REVIEWER | 1ST QUARTER

Environmental Science
Module 1, Lesson 1: Scope of Environmental Science
Atmospheric Sciences
It involves studying the atmosphere
Ecology
How living and non-living things interactwith the environment and each
other
Can associate with social sciences
Chemistry
The impact of humans on the environment
How contaminationsand reactionshappen
How this can be controlled and/or prevented
Geology
Focuses on the Earths natural processes
Sociology
Study of social factorsthat cause environmental problems
Ethics
Provides moral groundsfor social policies
Political Science
Focuses on critical assessmentand intensive policy-makingin protecting
the environment
Module 1, Lesson 2: Definition of Environment
According to Boring (1947), the environment is defined as A persons
environment consists of the sum, a total of the stimulation which he
receives from his conception until his death.
Douglas and Holland (1947) state, ' The term environment is used to
describe, in aggregate, all the external forces, influences, and conditions,
which affect the life, nature, behavior and the growth, development, and
maturity of living organisms.
Scope of The Environment
Atmosphere
A protective blanket of gasses
Hydrosphere
Covers all water forms
Lithosphere
Outer mantleof the Earth
Biosphere
Realm of living organisms
Importance of Environment Studies
Environmental issues are not only a national issue but a global issue
Environmental effects of technology development and urbanization
The explosive increase in population
There is always a need for an alternative solution
Needed to save humanity from extinction
Needed for wise planning of development
Module 2, Lesson 1: Ecosystem and Its Components
Biotic Factors
Living organismssuch as plants, animals, and bacteria
Abiotic Factors
Non-living organismssuch as rocks, sunlight, and water
Module 2, Lesson 2: Levels of Ecological Organization
Organisms
Individual livingidentities
An example would be a fish in the ocean
Population
Is a collective term for organisms living in a specific area
An example would be a school of fish in a sea
Community
A sum of different populationsliving in a particular area
An example would be a school of fish in a sea with seahorses, whales, and
corals
Ecosystem
Consists of allbiotic and abiotic factors in an environment
Module 3, Lesson 1: The Water Cycle
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water
Water goes into the atmosphere in two ways:
Transpiration
Water goes through pores in leaves called stomata
Evaporation
Water evaporatesfrom bodies of water
Next, it undergoes a process called:
Condensation
Water condensesin the atmosphere and forms clouds
Then, water comes back to the ground through:
Precipitation
Water collects into clouds and pours to the ground
Examples of precipitation would be rain, snow, hail, and sleet
Surface Runoff
This occurs when some of the water from precipitation flows back into
bodies of water
Percolation
Water gets absorbed into the soil
Module 3, Lesson 2: Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle describes the continuous movementof nitrogen
Nitrogen also makes up 78% of the air we breathe in
Nitrogen Fixation
Atmospheric nitrogen gets convertedinto ammonia by nitrogen-fixing
bacteria
It is done in plants
Nitrogen Assimilation
Process of absorbingammonia and nitrates into organic nitrogen
Organic nitrogen enters an animals body when they eat plants
Ammonification
Converts organic nitrogen into ammonia when animals die
Also known as mineralization
Nitrification
The ammonia is converted into nitrites
Denitrification
Ammonia gets converted into nitrogen
Module 3, Lesson 3: Carbon Cycle
Is the process wherein carbon is exchanged in the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and biosphere
Carbon in the Atmosphere
Can occur through fossil fuels or volcanic eruptions
Enters the atmosphere when organisms decompose
Living organisms emit carbon dioxide as a byproduct of cellular
respiration
Carbon in the Hydrosphere
Carbonic acid forms when carbon dissolves in water
Carbon in the Biosphere
Photosynthetic algae and bacteria that live near the surface of the ocean
take up bicarbonate ions to synthesize organic compounds in a process
called chemosynthesis.
Terrestrial plants utilize carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through the
process of photosynthesis in order to produce glucose
Module 4, Lesson 1: Ecological Niche
Describes the function performed by living organisms in a certain
environment
Producers or Autotrophs
Organisms that producefood
Consumers or Heterotrophs
Organisms that consumefood
Module 4, Lesson 2: Cyclic Path of Materials in The Ecosystem
Herbivores
Organisms that consume plants
Carnivores
Organisms that consume meat
Omnivores
Organisms that consume both meat and plants
Detritivores or Decomposers
Organisms that consume dead bodies
Module 4, Lesson 3: Flow of Energy in The Ecosystem
Food Chain
Represents how a certain producer is consumed by consumers
Food Web
Represents overlapping food chains
Energy Pyramid
Consists of trophic levels
Shows the amount of energy being transferred to each level
Trophic Levels in an Energy Pyramid
The first-trophic level shows the producer
The second-trophic level shows the primary consumer
The third-trophic level shows the secondary consumer
The fourth-trophic level shows the tertiary consumer
Journalism
Module 1, Lesson 1: Fundamentals of Journalism
Definition of Journalism
Journalism is the activity of gathering, assessing, creating, and
presenting news and information. It is also the product of these
activities (American Press Institute)
Purpose of Journalism
In their book, The Elements of Journalism, Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel
write that it is not defined by technology, nor by journalists or the
techniques they employ.Rather, the principles and purpose of journalism
are defined by something more basic: the function news plays in the lives
of people
The purpose of journalism is thus to provide citizens with the information
they need to make the best possible decisions about their lives, their
communities, their societies, and their governments
Module 1, Lesson 2: The Elements of Journalism
The ten elements of journalism, as drawn from the book The Elements of
Journalism:
Journalisms first obligation is to the truth
The first element is to always tell the truth
Its first loyalty is to citizens
The second element is for the citizen who reads the story that the
journalist writes
Its essence is a discipline of verification
The third element deals with the discipline that the journalist should
follow.
Its practitioners must maintain independence from those they
cover
The fourth element deals with staying neutral or independent from the
story
It must serve as an independent monitor of power
The fifth element is to serve as an independent monitor of power
It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise
The sixth element is for supplying a forum for public criticism and
compromise
It must strive to keep the significant interesting and relevant
The seventh element is to make sure to combine what is significant and
what is relevant
It must keep the news comprehensive and proportional
The eighth element deals with the comprehensive and proportional part of
the news story
Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience
The ninth element allows for the exercise of the journalists personal
conscience
Citizens, too, have rights and responsibilities when it comes to the
news
The final element deals with citizen responsibilities when it comes to news
Module 1, Lesson 3: Bias and Objectivity
Definition of Bias
Bias is a concentration or interest in one particular area or subject. When
we say that there is bias in journalism, we mean that the author is one-
sided and he or she editorializes when writing.(American Press Institute)
Definition of Objectivity
According to Tony Rogers of thoughtco.com, objectivity means that when
covering hard news, reporters dont convey their own feelings, biases, or
prejudices in their stories.
