴﯿﻜﻮﻥن ﻣﺤﻮﺳﺐ ﻭوﻟﻴﯿﺲ ﻭوﺭرﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﯾﺘﻜﻮﻥن ﺍاﻷﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭر ‪ ٥٠۰‬ﺩدﺭرﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥن ‪ ٣۳٠۰‬ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍاﻻﺧﺘﻴﯿﺎﺭر ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩد ﻭو‪ ٢۲٠۰‬ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺻﺢ ﺍاﻡم ﺧﻄﺄ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍاﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺑﻞ ﻛﻠﻪﮫ ﺍاﺧﺘﻴﯿﺎﺭرﻱي‬
‫ﻭوﺣﺪﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻟﻤﻴﯿﺪﺗﻴﯿﺮﻡم ﻣﻦ ‪ ١۱‬ﺇإﻟﻰ ‪ ٤‬ﺳﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ٪٢۲٠۰‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٥‬ﺇإﻟﻰ ‪ ٩۹‬ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥن ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪٪٨۸٠۰‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺍاﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍاﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭرﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻭو ﺗﻌﺎﺭرﻳﯾﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭر ﺍاﻟﻨﻬﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻻﻛﺴﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻟﻤﻴﯿﺪﺗﻴﯿﺮﻡم‬

‫ﻷﻱي ﺳﺆﺍاﻝل ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭر ﺍاﻭو ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓة‪ ..‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﺩدﺩدﻭوﺍا ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣﻌﻲ‬

‫‪A_ALTHUFAIRI‬‬ ‫‪50647479‬‬ ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭوﻋﺔ ﻋﺑﺩدﷲ ﺍاﻟﻅظﻔﻳﯾﺭرﻱي‬ ‫‪1‬‬

 ‫‪TU170  –    Chapter  1  ‬‬
‫‪IT: refers to Information Technology.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻴﯿﺮ ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕت‬
‫‪-­‐ the six parts an information system:‬‬
‫ﻳﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﻁط)ﺍاﺟﺰﺍاء( ﻳﯾﺤﺘﻮﻳﯾﻬﮭﺎ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم‬
‫‪-­‐ people, procedures, software, hardware, data and connectivity‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﻭوﺍاﻻﺟﻬﮭﺰﻩه ﻭوﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﯿﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻹﺟﺮﺍاءﺍاﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹص‬

‫‪1- People:‬‬
‫‪-­‐ Direct: such as creating documents using a word processing‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓة ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺇإﻧﺸﺎء ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍاﺕت ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹص ﺃأﻭو ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝل ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪-­‐ Indirect: such as using computers in medicine, entertainment, education‬‬
‫‪and business‬‬
‫ﻭوﺍاﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝل ﺍاﻭو ﺑﻄﺮﻳﯾﻘﻪﮫ ﻏﻴﯿﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓة ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﺃأﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻟﻄﺐ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﯿﻢ‬

‫‪2- Procedures: The rules or guidelines for people to follow when using‬‬
‫‪software, hardware and data are‬‬
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﻘﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪﮫ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﻭوﺑﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬

‫‪3- Software: is programs.‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ‬
‫‪Programs: are the instructions that tell the computer how to work‬‬
‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ‪:‬ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺓة ﻋﻦ ﺍاﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﯿﻬﮭﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻷﻭوﺍاﻣﺮ ﺍاﻟﻼﺯزﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬

‫‪Two major kinds of software:‬‬

‫ﻳﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻧﻈﻤﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﯿﻖ‬
‫‪-­‐ System Software.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫‪-­‐ Application Software.‬‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬
‫‪System software: is a “background” software that helps the computer‬‬
‫‪manage its own internal resources.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم ‪ :‬ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﺍاﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم‬

‫‪It enables applications to interact with the computer hardware.‬‬
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬

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 System software is including:‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻜﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﯾﻀﻢ‬
-­‐ Operating System. ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ‬
-­‐ Utilities. ‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓة‬
-­‐ Device Drivers. ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﯾﻔﺎﺕت ﺍاﻻﺟﻬﮭﺰﻩه‬

Operating Systems: ‫ﺍاﻧﻈﻤﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ‬

-­‐ Programs that coordinate computer resources, provide an interface
between users and the computer, and run applications.
-­‐ ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﯿﻖ ﺑﻴﯿﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩدﺭر ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻭوﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻭوﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺔ ﺑﻴﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻭوﺗﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺍاﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت‬
-­‐ Examples: Windows and Mac OS.

Utilities: ‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩه‬

-­‐ Performs tasks related to managing computer resources.
-­‐ ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡم ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻬﮭﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺩدﺭرﺍاﻩه ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
-­‐ Example: Disk Defragmenter utility locates and eliminates unnecessary
file fragments and rearrange files and unused disk space to optimize
computer operations.
‫ﺗﺠﺰﺋﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻘﺮﺹص ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡم ﺑﻤﺴﺢ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت ﻏﻴﯿﺮ ﺍاﻟﻀﺮﻭوﺭرﻳﯾﺔ ﻭوﺃأﻋﺎﺩدﻩه ﺗﺮﺗﻴﯿﺐ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﯿﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬

Device drivers: ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﯾﻔﺎﺕت ﺍاﻻﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة‬

-­‐ Specialized programs designed to allow particular input or output
devices, such as printers, to communicate with the rest of the computer
system.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺻﻤﻤﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺟﻞ ﺍاﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡح ﻟﻼﺟﻬﮭﺰﻩه ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍاﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕت ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑف ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﻮﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬

Application software: might be described as end-user software.

Application software types: ‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺍاﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت‬
-­‐ general-purpose: ‫ﺍاﻣﺎ ﻟﻸﻫﮬﮪھﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻣﻪﮫ‬
Examples: browser, Word processor, spreadsheet ‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﻭو ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹص ﺍاﻭو ﻣﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
-­‐ specialized : ‫ﺍاﻭو ﻟﻸﻫﮬﮪھﺪﺍاﻑف ﺍاﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
Programs focused on specific disciplines.
‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻫﮬﮪھﺪﺍاﻑف ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
Examples: graphics, multimedia and Web authoring
-­‐ mobile apps ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩدﺓة ﻭوﺗﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻬﮭﺎﺗﻒ‬
4- Hardware: electronic devices ‫ﺍاﻷﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﺔ‬

A_ALTHUFAIRI 50647479 ‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭوﻋﺔ ﻋﺑﺩدﷲ ﺍاﻟﻅظﻔﻳﯾﺭرﻱي‬ 3

There are four types of computers: ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺎﻙك ﺃأﺭرﺑﻌﺔ ﺃأﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻣﻦ ﺃأﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
-­‐ Supercomputers ‫ﺍاﻟﺤﻮﺍاﺳﻴﯿﺐ ﺍاﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‬
-­‐ Mainframe computers ‫ﺍاﻟﺤﻮﺍاﺳﻴﯿﺐ ﺍاﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﯾﺔ‬
-­‐ Minicomputers ‫ﺍاﻟﺤﻮﺍاﺳﻴﯿﺐ ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
-­‐ Microcomputers ‫ﺍاﻟﺤﻮﺍاﺳﻴﯿﺐ ﺍاﻟﺼﻐﻴﯿﺮﺓة‬

Supercomputers: the most powerful, special high-capacity computers used

in very large corporations. ‫ ﻭوﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ‬,‫ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﻮﺓة ﻭوﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍاﺳﺮﻉع‬
Mainframe computers: are capable of great processing speed and data
storage; occupy specially wired, air-conditioned rooms.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﻟﺪﻳﯾﻬﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻗﻮﻱي ﻭوﺫذﺍاﻛﺮﺓة ﺗﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﻗﻮﻳﯾﺔ‬
Minicomputers (or mid-range computers): are refrigerator sized machines
used in medium sized companies or departments in large companies
Microcomputers: least powerful but most widely used and fastest-growing
type of computers, like your pc ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺣﻮﺍاﺳﻴﯿﺐ ﺍاﻗﻞ ﻗﻮﺓة ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﯿﺮﻫﮬﮪھﺎ ﻭوﻟﻜﻨﻬﮭﺎ ﺍاﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺍاﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭر‬
There are six types of microcomputers: ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺎﻙك ﺳﺘﺔ ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻟﻠﺤﻮﺍاﺳﻴﯿﺐ ﺍاﻟﺼﻐﻴﯿﺮﺓة‬
-­‐ Desktop, media center, notebook, tablet PC, netbook and handheld
computers.

