Module WK 1 2 Stat Probability

Statistics
and
Probability
Statistics and
Probability
Illustrating a Random Variable
(Discrete and Continuous)
Statistics and Probability
Illustrating a Random Variable (Discrete and Continuous)
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Roland V. Magsino

Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor Sandoval
Reviewers: Irlo L. Dumo, Nenita N. De Leon and Ma. Theresa B. Yanto
Illustrators: Dhojie N. Yanto
Layout Artist: Edna E. Eclavea
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Gerlie M. Ilagan, Buddy Chester M. Repia, Herbert D. Perez, Lorena S. Walangsumbat, Jee-Ann O. Briones
Celestina M. Alba, Asuncion C. Ilao
Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON
Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the Grade 11 Statistics and Probability Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both from public and private institutions to assist
you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their
personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time.
Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21 st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do
the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the Grade 11 Statistics and Probability Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module.
The hands are one of the greatest assets of the human body. No other beings in the world has hands that can grasp, hold, move, and
manipulate objects like human hands. Through our hands, we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning
resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant and essential competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own
pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
What I Need to Know

This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous
one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It
This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key
at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned
This includes questions or blank sentence/ paragraph to be filled in to process what
you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do
This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment
This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities
In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill
of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.
1
Week
1
What I Need to Know
You have studied probability and frequency distributions in statistics in the
previous level. This module was designed and written collaboratively to help you in
illustrating random variables (discrete and continuous) which are essential in
solving real life problems.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lesson is arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
The module consists of only one lesson entitled illustrating random variables
(discrete and continuous).
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. define random variable; and
2. illustrate random variables (discrete and continues).
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you already know
about the topic covered.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT a discrete variable?
a. Number of white marbles in the box
b. Number of students present in the classroom
c. The weight of a box of soft drinks labeled
d. The number of arrivals customers in the restaurants between 7:00 a. m to
5:00 p.m.
2. Which of the following is an example of discrete variable?
a. Distance travelled between tricycles
b. Height of the students in a certain class
c. Number of red marbles in the basket
d. Weight of student
3. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is called
a. Random sample
b. Random notation
c. Random variable
d. Random elimination
4. Which of the following is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring?
a. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Interval
D. Nominal
5. A variable where the information or data can take infinitely many values is
a. Quantitative variable
b. Discrete variable
c. Qualitative variable
d. Continuous variable
2
6. This term can best describe a variable that can be counted
a. Continuous
b. Discrete
c. Interval
d. Ratio
7. A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called
a. Random experiment
b. Random sample
c. Random variable
d. None of the above
8. A variable whose value could be a finite and countable number is a
a. Continuous variable
b. Discrete variable
c. Qualitative variable
d. Poison variable
9. Which of the following statement describe a continuous random variable?
a. The average distance traveled by a jeep in a week
b. The number of students present in a Class Anthurium
c. The number of motorcycle owned by a randomly selected household
d. The number of girls taller than 5 feet in a random sample of 10 girls
10. Which of the following is discrete random variable?
a. Jerwin is 165 cm tall
b. Jerwin has three sisters
c. Jerwin weighs 68 kilograms
d. Jerwin ran 500 meters in two minutes
11. Which of the following variable is discrete random variable?
A. The amount of unleaded gasoline in a Suzuki car
B. The temperature of a cup of coffee served at a restaurant.
C. The number of boys in a randomly selected three-child family
D. The average amount spent on water bill every month of December by a
randomly selected household in Quezon Province.
12. Which of the following is NOT a discrete random variable?
A. Number of refrigerator sell each day
B. Height of dragon fruit as measured each day
C. Number of students late in going to school each day
D. Number of people went to the doctor from Monday to Friday
13. You decided to conduct a survey of families with five children. You are
interested in counting the number of girls (out of five children) in each family. Is
this a random variable?
A. Maybe
B. Cannot be determined
C. Yes, it is a random variable
D. No, it is not a random variable
14. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a continuous random
variable?
A. Height of students in a certain class
B. The average weight of chicken each day
C. The number of towns belong to Quezon Province
D. The distance travelled by a delivery van in an hour
3
15. Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?
A. flight
B. The amount of liquid on a container
C. The number of COVID 19 cases each day
D. The length of time for the check up in the hospital
Lesson 1 Illustrating a Random Variable

(Discrete and Continuous)
This module will assist you with understanding the way toward illustrating
In the study of basic probability, you have discovered that an experiment is

any movement that should be possible more than once under comparative condition.
The arrangement of every possible outcomes of an experiment is what we called a
sample space. You have additionally figured out how to mathematically list down the
conceivable outcome of a given experiment. In tossing a coin, for example, the
potential results are turning up a head or a tail.
For you to begin let us all understand that probability distributions can be
illustrated or classified as discrete probability distributions or as continuous
probability distributions, depending on whether they define probabilities associated
with discrete variables and continuous variables.
A variable X whose value depends on the outcome of a random process is
called a random variable. A random variable is a variable whose value is a numerical
outcome of a random phenomenon.
A random variable is denoted with a capital letter. The probability distribution
of a random variable X tells what the possible values of X are and how probabilities
are assigned to those values.
A random variable can be discrete or continuous
Tossing a coin
As you can see in one- peso coin, it has Dr. Jose P. Rizal on one side, which
we will call it as Head (H), and the other side is the Tail (T). Toss your one-peso coin
three times and record in your notebook the results of the three tosses. In order to
write the result easily, use letter H for the heads and letter T for the tails.
If the results of your three tosses are heads, tails, heads, then you will write
HTH on your notebook.
Example 1: How many heads when we toss 3 coins?
Continue tossing your coin and record the time. If possible, use mobile phone
timer and record up to the last minutes.
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Let say in a minute, how many times the heads and tails appeared. Then,
record all the possible answers on your notebook.
Write all eight possible outcomes. You can do this systematically so that you
do not get confused later on.
In this instance, there might be 0 heads, 1 Head, 2 Heads or 3 Heads.
Thus, the sample space is equal to 0, 1, 2, 3
Then this time the results or outcomes are NOT entirely equally likely.
The three coins land in eight possible ways:
X = Number of Head
Looking at the table we see just

1 case of Three Head, but 3 cases
of Two Heads, 3 cases of One
Head, and 1 case of Zero Heads.
So:
P(X=3) = 1/8
P(X=2) = 3/8
P(X=1) = 3/8
P(X=0) = 1/8
That particular example is a discrete variable. A discrete variable is a variable,

which can only view a countable amount of values. Thus, a discrete random variable
X has possible values .....
In Graphical Form:
We can use the probability distribution

to answer questions about variable x. In
add probabilities to find the answer:
P(X < 1) = 1 - P(X = 0)
=1 1/8 = 7/8
Example 2;
For a fair coin tosses twice, the probability of each of the possible values for Number
of Heads can be tabulated as shown:
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Let x is equal to the number of heads observed. x is what we called random variable.
Number of
0 1 2
Heads
2/4
Probability 1/4 1/4
or 1/2
P( X=2) = 1/4
P( X=1) = 2/4
P( X=0) = 1/4
This is again an example of a discrete variable. Thus, a discrete random
variable X has possible values x1, x2 , x3, .....
In Graphical Form:
We can use the probability distribution to

answer questions about variable x. In symbols, we
find the answer:
P(X < 1)
=1 1/4 = 3/4
While to understand the concept of

continuous variable, below are the examples
height of students in class
weight of 10 statistics books
Time it takes to get to school
distance travelled between classes
A continuous variable is a value that is being acquired by measuring.
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What is It
To make you understand better
the previous activities, another
illustration is shown below.
1. How many outcomes are there
in tossing 2 coins? 3 coins? 4
coins?
A random variable is a numerical
quantity that is assigned to the
outcome of an experiment. We
use capital letters to represent a
random variable.
Continuous Data can acquire some value within a range (like for example a
person's height)
This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your

understanding and skills of the topic.
A Random Variable is a capacity that connects a real number with every
component in the sample space. It is a variable whose qualities are controlled by
chance. In this manner, a Random Variable is a numerical amount that is derived
in everyday life.
Types of Random Variables:
At that point, recognize the two types of arbitrary factors. These are the
discrete and continuous random variables.
Discrete Random Variables are variables can take on a finite number of
distinct values. Examples are number of heads acquired while flipping a coin three
times, the number of kin an individual has, the number of students present in a
study hall at a given time, and so forth.
You can change the experiment to just flipping a coin twice to make things
simpler. Here, the outcomes will be only four: HH, HT, TH, and TT. In addition, the
possible values of X are 0, 1, and 2.
Continuous Random Variables, then again, are random variables that take
an interminably uncountable number of potential values, regularly measurable
amounts. Examples are the height or weight of an individual, the time an individual
takes for an individual to wash, time, temperature, item thickness, length, age, etc.
Now, let us try to look to some examples of random variables from the table below.
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Table 1. Examples of Random Variables
Types of
Number X or the Random
Experiment Random
Variable X
Variable
1. Record the number of hours an

The number of hours an specific
specific student use their mobile
student use their mobile from Discrete
from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm for the
8:00 am to 5:00 pm
past three nights
2. Buying two trays of egg in the
The weight of eggs in kilograms Continuous
market
3. Recording of the gender of family
The number of boys among the
members in a family with three
children Discrete
children
4. Students will prepare for a quiz in
How much time spends reviewing
Mathematics Continuous
for this quiz
Numbers appeared in a pair of
5. Rolling a pair of dice Discrete
dice
What I Have Learned
A. Complete the following statements by writing the correct word.
1. A variable whose value is obtained by counting data is called__________
2. A variable whose value is obtained by measuring is called_____________
3. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is ______________________
4. Time it takes to get to school is an example of ________________________
5. Number of heads in flipping coins is an example of ___________________
B. Complete the table below.
Experiment Number X or the Types of Random

Random Variable X Variable
1. Number of rings before the phone is
answered
2. Teacher ask the students to finish the
test after an hour
3. Number of complaints per day
4. Height of the tallest building in Lucena
City
5. Number of Mobile phones in a

household
8
What I Can Do
Answer the following.
Classify whether the given experiment implies a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write D if discrete and C if continuous.
_____ 1. The temperature of a solution in the laboratory
_____ 2. Collecting data about the heights of students in a public school
_____ 3. Recording the distance travelled by the bus
_____ 4. Surveying about the number of cases due to Covid - 19 pandemic
in Quezon Province
_____ 5. Number of promoted students at the end of school year
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
1. A variable where the information or data can take infinitely many values is
A. Continuous variable
B. Discrete variable
C. Quantitative
D. Qualitative variable
A. The number of students present in a Class Temperance
B. The average distance travelled by a tricycle in a month
C. The number of motorcycle owned by a randomly selected household
D. The number of girls taller than 5 feet in a random sample of 6 girls
3. A variable that can be discrete or continuous is called
A. Random sample
B. Random variable
C. Random notation
D. Random elimination
4. Which of the following is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring?
A. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Interval
D. Normal
5. Which of the following is NOT a discrete variable?
A. Number of book per student
B. Number of green marbles in the box
C. The number of arrivals of customers in the clinic between 8:00 a. m to 4:00
p.m.
D. The weight of a box of soft drinks labeled 12 ounces.
6. Which of the following is an example of discrete variable?
A. Distance travelled between cars
B. Height of the students in a section Prudence
C. Number of blue marbles in the box
D. Weight of potatoes in the basket
9
A. Random experiment
B. Random sample
C. Random variable
D. None of the above
8. A variable whose value could be a finite and countable number is a
A. Continuous variable
B. Discrete variable
C. Qualitative variable
D. Quantitative variable
9. This term can best describe a variable that can be counted
A. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Interval
D. Ratio
A. Height of eggplant as measured each day
B. Number of refrigerator sell each day
C. Number of late comers in going to school each day
D. Number of people went to the Rizal Park from Monday to Friday
A. Jose has four sisters
B. Jose is 163 cm tall
C. Jose weighs 68 kilograms
D. Jose ran 300 meters in one and a half minutes
A.
B. The amount of liquid on a container
C. The length of time for the check up in the hospital
D. The number of clients of a certain Insurance Company each day
A. The amount of unleaded gasoline in a Suzuki car
B. The temperature of a cup of coffee served at a coffee shop.
C. The number of boys in a randomly selected two-child family
D. The average amount spent on electric bill every month of May by a randomly
selected household in Quezon Province.
14. You decided to conduct a survey of families with three children. You are interested
in counting the number of girl in each family. Is this a random variable?
A. Maybe
B. Cannot be determined
C. Yes, it is a random variable
D. No, it is not a random variable
variable?
A. Height of students in a certain class
B. The average weight of chicken each day
C. The number of streets at barangay Tahimik
D. The distance travelled by a delivery van in an hour
10
Hondagua National High School-Senior High School would like to conduct election
for the Accountancy Business and Management (ABM) officers. Complete the table
for the possible outcomes from a sample of four voters and identify also the value of
Value of Random
Event Voter # 1 Voter #2 Voter #3 Voter #4 Variables
(Number of Yes votes)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
11
Statistics and
Probability
Distinguishing Between a
Discrete and a Continuous
Random Variable
Distinguishing Between a Discrete and a Continuous Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
them.

Writers: Reynaldo L. Nanson

Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor N. Sandoval
Illustrator: Dhojie N. Yanto
Layout Artist: Ronnjemmele A. Rivera

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
12
Week
1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lesson is arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module has one lesson:
Lesson 1 Distinguishing between a discrete and a continuous random variable.
After going through this module, you are expected to Distinguish random variables
as discrete or continuous.
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this pre-test to find out how much you already
know about the topic covered. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. How is the variable, as described in Algebra, similar to a random variable?
A. Both variables can take on assigned numerical values
B. Both variables correspond to assigned specific probability
C. Both variables take on assigned intervals instead of numbers
D. Both variables can only take on specific numerical values
assigned to them
2. A variable that can assume any value between two given points is called
A. Discrete random variable
B. Irregular random variable
C. Uncertain random variable
D. Continuous random variable
3. Discrete random variable is a numerical quantity derived from the outcome
of an experiment that can be
A. Counted
B. Manipulated
C. Measured
D. Traced
4. Continuous random variable is a numerical quantity derived from the
outcome of an experiment that can be
A. Counted
B. Manipulated
C. Measured
D. Traced
5. You decide to collect a bunch of bottles of soft drink and measure the volume
of soft drink in each bottle. Let X be the number of ml of soft drink in each
bottle. What type of variable is X?
A. X is a constant
B. X is a Place holder
C. X is a discrete random variable
D. X is a continuous random variable
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6. Which of the following statement describe a discrete random variable?
A. The length of span of a 10 months baby
B. The average increase in height of a baby each year
C. The average increase in weight of a baby each year
D. The number of avocado produced by an avocado tree each year
A.
B.
C.
D.
8. Which of the following is continuous random variable?
A. The cat has 2 eyes
B. The cat has 2 kittens
C. The cat has 4 paws
D. The cat weights 5.4 kg
A. The e average life span of a dog
B. The number of face mask in a pack
C. The number of shoppers in a certain mall
D. -
10.Which of these is NOT a discrete random variable?
A. The number of absent in a class
B. The number of death per year attributed to lung cancer
C. The average amount of electricity consumed per household per
month
D. The number of people who drive through a red light each day
during rush hour
11.Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a discrete
random variable?
A. The number of siblings in your family
B. The height of your brother in centimeters
C. -
D.
12.Which of the following is NOT a continuous random variable?
A. Amount of water in a pail
B.
C.
D. Number of cars manufactured in a factory each day
13.Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a continuous
random variable?
A. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee
B. The amount of water in a cup of coffee
C. The average earnings per day in a cafeteria
D. The number of cups of coffee sold in a cafeteria during lunch
14.The distance that a cyclist rides each day is what sort of variable?
A. Continuous
B. Discrete
C. Ordinal
D. Qualitative
15. x is the time it takes a chef to cook a specific dish, is a continuous random
variable. Why do think the variable x in the statement becomes
continuous?
A. The variable x is continuous because it takes a range of values
B. The variable x is continuous because it takes an integral values.
14
C. The variable x is continuous because it takes a countable value
D. The variable x is continuous because it takes a specific numerical
values
Lesson 1 Distinguishing Between a Discrete
and a Continuous Random Variable
Every day we often read, heard or even used the word random. You may hear
really a random event? No, this is a decision that was made on the basis of other
variables such as desire and the lack of satisfaction with other options such as TV
viewing.
The word random has a different meaning in the field of statistics. Something is
random when it differs by chance. For example, when a coin is tossed twice, the
possible outcomes that can occur are {HH, HT, TT, TH} where H represent head and
T represent tail, the observed outcomes on any one toss is random.
This module will help you understand the process of distinguishing between a
discrete and a continuous random variable.
Remember that a variable is a quantity that may change within the context of a
mathematical problem or experiment. Typically, we use a single letter to represent a
variable. The letters x, y, and z are common generic symbols used for variables. In
this lesson, we shall discuss variables that are associated with probabilities, called
random variables.
To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, do the following.
List the sample space of the following experiments.
Experiment Sample Space
1. Flipping a coin
2. Rolling a die
3. Drawing a card at random from a deck of 6
identical card suits labeled 1 to 6
4. Spinning the wheel shown,
assuming that the
arrow will never fall on the lines
separating the 8 sectors
5. Rolling a die and tossing a coin simultaneously
To understand how one distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random