Types of Bias
Bias by Commission
Passing along errors or assumptions in order to support or refute a point
of view
Bias by Omission
Ignoring facts or statistics to support or disprove a point of view
Bias by Selection
Selecting only evidence that supports or disproves a point of view
Bias by Placement
Emphasizing only that which supports or disproves a point of view
Bias by Interpretation
Using only one perspective when relaying information
Bias by Policy or Condemnation
Suggesting or condemning a policy or a course of action
Bias by Labeling
Categorizing sources with labels that elicit certain reactions such as
calling a news source expertor extremist
Module 2, Lesson 1: Journalism as a Discipline of Verification
Transparency
Show your work so readers can decide for themselves why they should
believe it
Transparency signals the journalists respect for the audience
Humility
Keep an open mind
Journalists need to keep an open mind – not only about what they hear
but also about their won ability to understand what it means
Exercise humility. Dont assume. Avoid arrogance about
your knowledge
Originality
Do your own work
Information can be viewed as a hierarchy. At the top is the work you have
done for yourself, reporting you can directly vouch for.
Module 2, Lesson 2: How To Organize a Story
There are four questions to ask when organizing a story:
What is the central point?
What is the central evidence?
Where is the central place?
Who are the central characters?
Module 2, Lesson 3: Journalism Ethics and Principles
Four ethical standards of the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ):
Seek truth and report it
Minimize harm
Act independently
Be accountable and transparent
The Philippine Journalists Code of Ethics
I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to
suppress essential facts nor to distort the truth by omission or improper
emphasis. I recognize the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct
substantive errors promptly.
I shall not violate confidential information on material given me in the
exercise of my calling.
I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news,
photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a
representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview
intended for publication.
I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private
reputation unless the public interests justifies it. At the same time, I shall
write vigorously for public access to information, as provided for in the
constitution.
I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the
performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or
other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional
integrity.
I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on or degrade any
person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction,
cultural and ethnic origin.
I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven
otherwise.
I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors, and women
involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing
in society.
I shall not take unfair advantage of a fellow journalist.
I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and
dignity of my profession, invoking the "conscience clause"when duties
imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as a
journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession.
When in doubt, decency should be my watchword.
Research I
Module 1, Lesson 1: Scientific Attitudes
Curiosity
Has a passion to learn
Is curiousabout different topics
Skepticism
Questionstheir own work
Does not easily accept things
Open-Mindedness
Considersother peoples opinions
Respectsother peoples perspectives
Perseverance
Does noteasily give up
Has patiencewhen encountering setbacks
Positive Attitude Towards Failure
Learnsfrom their mistakes
Adaptsto their mistakes
Objectivity
Is notaffected by personal opinions
Focuses on delivering factual evidence
Intellectual Honesty
Gives creditto other people for their respective work
Does not take other peoples work as their own
Module 2, Lesson 1: Observation and Inference
Observation is the most fundamental science process skill
Is the process of gathering informationusing the 5 senses
Qualitative Observations
Observations made using the 5 senses
Quantitative Observations
Observations related to quantity(ex. amount, temperature, etc.)
Inference
Is an educated guessor conclusion
Is formed from observations
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy
Is the nearnessof a measure to the accepted value
Precision
Is the consistencyof measured values
Module 3, Lesson 1: Measurement
Measurement is another science process skill
Measurement is also a type of a quantitative observation
Laboratory Apparatus
Traditional Laboratory Apparatus
Platform Balance
Graduated Cylinder
Pipettes
Burettes
And many more
Modern Laboratory Apparatus
pH Meter
Colony Counter
Calorimeter
Galvanometer
And many more
Using a Triple Beam Balance
Calibrate the instrument before using it
Make sure that the riders are at their leftmost positions and that the
balance pointer lines up with the zero mark
Place the object to be weighed on the pan
Make sure that the object is at the center of the pan
Use the 100-gram rider
Slide it one notch at a time. If the pointer drops below the zero mark, move
it back one notch
Use the 10-gram rider
Slide it one notch at a time. If the pointer drops below the zero mark, move
it back one notch
Use the 0.1-gram rider
Slide it slowly until the pointer lines up with the zero mark
Add the results
Add the values of all three beams to get the mass of the object
Mathematics
Module 1, Lesson 1: Basic Concepts of Sets
What is a set?
A set is a collectionof well-defined objects
Language of Sets
Each object in a set is called an elementor a member
The use of bracessymbolizes the groupings of a set
Names of sets are usually denoted using uppercase letters
Examples
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Ways to Describe Sets
There are two ways to describe sets
Roster Method
The roster method is used to listelements of a set
Example: A = {Strawberry, Apple, Watermelon}
Descriptive Method
The descriptive method is used to describeelements of a set
Example: A = {𝑋 is a red fruit}
The Elements of a Set
The symbol ∈ is used to show that 𝑋 is an elementof a set
The symbol ∉ is used to show that 𝑋 is not an elementof a set
Null or Empty Sets
A set with no elementsis called a null/empty set
We use { } and ∅ to represent a null set
Well-defined and Not Well-defined Sets
{Grade 7 teachers in MariSci} is a well-defined set as we can easily identify
the Grade 7 teachers in MariSci.
{Handsome boys in Marisci} is not a well-defined set as the word
handsome is subjective to each person
The Cardinality of a Set
The cardinality of a set is a measureof the elements in a set
For example, if Set X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} has 5 elements, we can say that its
cardinality is 5.
Finite and Infinite Sets
If a set has a definite number of elements,we can consider it a finite set.
If a set does not have a definite number of elements,we consider it an
infinite set.
Universal Sets
A universal setis a set with all objects under consideration. It is denoted by
the letter U
Example: U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Subsets
A subset is a set that has the same elementsas the universal set
Example: A = {2, 3, 4} is a subset of Set U because its elements are also in
set U
We can say that A ⊆ U. The symbol ⊆ means 𝑋 is a subset of 𝑋
If a subset is not a subset of a set, then we can use ⊈ to say that 𝑋 is not a
subset of 𝑋
Module 1, Lesson 2: The Union, Intersection, and Difference of Sets
The Intersection of Sets
Lets use the given Venn diagram as an example
The intersection of a set is the common element/sbetween two sets
We can denote this using the symbol ∩.
Because reading and cooking are similar elements of the sets, we can say
that X ∩ Y = {Reading, cooking}
The Union of Sets
The union of a set is all the elements of both sets
We can use the symbol U to symbolize that
When listing down the union of a set, elements are not repeated
Using the previous Venn diagram, we can say that X U Y = {Singing,
Reading, Drawing, Cooking, Dancing, Playing}
The Difference of Sets
Finding the difference of a set is quite different from finding the
intersection and union of a set
Example Problem
Find the following: A - B and B - A
A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16}
A-B=?
Remove the elements in A that are found in B
= {3, 5, 7, 9}
B-A=?
