LIGHT

VIIth class science

NOTES:

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT

❖ Light is form of energy.

❖ When an object absorbs, its energy increases.
❖ For us the sun is the ultimate source of all energy including light.

LIGHT TRAVELS IN STRAIT LINE

❖ Light always travels in strait line.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT FROM PLANE MIRROR

❖ Angle (i) is called the angle of incidence and angle (r) is called the angle of reflection.
❖ The law of reflection state that the angle which a beam of light falls on a mirror (∠i) is equal to
the angle at which this beam gets reflected (∠r).
Thus, ∠i=∠r
❖ Reflection can take place from any smooth surface.
❖ You will be able to see your image or partially in a glass, in a stainless plate, in a pond or even in a
bucket of water.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT FROM CURVED MIRROR

❖ Take a stain less steel spoon

and look into it.
❖ Do your face?
❖ Look for your face from both
sides of the spoon.
❖ You will be able to see your
face clearly on the back side,
it will but it will look
inverted.
❖ Curved or spherical mirrors
are similar to the spoon.
❖ In a spherical mirror, the
reflecting surface is curved. Fig 1.1
❖ The mirror can be thought of as a part of a sphere
Types of spherical mirror.
CONCAVE MIRROR
If the reflecting surface of the mirror is inside of the
curve, it is called concave mirror.
CONVEX MIRROR
If the reflecting surface is the outside of the curve, it is
called a convex mirror.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT FROM CONCAVE MIRROR

❖ A concave mirror produces a smaller, bigger and

inverted image based on its distance from the object. Fig 1.2
❖ When the distance between object and mirror is large, a small inverted virtual image is formed.
❖ As the object is brought closer, the image becomes larger.
❖ At a very close distance the image is large and upright.

Applications of concave mirror:

The application of concave mirrors lines the fact that when it is brought closer to an object, an
enlarged virtual image is obtained.

❖ Doctors use it for examining ears, nose, throat etc.

❖ Dentists use it for examining teeth and gums.

Also, a concave mirror concentrates the light falling on it into a narrow beam this is used in.

❖ Torches
❖ Car headlight

Fig 1.3 Fig 1.3

Convex mirror:

❖ A convex mirror generally produces an erect and smaller image of the object.
❖ Convex mirror produces virtual image of the objects spread of large area.
❖ Convex image cannot produce real images.

Applications of convex mirror:

❖ Rear view mirrors of the vehicles so that person driving able to see most traffic behind him/her.
❖ As reflectors in street lamps to diverge light over a large area.
❖ Used for making sunglasses and telescopes.

USES OF SPHERICAL MIRROR

Concave mirrors

Since concave mirrors are converging, they are used to collect light, energy, sound, and tv signals.

❖ Concave mirrors are used to converge sunlight at a point which becomes very hot.
❖ This property makes it useful for solar heater and cookers.
❖ Huge concave mirrors are used in telescopes to form images of distant stars and planets.
❖ Concave mirrors are used in headlights of cars and torches.
❖ The light reflects from the mirror and converges to form a bright beam.
❖ When an object is very close to concave mirror it forms an enlarged and erect image of the
object.
❖ This property makes it useful for:
➢ Dentists to see enlarged images of the teeth in the mouth of patients.
➢ People to use concave mirrors for doing makeup and shaving.

Convex mirrors

Convex mirror forms an erect diminished image of an object. They are useful to obtain a wide view of
an area. They are used as:

❖ Rear view mirrors of cars, as give a smaller and wider image view.
❖ Security mirrors in an area to cover a large view.

LENSES

❖ A lens is a transparent, curved surface, made up of high quality of glass or transparent plastic.
❖ Like curved mirrors. There are two types of mirrors:
➢ Convex lens
❖ It is thicker in the middle and thinner on the edges.
➢ Concave lens
❖ It is thinner in the middle and thicker at the edges.

Convex lens

❖ convex lens is a converging lens.

❖ The parallel rays of light falling on
a convex lens converge at one
point on the other side of the lens.

Concave lens

❖ A concave lens is a diverging lens.

❖ Rays of light falling on a concave
lens bent away from its principal
axis.
❖ If you look through the lens, these
rays will appear to converge at appoint.
❖ This is called a principal focus of the lens.
❖ As result of this, the image is formed on the same side as the object and it is virtual, erect, and
diminished.

Splitting of light

❖ Not only glass, light can be bent

by any medium.
❖ Sometimes the water droplets in
the air also bend light passing
through it.
❖ while the light passes through the
water drops, it splits into different
colours.
❖ White light is made of seven
colours across the sky.
❖ This is what you know as rainbow.