Hardware for a microcomputer consists of four basic parts:

-­‐ System unit
-­‐ Input/output
-­‐ Secondary Storage
-­‐ Communications
System unit: is a container that houses most of the electronic components
that make up a computer system.
‫ ﺍاﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻳﯾﺤﺘﻮﻱي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍاﻻﺟﺰﺍاء ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬: ‫ﻭوﺣﺪﻩه ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم‬
components of the system unit: Microprocessor and memory.

Microprocessor: Controls and manipulates data to produce information.

‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭوﻣﻌﺎﺟﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬
Memory: is a holding area for data, instructions and information
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﻥن ﻓﻴﯿﻬﮭﺎ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬
One type of memory is Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM is called temporary memory since its content is lost when
electrical power is disrupted.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺫذﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻣﺆﻗﺘﻪﮫ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩد ﺍاﻁطﻔﺎء ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬: ‫ﺍاﻟﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﻩه ﺍاﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍاﺋﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
Input/output devices:

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 -­‐ Input devices translate data and programs that humans can understand
into a form that a computer can process.
-­‐ ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻣﺪﺧﻼﺕت ﻟﻠﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥن ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬
-­‐ Examples: keyboard, the mouse and the microphone.
Output devices: translate the processed information from the computer into
a form that humans can understand.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺍاﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥن‬
-­‐ Examples: printers, monitors and speakers.
Secondary storage: secondary storage holds data and programs even if
electrical power is not available.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺍاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﯾﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﺪﺍاﺋﻤﻪﮫ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ‬
The most important types of secondary media are:
-­‐ Hard disks: store programs and very large data files
-­‐ ‫ﻳﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍاﻫﮬﮪھﻢ ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺍاﻟﺬﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﺍاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﯾﻪﮫ‬
-­‐ magnetically.
-­‐ Solid-state storage: Saves data and information electronically similar to
RAM except that it is non volatile.
-­‐ ( ‫ﻳﯾﺨﺰﻥن ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت ﻭو ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﺎ ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﺫذﺍاﻛﺮﻩه ﻏﻴﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻳﯾﺮﻩه )ﻓﻼﺵش‬
o Examples on Solid-state storage are: Solid-state drives (SSD),
USB drives and flash memory cards.
-­‐ Optical disks: use laser technology and have the greatest capacity.
o Three types of optical disks are: CDs, DVDs and hi def disks.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍاﻟﻠﻴﯿﺰﺭر ﻛﺎﻟﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﻭوﺗﺘﻤﻴﯿﺰ ﺑﻘﺪﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬
Communications:
-­‐ Communication devices, such as modems, provide to communicate with
other computer
-­‐ Modems modify telephone communications into a form that can be
processed by a computer.
-­‐ Modems also modify computer output into a form that can be transmitted
across standard telephone lines.
5- Data is raw, unprocessed facts including text, numbers, images and sounds.
-­‐ Processed data becomes information.
-­‐ Four common types of files:
o Document files.
o Worksheet files.
o Database files.
o Presentation files.

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 Document files: created by word processors to save documents such as
letters and memos.
Worksheet files: created by spreadsheets to analyze things such as budgets
and sales.
Database files: created by database management programs to contain highly
structures and organized data
-­‐ such as: the information stored about students of a university.

Presentation files: created by presentation graphics programs to save

presentation materials.

6- Connectivity is the capability of your microcomputer to share information

with other computers.
A network is a communications system connecting two or more computers.
The largest network in the world is the Internet.
The web provides a multimedia interface to the numerous resources
available on the Internet.
Cloud computing uses the Internet and the web to shift many computer
activities from a user's computer to computers on the Internet.

TU170  –  chapter  2  
The Internet: is often referred to as the Information Superhighway because it
connects millions of people and organizations across the globe. ‫ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻮ‬: ‫ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻳﯾﺮﻣﺰ ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﻷﻧﻪﮫ ﻳﯾﺮﺑﻂ ﺍاﻻﺷﺨﺎﺹص ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﯿﻊ ﺍاﻧﺤﺎء ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
The Web: provides an easy-to-use, intuitive multimedia interface to connect to
the Internet. , ‫ ﻭوﺍاﺟﻬﮭﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬: ‫ﺍاﻟﻮﻳﯾﺐ‬
The Internet is the largest global network, connecting smaller networks
worldwide.
The World Wide Web or WWW was introduced in 1991 at CERN in
Switzerland.
Prior to the Web, the Internet was all text (no graphics, animation, sound or
video).
The web is a part of the Internet – not the Internet: ‫ﺍاﻟﻮﻳﯾﺐ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭوﻟﻴﯿﺲ‬
‫ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪﮫ‬

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 The most common Internet uses are: ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍاﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﯿﻮﻋﺎ‬
1- Communicating ‫ﺍاﻟﺘﻮﺍاﺻﻞ‬
- Exchange e-mail ‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻳﯾﺪ ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻲ‬
- Discussion groups ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕت ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕت‬
2- Online Shopping ‫ﺍاﻟﺘﺴﻮﻕق ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
- Look for the latest fashions, search for bargains and make purchases.
- Searching (for information)
- Access some of the world’s largest libraries
3- Education or e-learning
- Take online classes
4- Entertainment ‫ﺍاﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
- Find music, movies, magazines and computer games.

Access:
Common way to access the Internet is through a Commercial Internet Service
Providers (ISP).
The most widely used ISPs are the national and wireless service providers.
Client-server network: is comprised of users that are connected to a ISP via a
variety of connecting technologies (dial-up, telephone connections, wireless
modems, DSLs, etc…)

Browsers: ‫ﺍاﻟﻣﺗﺻﻔﺣﺎﺕت‬
Browsers: are programs that provide access to Web resources. ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﮭﺎ ﻳﯾﺘﻢ ﺍاﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﻪﮫ‬
Browsers: allow you to explore (or surf) the Web by easily moving from one
web site to another. ‫ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝل ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺍاﺧﺮ‬
Four popular browsers are: ‫ﺍاﺷﻬﮭﺮ ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕت‬
- Microsoft Internet Explorer.
- Mozilla Firefox.
- Apple Safari.
- Google Chrome.

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 For browsers to connect to resources, the address of the resource must be
specified. This address is called Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
All URLs have at least two parts
- Protocol: rules for exchanging data between computers (e.g. http, used for
web traffic) ‫ ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩدﻝل ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬:‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻭوﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝل‬
- Domain name: indicates the specific address where the resource is located.
Top-level domains (TLDs): provide further information about the website. For
example, .com indicates a commercial site.

Once the browser has connected to a web site, a document file is sent to your
computer.
1- This document typically contains Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
2- The browser interprets the HTML codes and displays the document as a
Web page.

Communication

Communication is the most popular Internet activity. ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁط ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬: ‫ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝل‬

‫ﺍاﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
Popular types of Internet communication are:
1- Electronic Mail (E-Mail). ‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻳﯾﺪ ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻰ‬
2- Messaging.
3- Social Networking. ‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
4- Blogs, Micro blogs, Webcasts, Podcasts, wikis. ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺪﻭوﻧﺎﺕت‬

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‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻳﯾﺪ ﺍاﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻲ ‪E-Mail‬‬
‫ﺍاﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝل ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ‪E-Mail is the transmission of electronic messages over the Internet.‬‬
‫ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪An email message has three basic parts: Header (includes address, subject and‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥن ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬ﺍاﺟﺰﺍاء ﺍاﻟﺮﺃأﺱس ﻭوﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﻪﮫ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﯿﻊ ‪attachment), message and signature.‬‬

‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻮﻫﮬﮪھﻤﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯى ‪Spam is junk, unwanted or unsolicited e-mail.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻳﯾﺪ ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺍاﻟﻐﻴﯿﺮ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏب ﻓﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬

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 Computer viruses or destructive programs are often attached to spams. ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﮬﮪھﺬﻩه ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻯى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﯿﺮﻭوﺳﺎﺕت‬
Spam blockers are programs that use a variety of approaches to identify and
control spams.
Spam blockers are also referred to as: Junk mail filters or anti-spam
programs.