Remove the elements in B that are found in A
= {10, 12, 14, 16}
Module 2, Lesson 1: Set Operations Using a Venn Diagram
B is a subset of A (B ⊆ A)
Union of Two Sets
(A U B)
Intersection of Two Sets
(A ∩ B)
Module 2, Lesson 2: Problem Solving Using a Venn Diagram
Reference VideoSolving Word Problems with Sets Using a Venn Diagram |
UPCAT and CSE Review
Worded Problem
In a group of 30 people, 23 liked dogs, 15 liked cats, and 10 liked cats and
dogs

Questions
How many people liked both cats and dogs?
10 people liked both cats and dogs
Explanation: As stated in the worded problem, 10 people liked both cats
and dogs
How many onlyliked dogs?
13 people only liked dogs
Explanation: When you subtract the given (23) from the number of people
who like both cats and dogs (10), you get 13
How many people liked cats or dogs?
28 people liked cats or dogs
Explanation: When you add the total values, you would get 13 (people who
liked dogs), 5 (people who liked cats), and 10 (people who liked both cats
and dogs). Adding those values up, you get a sum of 28
How many people didnt like cats or dogs?
2 people didnt like cats or dogs
Explanation: When you subtract 28 (the people that like cats or dogs) from
30 (the total number of people in a group), you get 2
Module 3, Lesson 1: The Absolute Value of a Number
The absolute value of a number is how many spaces a number is from
zero on the number line
Two vertical bars or two straight lines are used to represent the absolute
value of a number
Example: Find the absolute value of -4

The number -4 is four spaces away from zero, so we can say that its
absolute value is also 4. This would also be the same if it were a positive
integer
|-4| = 4
Module 3, Lesson 2: Fundamental Operations on Integers
Reference Videos
Math Antics - Adding &Subtracting Integers
Math Antics - Integer Multiplication &Division
Module 4, Lesson 1: Properties of Operations on the Set of Integers
The Closure Property
Integers are closed to addition, subtraction, and multiplication
The Commutative Property
Commutative property states that the order of the addends or factors
does not affect the result
The Associative Property
Associative property states that the grouping of the addends or
factors does not affect the result
The Distributive Property
Distributive property states that if a, b and c represent integers, then
a (b + c) = a(b) + a(c) and a(b − c) = a(b) − a(c)
The Identity Property
The sum of any number and 0 is the given number itself. 0 (zero) is
the additive identity.
a+0=a
The product of any number and 1 is the given number itself. 1 (one)
is called the multiplicative identity.
a∙1=a
Additive Inverse
The sum of a number and its opposite is 0. For any number a, the
additive inverse is – a.
Module 5, Lesson 1: Expressing Rational Numbers From Fraction Form to
Decimal Form and Vice Versa
Reference Videos
How to Convert Fractions to Decimals
How To Convert Decimals to Fractions
Module 6, Lesson 1: Operations on Rational Numbers
Reference Videos
Math Antics - Adding and Subtracting FractionsMath Antics - Multiplying
Fractions
Math Antics - Dividing Fractions
Module 7, Lesson 1: Principal Roots: Rational or Irrational
Properties of Square Roots
A perfect square is never negative
A perfect square number never ends on 2, 3, 7, and 8
The number of zeros at the end of a perfect square is always even
The square of an even number is always even
The square of an odd number is always odd
Module 8, Lesson 1: Estimating Square Roots
Estimate the √10 to the nearest hundredth
Find the lower perfect square number (LPS) and the higher perfect square
number (HPS) of the given number
LPS → √9, √10, √16 ← HPS
√10 is located in between 3 and 4
Use the formula
given number - LPSHPS - LPS
10 - 916 - 9= 17
Divide 1 by 7 using long division
0.142 ← You can stop at the 3rd decimal place
Estimate the square root to the nearest hundredths
Recall that √10 is between 3 and 4 in Step 1. Therefore, we can say that √10
≈ 3.142 or 3.14
Module 8, Lesson 1: Plotting Irrational Numbers on a Number Line
Lets try plotting √10 on the number line
√10 is 3.14, so its in between the digits 3 and 4
Because 3.14 is closer to 3 than it is to 4, lets mark it close to 3

Module 9, Lesson 1: Subsets of Real Numbers

Natural or Counting Numbers
These are numbers that are usually used in counting. It contains positive
integers like {1, 2, 3, 4, 5…}
Whole Numbers
Its the same as counting numbers with the inclusion of zero, like {0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5…}
Integers
It contains negative integers, positive integers, and zero
Rational Numbers
Expressed in the form of abwherein b ≠ 0
Irrational Numbers
Cannot be expressed in the form of ab
Module 10, Lesson 1: Significant Figures
These are also known as sig figs
Non-zero digits like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are significant
Zero between two non-zero digits or embedded zeros are significant like in
numbers 205, 2005 and 50 009
Leading zero which is any zero that comes before the non-zero digit in a
number is NOT significant like in numbers 0.02, 001.887 and 0.000515
If a given number has decimal point, trailing zeros which are the zeros to
the right of the last non-zero digit are significant like in numbers 389.000,
3.0200, 5.400and 57.540 0
Trailing zeros in a whole number with no decimal point are NOT significant
like numbers 540, 12,000and 2020
Module 10, Lesson 2: Scientific Notation
Scientific Notation is a way of writing numbers that accommodates
values which are too large or too small to be conveniently written in
standard decimal notation
It is the representation of numbers as the product of a decimal number
between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 in the form N x 10ᵐ, where N is a number
greater than or equal to 1 but less than 10, and m is an integer
Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao
Module 5, Lesson 1: My Hobbies
Fields of Hobbies
Outdoor
Enjoys doing outdoor activities
Examples would be biking and gardening
Mechanical
Enjoys using tools
An example would be assembling objects
Computational
Enjoys doing activities that involve math and logic
Examples would be solving math problems and playing chess
Scientific
Enjoys mixing and inventing things
An example would be performing experiments
Persuasive
Enjoys communicating with other people
An example would be joining friend groups
Artistic
Enjoys creating art
Examples would be drawing and painting
Literary
Enjoys doing activities that are related to literature
Examples are reading and writing
Musical
Enjoys doing musical activities
Examples would be singing and playing instruments
Social Service
Enjoys helping the community
An example would be participating in tree planting activities
Clerical
Enjoys doing office-related activities
Examples would be working in an office or studying
Focuses of Hobbies
Person-Focused
Involves people
Examples would be going out with friends and participating in sports
teams
Object-Focused
Involves objects
Examples would be collecting rocks and playing instruments
Data-Focused
Involves data
Examples would be cooking and learning a new language
Idea-Focused
Involves ideas
Examples would be writing a story and choreographing a dance
Science
Module 1, Lesson 1: The Scientific Method
The scientific method was invented by Sir Francis Bacon
It is a method used in performing experiments
Steps of The Scientific Method
Make observations
Observe the environment around you. Is there anything new?
Ask questions
What do you want to find out?