variable. Do the activity below.
Complete the following table. The first one is done for you.
15
Experiment Number X Possible Value of X
Two cards are drawn from a Sum of the numbers on 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
deck. the cards 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20
(since, the least

number in the card is
2 and the highest is
10. therefore, the
smallest possible
sum of the numbers
on the cards when
two cards are drawn
is 4, while the
highest possible sum
of the numbers on
the cards is 20)
Roll a pair of dice Sum of the number of
dots on the top faces
Toss a fair coin repeatedly Number of tosses until
the coin lands head
Height of individuals Height of each member
of the family
(You must only use a meter
stick or ruler and avoid using a
might accidentally get lose of it

and will end up wounding your
fingers or hand.)
This time, you need to reflect on the following questions because it will help you to
understand the appropriate way of classifying a random variable. Answer the
following questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. Were you able to complete the table? If yes, how? If no, why?
3. If a random variable takes on values on continuous scale, it is continuous
random variable. If a random variable takes on outcomes that are countable
then it is discrete random variable. Now, will you be able to classify those
experiments in activity 1 as discrete or continuous? If yes, how? If no, why?
4. In your own words, how will you differentiate between discrete and continuous
random variables?
What is It
variable -
different types of variables in statistics. Some of these are: categorical variable
(variable that can be put into categories like tooth paste brands); ordinal variable
(similar to categorical variable, but there is a clear order like socioeconomic status );
quantitative variable (a broad category that includes any variable that can be counted
16
or has a numerical values associated with it); qualitative variable (a broad category
may encounter in the field of statistics, but our focused in this module, is on random
variable.
A Random Variable is a function that associates a real number with each element
in the sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance. Thus,
in simple words, a Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the
outcomes of a random experiment.
In the experiment of tossing a coin, the number of times the coin turns up a head is
an example of random variables. Below are some examples of random variables.
a. Suppose two dice are rolled. The sum of the two numbers that face up is
an example of a random variable. This variable
make take on integers
from 2 to 12.
b. Suppose the spinner shown below is spun.
An example of a random variable for this experiment
is the number of times that the spinner stops at
number 3.
There are two types of random variables, the
discrete and continuous random variables
Types of Random Variables
Discrete Continuous
A discrete random variable A continuous random
is a random variable whose variable is a random
values represented by variable that takes values
count data. This happens on a continuous scale. This
when the set of possible hap pens when the set of
outcomes from an possible outcomes from an
experiment can be counted experiment cannot be
such as can be counted counted but can be
such as the number of measured such as height
household in a barangay, of Grade 11 students.
thus making the values of Continuous random
the random variable variables represent
countable of the random measured data like height,
variable countable just like weight and temperature.
whole numbers 0, 1, 2, 3.
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Figure 1. Diagram of the types of Random Variable
Now, let us try to take a look to some examples of random variables from the table
below.
Table 1. Examples of Random Variables
Experiment Number X or the Random Possible Values of
Variable X Random Variable X
1. Flipping a pair of Number of heads in 4 flips of a
0, 1, 2, 3, 4
coin coin
2. Flipping a pair of Number of tosses until the coin
coin repeatedly lands tails
3. Set of Integers Integers from 2 to 6 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
4. Set of real numbers Real numbers from 2 to 6 2<x<6
5. Life span of your Time until your iPhone battery
0<x<
iPhone battery become defective
From the example in the table above, Examples 1, 2, and 3 are all discrete while
example 4 and 5 are continuous
Example 6. Brand Z is a company that manufactures batteries. They record
the number of defective batteries that are contained in each box
before it is sent out for delivery. If X is the number of defective
batteries per box, then what type of random variable is X?
Solution. n}
where n is the total number of batteries in each box.
Example 7. Suppose Brand Z in example number 6 wants to check the
average life span of their batteries. If Y is the average number of
days that each battery lasts, then what can you conclude about
the variable Y?
Solution. We can conclude from above, that Y is a continuous random
variable. It may be assigned time intervals that corresponds to
Because of the way the discrete random variable is defined, we can say that the range
of values that can be assigned to it is confined to the set of whole numbers. That is,
a discrete random variable may NOT take on non-integers.
Independent Activity 1.
Look Back and Reflect
1. How do you determine the values of a random variable?
2. How do you know whether a random variable is continuous or discrete?
What is the difference between the two types of random variables?
Independent Assessment 1.
Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.
1. the speed of a tricycle.
2. the number of female students.
18
3. the time needed to finish the module.
4. the amount of sugar in a cup of coffee.
5. The number of defective mobile phones produced by a manufacturer.
Determine whether each of the following experiments/situations involve a discrete
random variable or a continuous random variable.
1. choosing an even number less than 150
2. gathering information about the average monthly electric consumption in a
certain household
3. tallying the number of family in a certain barangay that have one child
Independent Assessment 2.
Identify whether the given experiment involves a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write your answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. getting the temperature of patient admitted in a hospital
2. collecting data about the weights of students in a certain school
3. the number of patient admitted in the hospital due to COVID-19
4. the number of no work no pay in a certain municipality caused by pandemic
5.
6. the number of Balikbayan OFW arrive in the Philippines
7. the number of text messages received by a particular individual in a day
8. the number of possible outcomes in rolling a die
9. the amount of liquid in a 12 - ounce can of soda
10. the number of fouls committed by a basketball team during the games
What I Have Learned

Give your answer in the following statements.
1. A well - defined function from a sample space to the set of real numbers is called
a _______________________. It is commonly denoted by capital letters, such as X, Y
and Z. The specific values of a random variable is denoted by small letters such as
x, y, and z.
2. A random variable is a _______________________if its set of possible outcomes is
countable. Mostly, discrete random variable represents count data, such as the
number of enrolled students in a particular school.
3. A random variable is _______________________if it takes on values on a continuous
scale. Often, continuous random variables represent measured data, such as
heights, weights temperatures and lifespan.
19
What I Can Do
rn to shine. Answer the following questions.
complete the puzzle is summarized in the table below.

Time (in min) Less than
1 min 1 - 2 min 2 - 3 min Greater than 3 min
Num 2 2 3 1
Classify what type of random variable is shown.
2. Suppose a Meter-man Apprentice was told by his superior to measure the voltage
of a certain electric outlet. The voltage reading ranges from 118 V < x < 122 V. Does
the scenario represent a discrete or a continuous random variable?
Assessment
Let us test how far you understood the lesson on random variables. Answer the test
below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. I believe that with your effort
and determination, you can do it once again!
A. Random sample
B. Random variable
C. Random Process
A. Random experiment
2. Which of the following best describe variable that can be counted?
A. Categorical
B. Continuous
C. Discrete
D. Ordinal
3. Which of the following best describe variable that can be measured?
A. Categorical
B. Continuous
C. Discrete
D. Ordinal
4. You decided to order a pizza but you have to choose the type of crust and the
toppings. If there are only 6 possible combinations of ordering a pizza, from
which of the following should you choose?
A. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese or pepperoni
B. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese, bacon or pepperoni
C. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese, bacon, sausage or pepperoni
D. Crust: thin or deep dish
Toppings: cheese, bacon, sausage, pepperoni or hotdog
5. A drawer has 2 red ties, 3 black ties and 5 blue ties. A tie is picked at
random. What is the total number of possible outcomes?
A. 2
B. 3
20
C. 5
D. 10
A. The number of students present in a class
B. The average distance traveled by a jeep in a week
C. The number of correct guesses on a multiple choice test
D. The number of women taller than 68 inches in a random sample of 5
Women
7. Which of the following is a continuous random variable?
A. Height of sunflower as measured each day
B. Number of gadgets a business sell per day
C. Number of people attending mass every Sunday
D. Number of people eating at the restaurant everyday
A. Hipolito weighs 65 kg
B. Hipolito is 160 cm tall
C. Hipolito has two brother
D. Hipolito ran 100 meters in 10.2 seconds
A. Lifetime of a AAA battery
B. The amount of gasoline in a car
C. Number of goals of a football team
D. The time it takes to commute to word
A. Height of rose as measured each day
B. Number of appliances a business sell each day
C. Number of people went to church every Sunday
D. Number of students late in going to school each day
11. Which of the following statement DOES NOT describe a discrete random
variable?
A. The number of children who do household chores everyday
B. The average amount of milk consumption of a baby each day
C. The number of students who excelled in mathematics in a certain
grade level
D. clock in
the afternoon
variable?
A. The distance traveled by a truck in an hour
B. The average height of a coconut tree each day
C. The number of provinces belong to Region IV-A
D. The intensity of an earthquake that happens last month
A. The amount of water on a jug
B.
C. The number of OFW who traveled abroad each day
D. The height of the tallest mountain in the Philippine
21
14. You decide to collect a bunch of cans of soda and measure the volume of
soda in each can. Let x be the number of soda in each can. What type of
variable is x?
A. x is a constant
B. x is a place holder
C. x is a discrete random variable
D. x is a continuous random variable
15. You decided to conduct a survey of families with two children. You are
interested in counting the number of girls (out of 2 children) in each
family. Is this a random variable?
A. Yes, it is a random variable
B. No, it is not a random variable
C. Maybe
D. Cannot be determine
Identify whether the given experiment involves a discrete random variable or a
continuous random variable. Write D if discrete and C if continuous.
_____ 1. Getting the distance travelled by a car
_____ 2. Collecting data about the weights of students in a certain school
_____ 3. The temperature in Quezon at noon times
_____ 4. Picking a multiple of 3 less than 200
_____ 5. Tallying the number of PUI (Person Under Investigation) due to
Covid-19 pandemic.
22
Statistics and
Probability
Finding Possible Values of a
Random Variable
Finding Possible Values of a Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
them.


Writers: Reynaldo L. Nanson

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
23
Week
1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the process of finding the possible values of a random variables. The scope of this
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lesson is arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module has one lesson:
Lesson 1 Finding possible values of a random variable.
After going through this module, you are expected to find possible values of random
variables.
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this pre-test to find out how much you already
know about the topic covered. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. A quantity resulting from an experiment by chance that can assume
different values is called ________________.
A. Ran dom sample
B. Random variable
C. Random process
D. Random experiment
2. Which of the following is NOT a true statement?
A. Random variables can only have one value.
B. The value of a random variable could be zero.
C. The probability of all the value of a random variable could be zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is
always equal to one.
3. If a coin is tossed, what are the possible values of the random variable for the
number of heads?
A. 0, 1
B. 0, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3
For numbers 4 - 9. Suppose you tossed two coins.
4. What are the sample spaces for the experiment above?
A. HH, TT
B. HH, HT, TT
C. HH, TH, TT
D. HH, HT, TT, TH
5. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment above?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
6. What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of
heads?
A. 0, 1
B. 0, 1, 2
24
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3
7. What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of tails?
A. 0, 1
B. 0, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3
8. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of the random variable for the
number of heads?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
9. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of the random variable for the
number of tails?
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
For numbers 10 11. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two
children. You are interested in counting the number of girls (out of 2 children) in
each family.
10.
A. Yes, it is a random variable.

B. No, it is not a random variable.
C. Maybe.
D. It cannot be determined.
11. If the experiment above shows a random variable, then what are the possible
values of it?
A. Its value can be 1 or 2.
B. Its value can be 0, 1, or 2.
C. Its value can be 2 or 4.
D. None, since it is not a random variable.
12.
YN. Let X be what are the

possible values of the random variables?
A. 0, 1, 2
B. 1, 2, 3
C. 2, 3, 4
D. 1, 1, 2
For numbers 13 - 15. Suppose two laptops are tested. Let D represent the
defective laptop and N represent the non-defective laptop.
25
13. What are the possible sample spaces for the experiment?
A. DD, NN
B. DD, DN, NN
C. DD, ND, NN
D. DD, DN, NN, ND
14. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
15. If we let X be the random variable representing the number of defective
laptops. What are the possible values of the random variable?
A. 0, 1
B. 0, 1, 2
C. 1, 2, 3
D. 0, 1, 2, 3
Well, what do you think about the pre-test? Did you do it well? Compare your
answers with those in the Answer Key on the last part of this module to find out your
level of performance in this test
This shows that you already know much about the topic. You may SKIP this module
and PROCEED to the next module.
you understand important concepts about random variables that you can apply in
your daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all
the items in the test and a lot more!
Lesson 1 Finding Possible Values of a Random

Variable
We first learned about the definition of variables in the introduction of Algebra, and
we know from our Algebra lessons that a variable is a placeholder for real number
values that can be assigned to it. Some examples of variables include X for the
number of tails or Y for the number of computers or Z for running time of movies.
If three coins are tossed, what numbers can be assigned for the frequency of heads
that will occur? If three cards are drawn from a deck, what number can be assigned
for the frequency of face cards that will occur? These questions may be answered
using random variables which you will learn in this module.
Recall that a variable is an attribute that can assume different values. We use letters
to denote or represent a variable. In this lesson, we shall discuss variables that are
resulted from an experiment by chance, called random variables.
26
To find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson, try to determine whether each
of the following experiments/situations involved discrete or a continuous random
variable.
1. Choosing an even number less than 100.
2. Tallying the number of households in a subdivision that has a least one
vehicle.
3. Gathering information about the average monthly income of a
household.
4. Teacher applicants in the Division of Quezon.
5. Recording the number of patients who recovered from COVID-19.
To understand how one finds possible values of random variables, do the activity
below.
Suppose two iPhone are tested at random. We want to find out the number of
defective iPhone. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a value.
These are 0, 1, or 2. If there is no defective iPhone, we assign the number 0; if there
is 1 defective iPhone, we assign the number 1; and 2, if there are two defective iPhone.
The number of defective iPhone is a random variable. The possible values of this
random variable are 0, 1, and 2.
Read and analyze the given situation below.
Illustration
Let D represent the defective iPhone and N for the non-defective iPhone. If we let Y
be the random variable representing the number of defective iPhone, show the values
of the random variable Y. Complete the table below to show the values of the random
variable.
Value of the Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of defective iPhone)
The completed table should look like this.
Value of the Random Variable Y (number

Possible Outcomes
of defective iPhone)
DD 2
NN 0
DN 1
ND 1
27
Now, it's your turn.
Suppose three laptops are tested at random. We want to find out the number of
non-defective laptops. Thus, to each outcome in the sample space we shall assign a
value. These are 0, 1, 2, or 3. If there is no defective laptop, we assign the number
0; if there is 1 non-defective laptop, we assign the number 1; if there are two non-
defective laptops, we assign the number 2 and 3, if there are three non-
defective laptops. The number of non-defective laptops is a random variable. Let D
represents the defective laptop and N represents the non-defective laptop. If we let
X be the random variable representing the number of non-defective laptops, show
the values of the random variable X. Complete the table below to show the values of
the random variable.
Value of the Random Variable X

Possible Outcomes
(number of non-defective laptops)
This time, you need to reflect on the following questions because it will help you to
understand the appropriate way in finding the possible values of a random variable.
Answer the following questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. Were you able to complete the table? If yes, how? If no, why?
3. Will you be able to find the values of a random variable? If yes,
how? If no, why?
4. In your own words, how will you describe a random variable?
5. How do you find the possible values of a random variable?
What is It
A random variable is a numerical quantity that is derived from the outcomes of
random experiments.
The random variable in the activity above is a discrete random variable because the
set of possible outcomes is countable. The possible values of random variable Y
(number of defective iPhone) are 0, 1, and 2, while the possible values of random
variable X (number of non-defective laptops) are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Example 1. Suppose two coins are tossed, let Z be the random variable representing
the number of heads that occur. Find the values of the random variable Z.
28
Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample space. The sample space for this experiment is:
Let H represent head and T for S = {TT, TH, HH, HT}
tail.
2. Count the number of heads in
each outcome in the sample Possible Outcomes Value of the
space and assign this number Random variable Z
to this outcome. (Number of heads)
TT 0
TH 1
HH 2
HT 1
So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, and 2.