Messaging: ‫ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

Types of messaging: ‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬

1- Text messaging ‫ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
2- Instant Messaging ‫ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﻟﻔﻮﺭرﻳﯾﻪﮫ‬
Text messaging, also known as texting, is the process of sending a short
electronic message, typically less than 160 characters
‫ ﺣﺮﻑف‬160 ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﺍاﺭرﺳﺎﻝل ﺭرﺳﺎﻟﻪﮫ ﻗﺼﻴﯿﺮﻩه ﻋﺎﺩدﻩه ﺍاﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ‬: ‫ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
Instant Messaging (IM) allows two or more people to contact each other via
direct, live communication. ‫ﺳﻤﺤﺖ ﻻﺛﻨﻴﯿﻦ ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﺱس ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ‬: ‫ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍاﻟﻔﻮﺭرﻳﯾﻪﮫ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﮭﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﯾﻘﻪﮫ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﻩه‬
Instant messaging programs also include:
1- Video conferencing features ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺩدﺛﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻔﻴﯿﺪﻳﯾﻮ‬
2- File sharing ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩدﻝل ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت‬
3- Remote assistance‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩه ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
Most widely used instant messaging services:
1- AOL’s Instant Messenger
2- Microsoft’s MSN Messenger
3- Yahoo Messenger

Social Networking : ‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت ﺍاﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬

Social networking sites focus on connecting people and organizations that share
a common interest or activity. ‫ ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﺱس ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ‬: ‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت ﺍاﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙك ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁط‬
These sites provide many tools that facilitate meeting, communicating, and
sharing.،٬‫ﻫﮬﮪھﺬﻩه ﺍاﻟﻤﻮﺍاﻗﻊ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍاﻟﻌﺪﻳﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻷﺩدﻭوﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﮭﻞ ﺍاﻟﻠﻘﺎء ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﻮﺍاﺻﻞ‬
Three of the best known are Facebook, Google+, and LinkedIn.

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Blogs, Microblogs, Webcasts, Podcasts, and Wikis

In addition to social networking sites, there are other applications that help
ordinary people communicate across the web including
Web blog or blog is a type of personal Web site where articles are regularly
posted.
- Postings are time-stamped with the newest items first.
- Readers of these sites are allowed to comment.
- Some blogs are like online diaries with personal information; others focus on
information, hobby or theme (good books, electronic devices,…).
- Several sites provide tools to create blogs like Blogger and WordPress.
A microblog publishes short sentences that only take a few seconds to write,
rather than long stories like a traditional blog.
- Microblogs are designed to keep friends and other contacts up-to-date on
your interest and activities.
- The most popular microblog site is Twitter.
Both webcasts and podcasts deliver media content such as music and movies
over the Internet to your computer.
- Webcasts use streaming technology in which audio and video files are
continuously downloaded to your computer while you are listening to and/or
viewing the file content. After a webcast has been completed, there are no
files remaining on your computer.
- Podcasts do not use streaming technology. Before a podcast can be run, the
media files have to be downloaded and saved to your computer.
-
A wiki is a web site to allow visitors to fill in missing information or correct
inaccuracies on it by editing the pages.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺰﻭوﺍاﺭر ﻻﻥن ﻳﯾﻜﻤﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪﮫ ﺍاﻭو ﻳﯾﺼﻠﺤﻬﮭﺎ‬

Search tools: ‫ﺍاﺩدﻭوﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬

1- Search engines: ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬

- Specialized search Wikis support collaborative writing in which there isn’t a
single expert author, but rather a community of interested people.
- The most common example is Wikipedia.

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Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia written and edited by anyone who wants
to contribute engines. ‫ﻭوﻳﯾﻜﺒﻴﯿﺪﻳﯾﺎ ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺰﻭوﺍاﺭر ﻻﻥن ﻳﯾﻜﻤﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﻗﺼﻪﮫ ﺍاﻭو ﻳﯾﺼﻠﺤﻬﮭﺎ‬
Search engines are specialized programs that assist you in locating information
on the Web. ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙك ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻟﻮﻳﯾﺐ‬
To use a search website, you enter a keyword or phrase reflecting the
information you want.
- The search engine compares your entry against its database and returns a list
of hits, or sites that contain the keywords.
- Each hit includes a link to the referenced web page

Specialized search engines focus on subject-specific Web sites.

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 To evaluate the accuracy of information you find on the web, consider the
following: Authority, Accuracy, Objectivity, Currency

Electronic Commerce: ‫ﺍاﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬

- Electronic Commerce (e-commerce) is the buying and selling of goods

over the Internet. ‫ﺷﺮﺍاء ﻭوﺑﻴﯿﻊ ﺍاﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍاﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

There are three basic types of e-commerce: ‫ ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬3

1- Business-to-consumer (B2C).‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺮﻛﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﮭﻠﻚ‬
2- Consumer-to-consumer (C2C).‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﮭﻠﻚ ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﮭﻠﻚ‬
3- Business-to-business (B2B).‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺮﻛﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻰ ﺍاﻟﺸﺮﻛﻪﮫ‬
Business-to-consumer (B2C):
- Involves the sale of a product or service to end-users.‫ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﺑﻴﯿﻊ ﺍاﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺨﺪﻡم ﺍاﻟﻨﻬﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬
- Eliminates the wholesaler by allowing manufacturer to sell directly to customer.

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C):
- Involves individuals selling to individuals. ‫ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺒﻴﯿﻊ ﺍاﻻﻓﺮﺍاﺩد ﻟﻼﻓﺮﺍاﺩد‬
- Takes the form of an electronic version of the classified ads or auctions.
Business-to-business (B2B):
- the sale of a product or service from one business to another.
- For example, a furniture manufacturer requires raw materials such as wood and paint.

Security: ‫ﺍاﻷﻣﺎﻥن‬

The single greatest challenge for e-commerce is the development of fast, secure
and reliable payment methods.‫ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻋﻈﻢ ﺍاﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﯾﺎﺕت ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭرﻩه ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﯾﺮ ﻭوﺳﻴﯿﻠﻪﮫ ﻟﻠﺪﻓﻊ ﺗﻜﻮﻥن ﺍاﻣﻨﻪﮫ ﻭوﺳﺮﻳﯾﻌﺔ‬
Two basic payment options: ‫ﻳﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺧﻴﯿﺎﺭرﺍاﻥن ﻟﻠﺪﻓﻊ‬
1- Credit card: faster and more convenient than checks
‫ﻭوﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﺳﺮﻉع ﻭوﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﻩه ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺸﻴﯿﻜﺎﺕت‬: ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﻪﮫ ﺍاﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥن‬.
- Credit card fraud is a major concern for both buyers and sellers.
‫ﺗﺰﻭوﻳﯾﺮ ﺍاﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕت ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﻠﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺨﺪﻣﻴﯿﻦ ﻟﻬﮭﺎ‬
2- Digital cash: currency for Internet purchases.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻋﻤﻼﺕت ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍاء ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

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 - Buyers purchases digital cash from a third party (a bank that specializes in
electronic currency) by transferring funds from their banks and use it to
purchase goods.
‫ﻳﯾﺘﻢ ﺷﺮﺍاء ﺍاﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﻚ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻼﺕت ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﻋﻦ ﻁطﺮﻳﯾﻖ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﯾﻞ ﺍاﻻﻣﻮﺍاﻝل ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙك ﻭوﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻣﻬﮭﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺍاء ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻲ‬
- Sellers convert the digital cash to traditional currency through the third party.
- Digital cash in more secure than credit cards. Example: PayPal.