Formulate a hypothesis
This will serve as what you think will happen in your experiment
Make predictions
Predict what will happen in your experiment
Experiment
Make sure that you do it properly!
Analyze your results
Did the results match up with your hypothesis? Did you encounter any
setbacks?
Share your results
Let other scientists view your work and share information
Module 1, Lesson 2: Quantitative and Qualitative Observations
Observation is the most fundamental science process skill
Is the process of gathering informationusing the 5 senses
Qualitative Observations
Observations made using the 5 senses
Quantitative Observations
Observations related to quantity(ex. amount, temperature, etc.)
Module 2, Lesson 1: Elements and Compounds
Pure substances can be categorized into elementsand compounds
The Periodic Table of Elementsis a list of all the elements that exist
Elements
These only consist of one atom
Examples are iron, copper, and gold
Compounds
These consists of two or more atoms
An example would be table salt (NaCl) which is made up of the elements
sodium and chlorine
Module 3, Lesson 1: Substances and Mixtures
Pure Substances
These can either be elements or compounds
Compounds are separated through chemicalmeans
Mixtures
These can either be homogeneous or heterogeneous
These can be separated through physicalmeans

Module 4, Lesson 1: Solutions

Solutions are homogeneous mixtures
They are uniformin composition and seemto be made up of one substance
Parts of a Solution
The solvent is the item that dissolvesother components
The solute is the item being dissolved
Saturated Solutions
This is when a solution has reached its saturation point
The solute can no longer be dissolved
Unsaturated Solutions
The solution can still be dissolved
Supersaturated Solution
There is more solvent than solute
Crystals may be visible
Module 5, Lesson 1: Concentration of Solutions
Concentration is an expression of the relative amount or ratio of solute
dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution (Helmenstine, 2020)
Dilute Solutions
The amount of solute is lesser thanthe solvent
It is lighterin color
Concentrated Solutions
The amount of solute is grater thanthe solvent
It is darkerin color
Formulas to Be Used
Please be careful in picking out the correct formula!
Percentage by Volume =voluime of solute (ml)volume of solution (ml)100
Volume of Solute = % by volume volume of solution
Volume of Solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent
Percent by Mass = mass of solutemass of solution100% solution
Mass of Solute = (mass of solution) (% by mass)100% solution
Mass of Solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent
English
Module 1, Lesson 1: Analogy
An analogy compares the relationship between two things or ideas to
highlight some points of similarity
There are different kinds of analogies
Antonym Analogies
They show antonyms
Example: big : small :: loud : quiet (big is to small as loud is to quiet)
Synonym Analogies
They show synonyms
Example: smart : intelligent :: quiet : silent
Part of a Whole Analogies
They show parts of wholes
Example: word : sentence :: page : book
Category to Type Analogies
They show members of certain groups or categories
Example: turtle : reptile :: frog : amphibian
Object to Function Analogies
They show functions of objects or vice versa
Example: needle : sew :: ruler: measure
Cause and Effect Analogies
They show causes and effects
Example: virus : illness :: flood : destruction
Module 1, Lesson 1: Genre of Materials Viewed
Genre is a class or category of artistic endeavor that has a particular
form, content, technique, and the like
Weather Report
Tells and forecasts the weather in a certain area
Movie Trailer
Gives a sneak peek of an upcoming movie
Movie Clip
Shows a certain scene or clip from a movie
News Flash
Piece of news that is aired separately and often interrupts television
programs
Documentary
Shows events and information about a certain topic
Internet-based Program
An informative program that can be accessed through the internet
Module 3, Lesson 1: Active and Passive Voice
Active Voice
The subject actsupon the verb
Pattern: Subject (doer) + Verb (action word) + Object (receiver)
Passive Voice
The subject receivesthe action
Pattern: Subject (receiver) + Verb (action word) + doer of the action
Module 4, Lesson 1: Past and Past Perfect Tenses
Simple Past Tense
Talks about actions that happened at a specific time in the past
Example: I lived in Cebu for 10 years
Past Perfect Tense
Used when you are talking about a completed action before something in
the past
Example: Julio hadarrived in their house before Fidela cooked dinner
Module 5, Lesson 1: Direct and Reported Speech
Direct Speech
A direct speech is a sentence that gives a statement or thought in its
original form according to how the original speaker said it. It carries the
actual words of the speaker
Example: I did not eat this morning,the child stated
Reported Speech
A reported speech or indirect speech is a sentence that expresses the
content of a statement without quoting just like what is done in direct
speech
Example: The child stated that he did not eat this morning
Module 6, Lesson 1: Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences
Sentence
Group of words that contain a subject and a predicate
Phrase
Group of words that does not contain a subject and predicate
Clause
A clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate,
and is a part of a larger sentence
An independent clause or main clause can stand by itself
A dependent or subordinate clause also has a subject and a predicate,
but it cannot stand by itself because it starts with subordinate words; it
can only be a part of a sentence
Module 7, Lesson 1: Appropriate Reading Strategies
Skimming
Skimming is an organized search to find out quickly what a book, a
chapter or an article is about
Overviewing is a quick look through a book, a chapter, or an article to get
the general idea of what it is about
Previewing is a close look at a book or article
Skimming for the main idea is a paragraph by paragraph search for the
main idea
Skimming for review helps you remember materials you have already read
or skimmed
Scanning
Scanning is a reading technique to be used when finding specific facts
information quickly; names, dates, prices, distances, and similar
information
Intensive Reading
Intensive reading involves learners reading in detail with specific learning
aims and tasks
Close Reading
Close Reading in literary criticism is the careful, sustained interpretation
of a brief passage of a text
MAPEH
Module 1, Lesson 1: Holistic Health
Holistic Health
Refers to the completenessof health in different dimensions
Dimensions of Health
Physical Health
Physical health is the state of well-being when all internal and external
parts can properly function without pain
Mental Health
Mental health is the state of well-being when the mind in a peaceful and
rational state
Emotional Health
Emotional health is the state of well-being when you are able to
appropriately express your emotions
Social Health
Social health is the state of well-being when you are able to make
meaningful relationships with other people
Moral-Spiritual Health
Moral-Spiritual health is the state of well-being when you have a sense of
overall purpose in life
Module 2, Lesson 1: Changes in The Health Dimensions During
Adolescence
Stages of Development
Infancy Stage - From birth to 1 year old
Early Childhood Stage - From 1 to 3 years old
Middle Childhood Stage - From 3 to 5 years old
Late Childhood Stage - From 6 to 11 years old
Adolescence Stage - From 12 to 18 years old
Young Adulthood Stage - From 19 to 30 years old
Middle Adulthood Stage - From 31 to 60 years old
Maturity and Old Age Stage - From 61 to death
Puberty
Period of rapid growth and development of secondary sex characteristics
Adolescence
Period of maturation of the reproductive system
Marked by the onset of females' menarche and males' production of
sperm
Stages of Puberty
Menarche – the girls' first occurrence of menstruation
Adrenarche – the awakening of the adrenal gland which is responsible for
the production of hormones
Spermarche – is the beginning of sperm development in boys' testicles,
and also known as the boys' first ejaculation of semen
Gonadarche – includes sexual maturation and growth of the gonads or
reproductive organ
Module 3, Lesson 1: Health Appraisal Procedures
Health Appraisal
Series of procedures done to evaluate, to assess and to
determine an individuals health status
Health Appraisal Procedures
Teacher Observation
Teachers can observe their studentshealth since they are around the
students almost every day
Vision Test
Identifies people with vision problems
Performed using a Snellen chart
A 20/20 vision is regarded as perfect vision
Hearing Test
Identifies people with hearing problems
An audiometer is used
Height and Weight Measurement
Used to measure height and weight
The Body Mass Index (BMI) is computed using the persons height and
weight to determine if that person is underweight, normal, overweight, or
obese
Dental Examination
Performed to check if the person is practicing proper oral hygiene
Can be performed to check for cavities or dental problems
Medical Examination
A doctor checks the patient for symptoms of medical conditions
Self-breast Examination
Used to check for lumps in the breasts
Scoliosis Test
Checks for curvature in the spine
A bend forward test and scoliometer is used
Module 4, Lesson 1: Development of Self-Awareness and Coping Skills
Self-Awareness
Self-awareness is the ability to understand one's own thoughts, emotions,
beliefs, values, goals and even the difficulties and struggles in life and how
these influence one's behavior.