Example 2. In a box are 2 balls - one white and one yellow. Two balls are picked one
at a time with replacement. Let X be the random variable representing the number
of white balls. Find the values of the random variable X.
Steps Solution
1. Determine the sample space. Let The sample space for this experiment is:
W represent the white ball and Y S = {WW, YY, WY, YW}
for the yellow ball.
2. Count the number of white balls
in each outcome in the sample Value of the
space and assign this number to Possible random variable X
this outcome.
Outcomes (Number of white
balls)
WW 2
YY 0
WY 1
YW 1
.
So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, and 2.
Understanding Possible Values of Random Variables.
Answer the following questions.
1. How do you find the values of a random variable?
2. How is this variable, as described in Algebra, similar to a random variable?
How do they differ?
Independent Assessment 1
Two cards are drawn from a deck. How many possible values can each of the
following variables take?
1. sum of the numbers on the cards
2. number of times both cards are black
3. Number of times both cards are 7s
4. Number of times the first card is six and the second card is red
29
5. Number of times the first card is face card and the second card is not a
face card
Independent Activity 2. Getting Balls from a Box
Two balls are picked in succession without replacement - 4 white balls and 5 green
balls. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of green balls. Find the
values of the random variable Y. Complete the table below.
Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes (number of green balls)
Four coins are toss. Let Y be the random variable representing the number of
tails that occur. Find the values of the random variable Y.
Value of Random Variable Y
Possible Outcomes
(number of tails)
What I Have Learned

1. A ______________________ is a set of possible values from a random experiment.
For example, in tossing a coin, we can either get head or tail, such tossing a coin is
an experiment where we can give values for such event.
2. A ______________________ is one that may take on only a countable number of
distinct values such as 0,1,2,3,4, etc. This variable is usually (but not necessarily)
counts. It is a random variable that can take only a finite number of distinct values.
3. To find the values of a random variable, we have to follow these steps: first, list all
______________________ in sample space; second, find the ______________________ for
each simple event; third, list the possible values for a random variable X and identify
the value for each simple event and finally; find all simple events for which X = k, for
each possible value k.
30
What I Can Do
This time, it is your turn to shine. Answer the problem below.
The households of a local community were surveyed about the number of occupants
who are working. It was found out that 25 households have one occupant working,
18 have two occupants working, 12 have three occupants working, and 5 have four
occupants working. Let X be the number of occupants working from a randomly
selected household. What are the possible values for the random variable?
Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper. .
1.A set of numerical values assigned to a sample space is called
A. Random sample C. Random variable
B. Random process D. Random experiment
2.Which of the following is a true statement?
A. Random variables can only have one value.
B. The value of a random variable could not be zero.
C. The probability of all the value of a random variable could be zero.
D. The sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution is not
equal to one.
3.If a coin is tossed, what are the possible values of the random variable for
the number of tails?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
For numbers 4 - 9. Suppose you tossed three coins.
4. What are the sample spaces for the experiment above?
A. HHH, TTT
B. TTT, HHH, TTH, THT, HTH
C. TTT, HHH, HHT, THT, HTH
D. TTT, TTH, THT, HTT, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH
5. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment above?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
6.What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of
heads?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
31
7. What are the possible values of the random variable for the number of tails?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
8. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of the random variable for
the number of heads?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
9. Which of the following is NOT a possible value of the random variable for
the number of tails?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
For numbers 10 - 11. You decide to conduct a survey of families with two children.
You are interested in counting the number of boys (out of 2 children) in each family
10. 2
A. Yes, it is a random variable. C. Maybe.

B. No, it is not a random variable. D. It cannot be determined.
11.If the statement above shows a random variable, then what are the possible
values?
A. Its value can be 1 or 2.
B. Its value can be 0, 1, or 2.
C. Its value can be 2 or 4.
D. None, since it is not a random variable.
For numbers 12 - 13. Suppose two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 6 blue balls and 5 red balls.
12.How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment?
A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
13. Let Z be the random variable representing the number of blue balls.
What are the possible values of the random variable?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
For numbers 14 - 15. Suppose three laptops are tested. Let D represent the defective
laptop and N for the non-defective laptop.
32
14. How many possible outcomes will occur from the experiment?
A. 3 C. 8
B. 4 D. 9
15. If we let X be the random variable representing the number of
non-defective laptops. What are the possible values of the random variable?
A. 0, 1 C. 1, 2, 3
B. 0, 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2, 3
An umbrella - check girl returns 2 umbrellas at random to 2 customers who had
1. list the elements of the sample space, S - all possible orders in which the
umbrellas can be returned, and;
2. list all possible values of the random variable X, the number of correct
matches.
33
Statistics and
Probability
Illustrating a Probability
Distribution for a Discrete
Random Variable and its
Properties
Illustrating a Probability Distribution for a Discrete Random Variable and its Properties
First Edition, 2020
them.


Writers: Melba S. Remojo
Illustrator: Kelvin A. Ramintas and Dhojie N. Yanto

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
34
Week
1
What I Need to Know
This module was designed to give you the appropriate ways of illustrating a
probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties. After
determining the values of the random variable in your previous lesson, there is a
need to illustrate the probability distribution. This will also help you analyze real-life
situated problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better
understand them.
In this module, you will also learn how to determine if the distribution represents a
probability distribution or not. The application of the properties of probability
distribution will help you arrive at the correct conclusion regarding probabilities.
This module will also help you to improve your computation skills. The scope of this
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students and the lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course.
After going through this module, you are expected to illustrate a probability
distribution for a discrete random variable and its properties.
What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest. Choose
the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
A. =0
B. = 1/10
C. =1
D. = 10
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 2-3
2. If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls. If the value of the random variable X
represents the number of blue balls, what is the probability of getting two
blue balls?
A. 1/8
B. 1/4
C. 1/3
D. 1/2
3. Which probability distribution represents the given problem?
A. X 0 1 2
P(X) 1/2 1/4 1/4
B. X 0 1 2
P(X) 1/4 1/2 1/4
C. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
D. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 3/8 1/8 3/8 1/8
35
4. What must be the value of the probability of each random variable?
A. P(X) 0
B. -1 P(X) 1
C. 0 P(X) 1
D. P(X) 1
5. Which of the following values is not the value of the probability of the
random variable?
A. 1.01
B. 0.5
C. 0.15
D. 0.05
6. Which of the following values can serve as the values of a probability
distribution?
A. P(1) = 0.42, P2) = 0.31, P(3)= 0.37
B. P(1) = 9/14, P2) = 4/14, P(3)= 1/14
C. P(1) = 0.08, P2) = 0.12, P(3)= 1.03
D. P(1) = 10/33, P2) = 12/33, P(3)= 10/33
7. If P(X)= , what are the possible values of X for it to be considered as a
probability distribution?
A.0,2,3
B. 1,1,2
C. 2,3,4
D. 1,2,3
8. Which formula gives the probability distribution as shown by the
table?
X 2 3 6
P(X) 1/2 1/3 1/6
A. P(X) =
B. P(X) =
C. P(X) =
D. P(X) =
9. The following table shows the probability distribution of a discrete
random variable X. Find the value of n.
X 2 4 6
P(X) 0.40 0.15 n
A. 0.15
B. 0.25
C. 0.45
D. 0.6
10. Which of the following table represents probability distribution?
A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.42 0.44
B. X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 1/3 1/2 1/3 1/3
36
C. X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.12
D. X 0 2 4 6
P(X) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5
11. If the values of the random variable X are 0,1,2 and 3 where X
represents the number of heads in tossing a coin thrice, what is the
probability that three heads will come up?
A. 1/2
B. 3/8
C. 1/4
D. 1/8
12. What are the values of P(x) if P(x)= , for x=0,1, and 2?
A. 0, 0.33, 0.67
B. 0, 1,2
C. 0, 0.45, 0.55
D. 0.2, 0.3, 0.5
13. Which of the following values can serve as the probability distribution of a
random variable X?
A.P(X)=
B. P(X)= for x = 1, 2, 3, 4
C.P(X)=
D.PX) = for x = 1,2,3
14. The number of absences from June to March of a student based on
Month No. of Absences Month No. of Absences

June 0 November 2
July 2 December 1
August 1 January 4
September 3 February 1
October 2 March 0
If X be the random variable representing the number of absences. Which
table represents the probability distribution?
A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 2/10 2/10 3/10 3/10
B. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/10 3/10 3/10 3/10
C. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/10 1/10 3/10 3/10 1/5
D. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/5 3/10 3/10 1/10 1/10
37
15. The probabilities that a customer buys 5,8,9,12 and 15 items in a
grocery store are 0.06, 0.14, 0.32, 0.28, and 0.20 respectively. Which
probability distribution represents the given problem?
A. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.20 0.28 0.32
B. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.20 0.14 0.06
C. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.20 0.14 0.32 0.28
D. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.32 0.28 0.20
Lesson 1 Illustrating a Probability
Distribution for a Discrete Random
Variable and its Properties
In this module, the concept of the probability distribution for a discrete
random variable will be introduced. Some decisions are made by assigning
probabilities to all possible outcomes related to the situation. When we draw
a conclusion from an experiment like tossing a coin, tossing dice, or from
other situations, it requires the use of random variable and probability
distribution. You will also learn how to determine if the given distribution
represents a probability distribution.
In your previous lesson, you have learned how to find the possible values of a random
variable. In this module, you will learn how to illustrate a probability distribution of
a discrete random variable. To find out if you are ready to learn in this new lesson,
answer the following questions.
A. Determine whether the statement is True or False. If the answer is false, you
can modify the statement to make it true.
Statement True False
1. There are 4 outcomes if you tossed two coins.
2. If you tossed three coins where X be the random variable
representing the number of tails that occur. The possible
values of the random variable X are 0, 1 and 2
3.The sum of + =
4. The sum of 0.25 + 06 +0.36 +0.28=0.95
5.If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6. If P(x)= , the value of P(4) is
38
Solution:
1. True.
2. False: The possible values of the random variable X are 0,1,2 and 3.
3. False: + =
4. True
5. False: If P(x)= , the value of P(1) is
6. True
B. Recall how to determine the values of the random variable by answering the given
problem.
Find the values of the random variable Y representing the number of green balls
when 2 balls are drawn in succession without replacement from a jar containing 4
red balls and 5 green balls.
Solution:
a. Determine the sample space. Let R represent the red ball and G represent
the green ball. The sample size for this experiment is: { RR, RG, GR, GG }.
b. Count the number of green balls in each outcome in the sample space and
assign the number to this outcome.
Value of the Random Variable Y

Possible Outcome (No. of Green Balls)
RR 0
RG 1
GR 1
GG 2
The values of the random variable Y are ____________.
Activity
Number of Defective Computers
Read and analyze the situation given below:
In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is a defective

computer. Supposed three computers were tested at random, she asks one of her
Computer System Servicing students to list all the possible outcomes, such that D
represents the defective computer and N represents the non-defective computer. Let
X be the random variable for the number of defective computers. Then, illustrate the
probability distribution of the random variable X.
39
Based on the above problem, observe, analyze, and answer the following questions:
a. List the sample space in the given experiment. How many outcomes are
possible?
b. Construct a table showing the number of defective computers in each
outcome and assign this number to this outcome. What is the value of the
random variable X?
c. Illustrate a probability distribution. What is the probability value P(X) to
each value of the random variable?
d. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
variable?
e. What do you notice about the probability of each value of the random
variable?
What is It
To solve the problem above, you have to consider first the steps in determining the
values of the random variable that you have learned from your previous lesson.
a. Let D represent the defective computer and N for the non-defective

computer.
The sample space is:
S= {NND, NDN, DNN, DND, DDN, NDD, DDD, NNN} and there are 8 possible
outcomes
b. Count the number of defective computers in each outcome in the sample
space and assign this number to this outcome. For instance, if you list NND,
the number of defective computers is 1.

Possible Outcomes
(number of defective computers)
NND 1
NDN 1
DNN 1
DND 2
DDN 2
NDD 2
DDD 3
NNN 0
There are four possible values of the random variable X representing the number of
defective computers. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S of

equally likely outcomes for this experiment. Since the value of the random
variable X represents the number of defective computers, X = 0 to (NNN),
X = 1 to (NND, NDN, DNN), X=2 to (DND, DDN, NDD) and X= 3 to (DDD).
If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:
P (E)=
Assign probability values P(X) to each value of the random variable. Since the
number of outcomes is 8, the probability that 0 defective computer will come out
40
is or P (0) = , the probability that 1 defective computer will come out is or
P(1)= is , the probability that 2 defective computers will come out is or P(2)=
and the probability that 3 defective computers will come out is or P(3)= .
Illustrating this in a table would give as:
Number of Defective Probability P(X)

Computer X
0 or 0.125
1 or 0.375
2 or 0.375
3 or 0.125
You can also construct the table in this form:
X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
d. by adding all the probabilities

+ + + = =
you can also use decimals in determining the sum of the probabilities
0.125 + 0.375 + 0.375 + 0.125 = 1
If you add all the probabilities, the sum is equal to 1.
e. From the given activity, you can see that the values of the probability range
from 0 to 1.
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable X is a list of the possible
values of X and the corresponding probabilities of the values. It specifies the
probability associated with each possible value of the random variable. The
distribution functions of discrete random variables are concentrated as a mass for a
particular value, and generally known as Probability Mass Function.
Properties of discrete probability distribution
1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be

between or equal to 0 and 1. In symbol 0 < P(X) < 1.
2. The sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable
must be equal to 1. In symbol, we write it as P(X) = 1
Ex.1.Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution:
X 1 5 7 8 9
PX)
41
The distribution must satisfy that each probability value P(X) must be
a.) from 0 to 1 and b) the sum of all the values of the probabilities
must be equal to 1.
By adding all the values of P(X)
P(X)= + + + =
The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value which is
and this value lies between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is not equal to 1.
Hence, this is not a probability distribution because
Ex. 2. Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability distribution
You can also express the values of the probabilities in decimal form.
X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12
By adding all the values of P(X)
P(X)= 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12 =1
The probability of each value of the random variable lies between 0 and 1 and the
sum of its probabilities is equal to 1 or P(X) =1. Therefore, this is a probability
distribution.
Ex. 3. Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a
probability distribution.
a. P(1) = 0.05, P(2)=1.01, P(3)= 0.2

The probability of each value of the random variable does not lie between 0 and 1
because P(2)=1.01. Therefore, this is not a probability distribution.
b. P(1) = P(2)= , P(3)=
+ + = + + = =1
distribution.
Ex. 4. Determine whether the following can serve as the probability distribution of a
random variable X.
a. P(X)=
This means that the value of P(1) to P(9)=
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
P(X)
The probability of each value of the random variable has the same value which is
and this value lies between 0 and 1 but the sum of its probabilities is which is not
equal to 1. Hence, this is not a probability distribution because
42
b. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,
Evaluate P(X), given the value of x :
P(1)= = = = 0.48
P(2)= = = = 0.24
P(3)= = = =0.16
P(4)= = = = 0.12
X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.48 0.24 0.16 0.12
distribution.
Independent Activity 1
A. Determine whether the distribution represents a probability distribution or not.
Explain your answer.
1 X 1 5 7 8
P(X)
2 X 0 2 3 4 6
P(X)
3 X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12
4. P(1)=0.42, P(2)=0.31, P(3)=0.37