Cloud Computing:

Cloud computing uses the Internet and the Web to shift many computer
activities from the user’s computers and other computers on the Internet.
It frees end-users from owning, maintaining, and storing software programs and
data.
The basic components to cloud computing:
- Clients (end-users).
- The Internet.
- Service providers. Such as Google Apps, which provides free access to
programs with capabilities similar to Microsoft’s Word, Excel and
PowerPoint.

Web Utilities: ‫ﺍاﺩدﻭوﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻟﻮﻳﯾﺐ‬

Web Utilities are specialized utility programs that make using the Internet and
Web safer and easier. ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻌﻞ ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍاﻣﻦ ﻭوﺳﻬﮭﻞ‬
Some utilities are browser-related programs.
Others are designed to protect children from dangerous and inappropriate
websites materials. ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﯾﺔ ﺍاﻻﻁطﻔﺎﻝل ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻮﺍاﺩد ﺍاﻟﺨﻄﻴﯿﺮﺓة ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﻮﺍاﻗﻊ ﺍاﻟﻐﻴﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
1- Plug-Ins.
2- Filters.
3- File Transfer Utilities.
4- Internet Security Suites

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Plug-Ins ‫ﺍاﻻﺿﺎﻓﺎﺕت‬
- Plug-Ins are programs that provide an enhanced browsing experience by
enabling special file formats and multimedia elements.

Filters ‫ﺍاﻟﻔﻼﺗﺮ‬
- Filters block access to selected sites.

File Transfer Utilities ‫ﺃأﺩدﻭوﺍاﺕت ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت‬

- File Transfer Utilities Programs that help you upload and download files to
and from the Internet. ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻙك ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭرﻓﻊ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺗﻚ ﻭوﺗﺤﻤﻴﯿﻠﻬﮭﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
- Three popular types of file transfer are: ‫ﺛﻼﺙث ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت‬
1- File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
2- Web-based file transfer services.
3- BitTorrent ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺔ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت ﺍاﻭوﻧﻼﻳﯾﻦ‬
Internet Security Suites ‫ﺍاﻣﺎﻥن ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
- An Internet Security Suite is a collection of utility programs designed to
maintain your security and privacy while you are on the Web.
- These programs control spam, protect against computer viruses, provide
filters and much more. ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﯿﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻔﺎﻳﯾﺮﻭوﺳﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺨﺒﻴﯿﺜﺔ‬
- Two of the best-known Internet security suites are: ‫ﺍاﺷﻬﮭﺮ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ‬
1- McAfee. ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﻲ‬
2- Symantec Norton. ‫ﻧﻮﺭرﺗﻦ‬

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 TU170  –  chapter  3  
Application software

Application software is end user software that is used to accomplish a variety

of tasks. ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﻳﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﻻﻧﺠﺎﺯز ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﮫ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﻬﮭﺎﻡم‬
Two categories of application software: ‫ﻳﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥن ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت‬
1- General-Purpose: include word processors, spreadsheets, database
management systems and presentation graphics.
‫ ﻭوﻧﻈﻢ ﺇإﺩدﺍاﺭرﺓة ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻭوﺭرﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻌﺮﺽض‬،٬‫ ﺟﺪﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬،٬‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹص‬:‫ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍاﺽض ﺍاﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
2- Specialized applications: programs focused in specific disciplines, such as
web authoring programs, graphics programs, audio and video editors,
multimedia authoring programs
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﯿﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬،٬‫ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕت ﻣﻌﻴﯿﻨﺔ‬:‫ﺍاﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬
‫ ﻭوﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﺤﺮﺭرﻳﯾﻦ ﺍاﻟﺼﻮﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﻔﻴﯿﺪﻳﯾﻮﺍاﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت‬،٬‫ﺍاﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬

User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI): is a user interface that uses icons selected by
a mouse-controlled pointer. ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻭوﺍاﺟﻬﮭﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﻭوﻳﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﻓﻴﯿﻬﮭﺎ ﺍاﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯز ﻋﻦ ﻁطﺮﻳﯾﻖ ﺍاﻟﻤﺎﻭوﺱس‬
A window is simply a rectangle area that can contain a document, program or
message.‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬﻩه ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
More than one window can be opened and displayed on the computer screen at
one time. ‫ﻳﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﻓﺬﻩه ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
Most software programs use a system of menus, toolbars, dialogue boxes and
buttons.
Menus present commands displayed in menu bars at the top of the screen.
Dialogue box provide additional information or requests user input.
Toolbars contain buttons for quick access commonly used commands.

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Microsoft 2010 uses an interface introduced in office 2007 that includes:
1- Ribbons replace menus and toolbars by organizing commonly used commands into a set
of tabs.
2- Tabs divide ribbons into major activity areas.
3- Galleries display graphic representations of alternatives.

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Common Features

Some of the most common features in applications include:‫ﺍاﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍاﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﻪﮫ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﯿﻘﺎﺕت‬

1- Spell checkers: look for misspelled words ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻬﮭﺎ ﺍاﺧﻄﺎء ﺍاﻣﻼﺋﻴﯿﻪﮫ‬
2- Alignment: either centers, right-aligns, or left-aligns numbers and characters
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﺎﺫذﺍاﺓة ﻟﻼﺭرﻗﺎﻡم ﻭوﺍاﻟﺤﺮﻭوﻑف‬
3- Font and font sizes (perhaps use character effects): specifies the size and
style of entered numbers and text
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩد ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍاﻟﺨﻂ ﻭوﻧﻤﻂ ﺍاﻻﺭرﻗﺎﻡم ﻭوﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹص‬
4- Tables: presents numbers and text in table format
5- Reports: provides a variety of different types and styles to report information
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡم ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃأﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭوﺃأﺳﺎﻟﻴﯿﺐ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﯾﻢ ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕت‬
Word Processors
- allow to create, edit, save and print text-based documents including memos,
letters, faxes, reports, newsletters and Web pages. ‫ﺍاﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡح ﻹﻧﺸﺎء ﻭوﺗﺤﺮﻳﯾﺮ ﻭوﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻭوﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻳﯾﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇإﻟﻰ ﻧﺺ ﻣﻄﺒﻮﻉع ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫذﻟﻚ ﺍاﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺍاﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭوﺍاﻟﻔﺎﻛﺴﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭرﻳﯾﺮ ﻭوﺍاﻟﻨﺸﺮﺍاﺕت‬
‫ﺍاﻹﺧﺒﺎﺭرﻳﯾﺔ ﻭوﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻮﻳﯾﺐ‬

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- Examples on Word processing programs: ‫ﺍاﻣﺜﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹص‬
1- Microsoft Word (the most widely used)
2- Corel WordPerfect
3- Apple Pages
Word Processor Features ‫ﻣﻤﻴﯿﺰﺍاﺕت ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹص‬
- Word Wrap
- provides synonyms, antonyms and related words.
- Find and replace locates (finds), removes, and inserts (replace)
- spelling and grammar checkers
- Font and font sizing.
- Character effects include bold, italic and colors.
- Styles feature
Spreadsheets ‫ﺟﺪﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬
- Spreadsheets programs organize, analyze and graph numeric data.
- Examples on Spreadsheet programs: ‫ﺍاﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺟﺪﺍاﻭوﻝل ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬
1- Microsoft Excel (the most widely used)
2- Corel Quattro Pro
3- Apple iWork's Numbers
- Spreadsheets manipulate numeric data and create workbook files.
- Workbook files consist one or more related worksheets.
- A worksheet or spreadsheet or sheet is a rectangular grid of rows and
columns.
- Columns are identified by letters and rows are identified by numbers.
- A cell is created by the intersection of a row and column.
- A formula is an instruction to calculate or process.
- Example: F15 contains the formula =E5-E13
- Functions are prewritten formulas
- Example: E13 contains the function SUM(D8:D12)
- A range is a series of continuous cells.
- In this case, the range includes D8, D9, D10, D11 and D12.
- Spreadsheets programs typically provide different types of functions
financial, mathematical, statistical and logical functions.
- Analytical graphs or charts are visual representations of data in a
spreadsheet.