Skills in self-awareness may include:
Ability to identify ones emotions, thoughts, strengths and weaknesses
Self-confidence – trusting own judgement and skills, valuing oneself
Self-efficacy – believing in your own abilities in dealing with different
situations, mastering skills and achieving goals
Self-perception – ones self-concept, the idea that you have about the kind
of person you are
Coping Skills
These are the techniques, methods, actions, behaviors, thoughts and
emotions that one uses to handle and to face the changes and challenges
in one's life
They help deal with stress, anxiety and overwhelming situations
Module 1, Lesson 1: Physical Fitness and Its Components
Physical Fitness
Refers to the ability of our body to function effectively and efficiently
without undue fatigue
Health-Related Fitness Components
Body Composition - is the bodys relative amount of fat to fat-free mass
Cardiovascular Endurance - is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood
vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles and tissues to meet the
demands of prolonged physical activity
Muscular Strength - is the ability of the muscle to generate force against
physical objects
Muscular Endurance - is the ability of a muscle to exert force against
resistance over an extended period without fatigue
Flexibility - is the ability of the joints and muscles to go through its full
range of motion
Skill-Related Fitness Components
Coordination - it is the ability to use the senses with body parts to perform
motor tasks smoothly and accurately
Agility - is the ability to move in different directions quickly using a
combination of balance, coordination, speed, strength and endurance
Speed - is the ability to perform a movement in one direction in the
shortest period
Power - is the ability of the muscle to transfer energy and release
maximum force at a fast rate. It is the product of both strength and speed
Balance - is the maintenance of equilibrium while stationary or while
moving
Reaction Time - the amount it takes to respond to a stimulus
Physical Fitness Test Objectives
To determine the level of fitness of the students
To identify strengths and weaknesses for development and improvement
To provide baseline data for the selection of physical activities for the
enhancement of health and skill performance
To gather data for the development of norms and standards
Module 2, Lesson 1: Exercise Program
Exercise Program
is a planned activity detailing a range of physical exercises and the
amount of time each exercise should be performed where it is typically
tailored to the individuals needs
SMART Goal
S (specific) – write exactly what you want to achieve
M (measurable) – establish clear definitions to help you measure if youre
reaching your goal
A (achievable) – the goal should be realistic and push you past your
comfort point but should still be do-able
R (relevant) – your goal should be important to you and the outcome
should impact your life
T (time-bound) – set a date that you want to achieve your goal by
Principles of Fitness Training
Principle of Overload - specifies that you must perform physical exercise
than normal amounts (overload) to get an improvement in physical fitness
and health benefits
Principle of Specificity – indicates that you must train a specific energy
system and specific muscle groups for them to improve
Principle of Progression - you need to gradually increase both the
intensity and duration of your physical training routine
Principle of Variation - it's important to mix things up by breaking up your
training routine and include different activities
Principle of Recovery - the rest periods between physical training are just
as important as the training itself, as muscle damage is repaired, and
waste is metabolized during these times
Resting Heart Rate
Count how many beats occur in 10 seconds
Multiply by 6
12 (beats in 10 seconds) 6 = 72 bpm (beats per minute)
Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)
Subtract your current age from 220
220-12 =208 bpm
Target Heart Rate (THR)
Multiply your MHR by 70%
220.70 =145.6 or 146 bpm
Warm-up Exercises
Warm-up exercises can help get your body ready for more strenuous
activity and make it easier to exercise
Flexibility Exercises
This phase of exercise follows immediately after warm-up. It is done by
doing gradual stretching activities from upper to lower extremities
Cool down Excercises
This phase of exercise is done after the main exercise where you need to
perform stretches to help your muscles relax after strenuous activities.
Module 3, Lesson 1: Arnis
History of Arnis
Republic Act No. 9850 Section 3 has declared Arnis as the
PhilippinesNational Martial Art and Sport
In the Palarong Pambansa, this is the first sport competition played
by all the participating teams
Arnis is a martial art where you use a stick for fighting. It has its roots as a
common method in combat using daggers, swords and sticks
Historians believed that the term was coined from cakalele silat, an
Indonesian fencing which resembled that of eskrima. Eskrima or Arnis is
also known as kali
Modern Arnis was founded by Remy Amador Presas (December 19, 1936 –
August 28, 2001) as a self-defense system.
