1. Write the relation between terminal voltage and emf of a cell, when current is drawn.

2. The plot of variation of potential difference across a combination of three identical cells in series,
versus current is shown below. Find the internal resistance and emf of each cell.

3. Define the term conductivity of a conductor. On what factors does it depend?

4. Define the term drift velocity of an electron.

5. Why are alloys such as constantin and manganin used for making standard wire resistors?

6. Give an example of a material each for which temperature coefficient of resistivity is (i) positive,
(ii) negative.

7. V – I graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2 is as shown in the figure.
Which of the two temperatures is higher and why?

8.Define the term ‘mobility’ of charge carriers. Write its S.I. unit.

9. Two metallic resistors are connected first in series and then in parallel across a d.c. supply. Plot of
I – V graph is shown for the two cases. Which one represents a parallel combination of the resistors
and why?

10. Two wires, one of copper and the other of manganin, have same resistance and equal thickness.
Which wire is longer? Justify your answer.

11. Distinguish between emf and terminal voltage of a cell.

12. Two conducting wires X and Y of same diameter but different materials are joined in series
across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift
velocity of electrons in the two wires

13. A 10 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected a 200 V battery and a resistance of
38 ohm. Find the value of current in circuit

14. How does one explain increase in resistivity of a metal with increase of temperature

15. Two cells of emfs 1.5 V and 2.0 V having internal resistances 0.2 ohm and 0.3 ohm respectively
are connected in parallel. Calculate the emf and internal resistance of the equivalent cell.

16. Using the concept of drift velocity of charge carriers in a conductor, deduce the relationship
between current density and resistivity of the conductor.

17. State the two Kirchhoff’s rules used in electric networks. How are these rules justified?

18. Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge.

19. Two metallic wires of the same material have the same length but cross-sectional areas are in
the ratio 1: 2. They are connected (i) in series and (ii) in parallel. Compare the drift velocities of
electrons in the two wires in both the cases (i) and (ii)
20. Calculate the temperature at which the resistance of a conductor becomes 20% more than its
resistance at 270C. The value of the temperature coefficient of resistance of the conductor is 2 x 10-
4 K.

21. Plot a graph showing temperature dependence of resistivity for a typical semiconductor. How is
this behavior explained

22. Derive the expression for drift velocity of free electrons. How does drift velocity of electrons vary
with temperature increase? Explain.

23. 12 cells, each of emf 1.5V and internal resistance 0.5 ohm, are arranged in m rows each
containing n cells connected in series, as shown. Calculate the values of n and m for which this
combination would send maximum current through an external resistance of 1.5 ohm.

24. . Assuming A to be at zero potential, use Kirchoff’s laws to find the potential at B.

25. . Estimate the average drift speed of conduction electrons in a copper wire of cross-sectional
area 1.0 x 10-7 m 2 carrying a current of 1.5 A. Assume the density of conduction electrons to be 9 x
1028 m -3