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Database Management Systems (DBMS) ‫ﺍاﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﺩدﺍاﺭرﺓة ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬
- A database is a collection of related data.
- Database Management Systems (DBMS) or database manager is a program
that sets up or structures a database.
- Universities use databases to keep records of students, instructors and
courses.
- Companies maintain employee databases.
- Microsoft Access is the most popular desktop database management
software
- The relational database is the most widely used database structure.
- Data is organized into related tables.
- table is made up of rows called records and columns called fields.
- A Query is a question or a request for a specific data in a database.
- Forms are used to enter and edit records.
- Reports are printed output in a variety of forms.
Presentation Graphics ‫ﻋﺮﺽض ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕت‬
- programs create visually interesting presentations.
- Combines variety of visual objects
- excellent tools to communicate a message and to persuade people.
- Examples on presentation programs: ‫ﺍاﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﻋﺮﺽض ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕت‬
1- Microsoft PowerPoint
2- Corel Presentations
3- Apple Keynote

Presentation Graphics Features: ‫ﻣﻤﻴﯿﺰﺍاﺕت ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﻋﺮﺽض ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕت‬

- Slides individual pages or screens on a presentation.
- Design templates
- Content Templates provide suggested content for each slide.
- Animation adds action to text and graphics.
- Transitions animate moving from one slide to the next.

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Graphics

Specialized applications include graphics programs.

Graphics programs examples:
1- desktop publishing programs
2- image editing programs
3- illustration programs
4- image galleries.
Desktop publishing programs, or page layout programs, allow you to mix text
and graphics to create publications of professional quality.
- Used to create documents such as brochures, newsletters, newspapers, and
textbooks.
- Examples:
1- Adobe InDesign
2- Microsoft Publisher
3- QuarkXPress.
Image editors, also known as photo editors, are specialized graphics programs
for editing or modifying digital photographs.
- Image editors examples:
1- Adobe Photoshop
2- Corel Paint Shop Pro
3- GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program)
4- Windows Live Photo Gallery.
illustration programs, also known as drawing programs, are used to create and
edit vector images.
- illustration programs are often used for graphic design, page layout, and
creating sharp artistic images.
- illustration programs examples:
1- Adobe Illustrator
2- CorelDRAW
3- Inkscape

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Image galleries are libraries of electronic images.

- Types of image galleries:

1- stock photographs
2- clip art.
Stock photographs are photographs on a variety of subject material from
people to landscapes.
Clip art are graphic illustrations representing a wide range of topics.

TU170    –  Chapter 4

System software ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم‬

System software works with end users, application programs and computer
hardware
System software is Not a single program but a collection of programs
System software consist of four types of programs: ‫ﻳﯾﺘﻜﻮﻥن ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم ﻣﻦ ﺃأﺭرﺑﻌﺔ ﺃأﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻣﻦ‬
:‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ‬
1- Operating systems coordinates resources, provide an interface between the
users and the computer and run the applications.
‫ ﻭوﺗﻮﻓﻴﯿﺮ ﻭوﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺔ ﺑﻴﯿﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﯿﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬،٬‫ﺃأﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺗﻨﺴﻖ ﺍاﻟﻤﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد‬

2- Utilities perform specific tasks to managing computer resources.

‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡم ﺑﻤﻬﮭﺎﻡم ﻣﺤﺪﺩدﻩه ﻻﺩدﺍاﺭرﻩه ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬

3- Device drivers allow particular input or output devices to communicate with

the rest of the computer system.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻻﺟﻬﮭﺰﻩه ﺍاﻻﺩدﺧﺎﻝل ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻻﺧﺮﺍاﺝج ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍاﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﻴﯿﻪﮫ ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﻩه ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬

4- Language translators convert the programming instructions written by

programmers into the computer language.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻝل ﺗﻌﻠﻴﯿﻤﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺍاﻟﺨﻄﻴﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬

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Operating System functions ‫ﻭوﻅظﺎﺋﻒ ﻭوﻣﻬﮭﺎﻡم ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ‬
An operating system is a collection of programs that handle technical tasks
related to using a computer.
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭرﺓة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍاﻟﻤﻬﮭﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﻔﻨﻴﯿﺔ ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
The OS provides the interface between the user and computer, and is required
to run applications.
‫ﻳﯾﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﻭوﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺔ ﺑﻴﯿﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡم ﻭوﺟﻬﮭﺎﺯز ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
Every computer has an operating system (OS), such as Windows 7 or Mac OS X.
Without a operating system, your computer would be useless.

Operating System ‫ﺍاﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ‬

Functions of OS can be classified into three groups: ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕت‬3 ‫ﻳﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﯿﻒ ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺍاﻟﻰ‬
- Managing resources: OS coordinates computer resources including memory,
processing, storage and devices.
- ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﺍاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺴﻖ ﻣﻮﺍاﺭرﺩد ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫذﻟﻚ ﺍاﻟﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺓة ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻷﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة‬
- Providing user interface: New OS use Graphical User Interface (GUI).

- Running application: Most OS support multitasking, or the ability to switch

between different applications stored in memory.
With multitasking, you could have Word and Excel running at the same time
and switch easily between the two applications.
The program you are currently working with on is described as running in
the foreground.
The other program or programs are running in the background.

Features of Operating Systems ‫ﺗﻠﻤﻴﯿﺤﺎﺕت ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ‬

Starting or restarting the computer is called booting the system.
‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﺍاﻋﺎﺩدﻩه ﺗﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬
There are two ways to boot a computer:
1- Warm boot: restart computer without turning off the power.
‫ﺍاﻋﺎﺩدﻩه ﺗﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﺩدﻭوﻥن ﺍاﻳﯾﻘﺎﻑف ﺍاﻟﻄﺎﻗﻪﮫ‬
2- Cold boot: starting the computer that has been turned off.
‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ ﺟﻬﮭﺎﺯز ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﺍاﻟﺬﻱي ﺗﻢ ﺇإﻳﯾﻘﺎﻑف‬

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 The desktop of a computer provides access to the computer resources.
Desktop is the screen that is displayed on the monitor when the computer starts
up.
OS has several features in common with application programs, including:

- Icons - tabs

- pointer - dialog boxes

- windows - help

- menus - Gesture control

Operating systems store data and programs in a system files and folders.
- Files are used to store data and programs.
- Folders are used to store related files.
- A folder can contain other folders.

Categories of Operating Systems ‫ﻓﺌﺎﺕت ﻧﻈﺎﻡم ﺍاﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﯿﻞ‬

Three categories of operating systems: ‫ ﻓﺌﺎﺕت‬3 ‫ﻳﯾﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍاﻟﻰ‬
1- Embedded: used with handheld computers, stored within device.
- Examples on handheld computers: smartphones, video game systems
and other small electronics.
2- Network (NOS): controls and coordinates networked computers, located on
the network server.
3- Stand-alone (desktop): controls a single computer; located on the hard disk.
Operating systems are often called software environments or platforms.