5. P(1)= , P(2)= , P(3)=
B. Determine whether the following can serve as the probability distribution of a

random variable X.
1. P(X)=
2. P(X)= for x= 1,2,3,4,5
Independent Activity II
Number of Girls
Let X be a random variable giving the number of girls in a randomly selected three-
child family. Assuming that boys and girls are equally likely to be selected, illustrate
the probability distribution of a random variable X.
43
Independent Activity III
Rolling Two Dice
Using the sample space for rolling two dice, illustrates a probability distribution for
the random variable X representing the sum of the numbers that appear.
Independent Activity IV
Face Mask
Julia is a boutique shop owner in her town. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a
face mask of a person is required for their safety. Since there are limited stocks
available, she decided to start another business by making a face mask. She started
selling face masks from day 1 to day 10. The data she collected is shown in the table
below.
Illustrate a probability distribution of a random variable X showing the number of

face mask sold per day and its corresponding probabilities.
Day Number of Face Mask (X)

1 25
2 20
3 15
4 14
5 15
6 10
7 12
8 10
9 15
10 14
What I Have Learned

1. It is the list of possible values of a random variable X and the corresponding
probabilities of the values. _______________________________.
2. What is the sum of all the probabilities of all values of the random variable?
______________________________________________________________.
3. What should be the probability of each value of the random variable? Write
your answer in symbol. __________________________________________.
4. How will you determine if the given distribution is a probability distribution?
__________________________________________________________.
5. Enumerate the steps on how to illustrate the probability distribution of a
discrete random variable by completing the statements given below.
Determine first the _____________space in the given experiment. Then,
find the possible values of the _____________________________. Illustrate the
probability distribution by assigning ____________________________ to each
value of the random variable.
44
What I Can Do
COVID -19 Recoveries
The ongoing pandemic of corona virus disease 2019, a novel infectious disease
caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome was spread in the Philippines on
January 30, 2020. Thousands of people in the country tested positive in this virus,
and some of them recovered from the disease. The following table shows the number
of recoveries from April 24-May 3, 2020.
Date Number of Recoveries X

April 24 40
April 25 30
April 26 70
April 27 70
April 28 43
April 29 48
April 30 20
May 1 41
May 2 40
May 3 90
a. Illustrate the probability distribution if X is the random variable that
represents the number of recoveries.
b. What safety precautions will you undertake to help avoid the spread of
the COVID-19 pandemic?
Assessment
paper.
1. What must be the value of the probability of each random variable?
A. P(X) 0
B. 0 P(X) 1
C. -1 P(X) 1
D. P(X) 1
2. What is the sum of the probabilities of all values of the random
variable?
A. =0
B. = 1/10
C. =1
D. = 10
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 3-4
3. If two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an
urn containing 4 red balls and 5 blue balls. If the value of the
random variable X represents the number of blue balls. What is the
probability of getting two blue balls?
A.
B.
C.
D.
45
4. Which probability distribution represents the given problem?
A X 0 1 2
P(X)
B X 0 1 2
P(X)
C X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
D X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
5. Which of the following values is not the value of the probability of the
random variable?
A. 1.01
B.1
C.0.50
D. 0.05
6. Which of the following table represents probability distribution?
A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.11 0.15 0.42 0.44
B. X 1 3 5 7
P(X)
C. X 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.28 0.12
D. X 0 2 4 6
P(X)
7. Which of the following values can serve as the values of a probability

distribution?
A. P(1) = 0.42, P2) = 0.31, P(3 )= 0.37
B. P(1) = 9/14, P2) = 4/14, P(3) = 1/14
C. P(1) = 0.08, P2) = 0.12, P(3 )= 1.03
D. P(1) = 10/33, P2) = 12/33, P(3) = 10/33
46
8. If P(X)= , what are the possible values of X for it to be a probability
distribution?
A.0,2,3
B. 1,1,2
C. 2,3,4
D. 1,2,3
9. Which formula gives the probability distribution shown by the
table?
X 2 3 6
P(X) 1/2 1/3 1/6
A. P(X) =
B. P(X) =
C. P(X) =
D. P(X) =
10. The following table shows the probability distribution of a
discrete random variable X. Find the value of n.
X 2 4 6
P(X) 0.4 0.25 n
A. 0.15
B. 0.25
C. 0.28
D. 0.35
11. The probabilities that a customer buys 5,8,9,12 and 15 items in a grocery
store are 0.06, 0.14, 0.32, 0.28, and 0.20 respectively. Which probability
distribution represents the given problem?
A. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.2 0.28 0.32
B. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.32 0.28 0.2 0.14 0.06
C. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.32 0.28 0.20
D. X 5 8 9 12 15
P(X) 0.06 0.14 0.2 0.28 0.32
12. What are the possible values of each random variable X if it

represents the number of heads in tossing a coin thrice?
A. X = {0,1,2,3}
B. X = {0, 1,2}
C. X = {1, 2, 3}
D. X = {1,2,}
47
13. What are the values of P(x) if P(x)= , for x=0,1, and 2
A.0,1,2
B.0,0.33, 0.67
C. 0,0.45, 0.55
D. 0.2, 0.3, 0.5
14. Which of the following can serve as the probability distribution of a
random variable X?
A. P(X) =
B. P(X) = for x = 1, 2, 3, 4
C. P(X) =
D. P(X) = for x = 1,2,3
15. The number of absences from June to March of a student based on his class
ndom variable representing the
number of absences.
Month No. of Absences Month No. of Absences

June 0 November 2
July 2 December 1
August 1 January 4
September 3 February 1
October 2 March 4
Which table represents the probability distribution?
A. X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
B. X 0 1 2 3
P(X)
C. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X)
D. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X)
48
1. Tossing Four Coins
Suppose that a coin is to be tossed four times, and let X represent the number of
tails that occur. Illustrate a probability distribution for a random variable X.
2.Spin and Add
A spinner has 3 equal sections that are labeled 1,2,
and 3. If the spinner spins twice, find the sum of the
3 1
two numbers it lands on. Let X be the random
variable that represents the sum of the two numbers.
a. List all sample spaces and identify how many 2
they are.
b. Let X be the random variable that represents
the sum of two numbers. What are the possible values of X?
c. Illustrate a probability distribution for a random variable X.
49
Statistics and
Probability
Computing Probability
Corresponding to a Given
Random Variable
Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
them.


Writers: Melba S. Remojo
Illustrator: Kelvin A. Ramintas and Dhojie N. Yanto

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
50
Week
2
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind to help you on computing
probabilities corresponding to a given random variable. The probability of certain
events occurring or not can be important to be applied in real-life problems. You can
use probability to make judgments when you are unsure what the outcome will be.
This module will also help you to improve your computation skills. You can apply
this not only in experiments like tossing a coin, playing cards, and throwing a die
but also in different situations like in business or financial matters wherein a
statistical process is required. This will also help you in decision making regarding
future financial situations and on business decision practices.

1. illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable; and
computes probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
What I Know
Let us see how far you will go and how much you know about this pretest. Choose
the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. The given table represents a probability distribution. What is P(2) + P(3)?

X 1 2 3 4
P(X)
A. B. C. D.
Refer to the given table in answering numbers 2-3.
In the experiment of tossing a coin twice, the following table shows the probability
distribution. What is P (X ?
X 0 1 2
P(X)
2. What is P (X ?
A. 1 B. C. D.
3. What is P(X 1)?
A.1 B. C. D.
Number of Tails (X) 0 1 2 3

P(X) 0.125 0.375 0.375 0.125
4. Find P (X 1)
A. 0.125 B. 0.5 C. 0.625 D. 0.875
5. Find P (X 1)
A. 0.125 B. 0.5 C. 0.625 D. 0.875
51
Refer to the given problem in answering numbers 6-8.
6. The random variable Y representing the number of nuts in a chocolate

bar has the following probability distribution. Find P (odd)
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(Y)
A. B. C. D.
7. Find P (1 Y 4)
A. B. C. D.
8. Find P (Y
A. B. C. D.
Two jars both contain the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8. The following table shows the
probability distribution of the sum when one number from each jar is taken at a
time with replacement.
X 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
P(X)
9. Find P(4) + P(6)

A. B. C. D.
10. Find the probability that X assumes a value greater than 10.
A. B. C. D.
11. Find the probability that X assumes a value between 6 and 14.
A. B. C. D.
The given table shows the probability distribution of a random variable Z which
represents the percentage of male students per section among Grade 11 senior high
school students.
Z 8 9 11 14 15 18
P(Z) 8% 8% 25% 17% 25% 17%
12. Find P(Z 11)

A. 84% B.59% C. 51% D.43 %
13. Find P(8 Z 18)
A. 43% B.59% C. 75% D.83 %
The daily demand for copies of a magazine at a variety store has the probability
distribution as follows.
Number of Copies X Probability P(X)

0 0.10
1 0.25
2 0.30
3 0.16
52
4 0.05
5 0.14
14. What is the probability that two or more copies will be demanded on
a particular day?
A. 0.30 B. 0.35 C. 0.65 D. 0.75
15. What is the probability that the demand will be at least one but not
more than four?
A.0.76 B. 0.71 C.0.51 D. 0.35
Lesson 1 Computing Probability

Corresponding to a Given Random
Variable
You have learned that the likelihood of winning in a lotto draw, number of winnings
in a gamble, number of heads that come out in a toss of a coin, and other game of
chance can be estimated using probability. But do you know that it is not only for
the game of chance? We also use this in business, economics, engineering, and other
real-life situations. A data needs to determine the probabilities to make decisions
and draw a conclusion. Most of the time, you won't perform actual
probability problems, but you'll use probability to make a judgment and determine
the best course of action.
In your previous lesson, you have learned how to illustrate a probability distribution
of a discrete random variable. To understand this lesson, your knowledge of getting
the probability of an event is very important as you have learned from your previous
lesson in Mathematics. To find out if you are ready to learn in this new lesson,
determine the probability of the following.
Find the probability of the following events.
Event (E) Probability P (E)

a. Getting an odd number in a single roll of a die
b. Getting an ace when a card is drawn from a
deck
c. Getting a number greater than 2 in a single
roll of a die
d. Getting a red queen when a card is drawn
from a deck
e. Getting doubles when two dice are rolled
f. Getting a sum of 5 or a sum of 9 when two
dice are rolled
The probability for each event will be:
a. The event of getting an odd number has three outcomes: 1, 3, or 5. Since there
are 6 faces in a die, then the probability of getting an odd number is or .
53
b. The event of getting an ace when a card is drawn from a deck is 4. Since there
are 52 faces in a deck of cards, then the probability of getting an ace is or
.
c. The event of getting a number greater than 2 in a single roll of a die has four
outcomes: 3, 4, 5, and 6. Since there are 6 faces in a die, then the probability
of getting a number greater than 2 is or .
d. The event of getting a red queen when a card is drawn from a deck is 2. Since
there are 52 faces in a deck of cards, then the probability of getting a red
queen is or .
e. The event of getting doubles when two dice are rolled has 6 outcomes:
{(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)}.Since there are 36 outcomes in rolling two
dice, then the probability of getting doubles is or .
f. The event of getting a sum of 5 when two dice are rolled has 4 outcomes:
{(1,4), (4,1),(2,3),(3,2)}.Hence, the probability is .The event of getting a sum
of 9 when two dice are rolled has 4 outcomes: {(4,5),(5,4),(3,6),(6,3)}. Hence,
the probability is .
The probability of getting a sum of 5 or a sum of 9 when two dice are rolled is P(sum
of 5 or sum of 9)= +
= +
= or
for its famous Filipino delicacies. Among these foods which
number of boxes delivered for 10 days is shown below.
Number of
Day
Boxes(X)
1 35
2 37
3 50
4 45
5 37
6 45
7 40
a. What is the probability that 40 or more boxes will
8 42
be delivered on a day?
9 45
b. What is the probability that the number of boxes
delivered will be at least 37 but not more than 50? 10 42
c. What is the probability that at most 40 boxes will be delivered on a particular

day?
d. Find P (X 45)
e. Find P (40) + P (50)
54
What is It
In the previous module, you have learned how to illustrate a probability distribution
for a discrete random variable and its properties. Some experiments like tossing a
coin, throwing a die, and other activities consist of one or more outcomes. If each of
the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the probability is:
P (E)=
To answer the given question, you have to construct first the probability distribution.
distribution is shown below.

Number of Boxes X Probability P(X)
35
37
40
42
45
50
a. The probability that 40 or more boxes will be sold in a particular day means
P (X 40).
This means that you have to add P(X=40), P(X=42), P (X= 45), and (X= 50).
P (X 40) = P(40) + P(42) + P(45) + P(50)
then, substitute its corresponding probability
= + + +
= + + +
= or 0.7
b. The probability that the number of boxes delivered will be at least 37 but not
more than 50 means P (37 X 50).
Hence, the values included are P(37), P(40), P42) and P(45), then substitute
its corresponding probability
P (37 X 50) = P(37) + P(40) +P(42) + P(45),
= + + +
= + + +
55
= or 0.8
c. The probability that at most 40 boxes will be delivered in a particular

day means P (X 40) so the values of X are P(40), P(37) and P(35)
P (X 40) = P(40) + P(37) + P(35)
= + +
= + +
= or 0.40
d. Find P (X 45) = P(45) + P(42) + P(40) + P(37) +P(35)
= + + + +
= + + + +
= or 0.90
Other solution:
P (X 45) = 1-P(50)
= 1-
e. Find P (40) + P (50) = +
= or 0.10
Independent Activity I
Number of Cell Phones
The number of cell phones sold per day at Gadgets Zone has the following probability
distribution.
Number of Cell Phones Probability P(X)

Sold X
0 0.15
1 0.10
2 0.25
56
3 0.30
4 0.20
Find:
1.P(X
2.P(x
3. P(1
4.P(2) + P(4)
Independent Activity II
Number of Absences
in the probability distribution below.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X)
a. What is the probability that the number of absences is less than 3?

b. What is the probability that the number of absences is at least 2?
c. What is the probability that the number of absences is greater than 1 but
less than 4?
Independent Activity III

Bayanihan To Heal as One Act
In a certain barangay, the DSWD conducted a survey among the ages of senior
citizens who will receive cash assistance or the Social Amelioration Program (SAP).
This program is a cash emergency subsidy program for Filipino families whose lives
are greatly affected by the Enhance Community Quarantine (ECQ). It is mandated
by the new law, the Bayanihan To Heal As One Act , which was signed by the
President on March 25, 2020. The given data shows the probability distribution
among the ages of senior citizens.
Age X Probability P(X)

