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Department of Education
National Capital Region
SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

General Biology 1
First Quarter-Module 11
Components of an Enzyme

Donna Heizel F. Lopez

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand the nature of Biology. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course.

This module will discuss the components of enzyme. After going through this
module, you are expected to identify and describe the components of an
enzyme. STEM_BIO11/12Ii-j-15

What I Know

Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
For numbers 1, 2 and 3, refer to the image below.

Figure 1 Figure 2

1. Based on the figure above, which letter represents the enzyme?

A B C
2. Which letter on the figure above represents the substrate?
A B C
3. Which figure represents the "Lock and Key" model of enzyme action?
A B C

4. Which is TRUE about the active site of an enzyme?

A. It is always rigid and does not change shape.
B. It is found at the center of globular enzymes.
C. It is complementary to the rest of the molecule.
D. It contains amino acids without side chains

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5. Most artificial reactions in which carbon dioxide is utilized need the vitamin
biotin. Biotin is covalently linked to a segment of an enzyme called lysine,
which can then bind to and transport a carbon dioxide molecule. Biotin is
best referred to as a/an ____________.
A. coenzyme C. enzyme
B. competitive inhibitor D. enzyme inhibitor

6. Which part of the enzyme where a substrate can bind?

A. Active site C. Inhibitor
B. Catalyst D. Large subunit

7. Which substances accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction?

A. Catalysts B. Elements C. Lipids D. Molecules

8. What kind of biomolecules are enzymes?

A. Carbohydrates C. Protein
B. Fats D. RNA

9. Which model states that specific shapes are possessed by substrate and
enzyme?
A. Arrow and shield model C. Induction model
B. Deduction model D. Lock and key model

10. Which kind of molecules represents an enzyme?

A. Concentrates C. Solutes
B. Nitrates D. Substrates

11. Which of the following is known as the amount of energy required for a
chemical reaction to occur?
A. Activation Energy C. Coenzyme
B. Chemical Energy D. Substrates

12. Which of the following is the protein that speeds up a chemical reaction?
A. Catalyst C. Nitrate
B. Concentrate D. Substrate

13. Which of the following is the protein that speeds up a chemical reaction?
A. Active site C. Inhibitor
B. Catalyst D. Product

14. Which region on the surface of enzymes will fit a substrate?

A. Active site C. Inhibitor
B. Catalyst D. Product

15. Which substances induce a chemical reaction without changing itself?

A. Catalysts C. Product
B. Enzymes D. Substrate

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 Lesson Components of an Enzyme

A cell continues to live due metabolism. Metabolic processes within cells

require catalysts in order to support life. At normal cell temperatures, chemical
reactions would proceed too slowly and might require a lot of activation energy start
out. Reaction rates in living things are increased by enzymes. Enzymes are globular
proteins, which lowers down the activation energy by interacting with substrates of
molecules involved in the reaction.

What’s In
In the last module, you studied the transport mechanisms of cells. Before you
proceed to the lessons of this module, take time to read the following major
concepts about endocytosis and exocytosis.

 Endocytosis can be of three types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and

receptor -mediated endocytosis.
 Endocytosis takes in large molecules that cannot passively pass
through the cell membrane.
 Phagocytosis is the taking in of large food molecules, on the other
hand pinocytosis takes in liquid particles.
 Receptor-mediated endocytosis use special receptor proteins to carry
large particles across the cell membrane.
 Exocytosis is involved in the release or exit of materials from the cell.
The release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft and the
release of enzymes into the blood is one of the examples of this
process.

What’s New

“Lock and Key” Model of Enzyme Action

When you go home at night and the door is locked, can you open the door
without a key? You cannot. You need a key that fits perfectly in that lock.
Otherwise, you are locked out and won’t be able to get in. Enzymes work in a
similar way; they are a very specific lock and the compounds they work with are
the special keys.

Enzymes are compounds that assist chemical reactions by increasing the

speed at which they occur. As an example, the food that you just eat is lessened by
digestive enzymes into tiny pieces that are sufficiently small enough to travel
through your bloodstream and enter the cells.

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 What Is It

The primary material of enzyme is protein. Enzymes are series of amino

acids with a specific form. This form is determined by the arrangement of amino
acids join together by bonds. Enzymes increase the rate of reactions by bringing
reactants together and decreasing the activation energy required to start the
reaction. It is easily influenced by environmental changes such as temperature, pH
level and the type of substrate. The shape and structure dictate the type of activity
an enzyme can do, changes in its structure of the enzyme affect the rate of
chemical reactions. For example, When the pH level of the reaction medium
changes, the shape and structure of the enzyme will change which may either lose
its function or inactivate its ability to undergo chemical reaction with a substrate.