Arnis Equipment
Arnis primarily uses a ratan stick which measures 28 inches or 71 cm in
length
Arnis Grip
The standard grip for the arnis is one fist away from the end of the stick
for mobility and control
For length, you usually hold it at the very end of the stick
Fundamental Skills of Arnis
Handa (Attention Stance)
The person must hold the stick on each end in a horizontal manner
The feet of the person must be together
Pugay (Sign of Respect)
Hold the stick vertically with your right hand across your left chest
Bow with your feet together
Fighting Stance
One foot forward (using the foot on the same side of the weapon hand)
Keep feet at least one foot apart
Slightly bend both knees
Toes should be facing forward
Weight evenly distributed on both feet
Extend forward the weapon arm and place the free hand in
front of the chest
12 Striking Techniques (in chronological order)
Left temple strike
Right temple strike
Left shoulder strike
Right shoulder strike
Stomach thrust
Left armpit strike
Right armpit strike
Left knee strike
Right knee strike
Left eye poke
Right eye poke
Crown strike
Blocking Techniques
Outward block
Inward block
Downward outward block
Downward inward block
Rising block
Module 1, Lesson 1: Music of Lowland Luzon: Vocal Music
Folk Songs
Written by the folk and are sung to accompany daily activities
such as farming, fishing, putting the baby to sleep, customs, and
beliefs, which are put together as music
It is also a simple melodic construction with lively harmony, and it is
passed from generation to generation
Characteristics
Originally passed down orally to the family, learned through rote, or sung
in own dialect
Begins in one key and ends with the same key
Composers are unknown
The mood can be sentimental, playful, and humorous
Short and simple
Concepts are based on people's work, tradition, and culture
Either in 2/4, 3/4 or 4/4 time signature
Sacred Music (Liturgy and Devotional)
Religious music
Reveals the impact of the Spaniards on Christianity
Liturgy
Also known as church music
Used during church services or masses
Devotional Music
Hymns that accompany religious observances
Examples of Sacred Music
Senakulo - Life and suffering of Jesus Christ
Pasyon - Shows the passion, death, and resurrection of Jesus
Salubong - Depicts the meeting of Jesus and His mother
Flores de Mayo - Devotion to the Virgin Mary
Santacruzan - Ritual pageant held on the last day of Flores de Mayo
Secular Music
Expresses feelings towards each other and the environment, history, and
religious beliefs
Examples of Secular Music
Harana - A word for serenade in Filipino
Kumintang - Initially a war song
Pandanggo - Philippine folk dance
Polka - Considered as the national dance of Bohemia (Czechoslovakia)
Balitaw - Originated in Visayas
Kundiman - Subtly patriotic songs disguised as love songs
Module 2, Lesson 1: Music of Lowland Luzon: Instrumental Music
Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments
Idiophones
Produce sound by vibration of its body caused by the way they are played
such as being struck, scraped, rubbed, shaken, rubbed or plucked
Aerophones
Produce sound primarily by causing a body of air to vibrate because of
the air blown inside
Chordophones
Produce sound through its vibrating string or strings that is either
plucked, strummed, or used with a bow
Membranophones
Produce sound primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane
tapped by hands or sticks
Musikong Bumbong
Musikong Bumbong is a Filipino marching band that use bamboo
woodwind instruments
Pangkat Kawayan
Pangkat Kawayan, popularly known as the Singing Bamboos of the
Philippines,is an orchestra that plays music using non-traditional
bamboo instruments, founded in 1966
Module 1, Lesson 1: Arts and Crafts of the Ilocos Region and Cordillera
Administrative Region (CAR)
Arts and Crafts of the Ilocos Region
Vigan City
Known as the Intramuros of The North
Has remains of Spanish colonial architecture
Calle Crisologo
Gives people a nostalgic feeling upon viewing
Has narrow and cobblestone streets
Inabel
Fabrics made from cotton
Its designs are inspired by natural elements
BInakol Pattern
Kind of weaving technique
Represents the waves of the sea
Burnay
Unglazed earthen jar
Used to store rice, water, and other food items
Arts and Crafts of Pangasinan
Bolinao Mats
Smoothly woven mats
Made out of raffia leaves or buri
Arts and Crafts of Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
Kalinga Textile
Characterized by dominant red stripes
Has white, yellow, and black geometrical patterns
Kain
Worn by Southern Kalinga women
Wrap-around skirt that reaches below the knee
Labba
Bowl-shaped basket made from rattan
Varies from 20 cm to 150 cm in diameter
Tattooing
Signifies a rite of passage from youth to adulthood, a mark of heroism,
and bravery and one's status in the community
The design consists of geometric patterns and lines
Bulul
Also referred to as the Rice God
Used in rituals to protect their rice fields
Lingling-o or Dinumug
Necklaces made from jade, gold, copper, bronze, stone and other
materials
Worn as fertility symbols
Kadangyan
Status symbol for wealthy families
Used as a burial cloth
Module 2, Lesson 1: Arts and Crafts of the Cagayan Valley and Central
Luzon
Arts and Crafts of Cagayan Valley
Stone Tools
Found in different caves of Cagayan
Can be traced back to as early as 6,000 B.C.E
Stone Houses
Commonly found in Batanes
Made of limestone walls, reed, and cogon roofs
Vakul
Type of headgear
Worn by Ivatan women to protect themselves from the sun and rain
Soot
Rain cape
Worn by Ivatan men
Tumauini Church
Built on the 1873
Known for its unique cylindrical belfry
Bakwat
Used by mothers after giving birth
Decorated with bells and white beads
Arts and Crafts of Central Luzon
Pastillas Wrapper
Adorned with different linear, curvilinear, and geometric designs
Depicts local flora and scenes of everyday rural life
Singkaban
Local term for bamboo arches
Designed with kayas or wood shavings
Parol
A term for giant lanterns
Has different shapes and colors that form intricate geometrical patterns
The Parish of The Three Kings
One of the biggest and oldest churches in Nueva Ecija
Built from limestone and bricks
Dambana ng Kagitingan
A sculptured 302-feet memorial cross
In honor of the heroism of Filipino and American soldiers who participated
in the Bataan Death March
Module 3, Lesson 1: Arts and Crafts of CALABARZON and Bicol Region
Arts and Crafts of CALABARZON
Ukit
A kind of wood carving technique
Produces religious images
Taka
Papier-mache technique
Pina Fabric
Made from the fabrics of pineapples
Used for formal attires
Balisong Knife
Also known as butterfly knife
Kind of weapon used in self-defense
Higantes
Made out of papier-mache
Represents farmers and fishermen
Kiping
Made from ground glutinous rice
Colorful thin rice wafers
Arts and Crafts of the Bicol Region
Baskets, bags, slippers, coin purses, and other crafts that are made from
abaca and raffia fibers
ICT/TLE
Module 1, Lesson 1: Concept of Desktop Publishing as an Industry
Desktop Publishing
Involves using the computer to create visual displays of ideas and
information by combining images and text to produce an attractive layout
and design to effectively communicate a message
Is the process of using the computer and specific types of software to
combine text and graphics to produce documents or publications
Meaning of Publication
The word publication means the act of publishing, and also refers to any
printed copies
Media produced from desktop publishing are called publications
The person or organization behind the publication is called a publisher
Desktop Publishing Guidelines
Use only one space after punctuation
Use fewer fonts
Use centered text carefully
Balance line length with type size
Use all caps carefully and only with the right fonts
Use frames, boxes, and borders with a purpose
Use less clip art
Use more white space
Know your audience
Steps and Procedures in Desktop Publishing
Have a plan and make a sketch
Choose a template
Up your document
Place text in your document
Format your text
Place graphics in your document
Tweak your graphics placement
Apply the rules of desktop publishing
Print a draft and proofread it
Print your project
Module 2, Lesson 1: Working With MS Publisher
The Parts and Functions of MS Publisher

Title Bar
Found at the top of the MS Publisher screen
It shows the name of the project or publication
You will see the Quick Access Toolbar on the left side and the Close Button
on the right side
Quick Access Toolbar
Where you can find the Save, Undo, and Redo options
You can add/remove buttons or commands in this toolbar
Ribbon
The part under the title bar where you can find all the tabs, button groups,
and commands.