60 0.16
61 0.10
62 0.10
63 0.07
65 0.13
67 0.10
68 0.07
70 0.07
72 0.10
73 0.07
80 0.03
a. What is the probability that at least 65 years old senior citizen will receive
the SAP?
b. What is the probability that at most 70 years old senior citizen will receive
the SAP?
57
c. What is the probability that at least 60 years old but less than 70 years old
senior citizen will receive the SAP
What I Have Learned
Answer the following statements.
1. Specify the formula on how to compute the probability of a discrete
random variable.
__________________________________________________________________
2. What important skills did you develop in getting the probability?
___________________________________________________________________
3. Cite examples of an experiments or activities wherein we can apply the
computation of probabilities of a random variable.
___________________________________________________________________
4. In your own words, define experiment, outcomes and probabilities.
You can cite your own example.
___________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
A pair of fair dice is rolled. Let X the random variable representing the sum of the
numbers that appear.
a. Construct the probability distribution of X for a pair of

dice.
b. Find 8)
c. Find P(X )
d. Find the probability that X takes an even
value.
e. Find P(3 X )
Assessment
1. The given table represents a probability distribution. What is P(1) +
P(4)?
X 1 2 3 4
P(X)
A. C.
B. D.
In the experiment of tossing a coin twice, the following table shows the
probability distribution. What is P (X ?
X 0 1 2
P(X)
58
2. What is P (X ?
A. C.
B. D.
3. What is P(0) + P(2)?
A. 1 C.
B. D.
Number of Tails (X) 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.125 0.375 0.375 0.125
4. Find P (X 1)
A. 0.125 C. 0.625
B. 0.5 D. 0.875
5. Find P (X 1)
A. 0.125 C. 0.625
B. 0.5 D. 0.875
6. The random variable Y representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has
the following probability distribution. Find P (odd)
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(Y)
A. C.
B. D.
7. Find P (0 Y )
A. C.
B. D.
8. Find P (Y
A. C.
B. D.
Two jars both contain the numbers 2, 4, 6, and 8. The following table shows the
probability distribution of the sum when one number from each jar is taken at a
time with replacement.
X 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
P(X)
9. Find P(6) + P(8)

A. C.
B. D.
59
10. Find the probability that X assumes a value greater than 12.
A. C.
B. D.
11. Find the probability that X assumes a value between 6 and 14.
A. C.
B. D.
The given table shows the probability distribution of a random variable Z which
represents the percentage of male students per section among Grade 11 senior high
school students.
Z 8 9 11 14 15 18
P(Z) 8% 8% 25% 17% 25% 17%
12. Find P(Z 9)
A. 92% C. 59%
B.84% D.43 %
13. Find P(8 Z 15)
A. 84% C. 59 %
B.73 % D.50 %
The daily demand for copies of a magazine at a variety store has the probability
distribution as follows.
Number of Copies X Probability P(X)

0 0.10
1 0.25
2 0.30
3 0.16
4 0.05
5 0.14
14. What is the probability that three or more copies will be demanded
on a particular day?
A. 0.30 C. 0.65
B. 0.35 D. 0.75
15. What is the probability that the demand will be at least one but not
more than five?
A.0.76 C.0.51
B. 0.71 D. 0.43
Analyze and solve the following problems:
1. Box A and B contain numbers 1,2 3, and 4. The following is the probability
distribution of the sum when one number from each box is taken at a time
with replacement.
X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
P(X)
a. Find P(even)
b. Find P (X 5)
c. Find the probability that X assumes a value of less than 4.
d. Find the probability that X assumes a value greater than 6.
e. Find the probability that X assumes a value between 3 and 8.
60
2. The probabilities that a customer buys 5,6,7, 8, and 9 items in a
convenience store has the following probability distribution.
X 5 6 7 8 9
P(X) 0.25 0.12 0.28 0.15 0.20
a. Find P(X 8)
b. Find P(5 X 8)
c. What is the probability that a customer will buy at least 6 items?
d. What is the probability that a customer will buy at most 7
items?
61
Statistics and
Probability
Computing Probability
Corresponding to a Given
Random Variable
Computing Probability Corresponding to a Given Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
them.


Writer: Annabele L. Laraquel

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
62
Week
2
What I need to know?
This module was created and written with you in mind on how to illustrate
the mean and variance of a discrete random variable. This will also help you analyze
real-life situated problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better
understand them. Your adept at analysis will help you appreciate the richness, and
beauty of Statistics which will motivate you to apply to similar events and create
statistical measures of your own. From this module, you will also learn how to use
the given illustration to determine the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the
discrete random variables.
Your patience in analyzing figures and illustrations offered here in the module
will help you upgrade your good pattern recognition skills as it tackles appropriate
culture-based situated problems. Your ability to analyze, reason out, and make a
judgment or even decision out of statistical measures will also be practiced here. The
extent of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focused on illustrating the mean and variance of a discrete
random variable.
1. learn the important concepts of mean and variance of a discrete random
variable; and
2. illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.
What know
paper.
1. Which of the following terms is considered as a measure of the `central location'
of a random variable?
A. Probability Value
B. Mean Value
C. Numerical Value
D. Variance
2. Which of the following notations is equivalent to the mean of the probability
distribution?
A.
B.
C.
D. None of the Above
3. Which of the following notations is equivalent to the expected value of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the standard deviation of a
discrete random variable?
A. It shows the spread out or dispersion of discrete random variables.
B. It is obtained by multiplying the x values and their corresponding probability.
C. It deals with the average or center of location of the probability distribution.
63
D. It is the summation of the product of the square of the difference of x and its
probability.
5. Use the illustration below. What is the mean of the distribution?

A. 4
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The values further away from have a small probability.
B. The values further away from have a large probability.
C. The values closer from
D. The values closer from have equal probability.
7. Which term can be displayed the variability or the dispersions of the random
variables.
A. Probability Value
B. Expected Value
C. Mean Value
D. Variance
8. What formula is used to find the variance of a discrete random variable?
A. ; for all possible values of x
B. ; for all possible values of x
C. ; for all possible values of x
D. ; for all possible values of x
9. Which formula is appropriate to use in finding the mean of a discrete random

variable?
A.
B.
C.
D.
For items 10 -11, refer to the diagram below.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
64
10. What is the value of
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
11 How dispersed are the scores from the mean?
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

A. 5
B. 7
C. 9
D. 11
13. How dispersed are the scores from the mean?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
12 24 36 48 60 72

A. 24
B. 36
C. 48
D. 60
15. How dispersed are the elements from the mean?
A. 12
B. 24
C. 36
D. 48
65
Lesson 1 Illustrating Mean and Variance of
Discrete Random Variable
As claimed by some research, every individual spent an average time of ten
hours on their mobile phone. What does it mean? What is the average value that he
or she spent in using a mobile phone? Does it imply that everyday every person
spends ten hours of his day dealing with a gadget? Or does it imply that an individual
goes through ten hours every day on a cell phone? How is the time spent by different
persons vary from one another? These questions lead to another idea in probability
and statistics. This is the mean and the variance of the discrete random variable.
This module is all about illustrating and determining the average of a discrete
random variable. Likewise, obtaining how the element is being spread away from the
mean. The term average is the mean or the expected value or the expectation in
probability and statistics. Once we have calculated the probability distribution for a
random variable, we can illustrate its expected value. The mean of a random variable
shows the location or the central tendency of the random variable.
What is In
Suppose you tossed a fair coin twice. Let X be the number of heads that are observed.
a. Construct the probability distribution of X.
b. Find the probability that at least one head is observed.
Solution:
a. The possible values that X can take are 0, 1, and 2. Each of these numbers
corresponds to an event in the sample space S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} of equally likely
outcomes for this experiment:
For X = 0 the corresponding sample space will be {TT};
For X = 1 the corresponding sample space will be {HT, TH} and
For X = 2 to {HH}.
The probability of each of these events, hence of the corresponding value of X,

can be found simply by counting, as it shows in the table of probability distribution
below:
X 0 1 2
P(X) 0.25 0.5 0.25
b. At least one head is the event X

events X = 1 and X = 2. Thus
0.75
Therefore, the probability that at least one head is 0.75
66
New

During Town Fiesta, people used to go to Carnival that most folks call it
While he is thinking about what possible outcomes in every roll would be, he
is always hoping that his bet is right.
Let us help Mang Ben to know the probabilities of each outcome by filling the
table below.
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
Based on the data above, observe, analyze, and answer the following
questions:
1. Is the probability of x lies between 0 and 1?

________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the sum of all probabilities of X?
________________________________________________________________________
3. Is there a negative probability? Is it possible to have a negative
probability?
________________________________________________________________________
4. How will you illustrate the average or mean of the probabilities of discrete
random variable?
________________________________________________________________________
5. Can you show a process where you can illustrate the variance and the standard
deviation of the probability?
________________________________________________________________________
Answer:
1. Yes, the probability of X lies between 0

and 1.
2. The sum of all probabilities of X is
exactly 1.
3. No negative probabilities because it is
impossible to have it based on the
characteristic of the probability of
discrete random variables.
4. The mean is 3.5
If you are wondering how we came up
with the answer for questions 4 and 5,
you will understand everything as we go
on in our discussion
67
What is It
If you roll a fair die several times, what will be the average outcome? Imagine
rolling it 6000 times. You would expect to roll about 1000 ones, 1000 twos, and so
on: about 1000 occurrences of each possible outcome. What would be the average
value of the outcomes obtained? Approximately, the mean or expected value would
be;
value
that we can observe if we will do the experiment.
By similarity with information and relative frequencies, we can characterize
the mean of a discrete random variable by utilizing probabilities from its dispersion,
as follows.
1. The mean is considered as a measure of the `central location' of a random
variable. It is the weighted average of the values that random variable X can take,
with weights provided by the probability distribution.
2. The Expected Value or Mean Value of a discrete random variable x is can be
computed by first multiplying each possible x value by the probability of observing
that value and then adding the resulting quantities. Symbolically,
Example1: Suppose a random variable X that has the discrete uniform distribution
ie a fair of die the mean

is .
we come up to 3.5 as its mean value.
So, doing the experiment which is rolling a single die several times and getting
average or mean of the total possible outcomes, we, therefore, conclude that the
average tends to be close to 3.5. This also implies that the more rolls we do, the closer
the average will be to 3.5.
Example 2.
0.1669500
0.1669000
P(X) 0.1668500
0.1668000
0.1667500
0.1667000
0.1666500
0.1666000
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
68
From the figure above, it shows the probability distribution for the possible
outcome in rolling a fair die. Notice that they have equal probabilities or chances to
occur. This distribution is symmetric and the mean is 3.5 which found in the middle
of the distribution, it is in the axis of symmetry.
We have noticed that the mean of a random variable X is a measure of the
central location of the distribution of X. If we are summarizing highlights of the
distribution of X, it is evident that location is not the only significant aspect
If the example above complicated you, a simpler one is provided for you.
Example 3. Suppose you want to find the average number of apples sold in any five
grocery stores as indicated by the figure below.
Analyzing the illustration above, then the mean or expected value is 11. If you
are wondering why this happens you may also follow with these processes:
1. Separate 8 elements on the left side of the mean then get the average of those a
(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) which is equal to 6.5
2. Do the same on the right side of mean (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19) which
is equal to 15.5.
3. Get the average value of the numbers 6.5, 11, and 15.5. It will be equal to 11 also
As a whole, we can generate a physical representation and interpretation of
the discrete random variable X with its probability P(X). Assume that the x-axis is an
unbounded see-saw in both directions, and we put weights corresponds to
probability P(X) at each associated value(x) of random variable X. Therefore, the mean
( is the point where the see-saw balance. In other words, it is the center of weights
of the observation.
In the off chance, that value of X close to its mean are likely and values
further away from have small probability, at that point, the distribution of X will
be firmly concentrated around . For this situation, the spread of the distribution
of X is little. On the contrary, if the expected value of X some distance from its mean
are likely, the spread of the distribution of X will be sizeable.
These concepts lead the way to the most important measure of spread,
the variance, and a closely related measure of variability, the standard deviation.
You probably have met the concepts of variance and standard deviation when
summarizing data in your Junior High School Mathematics. These were the sample
variance and the sample standard deviation. The difference here is that we are
referring to properties of the distribution of a discrete random variable.
The variance of a random variable displays the variability or the dispersions
of the random variables. It shows the distance of a random variable from its mean.
The Variance of a Discrete Random Variable X, denoted by is computed
by first subtracting the mean from each possible x value to obtain the deviations,
then squaring each deviation and multiplying the result by the probability of the
corresponding x value, and then finally adding these quantities.
Definition: If X is a random variable with mean , then the variance of X is
defined by,
69
Remember that if the value of the variance is small, then the values of the random
variable are close to the mean.
The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by , is the square root of the
Variance. In symbol,
or
Example 4. Let us consider the same histogram above. Illustrate the variance and
standard deviation.
To be able to determine the element spread away from the mean, we can do
this by adding this procedure in the illustration given.
0.1669500 3 3
0.1669000
P(X) 7
0.1668500 4 10
0.1668000
0.1667500
0.1667000
0.1666500
0.1666000
1 2 3 4 5 6
X
Since we are comparing two elements this time (1 and 3 on the left side of the
mean and 4 and 6 in the right., the 3.5 will be doubled which became 7. Adding
1 and 3 elements gives us 4, similarly on the right side adding 4 and 6 gives us 10.
Get the average value of 4 and 10 which resulted in 7 which is our new . Subtract
7 by 4 which is 3, likewise subtract 10 by 7 which resulted in 3. This implies that
the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 3 which describes
the spread of the elements in the observation.
Example 5. Consider this figure.

3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
70
a. Illustrate the mean.
b. Compare the variance and standard deviation.
Solution:
a. Since the data is symmetric along the x-axis, so the mean is equal to
6. (You may verify the value using the 3 steps provided in the previous
example)
b. To illustrate the variance and standard deviation without having
computation, study the diagram below.
5 5
7 12 17
2 5 7 10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure A.
Since we are comparing two elements this time (2 and 5 on the left side of the
mean and 7 and 10 in the right, the is doubled which became 12. Adding 2 and 5
elements gives us 7, similarly on the right side adding 7 and 10 gives us 17. Get the
average value of 7 and 17 which resulted in 12 which is our new . Subtract 12 by
7 which is 5, likewise subtract 17 by 12 which also resulted in 5. This implies that
the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 5 which describes
Example 6. Compare the variance and standard deviation of this distribution.
4 4
16
8 12
4
3 9
3
2 5 7
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure B
71
Following the same procedure just like in example 4, for figure A, the is 6.
on the left side of the mean and 7 and 9 in the right.
Adding 3 and 5 which is 8 and on the right side add 7 and 9 which results in 16. The
average of 8 and 16 is 12 which happens to be our new mean. Subtract 8 from 12
which is 4, similarly subtract 12 from 1 wherein the result is also 4. This shows that
the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 4 which expresses
Example 7. Analyze and observe the figure below
6 6
6 12 18
2
2 4 8 10
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure C
Again, since we are comparing two elements this time (2 and 4 on the left side
of the mean and 8 and 10 in the right, the is doubled which became 12. Adding 2
and 4 elements give us 6, similarly, on the right side adding 8 and 10 gives us 17.
Get the average of 6 and 18 which also results in 12 which is our new . Subtract
12 by 6 which is 6, likewise subtract 18 by 12 which also results in 6. This suggests
that the distance of the element from the mean in either direction is 6 which
describes the spread of the elements in the observation.
This time let us compare the variance and standard deviation of the three
given illustrations. Because Figure A has a spread value of 5, Figure B has 4 and
Figure C has spread value of 6 in either direction then we can have this comparison;
Which illustrations show less spread out? Then we can easily answer it by
simply observing the figure we generated. Figure B is less dispersion since it spread
by 4 in either direction. Moreover, which illustrations shows the farthest spread out?
Looking back to the three illustrations we have, then the farthest spread out is Figure
C since the element dispersed 6 away from the mean.
In general, unlike the mean, there is no simple direct interpretation of the
variance or standard deviation. The variance is undifferentiated to the moment of
inertia in physics, but that is not necessarily widely understood by students. What
is important to understand is that, in relative terms:
a small value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the dispersion of
the random variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
72
a large value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution
is spread out, with some possibility of observing values at some distance
from the mean.
What More
Independent Activity: Study and analyze.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1. Figure above shows the number of polo shirt sold by 5 different RTW boutiques.
a. Illustrate the mean. (2 points)
b. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation. (5 points)
2. From the figure below,

a. Illustrate the mean or expected value. (2 points)
b. Illustrate the variance and standard deviation. (5 points)
3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2. Compare the variance and standard deviation of the two figures provided.
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Figure A
73
3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Figure B
What I Have Learned