Here are the four steps involved for the enzymes to work.
Stage 1. Substrate starts to move towards the active site of the enzyme. The
enzyme grasps onto the substrate in a special area called the active site.
Stage 2. Formation of Enzyme substrate complex. As the substrate is attached to
the active site of the enzyme an enzyme or substrate complex will form. Like a door
lock and key, enzymes can only combine with a substrate that will fit into its active
site.
Stage 3. Substrate is converted to products. A process called catalysis happens.
Catalysis is when the substrate is altered by breaking its down or building
chemical bonds with another molecule to create something new.
Stage 4. The enzyme releases the product. After the enzyme releases the product of
catalysis, it will return to its original shape, ready to work with another substrate.

Figure 1.1. How enzymes work.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/energy-matter-and-enzymes/

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Activity 1.1. Reading Comprehension
Answer the following questions below. Write your answers on the space provided
below.

1. What does a catalyst do?

__________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is an enzyme?
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why do enzymes generally bind to only one type of substrate?
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1.2. Concept Mapping

Complete the concept map showing the characteristics of enzymes.

They are
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
_____________________
They cause They act as
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
Enzymes

Affected by Examples are

_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________
_____________________ _____________________

What’s More

Activity 1.3. Understanding Enzymes

Enzymes are vital biological macromolecules that work in living things.

Living things rely on enzymes to break down massive molecules or build new ones.
Enzymes are composed of one or more proteins. Proteins are made of chains of
amino acids. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.

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Using the diagram below as guide, answer what is asked in the following questions.
Write your answer on the space provided below.

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

Stage 1
1. Molecules C in the diagram is called_______________.
2. Molecules A and B in the diagram are molecules acted upon by an enzyme it
is called_____________.
3. Molecule C is made up of one of the four important biological
macromolecules of life. What do you call this macromolecule? ______________.
Stage 2
4. At the start of enzymatic reaction, molecules A and B will attach to a special
region in molecule C called ______________ ______________.
5. The attachment of molecules A and B to molecule C will form a chemical bond
called ____________ _____________ _____________.
6. Molecule D in the diagram is called a/an________________.
7. If the diagram is placed in a solution that is too acidic or basic, molecule C
can lose its________________ or change its _____________ which will stop
molecules A and B from binding to molecule C.
Stage 3
8. What will happen to molecule C now that the reaction is completed?
___________________________________________________________________________
9. What are three things that can affect the function of how fast molecule C?
___________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

• Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts in every living

organism.
• A catalyst is a substance that hastens a reaction by reducing the activation
energy needed to begin that reaction.
• Substrate is the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
• Active site is a site on an enzyme where a substrate can be attached.
• The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction is
known as the activation energy.
• Coenzyme refers to a substance that helps an enzyme to work.
• Inhibitor pertains to a substance that slows down or stops enzyme activity.

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 What I Can Do

Read, analyze, and answer the following questions. Write your answers on the
space provided below.
1. In an apple experiment, the apple was cut into two portion. One portion is
left alone. The other portion covered with lemon juice. Why did the portion of
an apple that was not covered with lemon juice turn brown?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Give at least three examples of how enzymes are used in your body.
a. __________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________

Posttest

Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answers.

1. Which model states that specific shapes are possessed by substrate and
enzyme?
A. Arrow and shield model C. Induction model
B. Deduction model D. Lock and key model

2. Which kind of molecules represents an enzyme?

A. Concentrates C. Solutes
B. Nitrates D. Substrates

3. Which of the following is known as the amount of energy required for a

chemical reaction to occur?
A. Activation Energy C. Coenzyme
B. Chemical Energy D. Substrates

4. Which of the following is the protein that speeds up a chemical reaction?

A. Catalyst C. Nitrate
B. Concentrate D. Substrate

5. Which of the following is the protein that speeds up a chemical reaction?

A. Active site C. Inhibitor
B. Catalyst D. Product

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 6. Which region on the surface of enzymes will fit a substrate?
A. Active site C. Inhibitor
B. Catalyst D. Product

7. Which substances induce a chemical reaction without changing itself?

A. Catalysts C. Product
B. Enzymes D. Substrate

For numbers 8- 10, refer to the image below.

Figure 1 Figure 2

8. Based on the figure above, which letter represents the enzyme?

A B C

9. Which letter on the figure above represents the substrate?

A B C
10. Which figure represents the "Lock and Key" model of enzyme action?

A B C
11. Which is TRUE about the active site of an enzyme?
A. It is always rigid and does not change shape.
B. It is found at the center of globular enzymes.
C. It is complementary to the rest of the molecule.
D. It contains amino acids without side chains.