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 TU170    –  Chapter 5
 

System Unit Types ‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻭوﺣﺪﺓة ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم‬

Desktop System Units
Media Center System Units
Notebook System Units
Netbook System Units
Tablet PC System Units
Handheld Computer

Electronic Data and Instructions ‫ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﺔ ﻭوﺍاﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﯿﻬﮭﺎﺕت‬

Two state system or Binary System
Off/On electrical states represented by 0’s (off) and 1’s (on)
Bits (0 or 1)
Bytes (8 bits)

System Board ‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍاﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡم‬

Main board or motherboard ‫ﺍاﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍاﻟﺮﺋﻴﯿﺴﻴﯿﺔ ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻟﻤﺬﺭرﺑﻮﺭرﺩد‬
Connects all components ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﯿﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﯿﻊ ﺍاﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕت‬
Allows communication between device ‫ﻳﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝل ﺑﻴﯿﻦ ﺍاﻻﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة‬
Circuit board components ‫ﺩدﺍاﺋﺮﺓة ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬
Sockets
Slots
Bus lines

Central Processing Unit (CPU): Measurement units for processing speed

‫ ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻟﻘﻴﯿﺎﺱس ﺍاﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬: ‫ﻭوﺣﺪﺓة ﻗﻴﯿﺎﺱس ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍاﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭوﻧﻴﯿﺔ‬
Two Basic Components of CPU ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﯾﻴﯿﻦ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳﻴﯿﻴﯿﻦ ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻢ‬
Control unit
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)

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 Microprocessor Chips ‫ﺭرﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺍاﻟﺪﻗﻴﯿﻘﺔ‬
Chip capacities are expressed in word sizes

Two Microprocessor developments ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﯾﺮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺪﻗﻴﯿﻘﻴﯿﺔ‬

v 64bit   processors:
       standard  for   most   of  desktop  and   laptop  computers

Multi-­‐Core  Chips

Can provide two separate and independent CPUs

       Parallel  Processing    

Coprocessors ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓة‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺎﺕت‬

       improve  specific   computing  operations‫ﺍاﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍاﺕت‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﯿﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
       Graphics  coprocessors  ‫ﺍاﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕت‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﯿﻦ‬ 

Smart Cards ‫ﺍاﻟﺬﻛﻴﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﺍاﻟﻜﺮﻭوﺕت‬

· Credit card sized with an embedded chip
· Used by many universities

RFID tags ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕت ﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻑف ﺍاﻱي ﺩدﻱي‬

· Information chips
· Used for tracking purposes

Memory ‫ﺍاﻟﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺓة‬
- Holding data, instructions, and information
- Memory is contained on chips connected to the system board

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 v Types of memory chips ‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺬﺍاﻛﺮﺍاﺕت‬
RAM: Programs and data
ROM : Fixed startup instructions
Flash : Flexible startup instructions
Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold the program and data
Cache memory or RAM cache
Flash RAM or flash memory
Other types of RAM: DRAM - SDRAM - DDR - Direct RDRAM

ROM
Read-only memory (ROM)
chips are not volatile and cannot be changed by the user
CPU can read, cannot write
Contain special instructions
Needed to start a computer
Give keyboard keys their special capabilities
Put characters on screen

Flash memory
Offers a combination of the features of RAM and ROM.
Used for a wide of range of applications.

Expansion Slots and Cards

Allows for new devices to be added
Open architecture
Slots provide for expansion
Expansion cards are also called: Plug-in boards - Controller cards - Adapter
cards - Interface cards

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Commonly Used Expansion Cards
Graphics cards
Sound cards
Network interface cards (NIC)
Wireless network cards
PC cards & Express cards
TV tuner cards

TV Tuner Cards and Video Clips

Allows you to view your favorite TV shows.
Video can be captured to a file
Inexpensive and easy to install

Ports
Socket for connecting external devices
Ports can connect directly to the system board
• Three Types
1. Standard Ports 2. Legacy Ports 3. Three specialized ports
• Four common ports • Serial ports • Musical Instrument digital
• VGA • Parallel ports interface (MIDI)
• USB ports • Keyboard and mouse • Sony/Philips Digital
• FireWire ports ports Interconnect Format (S/PDIF)
• Ethernet ports • Infrared data • High Definition Multimedia
association (IrDA) Interface (HDMI) Cables
• Game ports •Used to connect external devices
to the system unit via the ports

Power Supply
• Computers require direct current (DC)
• DC power provided by converting alternating current (AC)
• Desktop computers use power supply units
• Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters

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 TU170    –  Chapter 6

Input devices translate data into a form that the system unit can process
‫ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻻﺩدﺧﺎﻝل ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻰ ﻭوﺣﺪﺍاﺕت ﻳﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﮭﺎ‬
Some hardware input devices include: ‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻻﺩدﺧﺎﻝل‬

1. Keyboards ‫ﺍاﻟﻜﻴﯿﺒﻮﺭرﺩد‬
2. Pointing devices ‫ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻟﺘﺄﺷﻴﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﺎﻭوﺱس‬
3. Scanning devices ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺎﺳﺢ ﺍاﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺍاﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﺮ‬
4. Other devices ‫ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﺧﺮﻯى‬

1. Keyboards
• Traditional keyboards
• Ergonomic keyboards
• Wireless keyboards
• PDA keyboards
• Virtual keyboards

2. Pointing Devices
• Mice
• Mechanical
• Optical
• Cordless or wireless

v Three similar devices to mice

• Trackball
• Touch pads
• Pointing stick
v Joystick
v Touch Screen: Multi-touch screen
v Stylus

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3. Scanning Devices
• Optical scanners
• Flatbed scanners
• Document scanners
• Portable scanners

v Card Readers
• Magnetic card readers
• Radio Frequency card readers
v Bar code readers
• Handheld wand readers or platform scanners
• Contain photoelectric cells that read bar codes

v Character and mark recognition devices

• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR)
• Optical-character recognition (OCR)
• Optical-mark recognition (OMR)

Image Capturing Devices

v Digital cameras
• Images recorded digitally on a disk, can be downloaded to a computer
v Digital video cameras
• Records motion digitally
• Can take still images as well
• Web-Cams
• Specialized digital video cameras
• Broadcast images over the Internet

Audio-Input Devices
• Voice recognition systems
• Use a microphone, a sound card, and special software
• Users can operate computers and create documents using voice commands

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Output

is processed data or information , Types of output : Text , Graphics/Photos and

Audio & video
‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕت ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻋﻬﮭﺎ ﺍاﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹص ﻭوﺍاﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﺼﻮﺭر ﻭوﺍاﻟﺼﻮﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﻔﻴﯿﺪﻳﯾﻮ‬
v Output devices

1. Monitors : display screens ‫ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻟﻌﺮﺽض‬

• Cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors

v Flat-panel monitors:
• Require less power to operate
• Portable and thinner than CRTs
v Other monitors
• E-books readers
• Data projectors
• High-definition television (HDTV)

2. Printers ‫ﺍاﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕت‬
• Translates information that has been processed by the system unit
• Output referred to as hard copy
• Printers:
• Inkjet printer
• Laser printer
• Personal laser printers
• Shared laser printers
• Thermal printer
• Other printers (Dot-matrix printers -Plotters )

Audio-Output Devices
Translates audio information from the computer into sounds that people can
understand

v Common devices
• Speakers
• Headphones

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v Combination Input and Output Devices
• Fax machines
• Multifunctional Devices (MFD)
• Internet telephones:
• Known as Internet telephony
• IP telephony
• Voice over IP (VoIP)

TU170    –  Chapter 7

v Primary storage ‫ﺫذﺍاﻛﺮﺓة ﺍاﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﺍاﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﯿﺔ‬

• Volatile storage ‫ﺳﺮﻳﯾﻌﺔ ﺍاﻟﺰﻭوﺍاﻝل‬
• Temporary storage ‫ﻣﺆﻗﺘﻪﮫ‬
• Random Access Memory (RAM) ‫ﺫذﺍاﻛﺮﺓة ﺍاﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝل ﺍاﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍاﺋﻲ‬
v Secondary storage ‫ﺫذﺍاﻛﺮﺓة ﺍاﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﺍاﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﯾﺔ‬
• Nonvolatile storage ‫ﺗﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﺁآﻣﻦ‬
• Permanent storage ‫ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﺩدﺍاﺋﻢ‬

v Hard Disks ‫ﺍاﻟﻘﺮﺹص ﺍاﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬

• Use rigid, metallic platters for storage
• Files organized using tracks, sectors, and cylinders
• Large capacity (terabytes)
• Sensitive instruments
o Two types of hard disks: ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺎﻙك ﻧﻮﻋﻴﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻬﮭﺎﺭرﺩدﺳﻜﺎﺕت‬
• Internal Hard Disk ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﺎﺭرﺩدﻳﯾﺴﻚ ﺩدﺍاﺧﻠﻲ‬
• External Hard Disks ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﺎﺭرﺩدﻳﯾﺴﻚ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟﻲ‬
• Materials that Cause a Head Crash: A head crash is a disaster
for a hard disk, not to mention the data stored on the disk
‫ﺗﺤﻄﻢ ﺍاﻟﺮﺃأﺱس ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﻛﺎﺭرﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﮭﺎﺭرﺳﻚ ﻭوﺧﺴﺎﺭرﺓة ﻟﻠﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻓﻲ ﺍاﻟﺪﺍاﺧﻞ‬