1. The mean a measure of the `central location' of a random variable. It is the
weighted average of the values that random variable X can take, with weights
provided by the probability distribution.
2. The Expected Value or Mean Value of a discrete random variable x is can be
computed by first multiplying each possible x value by the probability of
observing that value and then adding the resulting quantities. In symbol,
3.
by first subtracting the mean from each possible x value to obtain the
deviations, then squaring each deviation and multiplying the result by the
probability of the corresponding x value, and then finally adding these
quantities.
4. The formula in determining the variance of a discrete random variable is,
5. Mean, variance, and standard deviation can be illustrated by looking pattern

and analyzing given illustrations and diagrams.
6. A small value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the dispersion of
the random variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
A large value of standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution is spread
out, with some possibility of observing values at some distance from the mean
What I Can Do
Family Budget
Things to do:
1. Create a Table of Expenses of your family in a week. (Ask help from

your Mother)
2. List the number of expenses for each day.
3. Create a graphical representation of your data gathered.
4. Base on the graphical representation you made, illustrate for the
following:
74
a. mean or expected value; and
b. variance and standard deviation.
5. Share your output to the Class Group Chat through Image or Video
Presentation.
TASK CRITERIA
Accuracy of the Data Gathered 50%
Clarity and content of the visual 25%
representation
Originality and creativity of the 25%
Presentation
TOTAL 100%
Assessment
1. Which of the following use the formula of ?
A. Probability Distribution
B. Variance of Discrete Probability Distribution
C. Standard Deviation of Discrete Probability Distribution
D. Mean or Expected Value of Discrete Probability Distribution
2. Among the notations below, which is equivalent to
A.
B.
C.
D.
3. Which of the following statements best describe the expected value of a discrete
random variable?
A. It is the simple average of all possible outcomes.
B. It is the geometric average of all possible outcomes.
C. It is the weighted average over all possible outcomes.
D. It is the complex average of all possible outcomes in the distribution.
4. To which of the following
5. Use the illustration below. What is the mean of the distribution?
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
A. 20
B. 30
C. 40
D. 50
75
6. Which of the following statement is TRUE?
A. A small value of standard deviation (or variance) indicates that the distribution
of the random variable is concentrated narrowly around the mean
B. A negative value of standard deviation (or variance) indicates that the
distribution of the random variable is concentrated narrowly around the mean.
C. The values closer from have equal probability.
D. The values closer from have equal probability.
7. Which term is calculated by summing the product of the square of the difference
between the value of the random variable and the expected value, and the
associated probability of the value of the random variable, taken over all of the
values of the random variable, and finally taking the square root?
8. What another notation can be used for a variance?
A. E(X)
B. P(X)
C.
D. Var(X)
9. If the variance of a probability distribution is 2.6 grams, then what proper way to
do to get the standard deviation?
A.
B.
C.
D. 2.6
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
76
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
A. 6
B. 9
C. 12
D. 15
13. How dispersed are the elements from the mean?
A. 9
B. 12
C. 15
D. 18
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

A. 5
B. 7
C. 9
D. 11
A.5
B. 7
C. 9
D. 11
Study and analyze the figures below.
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
77
Figure A Figure B
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure C
A. Compare the means of the three figures.
B. Show the relationship between the variance and standard deviation among
three given figures.
78
Statistics and
Probability
Calculating Mean and Variance
of a Discrete Random Variable
Calculating Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
them.


Writers: Annabele L. Laraquel

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
79
Week
2
What I Need to Know
This module was created and written with you in mind on how to calculate the mean
and variance of a discrete random variable. This will also help you analyze real-life
situated problems statistically in terms of relevant questions for you to better
understand them. Your adept at analysis will help you appreciate the richness, and
beauty of Statistics which will motivate you to apply to similar events and create
statistical measures of your own. From this module, you will also learn how to
determine the value of the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the discrete
random variables, and the purpose of the author for a better understanding of the
story.
Your patience in solving problems here in the module will help you upgrade your
computational skills as it tackles appropriate culture-based situated problems. Your
ability to explain, reason out, and make a judgment or even decision out of statistical
measures will also be practiced here. The extent of this module permits it to be used
in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module focused on calculating the mean and variance of a discrete random
variable.

1. apply the important concepts of mean and variance of a discrete random
variable; and
2. calculate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.
What I Know
paper.
1. Which of the following is NOT included in the process of calculating the
mean of the discrete random variable X?
A. Identify the correct probabilities for each x value.
B. Multiply each x value by its probability.
C. Get the summation of the product.
D. Get the square root of the product.
2. Which of the following is TRUE about the value of the mean of a discrete
random variable?
A. Mean Value is always equal to 1
B. Mean Value cannot be negative.
C. Men value is equal to the expected value
D. Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation are equal.
3. To determine the expected value of the discrete random variable which
processes should be done?
A. Get the squared sum of the difference of each value of a discrete
random variable its probability.
B. Get the summation of the difference of each value of a discrete random
variable and its probability.
80
C. Get the summation of the product of each value of a discrete random
variable and its probability.
D. Get the square root of the summation of the product each value of a
discrete random variable and its probability.
4. What can we generate if we take the squares of standard deviation?
A. Expected Value
B. Mean Value
C. Probability value
D. Variance
5. In tossing a coin, what are the possible values of the random variable X?
A. 0 B. 0,1 C. 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2
6. If the variance of a probability distribution is 2.6 grams, what is the standard
deviation?
A. 1.61 B. 1.16 C. 1.06 D. 1.01
For items 7-10, refer to the scenario provided below.
Juan is not a very smart student. When he tries to answer a multiple-choice

question, he used to guess everything. Suppose, he is taking a quiz that has two
multiple choice questions on it and that each question has four possible answers
only one of which is correct. Let X represent the number of correct answers on
the quiz.
7. What are the possible values of the random variable X?
A. 0 B. 0, 1 C. 1, 2 D. 0, 1, 2
8. Which probability distribution is an appropriate presentation of the given
scenario?
A. x 0 1 2
P(X) 0.5625 0.375 0.0625
B. x 0 1 2
P(X) 0.0625 0.5625 0.375
C. x 0 1 2
P(X) 0.375 0.0625 0.0625
D. x 0 1 2
P(X) 0.5625 0.0625 0.375
9. What is the expected value of the discrete probability distribution?

A. 0.5 B. 0.4 C. 0.05 D. 0.04
10. What is the probability that Juan gets at least 1 correct answer?
A. 0.0625 B. 0.375 C. 0.4375 D. 0.5625
For items 11-12, refer to the scenario and table provided below.
In a recent Barangay Basketball League, each player went to free throws 2 times.
The number of free throws made by each player is described by the following
probability distribution.
Number of free throws, Probability, P(X)

x
0 0.20
1 0.45
81
2 0.35
11. What is the mean of the probability distribution?

A. 1.00 B. 1.15 C. 2.00 D. 2.25
12. What is the probability that both free throws will be out of the basket?
A. 0.20 B. 0.45 C. 0.35 D. 1.00
For items 13-15, refer to the scenario and table provided below
The number of qualified voters living in the household on a randomly selected
Subdivision block is described by the following probability distribution.
Number of qualified voter/s, x 1 2 3 4
Probability, P(X) 0.25 0.50 0.15 0.10

A. 1.0 B. 1.8 C. 2.0 D. 2.1
14. What are the variance and standard deviation respectively of the probability
distribution?
A. 0.99 and 0.50
B. 0.89 and 0.62
C. 0.79 and 0.89
D. 0.80 and .088
15. What is the probability that less than 3 votes will be in any household?
A. 0.25 B. 0.50 C. 0.75 D. 1.00
Lesson 1 Calculating Mean and Variance of a
Discrete Random Variable
If you took an examination, do you sometimes think of where would be your score
lie? Would it be below or above the average score? Afterward, you would like also to
know how far you are from the average score. Finally, you would ask yourself what
is the meaning of those locations from the center or mean of the probability
distribution? If you are asking these questions, this learning module is designed for
you.
In this module, we can calculate and solve the average of a discrete random variable.
The term average is the mean or the expected value or the expectation in probability
and statistics. Once we have calculated the probability distribution for a random
variable, we can calculate its expected value. The mean of a random variable shows
the location or the central tendency of the random variable.
In this module, you will understand the process on how to accurately determine the
mean value and variance including the standard deviation of a discrete random
variable. You may find this module as a piece of good fortune in acquiring brand new
learning.
In
The number of COVID -19 patients seen in the ER in any given hour is a random
variable represented by X. The probability distribution for X is presented below.
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P(X)
0.5
COVID-19 Patients
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 X
15 16 17 18 19
1. Find the probability that in a given hour:

a. exactly 17 patients arrive;
b. at least 16 patients arrive; and
c. at most 18 patients arrive.
2. What is the average number of COVID-19 patients who arrived in the ER in
an hour?
3. Illustrate the mean and standard deviation of the data gathered.
Solution:
1, a.
b.
c.
2. =17
3. It shows the hat element spread 3 away from the mean which
implies its variability.
3 3
31 34 37
P(X)
0.45 15
0.4
16
0.35
0.3 18 19
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0 X
15 16 17 18 19
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New
Time to Check
Mr. Umali, a Mathematics teacher, regularly gives a formative assessment composed
of 5 multiple-choice items. After the assessment, he used to check the probability
distribution of the correct responses, and the data is presented below:
Test Item Probability

0 0.03
1 0.05
2 0.12
3 0.30
4 0.28
5 0.22
Based on the data above, observe, analyze and answer the following questions:
1. What is the summation of the probabilities of the given random variable?
_________________________________
2. Why is it that the probability of random variable x less than 1 but
nonnegative value?
3. What is the average or mean of the given probability distribution?
_______________________________________________________________.
4. What are the values of the variance and the standard deviation of the
probability distribution? _______________________________________.
Answer:
1. The summation of the probabilities of the given random variable is equal to
2. The probability of the discrete random variable X lies between 0 and 1, so it
is impossible to have a negative probability.
3.
4.
If you are wondering how we came up with the answer for questions 4 and 5, you
will understand everything as we go on in our discussion.
What is It
In the previous module, mean or expected value characteristics had been presented,
even variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
Expected Value or Mean Value is the sum of the products of each possible value of
So, in what way can we use the concept of expected value to calculate the mean and
variance of a probability distribution?
Using the previously given data, multiply each x value by its probability and add the
results to get the mean ( x ) or expected value .
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Test Item, Probability,
0 0.03 0
1 0.05 0.05
2 0.12 0.24
3 0.30 0.9
4 0.28 1.12
5 0.22 1.1
So, the answer to question 3 can now be stated. It indicates that the expected value
or mean of the random variable is 3.41.
Now that you have calculated the mean or the average marks in the five tests of
Mathematics. It will be convenient this time to determine the difference in the score
of each item from the mean or expected value. This difference in marks shows the
variability of the possible values of the random variable.
discrete random variable x,
Remember that if the value of the variance is small, then the values of the random
variable are close to the mean.
The Standard Deviation of x, denoted by , is the square root of the Variance. In
symbol,
or
random variable can be presented in this manner. The formula for says to
take a weighted average of the squared distance to the mean. By squaring, remember
that we are averaging only non-negative values so that the spread to the right of the
d value, we are weighting high
probability values more than low probability values. So, the table will now look like
this.
Test Item, Probability
0 0.03 0 -3.41 11.6281 0.3488

1 0.05 0.05 -2.41 5.8081 0.2904
2 0.12 0.24 -1.41 1.9881 0.2386
3 0.30 0.90 -0.41 0.1681 0.0504
4 0.28 1.12 0.59 0.3481 0.0975
5 0.22 1.10 1.59 2.5281 0.5562
85
We can also do this process.
The Variance is 1.5819, and the Standard Deviation is , and it is

equivalent to 1.26
Therefore, the correct answers for question 4 are 1.5819 and 1.26 respectively.
For uniformity of the answers, expected value or mean and standard deviation are
both expressed into two decimal places while variance is up to four decimal places
to lessen rounding error.
Take note on units:
1. has the same units as X.
2. ) or has the same units as the square of X. So, if X is in
meters, then ) is in meters squared.
Since and X have the same units, the standard deviation is a natural
measure of spread. In some ways, the standard deviation is the more tangible of the
two measures, since it is in the same units as X.
Let us take this example,
Suppose that a coin is tossed twice so that the sample space is S = { , ,

, }. Let X represent the number of heads that can come up Based on the
prepared discrete probability distributions of the random variable X below, calculate
the mean, variance, and standard deviation.
Outcome or Sample HH HT TH TT
Point
2 1 1 0
Applying the concepts from the activity given above, let us complete the table below.
0 ¼ or 0.25 0 -1 1 0.25
1 ½ or 0.5 0.5 0 0 0
2 ¼ or 0.25 0.5 1 1 0.25
The expected value or mean is 1.

The Variance is 0.50, and
The Standard Deviation is 0, and it is equivalent to 0.71.
86
We have discovered that the Expected Value E(X) is only the average or mean of
random variable X. It's occasionally called a "weighted average" because more
frequent values of X are weighted more highly in the average. It is additionally how
we anticipate that X should behave on-average as time goes on. The mean of a
random variable X is a measurement of the central location of the distribution of X.
If we are summarizing features of the distribution of X, it is clear that location is not
the only relevant feature. The second most important component is the spread of the
distribution.
Again, the variance of a discrete random variable X is defined by
where the sum is taken over all values of x for which P(x) > 0 but less than 1. So, the
where the weights are given by the probability function P(x) of X.
The standard deviation of X is defined to be the square root of the variance of X.

That is,
Because of this definition, the variance of X is often denoted by 2 .

x
In another way around, the standard deviation is the more tangible of the two
measures, since it is in the same units as X. For example, if X is a random variable
measuring length in cm, then the standard deviation is in centimeter , while the
variance is in .
Remember that with respect on units:
2. Var(X) has the same units as the square of X. So, if X is in meters, then
Var(X) is in meters s
standard deviation is a natural measure of spread.
Always remember that the variance cannot be negative, because it is an average of

squared quantities. This is appropriate, as a negative spread for distribution does
not make sense. Hence, and .
More
Independent Activity 1: Study and analyze
The number of shoes sold per day at a retail store is shown in the table below.
Illustrate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of this distribution.
X 19 20 21 22 23
P(X) 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
87
Independent Assessment 1: Fill me in and solve
Write all the necessary formula and show the complete solution.
Formula to be used:
a. Mean ________________________
b. Variance_____________________
c. Standard Deviation___________
Solution:
The number of patients seen in the Emergency Room in any given hour is a random
variable represented by x. The probability distribution for x is:
X 10 11 12 13 14
P(X) 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1

Formula to be used:
a. Mean __________________________
b. Variance_______________________
c. Standard Deviation_____________
Solution:
and standard deviation of this

distribution.
X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X)

Formula to be used:
a. Mean ________________________
b. Variance_____________________
c. Standard Deviation___________
Solution:
What I Have Learned
1. The formula for calculating Mean or Expected value is _______________________
2. I have discovered that the Expected Value E(X) is only the_______________ of
random variable X. It's occasionally called a _______________ because more
frequent values of X are weighted more highly in the average.
3. The variance of a discrete random variable X is defined _____________________
4. The standard deviation of X is defined to be the square root of the variance of
X. In symbol it expressed into ________________________________
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5. The variance cannot be ___________, because it is an average of squared
quantities. Hence, and .
What I can do
Things to do:
1. Create a short script as if you are with your dream partner in life and you both
talking about Family Planning.
2. During your planning, specify in your decision how many girls (G) and boys
(B) in the family you both want to have. Consider also your random variable
X stand for.
3. After your planning, construct a probability distribution of whatever decision
you had.
4. Based on the probability distribution table, illustrates the following:
a. Mean or Expected Value;
b. Variance; and
c. Standard Deviation.
5. Share your output to the Class Group Chat through Image or Video
Presentation.
TASK CRITERIA
Accuracy of the solution 50%
Clarity and content of the script 25%
Originality and creativity of the 25%
Presentation
TOTAL 100%
Assessment
1. What formula is appropriate to use in calculating the expected value?
A.
B.
C.
D.
2. Which among the list of formulas should be used to solve for the variance of
discrete random variables of the given data above?
A. ; for all possible values of x
B. ; for all possible values of x
C. ; for all possible values of x
D. ; for all possible values of x
3. Which of the following statements does not describes the value of the
standard deviation?
A. A small standard deviation (or variance) means that the distribution
of the random variable is narrowly concentrated around the mean.
89
B. A large value of standard deviation (or variance) indicates that the
distribution is spread out, with some chance of observing values at
some distance from the mean.
C. Standard deviation is obtained by getting the square root of the
variance.
D. It is obtained by squaring the variance.
4. What can we generate if we take the summation of the product of each value
assigned to the random variable and its corresponding probability?
A. Expected Value
B. Probability value
C. Standard Deviation
D. Variance
random variable X?
A. 0 B. 0, 1 C. 1, 2,3 D. 0, 1, 2 ,3, 4
6. Which of the following is the correct value of standard deviation ( of a
discrete random variable X if the variance is 2.5754?
A. 1.61 B. 1.60 C. 1.06 D. 1.01
Let X be a random variable defining number of students getting 95 above grade.
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3
7.
7. What is the expected value of X from the given table?
A. 1.3 B. 1.8 C. 1.9 D. 2.3
8. What is the variance ( of the given probability distribution?
A. 1.16 B. 1.18 C. 1.20 D. 1.28
9. Which of the following value is appropriate for deviation ( of the given