12. Most artificial reactions in which carbon dioxide is utilized need the vitamin
biotin. Biotin is covalently linked to a segment of an enzyme called lysine,
which can then bind to and transport a carbon dioxide molecule. Biotin is
best referred to as a/an ____________.
A. coenzyme C. enzyme
B. competitive inhibitor D. enzyme inhibitor

13. Which part of the enzyme where a substrate can bind?

A. Active site C. Inhibitor
B. Catalyst D. Large subunit

14. Which substances accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction?

A. Catalysts C. Lipids
B. Elements D. Molecules

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 15. Which substances induce a chemical reaction without changing itself?
A. Catalysts C. Product
B. Enzymes D. Substrate

Additional Activities

Read the article below and answer the question that follows on the space provided
below.

Science in Action with Enzymes!

Scientists suspect that some molecules in mucus carry smells to other

parts of the nose where they can be detected. Other molecules in the mucus are
enzymes which start chemical reactions. Some enzymes may protect the body by
chopping toxic substances such as inhaled chemicals into smaller, safer
chunks. But until now, scientists did not know whether this chopping action
could affect the smell of something.
To learn about smells and mucus, the researchers experimented on mice. They
removed mucus from the noses of mice. Then, they mixed in chemicals that
have particular odors. One of these chemicals was benzaldehyde, also known as
artificial almond oil. After five minutes in mouse mucus the benzaldehyde had
broken down into two chemicals one that had no smell and another that did.
When
When the the researchers inactivated the
researchers inactivated the enzymes
enzymes by by boiling
boiling the
the mucus
mucus and
and
then
then tried the same experiment again, the benzaldehyde did not break down.
tried the same experiment again, the benzaldehyde did not break down.
That
That part
part of
of the
the experiment
experiment showed
showed that
that the
the mucus
mucus could
could change
change the
the
chemical composition of odors. Next, the researchers
chemical composition of odors. Next, the researchers showed that the showed that the mice
mice
brains
brains also
also register
register this
this difference.
difference. For
For this
this part
part of
of the
the project,
project, the
the scientists
scientists
“turned
“turned off” the mucus chemicals in the mice noses that usually chop
off” the mucus chemicals in the mice noses that usually chop upup
odorous molecules. As a result of this change, the mouse
odorous molecules. As a result of this change, the mouse brains reacted brains reacted
differently than they
differently than they did
did before
before showing
showing that
that their
their brains
brains had
had picked
picked up
up on
on the
the
change.
change.

https://www.pdffiller.com/374390759-enzymes12912pdf-Grade-10-Science-Related-ReadingBiology-

Looking closer

What does the term "turned off" in the last paragraph refer to?

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 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
10 City of Good Character
enzymes12912pdf-Grade-10-Science-Related-ReadingBiology-
Retrieved from: https://www.pdffiller.com/374390759- (4)
Simon and Schuster, NY. 2015
Pfeiffer, J.Enzymes, the Physics and Chemistry of Life, pg 171-173, (3)
Wiley, NY.2008
Holum, J.Elements of General and Biological Chemistry, 2nd ed., 377, (2)
45, Macmillan, London. 2009
Lennett, T. P., and Frieden, E. Modern Topics in Biochemistry, pg. 43- (1)
References
Additional Activities What’s more What Is It
Activity 1.3 Activity 1.1
The scientists 1. Enzyme 1. a catalyst breaks
“turned off” the down or build
2. Substrate chemical bonds
mucus chemicals in 3. protein/ amino acid between molecules
the mice noses that 4. active site 2. an enzyme is a
usually chop up 5. enzyme substrate complex protein that that
odorous molecules. As increases the rate
6. product
a result of this of reaction between
7. lose function/ change molecules by
change, the mouse
brains reacted shape decreasing the
differently than they 8. go back to its original activation energy.
form or shape 3. Because its
did before showing
activation site has
that their brains had 9. temperature, pH level,
unique shapes that
picked up on the type of substrate only fits to a certain
change. substrate
What I can do Activity 1.2
Answers may Vary Answers may Vary
Answer Key
 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Donna Heizel F. Lopez (MNHS)
Editors: Reynald Alfred A. Recede (MHS)
Maria Carmina R. Martin (MHS)
Coleen Michelle L. Magalong (SEHS)
Emily G. Santos (PSDS)
Jessica S. Mateo (EPS – Science)
Illustrator: Emmalyn L. Querijero (JDPNHS)
Layout Artists: Christine Ann G. Faraon (BNHS)
Jemwel Dela Paz (CISSL)
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

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