Publication Window
It is the area where the present publication appears
It is where you create and edit the content of your publication
Scroll Bar
It is used to move the publication page
The vertical scroll bar (right side) moves the current publication up and
down
The horizontal scroll bar (bottom side) moves the current publication left
and right
Page Navigation
Found on the left side of the publication page
It shows the pages of the publication where you can easily navigate
between pages
Status Bar
It is the long bar below the publication that provides information about
the publication
Zoom Control
Found in the lower right corner of the publication page
It is used to enlarge and reduce the viewing size of the publication
Scratch Area
It is the area that surrounds the publication page where you place
and hold objects you want to add in your project.
Close Button
Click this part to exit the application
Working With MS Publisher: Quick Access Toolbar
Add a command to the Quick Access Toolbar
On the ribbon, click the appropriate tab or group to display the command
that you want to add to the Quick Access Toolbar
Right-click the command, and then click Add to Quick Access Toolbar on
the shortcut menu
Remove a command from the Quick Access Toolbar
Right-click the command you want to remove from the Quick Access
Toolbar, and then click Remove from Quick Access Toolbar on the
shortcut menu.
Move the Quick Access Toolbar
Click Customize Quick Access Toolbar
In the list, click Show Below the Ribbon or Show Above the Ribbon
Reset the Quick Access Toolbar to the default settings
Right-click the Quick Access Toolbar, and then click Customize the Quick
Access Toolbar on the shortcut menu
In the Customize the Quick Access Toolbar window, click Reset Defaults,
and then click Reset Quick Access Toolbar
Working With MS Publisher: File Tab
Creating new files
Select from one of the templates listed across the window
or click the New button to see list of available templates
Open an existing file
Click the Open button on the left navigation pane to see file locations you
can browse to find the file
Saving a file
Click the Save as button and choose a location and name for your chosen
file
Module 3, Lesson 1: Working with MS Publisher: The Ribbon
Ribbon
It lets you perform all the commands available in the program
It is divided into tabs and tabs are divided into groups
These groups contain different control of commands
Home Tab
It is the default ribbon in Publisher and the one that you will use most of
the time
It provides access to basic text editing tools
Insert Tab
This tab is to be used if you what to add content or other elements to your
publication
Page Design Tab
This tab allows you to edit and format your publication like background
color, publication size, orientation, and working with Master Page
Mailings Tab
This tab allows users to mail merge their publication and send it out,
usually through MS Outlook or other email programs
Review Tab
This tab allows the user to review the publication, including spelling errors,
language translation, and the use of a thesaurus for words/phrases
View Tab
This tab allows the user to view the publication while working on it in a
variety of ways. It can be normal or master page, single or two-page
spread, and checks important elements like the ruler and guides
Tools in MS Publisher
Picture Tools
This contains basic image editing tools that will help you enhance picture
elements in your publication such as re-coloring, correction, cropping and
many more
The tab will appear when a picture is inserted or selected
Drawing Tools
This tab allows you to select from a wide variety of shape editing tools like
shape style, arrangement, and other related shape editing activities. It is
highly recommended for a beginner to explore in the Ribbon
The tab will appear when a shape is inserted or selected
Text Box Tools
This tab allows you to have in full control on any text of your element in
the publication like changing font style and size, text fills, effects, and
many more.
The tab will appear when a text box is inserted or when text is selected
Groups
These are groups or sets of commands in ribbon tabs to make it easier to
navigate
The commands usually have similar or related functions
Commands
These have individual functions
MS Publisher Viewing Tools
Rulers
Once checked, it will appear on the left and top of your publication
It helps you line up text, images, and other objects and get a clearer idea
of exactly where those objects will appear on the printed page
Baselines
Are evenly spaced horizontal lines that you can use to line up text
Once checked, it will appear as a dotted line on the whole page
Boundaries
Once checked, dark blue dashed borders will appear around your objects
Viewing object boundaries can be useful when you are aligning objects or
wrapping text
Guides
Are thin lines that help you align various objects
There are two types of guides:
Margin Guides
Which are blue lines that mark the edges or margins of the printable area
on each page of your publication
Are automatically created when you set your page margins
Customizable Guides
These are green lines that you can add anywhere in your publication
Can be moved anywhere in your publication page
Araling Panlipunan
Module 1, Lesson 1: Concept of Asia
Asia is one of the seven continents of the world
It is also the biggest continent among the seven
Divisions of Asia
In Eurocentrism, Asia is divided into three regions
Near East
These are the lands on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea to the
Persian Gulf
Middle East
These are the lands from the Persian Gulf to Southeast Asia
Far East
This is the region facing the Pacific Ocean
Regions of Asia (Asiacentrism)
North/Central Asia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Georgia
Armenia
West Asia
Bahrain
Iraq
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
East Asia
Japan
China
Taiwan
North Korea
South Korea
Mongolia
South Asia
India
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Nepal
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Southeast Asia
Myanmar
Thailand
Vietnam
Laos
Cambodia
Philippines
Malaysia
Indonesia
Brunei
Singapore
East Timor
Module 2, Lesson 1: Geography of Asia
Asia has a size of 44 square kilometers
Because of this, Asia has all kinds of land forms and water forms
Land Forms of Asia
Mountains
This is the tallest kind of land form you can find
The tallest mountain is Mount Everest, which is 8,849 meters above sea
level. It is located on the border between China and Nepal
Mountain Range
It is a group of mountains that are next to each other
A good example of this is the Himalayas which separates the plains of the
Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau
Volcano
It is a mountain with a crater that can potentially erupt
An example of a volcano in the Philippines is Mount Mayon
Hills
This is shorter and smaller than a mountain
A famous landmark in the Philippines is Chocolate Hills which is located in
Bohol
Plateau
It is an elevated area with a flat surface
The Tibetan Plateau is the tallest plateau in the whole world, and it is also
known as the Roof of The World
Archipelago
A group of islands that are close to each other
Indonesia is the largest archipelago
Island
It is a small land form that is surrounded by water
An example of this is Sri Lanka
Desert
It is a dry area with hardly any water
The Gobi Desert is the widest desert in Asia
Peninsula
It is a long piece of land surrounded by water
Examples of this are Turkey, India, and Arabia
Water Forms of Asia
Sea
It is a large body of water that is connected to an ocean
An example of this is the West Philippine Sea
Gulf or Bay
It is a body of water at the mouth of the sea which is surrounded by land
An example is the Manila Bay
River
It is a long body of water
A famous example is the Tigris and Euphrates river
Lake
This is a body of water surrounded by land
The deepest lake in the world is the Baikal lake
Vegetation Covers of Asia
Steppe
Shallow–rooted grassland
Savanna
It is a combined forest and grassland
Tundra
It is a land mixed with ice and has cold climate
Prairie
Deep-rooted grassland
Boreal Forest
Coniferous forests due to cold climate
Rainforests
Forests with constant rainfall
Module 3, Lesson 1: Natural Resources of Asia
North Asia
Rich in gold deposits
Natural gas and oil industry
Domestic animals
South Asia
Palmera trees
Jute plantation
Cultivation of opium
East Asia
Rice production
Antimony, magnesium, and tungsten reserves
Canned fish or sardines
West Asia
Mineral oil, petroleum, and gas resources
Agriculture
Pastures for animals
Southeast Asia
Coconut oil and copra production
Hardwood
Mineral resources
Module 5, Lesson 1: Environmental Problems
Desertification
Refers to the drying up of land
Salination
Salt appears on the ground
Habitat
The area where animals live
Hinterlands
Remote areas that are affected by events in urban areas
Ecological Balance
Balanced relationship between things with life and their environment
Deforestation
Loss of trees in forests
Siltation
Increased deposits of silt
Red Tide
Caused by dinoflagellates that float on an areas surfaces
Climate Change
A change in climate caused by natural or man-made events
Ozone Layer
A part in the stratosphere with high ozone concentration
Module 6, Lesson 1: Population Composition
GDP per capita
Refers to the total value of goods in service produced within the country
during a certain period
Gross Domestic Product
Refers to the market value of all finished goods and services produced
within the borders of a country in a certain time
Life Expectancy
Expected duration of human life
Literacy Rate
Refers to the percentage of a population that can read and write
Migration
Refers to the move of a persons residence
Population
Refers to the amount of people living in a certain place
Population Growth Rate
Percentage of growth in the amount of people in an area
Unemployment Rate
Refers to the percentage of people who are unemployed
 Filipino
Module 1, Lesson 1: Inferring
An inference is an educated guess that is made from observing
There can be multiple inferences to a particular situation
Words to Use in Inferring
Ang tingin ko ay…
Siguro...