A 1.02 B. 1.04 C. 1.06 D. 1.08
10. A Grade 11 HUMMS researcher surveyed the households in Brgy. Quipot,
Tiaong Quezon. The random variable X represents the number of college
graduates in the households. The probability distribution of X is shown
below.
X 0 1 2
P(X) 0.25 0.5 0.25
Find the values of variance and standard deviation.
A. 0.3 and 0.51 respectively
B. 0.4 and 0.61 respectively
C. 0.5 and 0.71 respectively
D. 0.6 and 0.81 respectively
11. In the 50 items test, Miss Santos, a Mathematics teacher claimed that most
to 40. In this situation, which of the following
terms parallel to the score of 40?
A. Variance
B. Standard Deviation
C. Expected Value or Mean
D. Median
90
In her Flower Shop, Vera recorded the probability distribution for the number of
flower arrangements that she delivered each day.
X 7 8 9 10 11
P(X) 0.20 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.10
12. What is the probability that she made at least 9 flower arrangements?
A. 0.60 B. 0.50 C. 0.40 D. 0.30
13. What is the mean or expected value of the given probability distribution?
A. 8.5 B. 8.6 C. 8.7 D. 8.8
14. Which of the following is the appropriate value for the variance?
A. 1.55 B. 1.56 C. 1.57 D. 1.58
15. What value corresponds to the standard deviation?
A. 1.25 B. 1.26 C. 1.27 D. 1.28
1. Willie works in an automotive tire factory. The number X of sound but
blemished tires that he produces on a random day has the probability
distribution.
x 2 3 4 5
P(X) 0.48 0.35 0.10 0.07
a. Find the probability that Leomar will produce more than three blemished
tires.
b. Find the probability that Leomar will produce at most four blemished
tires.
c. Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a discrete random
variable.
2. The Land Bank of the Philippines Manager claimed that each saving account
customer has several credit cards. The following distribution showing the
number of credits cards people own.
x 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 0.18 0.44 0.27 0.08 0.03
Show the complete table of values in calculating the Mean, Variance, and
Standard Deviation.
91
Statistics and
Probability
Interpreting the Mean and the
Variance of a Discrete Random
Variable
Interpreting the Mean and the Variance of a Discrete Random Variable
First Edition, 2020
them.


Writer: Elizabeth D. Lalunio
Editors: Celestina M. Alba and Nestor Sandoval

Cainta, Rizal 1800
Telefax: 02-8682-5773/8684-4914/8647-7487
92
Week
3
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand why we need to find the mean and variance of a discrete random variable
and how to interpret it. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
This module has only one lesson which focuses on interpreting the mean and
variance of a discrete random variable. Your knowledge and skill on how to use the
formula for the mean, variance, and standard deviation that you learned from
previous modules are pre-requisite skills. Accurate computations will yield accurate
interpretations. In case that there will be mistakes in the calculations of mean,
variance, and standard deviation, interpretation of the data will be affected. And if
we interpret the result based on the miscalculations, our tendency to make a not so
wise decision is higher. So, to be successful in this module, always review your
computations before you make interpretations. Expect also that some of the practice
exercises and problems included here need your patience and determination because
it requires long computations. It will teach you the virtues of being patient and
striving for excellence. Bear in mind that you need to review first your solutions to
arrive with accurate interpretations. So, are you now ready? Let us start your journey
today.

1. interpret the mean and variance of a discrete random variable; and
2. recall and apply the formulas for the mean, variance, and standard deviation
of a discrete random variable.
What I Know
Before studying this module, take this test to determine what you already know
about the topic covered.
paper.
1. What do you call a random variable with possible values that form a finite or
countable set?
A. continuous C. finite
B. discrete D. infinite
2. What term is used to describe the average value of a discrete random variable
over numerous trials of an experiment?
A. mean C. standard deviation
B. probability D. variance
3. Which of the following represents the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability
of the items in a distribution?
A. mean or expected value
B. median and mode
C. outcomes and probability distribution
D. variance and standard deviation
4. Which of the following is also equal to the square root of the variance?
A. mean C. probability
93
B. median D. standard deviation
5. How would you interpret a very small variance or standard deviation but not equal
to zero?
A. The values of the random variables are farther from the mean.
B. The values of the random variables are nearer to the mean.
C. The values of the random variables are equal to the mean.
D. The values of the random variables have no relationship with the mean.
6. Which of the following shows most likely the largest possible variance or
variability?
A. number of girls in a randomly selected three-child family
B. number of newborn babies per minute.
C. number of Oreo cookies inside a 133 grams pack from different
branch of 711 stores
D. number of patients who are positive with COVID-19 in different
hospitals
7. Which of the following data shows most likely the smallest possible variance or
variability?
A. number of books in different branch of National Bookstore
B. number of books inside a pack bag of grade 11 students
C. number of books inside the library of different universities
D. number of books inside the library of different households
8. What formula is described by ?
A. the mean of a discrete random variable
B. the variance of a discrete random variable
C. the standard deviation of a discrete random variable
D. the expected value of a discrete random variable
For numbers 9-12, refer to the probability distribution of rolling a single
unfair die.
1 2 3 4 5 6
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1
A. 2.5 B. 3.7 C. 4.1 D. 5.7
10. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
A. 1.81 B. 2.34 C. 3.70 D. 4.26
11. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
A. 1.07 B. 1.35 C. 1.92 D. 2.06
12. How would you interpret the mean value that you get in item number 9?
A. The mean value is the difference between each probable value of the
outcome when you roll the unfair die in numerous trials.
B. The mean value is the higher probable value of the outcome when you roll
the unfair die in numerous trials.
C. The mean value is the lowest probable value of the outcome when you
roll the unfair die in numerous trials.
D. The mean value is the closest value to the most probable value of the
outcome when you roll the unfair die in numerous trials.
13. Which of the following is NOT a property of the variance?
A. The variance is not equal to the standard deviation.
B. A small variance means that the distribution of the random variable is
narrowly concentrated around the mean.
C. A large variance means that the distribution is spread out, with some chance
of observing values at some distance from the mean.
D. The value of the variance is less than zero.
94
For numbers 14-15. The mean of the probability distribution below is equal to 18.2
with a variance of 5.86 and a standard deviation of 2.42.
Number of cellphones sold per

day in a retail store 15 18 19 20 22
Probability ( 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15

14. How would you interpret the mean value of 18.2?
A. The least number of cellphones that will be sold in a day is 18 pieces.
B. The highest number of cellphones that will be sold in a day is 18 pieces.
C. The average number of cellphones that will be sold in a day is 18 pieces.
D. No interpretation can be made about the mean value of 18.2.
15. How would you interpret the values of variance and standard deviation?
A. It gives the difference between the highest number of cellphones and the least
number of cellphones that can be sold.
B. It is the average number of cellphones that can be sold in a day.
C. It describes how the data or the number of cellphones sold in a day varies.
D. No interpretation can be made about the variance and standard deviation.
Lesson 1 Interpreting the Mean and Variance
of a Probability Distributions
Decision-making is an important skill that each individual should acquire. It is a
must that you should be wise when making decisions. In real life, we always
encounter situations where we have to choose the best option to arrive with the right
decision. Thinking critically and logically will help you to decide on things wisely.
Considering that you might become a CEO of a company, a professional, a father or
a mother, surely this lesson will help you to decide on future financial situations.
Interpreting the mean and variance of probability distributions will give you the idea
on how to weigh things, for you to choose the right option.
In
The following formulas were introduced to you in the previous lessons, write the
correct formula in each box to complete this task.
Formula 1:
Formula 2:
Formula 3:
Formula 4:
Situation 1: I am thinking of finding the average number of heads that would appear
if I will toss two coins together twice. Which formula should I use?
95
Situation 2: I went to the grocery store and I noticed that there are five different kinds
of brown sugar at different prices, each brand has different probabilities that they
will be sold. What formula should I use if I want to determine how the prices vary
from the average price of the product that would be sold to the customers repeatedly?
Solution:
Situation 1: The correct formula is , because it is the formula to be
used if you want to find the mean of a discrete random variable.
Situation 2: The correct formula is , because it is the formula to

be used if you want to find the standard deviation of a discrete random variable.
Even though formulas 2 and 3 (formulas to find the variance) measures also the
variability of the values assumed by the random variable X (prices of brown sugar) in
repeated trials (sold to the customers repeatedly). The units of standard deviation
match those with X because standard deviation is a square root of the variance.
New
An Unfair Die
Suppose an unfair die is rolled and let X be the random variable representing the
number of dots that would appear with a probability distribution below.
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1

P
Questions:
1. What will be the average number of dots that would appear?
2. How does the assumed value of the outcome vary from the average number
of dots that would appear?
3. Will you join in a game of chance using an unfair die?
What Is It
Recall that in your previous lesson, you learn how to calculate the mean, variance,
and standard deviation of a discrete random variable. So, with those skills, you will
be able to answer the questions in the previous activity.
First, let us find the mean of the probability distribution using the formula.
Therefore, the mean of the probability distribution is . Since the mean is equal to
3.7, we can say that the average number of dots that would appear is a number near
96
to 3.7 which is 4. If we will repeat the experiment over and over, there is a higher
possibility the 4 dots will always appear since the average number of dots that would
appear is 4.
To determine the variability of the assumed values from the mean, use the formulas
for finding variance and standard deviation. But first, construct a table like the one
below:
1 0.1 0.1 1 0.1

2 0.1 0.2 2 0.4
3 0.1 0.3 9 0.9
4 0.5 2 16 8
5 0.1 0.5 25 2.5
6 0.1 0.6 36 2.6
Then use the formulas, thus
Therefore, the variance of the random variable X (the number of dots appeared) is
equal to 1.81 while the standard deviation is equal to 1.35. Take note that, small
variance or standard deviation means that the assumed values or data points tend
to be very close to the mean, while higher variance or standard deviation means that
the assumed values or data points are spread out from the mean. Specifically, the
variance and standard deviation measures or describes how far a set of data
(assumed values of random variables) is spread out. Since the value of the standard
deviation is 1.35, we can say that the assumed values of each outcome are somewhat
close to the mean for about 1.35 units from the mean.
Knowing this information, you may now decide whether you will join a game using
an unfair die. Make sure you will think more critically and logically before you make
a decision and remember being fair and just is a virtue.
Bear in mind that the mean of a discrete random variable is just the average value
of a random variable over repeated trials of experiment and in the next lesson it will
be discussed further and its application to the real-life situation.
To understand more the concept of the variance and standard deviation, the following
are examples that will give you a deeper idea about the concept of variance and
standard deviation.
The first data in the following examples is somewhat expected to have a higher
variance and standard deviation or variability compare to the other data.
Example 1
The population size of 100 different countries around the world compare to the
population of 10 countries belong to the first world countries
97
Due to a large number of samples (100 different countries) and other factors such as
land area, economic status, etc., you may say that most likely you will get a higher
variance and standard deviation compared to the population of 10 countries belong
to the first world countries
Example 2
The number of students in different universities compares to the number of students
in a class in a particular school.
Considering different universities with different size and course offerings, you may
say that the difference between their enrolments will be much higher than the
difference of each class size in a particular school
Example 3
The number of people who love to play basketball in different barangays to the
number of basketball players from different teams who play in the first-quarter game.
Basketball is a famous game and almost every guy loves to play this game. Imagine
that you will gather the number of people who love to play from different barangays,
it is expected that you will gather different results compared to the number of
basketball players from different teams who play in the first-quarter game. Almost
everybody is aware that there are only five players from each team to play a game,
therefore if you will compute the variance of the data from different teams you will
get a value of zero. The mean will be equal to 5 because each team who play the game
will should have 5 players only, at the same time if you will compute the variance of
distribution with equal inputs you will get a value of zero.
The mean and variance of a discrete random variable are easy to understand if you
know the concepts behind these two measurements. As you go on with the different
modules in Statistics and Probability, mean and variance will always be included in
the discussion. The mean, variance, and standard deviation are important in
statistics because they serve as the basis for other types of statistical calculations or
statistical tests.
What More
In the following activities, read each situation carefully to solve each problem.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Practice Activity 1
The number of cellular phones sold per day at the E-Cell Retail Store with the
corresponding probabilities is shown in the table below. Compute the mean,
variance, and standard deviation and interpret the result.
Number of cellphones sold
per day in a retail store 15 18 19 20 22
Probability ( 0.30 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15
Solution:
Complete the statement:
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The mean is equal to ____________ therefore, it means that the average number
of cellular phones of sold per day is ________________.
To find the variance complete the table below:
15 0.30 4.5
18 0.20 3.6
19 0.20 3.8
20 0.15 3
22 0.15 3.3
Therefore, the variance of a probability distribution is equal to ___________, while

the standard deviation is equal to _________________.
its corresponding probabilities. Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of
the probability distribution below. If Beth, the owner of the shop is claiming that the
average number of cupcakes sold in a day is 150 pieces, do you think it is a believable
claim?
Number of cupcakes
sold per day 90 120 135 150 160 175
Probability 0.15 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.15

Practice Activity 2
Analyze the following pairs of data and identify which of the following will most likely
yield to a higher variance and higher standard deviation. Put a check mark on the
appropriate box.
1. Number of students from different grade levels.
Number of boys in a family with three children.
2. Number of fish inside the aquarium from different households.
Number of fish inside a can from the different local brands of sardines.
3. Number of COVID-19 patients from different hospitals.
Number of family members with fever in a barangay.
4.
stores.
99
Number of kernels in corn of different sizes.
5.
Number of passengers in different luxury cruise ships.