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 Internal   Hard  Disk External  Hard  Disks

inside    system    unit   and   often   designated   Removable  hard  disks

as  the  C:
Used   to  store   programs  and   data    files Used   to  additional  storage

high   Capacity  ,  Access   speed Capacities  extend  into   the   terabytes  (TBs)

v Optical Disks ‫ﺍاﻗﺮﺍاﺹص ﺿﻮﺋﻴﯿﺔ‬

o Three types ‫ ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع‬٣۳ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
• Compact Disc (CD) ‫ﺳﻲ ﺩدﻱي‬
• Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) ‫ﺩدﻱي ﻓﻲ ﺩدﻱي‬
• Blu-Ray (Hi-Def) Disc ‫ ﺑﻠﻮ ﺭرﺍاﻱي‬

v Compact Disc (CDs)

• Optical format
• Capacity of 650 MB to 1 GB
• Rotation speeds vary
o Three basic types ‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺍاﻟﺴﻴﯿﺪﻳﯾﺎﺕت‬
• Read only (CDROM)
• Write once (CDR)
• Rewriteable (CDRW)

v Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs)

• Like CDs, but newer format called digital versatile disc or digital video
disc (DVD)
• Capacity of 4.7 GB to 17 GB
o Three basic types ‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺍاﻟﺪﻳﯾﻔﻴﯿﺪﻳﯾﺎﺕت‬
• Read only (DVDROM)
• Write once (DVD+R and DVDR)
• Rewriteable (DVD+RW,DVDRW, and DVDRAM)

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 v Blu-ray Disc (BDs)
• Next generation optical disc for recording high-definition (hi def) video
• Capacity of 25 GB to 100 GB
• Blu-ray optical drives are usually capable of reading standard DVDs and
CDs in addition to Blu-ray discs

v Solid-State Storage ‫ﺍاﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﺍاﻟﺼﻠﺐ‬

o Solid-state drives (SSDs)
• Faster and more durable
o Flash memory cards
• Widely used in computers, cameras, and portable devices such as
mobile phones
o USB Drives (or Flash Drives)
• Compact and easily transported
• Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB

v Cloud Storage ‫ ﺍاﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﺍاﻟﺴﺤﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻙك ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥن‬

Cloud computing is where the Internet acts as a “cloud” of servers
o Applications provided as a service rather than a product (for example,
cloud or online storage) ‫ﺑﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺗﺤﻔﻆ ﻓﻴﯿﻬﮭﺎ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺗﻚ ﻭوﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﮭﻢ ﺑﺄﻱي ﻣﻜﺎﻥن‬
Cloud storage services make it easy to upload and share files with anyone

v Mass Storage Devices ‫ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﯾﻦ ﺍاﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

• Organizations require great amounts of secondary storage called mass storage

• Enterprise storage systems ensure data security using specialized strategies and
devices

o such as ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬
• File servers
• Networked attached storage (NAS)
• RAID systems
• Tape libraries
• Organizational cloud storage
• Storage Area Network (SAN)

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 TU170    –  Chapter 8

Communications ‫ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕت‬

It is the process of sharing data, programs, and information between two or more
computers ‫ﻫﮬﮪھﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﯿﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭرﻛﺔ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕت ﻭوﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺑﻴﯿﻦ ﺟﻬﮭﺎﺯزﻳﯾﻦ ﻭوﺍاﻛﺜﺮ‬

v Communication Systems ‫ﺍاﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕت‬

o Four basic elements ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍاﺭرﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍاﺳﺎﺳﻴﯿﺔ‬
• Sending and receiving devices ‫ﺍاﺭرﺳﺎﻝل ﻭوﺍاﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝل ﺍاﻻﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة‬
• Communication channel ‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝل‬
• Connection devices ‫ﺍاﺗﺼﺎﻝل ﺍاﻻﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة‬
• Data transmission specifications ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬

v Communication Channels ‫ﻗﻨﻮﺍاﺕت ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝل‬

• Channels carry data from one computer to another
o Two categories of communication channels ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺌﺘﻴﯿﻦ‬
• Physical connection ‫ﺍاﺗﺼﺎﻝل ﻓﻌﺎﻝل ﺍاﻭو ﺳﻠﻜﻲ‬
• Wireless connection ‫ﺍاﺗﺼﺎﻝل ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻲ‬

v Physical Connections ‫ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝل ﺍاﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝل ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻟﺴﻠﻜﻲ‬

• Ethernet cable ‫ﻛﻴﯿﺒﻞ ﺍاﻻﻳﯾﺜﺮﻧﺖ‬
- Pairs of copper wire twisted together
• Coaxial cable ‫ﻛﻴﯿﺒﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﺭرﻱي ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑف‬
- High frequency transmission
- Single solid-copper core
• Fiber-optic cable ‫ﻛﻴﯿﺒﻞ ﺍاﻻﻟﻴﯿﺎﻑف ﺍاﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﯿﺔ ﻭوﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﺍاﻗﻮﻯى ﻧﻮﻉع‬
• Transmit data as pulses of light through glass
• Higher, faster and more reliable

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 v Wireless Connections ‫ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕت ﺍاﻟﻼﺳﻠﻜﻴﯿﺔ‬

1. Radio frequency (RF) ‫ﺗﺮﺩدﺩد ﺍاﻟﺮﺍاﺩدﻳﯾﻮ‬: uses radio signals

o WiFi (wireless fidelity) . 802.11

o Bluetooth
o WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

2. Microwave ‫ﻣﻴﯿﻜﺮﻭوﻳﯾﻒ‬: uses high frequency radio waves

o Line of sight
o Good medium for sending data between buildings

3. Satellite ‫ﺳﺘﻼﻳﯾﺖ‬: uses satellites orbiting about 35,000 km above the earth
as microwave relay stations
• Important application: GPS (Global positioning system)

4. Infrared ‫ ﺍاﺷﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍاﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍاء‬: Short distances line of sight communication

v Connection Devices ‫ﺍاﺟﻬﮭﺰﺓة ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝل‬

o Types of signals (Analog - Digital )
o Modem: a short word for modulator – demodulator
o Modulation: converting signal from digital to analog
o Demodulation: converting signal from analog to digital
o The speed of transmitting data measured in thousands of bits per
second
§ Types of modems
• Telephone
• DSL
• Cable
• Wireless

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 v Connection Services ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕت ﺍاﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝل‬
o Dial-Up services
o Digital subscriber line (DSL)
• Uses existing phone lines
o Cable
• Uses existing TV cable, speeds as fast as DSL at a lower cost
o Satellite connection services
• Seven times faster than dialup; Slower than DSL & cable modem
o Cellular Services
• use 3G and 4G cellular networks

v Data Transmission: Bandwidth

• Bandwidth: is a measurement of the capacity of the channel

v Data Transmission: Protocols

• Set of communication rules
• Standard for Internet: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol)
o TCP/IP Features:
• Identification: identifying sending and receiving devices.
• Packetization: breaking information into small parts for
transmission across internet.
v Networks ‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت‬
• A computer network is a communication system that connects two or
more computers
• Allows information exchange

Computer Network: Terms ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕت ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬

• Node - Client - Server - Directory server
• Host - Switch - Network interface cards (NIC)
• Network operating system (NOS) - Network administrator

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 v Network Types ‫ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻉع ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت‬
• Local area networks (LAN)
• Home networks
• Wireless LAN (WLAN)
• Personal Area networks (PAN)
• Metropolitan area networks (MAN)
• Wide area networks (WAN)

v Network Architecture ‫ ﻫﮬﮪھﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت‬