Give examples of at least two pairs of data that will most likely yield different variance
and standard deviation. Identify the one with a higher possible value of variance and
explain why.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements by writing the correct word or words.
1. The mean of a discrete random variable is interpreted as the ______________ value
of a random variable over repeated trials of an experiment.
2. The variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable measured or
described the ____________________ of the assumed values of the random variable
to the mean.
3. A small variance or standard deviation means that the assumed values or data
points tend to be ___________________to the mean.
4. A higher variance or standard deviation means that the assumed values or data
points are __________________ from the mean
What I Can do
Oh, what a game!
Things to do:
Device a game of chance using a fair die with corresponding winnings and losses.
For example, in rolling a die you may assign even outcomes as winning outcomes
and the odd outcomes as the losses or think of your own plan. Let X the amount to
be won by a player or the amount he will lose when he plays your game. Compute
for the mean or the average amount a player may win or lose, the variance and the
a probability of . Be prepared to describe your game and demonstrate it in our

class next meeting or you may prepare a video of your demonstration to be
submitted online.
Rubrics for the task:
4 3 2 1
Categories Excellent Satisfactory Developing Beginning
Organization of The The The The

Game Plan mechanics of mechanics of mechanics of mechanics of
the game is the game is the game is the game is
clear and clear and somewhat not not clear.
100
enjoyable to enjoyable to clear and
play with a play with no shows
twist. It also twist. It also concepts of
shows shows mean and
concepts of concepts of variance
mean and mean and
variance. variance.
Accuracy of the The There is one There is one There are

Solutions computations mistake in the mistake in more
are accurate computations the mistakes with
with a table of with a table of computations no table of
probability probability with no table probability
distributions. distributions. of probability distributions.
distributions.
Demonstration The The The The

demonstration demonstration demonstratio demonstrator
accurately shows some n did not is not
shows how to missing work well prepared to
play the game. details on how because the demonstrate
to play the audience how to play
game. cannot follow the game.
the rules of
the game.
Assessment
1. Which of the following is an example of a discrete random variable?
A. weight of newborn babies
B. body temperature of COVID-19 patients
C. number of heads that will come out if you toss a coin twice
D. height of basketball players
2. Which of the following best describe the mean of a discrete random variable?
A. It is the lowest assumed value of a discrete random variable.
B. It is the highest assumed value of a discrete random variable.
C. It is the average value of a discrete random variable over numerous trials of
an experiment.
D. It is the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability of the assumed value of a
discrete random variable.
3. Which of the following best describe the variance and standard deviation of a
probability?
A. It is the lowest assumed value of a discrete random variable.
B. It is the highest assumed value of a discrete random variable.
C. It is the average value of a discrete random variable over numerous trials of
an experiment.
D. It is the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability of the assumed value of a
discrete random variable.
101
4. Which of the following best describe the standard deviation of a probability
distribution?
A. It is twice the variance.
B. It is the product of the mean and the variance.
C. It is the ratio of the mean and the variance.
D. It is the square root of the variance.
5. How would you interpret a very small variance or standard deviation?
A. The values of the random variables are equal to the mean.
B. The values of the random variables are closer to the mean.
C. The values of the random variables are farther from the mean.
D. The values of the random variables have no relationship with the mean.
6. Which of the following data show most likely the largest possible variance
or variability?
A. number of pieces of French fries in a regular pack from different orders of
customers at McDonalds
B. number of boys in families of three-children
C. number of customers per hour who went shopping at SM Super Malls
D. number of heads that will appear if two coins are tossed together
repeatedly
7. Which of the following data show most likely the smallest possible
variance or variability?
A. the number of passengers in a tricycle per destinations
B. the number of applicants in the different job opening
C. the number of families who own a private vehicle in different cities in NCR
D. the number of adults who use public restrooms in Metro Manila
8. What formula is described by ?
A. the mean of a discrete random variable
B. the variance of a discrete random variable
C. the standard deviation of a discrete random variable
D. the expected value of a discrete random variable
For numbers 9 -12, refer to the probability distribution of the number of books
borrowed from a school library in a day and its corresponding probabilities.
20 25 30 35 40 45
0.1 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1
A. 25 B. 29 C. 30 D. 32
10. How would you interpret the mean value that you get from item number 8?
A. It is the least number of books borrowed from the school library in a day.
B. It is the largest number of books borrowed from the school library in a day.
C. It is the average number of books borrowed from the school library in a day.
D. It is the difference between the largest and the least number of books borrowed
from the school library in a day.
11. What is the variance of the probability distribution?
A. 38 B. 40 C. 43 D. 46
12. What is the standard deviation of the probability distribution?
A. 6.16 B. 6.32 C. 6.56 D. 6.78
13. Which of the following is NOT a property of the variance?
A. A small variance means that the distribution of the random variable is
narrowly concentrated around the mean.
B. A large variance means that the distribution is spread out, with some chance
of observing values at some distance from the mean.
C. The variance is a value that is always positive.
D. The variance is a value that is always negative.
102
For numbers 14-15. The mean of the probability distribution below is equal to
37.05 with a variance of 36.75 and a standard deviation of 6.06.
Number of ice
candy sold per
30 32 36 40 42 45
day in a retail
store
Probability ( 0.30 0.10 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.25
14. How would you interpret the mean value of 37.05?
A. The least number of ice candy that will be sold in a day is 37 pieces.
B. The highest number of ice candy that will be sold in a day is 37 pieces.
C. The average number of ice candy that will be sold in a day is 37 pieces.
D. No interpretation can be made about the mean value of 37.05.
15. If you are the owner of the retail store, how many ice candies will you
prepare to ensure that you can supply the demands of your customers
every day?
A. 10 pieces and below C. 21-30 pieces
B. 11-20 pieces D. 30 pieces and above
This activity is design for you to gain a deeper understanding of the mean,
variance, and standard deviation. It will not just help you to practice your skill but
it will give you a chance to compare the results with theoretical explanations.
Try it and enjoy it!
Things to do:
Roll a die 50 times. Record the result and construct a probability distribution to
find the mean, variance, and standard deviation. Compare the results with
theoretical results:
Take Note of This:
The probability distribution of rolling a die is given below, this will serve as your
theoretical result.
Outcome 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability of the
Outcome
103
338
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES
Value of
Random
Voter Voter Voter Voter Variables
Event
#1 #2 #3 #4 (Number
of Yes
votes)
1 Y Y Y Y 4
2 Y Y Y N 3
3 Y Y N Y 3
4 Y Y N N 2
5 Y N Y Y 3
6 Y N Y N 2
7 Y N N Y 2
What I Know Assessment
8 Y N N N 1
9 N Y Y Y 3 1. C
10 N Y Y N 2 1. A
2. C
11 N Y N Y 2 3. C 2. B
12 N Y N N 1 4. A
13 N N Y Y 2 5. D 3. B
14 N N Y N 1 6. B
15 N N N Y 1 7. C 4. A
16 N N N N 0 8. B
9. A 5. D
10. B
1 case of four head, 3 cases of Three Heads, 6 cases of 11. C 6. A
Two Heads, 4 cases of One Head, 1 case of Zero 12. B
13. C 7. C
14. C
15. C 8. A
P (X = 4) = 1/16
P (X = 3 ) = 3/16 9. B
P (X = 2 ) = 6/16 or 3/8
P (X = 1 ) = 4/ 16 or ¼ 10. A
P ( X = 0 ) = 1/16 What I have learned
11. A
A. Complete the
following statements by 12. D
writing the correct word.
1. Discrete 13. C
2.Continuous
3.Random Variable 14. C
4.Continuous
15. C
5.Discrete
B. Complete the table below
Random Variable
1. Number of ringing of
phone
2. Time of the students to
finish the test.
3.Number of complaints
4. Height of the tallest
building
5. Number of mobile Types of What I can do
Random Variable
1. C
1. Discrete
2. C
2. Continuous
3. C
3. Discrete
4. D
4. Continuous
5. D
5. Discrete
Module 1
Answer Key
339
What I Can Do What I Know
1. A
2. D
cube is a 3. A
continuous random variable, since a child could 4. C
5. D
have finished the 6. D
puzzle in 1.2 minutes or 2.5 minutes and so on. 7. D
8. D
9. A
2. The voltage of a certain electric outlet is a 10. C
11. B
continuous random variable 12. D
13. D
14. A
15. A
What What's In
Independent Activity 1 1. S = {H, T}
2. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
1. Discrete variables are countable while 3. S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
continuous variables are measurable. 4. S = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}
2. Discrete variable can take on only integer 5. S = {H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6,
values whereas T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6}
continuous variable can take on any value.
3. Answer may vary
What's New
Roll a pair of dice = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
1. Continuous 11, 12
2. Discrete
3. Continuous Flip a pair of coins repeatedly = 1, 2, 3, 4,
4. Continuous
5. Discrete
Height of individual = answer may vary
Independent Activity 2 Reflection questions 1 - 4. answer may vary
1. Discrete random variable
2. continuous random variable
Assessment Additional
Independent Assessment 2 Activities
1. B
2. B 1. C
1. Continuous random variable
3. A 2. C
4. B 3. C
5. D 4. D
6. B 5. D
7. A
8. C
9. C
10. A
11. B
12. C
13. C
14. D
15. A
Module 2
340
What's More What's New
Independent Activity 1 Value of the
Random Variable
1.) Step 1: List all simple Possible
events in sample space. X (number of non
Outcomes
- defective
Step 2: Find probability laptops
for each simple event.
DDD 0
Step 3: List NNN 3
possible values for random DDN 1
variable X and identify NND 2
the value for DNN 2
each simple event. NDD 1
Step 4: Find all simple DND 1
events for which X = k, for NDN 2
each possible value k.
2.) Similarity - they can take
on assigned numerical Reflection:
values
1. Answer may vary: you may answer whether easy, average or difficult
Difference- a) random 2. Answer may vary: if your answer is yes, you probably completed the
variables may take on table by following the first example. If not completed, you probably
assigned intervals instead
of numbers 3. Answer may vary: if your answer is yes, you probably count the number
b) each of N that occurred in each possible outcomes, otherwise your answer
value of a must be no.
random variable 4. Answer may vary: A Random Variable is a numerical quantity that is
corresponds to a derived from the outcomes of random experiments.
specific 5. Answer may vary:
probability, Possible answer:
which is not the case in Step 1: List all simple events in sample space.
algebraic variables.
Step 2: Find probability for each simple event.
Independent Assessment Step 3: List possible values for random variable X and identify the
1 value
1. 17
for each simple event.
2. 169 Step 4: Find all simple events for which X = k, for each possible value k.
3. 12
4. 104 Additional Activity Assessment
5. 160 1. S = {BB, BY, YB, YY} 6. Discrete 16. C
7. Discrete 17. D
Independent Activity 2 2. Possible values of a random 8. Continuou 18. A
Value of variable: 0, 1, 2 s 19. D
Random 9. Discrete 20. D
Possible
Variable Y 10. Discrete 21. D
Outcomes
(number of 22. D
green balls) 23. D
What I Can Do
WW 0 24. D
25. A
WG 1 The possible values of the random
26. B
GW 1 variable are 1, 2, 3, and 4 27. B
GG 2 28. S
29. D
Module 3
341
What I Know What's More What I Have Learned
1. C Activity 1 1. Probability
2. B Distribution
3. B A. 1. Not
2. 1
4. C 2. Probability
5. A 3. 0 P(X)
Distribution
6. B 4. =1 and
3.Not
7. D 0 P(X)
4.Not
8. A 5. Sample
9. C 5.Probability Distribution
Random variable
10. C
B. 1. Probability Distribution Probability values or
11. D
12. A 2. Not P(X)
13. C Activity 2
14. D X P(x)
15. D 0 1/8
1 3/8
2 3/8
3 1/8 Assessment
Activity 3
What I Can Do X P(x) 6. B
2 1/36 7. C
X P(X) 3 8. C
20 4 1/12 9. B
5 1/9 10. A
30 6 5/36 11. C
7 1/6 12. B
40 8 5/36 13. D
9 1/9 14. A
41 10 1/12
15. D
11 1/18
16. C
43 12 1/36
Activity 4
17. A
X P(x) 18. B
48 19. A
10 1/5
12 1/10 20. C
70
14 1/5
15 3/10
90
20 1/10
25 1/10
Module 4
What I Know What's More
1. B Independent Assessment 2
2. A
3. A Value of Random Variable Y
4. D Possible Outcomes
(number of tails)
5. C
6. B HHHH 0
7. B HHHT 1
8. D HHTH 1
9. A HHTT 2
10. A
11. B
HTHH 1
12. A HTHT 2
13. D HTTH 2
14. D HTTT 3
15. B THHH 1
THHT 2
THTH 2
THTT 3
TTHH 2
TTHT 3
TTTH 3
TTTT 4
342
1.
Possible Outcomes
(No. of Tails)
HHHH 0
HHHT 1
HHTH 1
HTHH 1
THHH 1
HHTT 2
HTHT 2
HTTH 2
THHT 2
THTH 2
TTHH 2
HTTT 3
THTT 3
TTHT 3
TTTH 3
TTTT 4
Probability Distribution
Value of Random Variable X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/16 4/16 6/16 4/16 1/16
2.
a. Sample Space
{(1,2),(2,1),
(1,3),(3,1),
(2.3),(3,2),
(1,1),(2,2),
(3,3)}
b. 1+1=2
1+2=3
2+1=3
2+2=4
1+3=4
3+1=4
2+3=5
3+2=5
3+3=6
The values of the random variable are 2,3,5 and 6
c.
Sum X 2 3 4 5 6
P(X)
343
What I Know
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. B
What I Can Do 6. C
7. A
a. 8. B
X P(X) 9. D
2 10. A
11. D
3 12. A
13. C
14. C
4 15. B
5
6
7
8 What's More
Additional Activities Activity I
9 6. 0.75
1. a. 7. 0.80
8. 0.85
10 b. 9. 0.45
Assessment
c. 1. D Activity II
11
2. D 1.
d. 3. C
12 4. B 2.
e. 5. D 3.
2. a. 0.80 6. C
b. 7. A Activity III
b. 0.65 8. C 1. 0.57
c. 9. C
c. 0.75 2. 0.80
10. B 3. 0.73
d. d. 0.65 11. B
12. A
e. 13. D
14. B
15. A
Module 5
344
1. Since ; and
Therefore
2.
Because =
Figure C
Figure B
Figure A
What I Know What's More
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. C
5. B
6. A Assessment
7. D
8. A 1. D
9. B 2. C
10. C 3. C
11. B 4. D
12. C 5. C
13. D 6. A
14. B 7. C
15. C 8. D
9. A
10. C
11. D
12. C
13. B
14. C
15. B
Module 6
345
Results of the What's More Assessment
experiment may vary,
but the mean of the Practice Activity 1 1. C
distribution after rolling 2. C
a die 50 times is 3. D
somewhat equal to the 4. D
mean of the given 5. B
probability distribution 6. C
of rolling a die where the 7. A
outcome X is the random 8. C
variable. Thus, the 9. D
results of the experiment 10. C
may get a mean which is Independent Activity 1 11. D
very close to 3.5 with a 12. D
variance that is 13. D
somewhat equals to 3. 14. C
15. D
Module 8
What I Know Practice Activity 2
1. B 1. Statement 1
2. A
3. D 2. Statement 1
4. C
3. Statement 1
5. B
6. D 4. Statement 2
7. B
8. B 5. Statement 1
9. B
10. A Practice Activity 2
11. B
12. D Answers may vary
13. D
14. C
15. C
What's More
Assessment
What I Know
1. A
1. D 2. C
2. D Independent Assessment 2 3. D
3. C 4. D
4. D 5. D
5. D 6. B
6. A 7. B
7. D 8. A
8. A 9. C
9. A Independent Assessment 3 10. C
10. C 11. C
11. B 12. A
12. A 13. D
13. D 14. B
14. C 15. A
15. C
Module 7

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Module WK 1 2 Stat Probability

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Statistics

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Roland V. Magsino

Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

For the learner:

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

Lesson 1 Illustrating a Random Variable

In the study of basic probability, you have discovered that an experiment is

Looking at the table we see just

That particular example is a discrete variable. A discrete variable is a variable,

We can use the probability distribution

add probabilities to find the answer:

P(X < 1) = 1 - P(X = 0)

We can use the probability distribution to

find the answer:

While to understand the concept of

This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your

1. Record the number of hours an

Experiment Number X or the Types of Random

5. Number of Mobile phones in a

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Reynaldo L. Nanson

Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

5. Rolling a die and tossing a coin simultaneously

To understand how one distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random

(since, the least

might accidentally get lose of it

Types of Random Variables

What I Have Learned

complete the puzzle is summarized in the table below.

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

A. Yes, it is a random variable.

YN. Let X be what are the

Lesson 1 Finding Possible Values of a Random

The completed table should look like this.

Value of the Random Variable Y (number

Value of the Random Variable X

So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, and 2.

What I Have Learned

A. Yes, it is a random variable. C. Maybe.

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro

P(X) 1/3 1/2 1/3 1/3

Month No. of Absences Month No. of Absences

Value of the Random Variable Y

The values of the random variable Y are ____________.

Read and analyze the situation given below:

In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if there is a defective

a. Let D represent the defective computer and N for the non-defective

Value of the Random Variable X

c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S of