• Network Architecture: describes how a network is arranged and how resources

are coordinated and shared
• Arrangement is called. Topology

o Types of network topology ‫ﺍاﺣﻔﻈﻮﺍا ﺍاﻧﻮﺍاﻋﻬﮭﻢ ﻭوﻣﺴﻤﻴﯿﺎﺗﻬﮭﻢ ﺍاﻟﺴﺘﻪﮫ‬

§ Legacy: Bus & Ring
§ Current:
• Star
• Tree
• Hybrid
• Mesh
§ Bus Network
• There is no host
• Has a common connecting cable called a backbone or bus
• All communications travel along this bus
§ Ring Network
• Each device is connected to two other devices
• No central file server or computer
• Useful in a decentralized environment
§ Star Network
• Smaller computers linked to a central unit
• Central unit is called the network switch
• Control is maintained by routing

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§ Tree Network
• Several computers linked to a central node
• Also known as a hierarchical network
• Useful in centralized organizations
§ Hybrid Network
• Combination of different topologies
• large organizations have a complex of smaller networks
• Connected together they form a hybrid network
§ Mesh Network
• Requires that each node have more than one connection to other nodes
• Wireless technologies are frequently used in building Mesh network

v Network Strategies ‫ﺍاﺳﺘﺮﺍاﺗﻴﯿﺠﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬

• Network Strategy: is the way of coordinating the sharing of
information and resources
o Common Network Strategies ً‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﻴﯿﺎﺕتﺷﻴﯿﻮ‬
‫ﺳ ﺘﺮﺍاﺗ ﻴﯿ‬
‫ﺍاﻛ ﺜﺮﺍاﻻ‬
• Terminal Server
• Client Server
• Peer to peer
• Distributed
v Organizational Networks ‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
o Intranets ‫ﺍاﻟﺪﺍاﺧﻠﻴﯿﺔ‬
• Private network within an organization that resembles the internet
• Provides information to employees
o Extranets ‫ﺍاﻟﺨﺎﺭرﺟﻴﯿﺔ‬
• Private network that connects organizations
• Used to allow suppliers and others access
v Network Security ‫ﺃأﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت‬
o Firewalls ‫ﺍاﻟﺠﺪﺍاﺭر ﺍاﻟﻨﺎﺭرﻱي‬
• Consist of hardware & software
• Control access to a company’s intranet
• Protects against external threats
• Use a special computer or software called proxy server

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 o Proxy server: Decides whether it is safe to let a file or a message pass
into or out of the organization’s network

v Intrusion detection systems (IDS) ‫ﺍاﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺍاﻟﺘﺴﻠﻞ‬

• Work with firewalls
• Recognize a network attack
• Disable access before an intruder can do damage

v Virtual private networks (VPN) ‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬

• Private connection between remote user and organization's network
• The connection is encrypted

TU170    –  Chapter 9

Privacy ‫ﺍاﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﯿﺔ‬
• concerns the collection and use of data about individuals ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭوﺍاﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﻋﻦ ﺍاﻻﻓﺮﺍاﺩد‬

o Three privacy issues: ‫ﺛﻼﺙث ﺍاﻣﻮﺭر ﻋﻦ ﺍاﻟﺨﺼﻮﺻﻴﯿﺔ‬

• Accuracy ‫ ﺍاﻟﺪﻗﺔ‬: relates to the responsibility of those who collect data to
ensure that the data is correct
• Property ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﯿﺔ‬: relates to who owns data and rights to software
• Access ‫ﺍاﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﯿﺔ ﺍاﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝل‬: relates to the responsibility of those who have data to
control and able to use that data

v Large Databases Issues ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻗﻮﺍاﻋﺪ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﻜﺒﻴﯿﺮﺓة‬

• Collecting public, but personally identifying information
• Spreading information without personal consent
o Spreading inaccurate information
• Mistaken identity
• Freedom of Information Act

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 v Private Networks ‫ﺍاﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬
• Employers monitor email
• Snoop ware : a programs that records everything you do on the computer
• A proposed law could prohibit this type of electronic monitoring

v The Internet and the Web ‫ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻟﻮﻳﯾﺐ‬

o Illusion of anonymity ‫ﺍاﺧﻔﺎء ﺍاﻟﻬﮭﻮﻳﯾﺔ ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻟﻤﺠﻬﮭﻮﻝل‬
• Not concerned about privacy when surfing the
• Internet
• Not concerned about privacy when sending email
o History file ‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍاﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕت‬
• Includes the locations of sites visited by your computer system
o Cookies two basic types ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛﻴﯿﺰ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥن ﺍاﺳﺎﺳﻴﯿﺎﻥن‬
• Traditional: provide information to a single site
• Ad network or adware cookies: record your activities across different sites

v The Internet and the Web ‫ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭوﺍاﻟﻮﻳﯾﺐ‬

• Spyware: describe a wide range of programs that are designed to secretly
record and report an individual’s activities on the Internet
• Web bugs: small images or code hidden within an email used to send back
information to the source of the bug
• Computer monitoring software: most dangerous type of spyware that
records every activity and keystroke made on computer.

v Security ‫ﺍاﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﯾﺔ‬
• Threats to computer security are criminals, computer crime, and hazards
‫ﺗﻬﮭﺪﻳﯾﺪﺍاﺕت ﻷﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍاﻟﻤﺠﺮﻣﻴﯿﻦ ﻭوﺟﺮﺍاﺋﻢ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب ﻭوﺍاﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁطﺮ‬
• Computer crime: is an illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special
knowledge of computer technologies ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮﺩد ﺑﺠﺮﺍاﺋﻢ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب ﻫﮬﮪھﻮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﻴﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ﻳﯾﻘﻮﻡم ﺑﻪﮫ‬
‫ﺍاﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﻞ ﺍاﻭو ﺍاﻟﻤﺠﺮﻡم ﻭوﺫذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪﮫ ﺍاﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍاﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬

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 v Computer criminals ‫ﻣﺠﺮﻣﻴﯿﻦ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬
• Employees ‫ﺍاﻟﻤﻮﻅظﻔﻴﯿﻦ‬
• Outside users ‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﯿﻦ ﺧﺎﺭرﺟﻴﯿﻴﯿﻦ‬
• Hackers and crackers ‫ﺍاﻟﻬﮭﺎﻛﺮﺯز‬
• Organized crime ‫ﺟﺮﻳﯾﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬
• Terrorists ‫ﺍاﻻﺭرﻫﮬﮪھﺎﺑﻴﯿﻴﯿﻦ‬

v Computer Crime ‫ﺟﺮﺍاﺋﻢ ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب ﺍاﺳﺒﺎﺑﻬﮭﺎ‬

o Malicious Programs ‫ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﺍاﻣﺞ ﺍاﻟﻀﺎﺭرﺓة‬
• Viruses
• Worms
• Trojan horse
• Zombies
o Denial of service (DoS)
o Internet Scams
o Rogue WiFi Hotspots
o Theft ‫ﺍاﻟﺴﺮﻗﺎﺕت‬
• Hardware or software
• Data
• Computer time
o Data Manipulation ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍاﻟﺒﻴﯿﺎﻧﺎﺕت‬
• Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ‫ ﺍاﻟﻐﺶ ﻭوﺍاﺳﺎءﺓة ﺍاﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍاﻡم‬

v Ethics ‫ﺍاﻻﺧﻼﻗﻴﯿﺎﺕت‬

• Ethics: standards of moral conduct ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﯾﻴﯿﺮ ﺍاﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙك ﺍاﻻﺧﻼﻗﻴﯿﺔ‬

• Computer ethics ‫ﺍاﺧﻼﻗﻴﯿﺎﺕت ﺍاﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏب‬: guidelines for the morally acceptable use of
computers in our society
• Copyright ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕق ﺍاﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬: a legal concept that gives content creators the right to
control use and distribution of their work
• Software piracy ‫ﻗﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﺍاﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺎﺕت‬: the unauthorized copying and distribution of
software
• Plagiarism ‫ﺍاﻻﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝل‬: representing some other person’s work and ideas as your
own without giving a credit to the original source

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