Marahil...
Baka…
Di malayo...
Yata...
Sa palagay ko...
Tila...
Di kaipala…
Example: Ben shouted at his friend.
Possible Inferences
Siguro sumigaw si Ben sa kaibigan niya kasi may problema sila.
Ang tingin ko ay lagi nagagalit si Ben kaya siya sumigaw sa kaibigan niya.
Module 2, Lesson 1: Proper Way of Using Statements That Give Evidence
Words to Use
Talagang
Sadyang
Totoong
Tunay nga
Ayon kay
Ayon sa
Batay kay
Batay sa
Mula sa
Gaya
Kahit pa
Sapagkat
Kasi
Kaya
Dahil
Examples
Tunay ngang nakalulungkot ang mag-isa gaya ng naranasan ni Ina nang
ang kaniyang mga anak ay umalis na sa kaniyang piling.
Talagang nakababahala ang lagay ni Ina kahit pa makalabas siya ng
ospital ngayon sapagkat matanda na siya.
Kapani-paniwala (Credible)
It is used to say that the evidence or proof presented is factual
Nagpapahiwatig (Indication)
Statement that the evidence cannot be directly seen, heard or touched,
but through implication, the truth can be reflected
Pinatutunayan ng mga Detalye (Evidence by Details)
Depicts the details in the statements
Module 4, Lesson 1: Explaining the Causes and Effects of Situations
Cause (Sanhi)
Is the reason behind the effect in a situation
Effect (Bunga)
Is the result of the cause in a situation
Conjunctions Showing Cause and Effect
Sapagkat
Pagkat
Dahil
Dahilan sa
Palibhasa
Kasi
Naging
Kaya
Kaya naman
Dahil dito
Bunga nito
Tuloy
Example
Nag-aral nang mabuti si Herschie para sa pagsusulit niyakayanakamit
niya ang matataas na marka.
The underlined statement is the cause in the sentence. It shows the reason
why Herschie was able to achieve high scores in her exam
The italized word, kaya, is the conjunction being used to connect the two
clauses
The sentence in bold is the effect, or the result of Herschie studying well
for her test.
Module 5, Lesson 1: Evaluating a Dokyu-Film
A dokyu-film is a documentary that shows the everyday lives of people
It is presented in an artistic way
It depicts different issues that people face
Framework To Be Used in Evaluation
Program title
Characters
Setting
Terms used
Situations that are related to the lifestyle or culture of a Filipino
Events that are true and not true
Lesson that the dokyu-film wants to convey
Recommendation
Module 6, Lesson 1: Summarizing Various Texts
Beginning
How and where the story starts
Conflict
It shows the problem that the main character is facing
Momentary Vitality
A brief moment where the main character meets with the other characters
Climax
The most intense event in the story
Falling Action
The gradual decline of events
End
The result and closing of the story
Module 7, Lesson 1: Using Rhetorical Conjunctions
Sakali
Expresses doubt
Baka
Indicates without certainty
Kung
Contains an uncertain condition
Kapag
Tells a certain condition
Disin sana
Indicates a condition
Example
Papasok si Raeca sa paaralan kung negatibo yung resulta sa COVID-19
test niya.
Module 7, Lesson 2: Using Rhetorical Conjunctions (Paglalahad)
Used to explain, describe, and provide information about personal
experiences
Conjunctions Used
Isang araw
Samantala
Iba pa
Example
Isang araw, pumunta si Phoebe sa mall na kasama ang mga kaibigan niya.
Module 7, Lesson 3: Using Rhetorical Conjunctions (Panghihikayat)
Used to convince or persuade people
Conjunctions Used
Totoo / Tama
Kaya natin ito
Pero / subalit
Siguradong...
Tunay
Sama na...
Talaga
Tara...
Ngayon na!
Ito na...
Naniniwala akong
Kaya mong maging bahagi ng
Module 9, Lesson 1: Summarizing Research
Choose a topic
It is recommended to choose a topic you are interested in
You must have knowledge about your chosen topic
Create an outline
This is to organize the layout and information of your research
List your resources
You should at least have seven sources when researching
These sources must be credible
Gather data
It is advised to use index cards for a more organized system
Create a concept paper
This is to confirm the framework of your paper
Make a draft/documentation
Observe proper sentence structure and the use of parentheses in
referencing
Write the final paper
Make sure to use the required format in writing
Module 10, Lesson 1: Evaluating Data Used in a Tourism Project (Brochure)
A travel brochure is a type of tourism project that gives information to
tourists regarding a certain place
A tourist is anyone who travels 50 miles (80.5 kilometers) away from his
residence
Module 11, Lesson 1: Explaining The Words Used in Tourism Projects
(Acronyms)
An acronym is a set of letters that refers to a phrase
In writing an acronym, you take the first letter of the words
This is used in order to make the text catchy and concise
Examples of Acronyms
IDK (I dont know)
ATM (At the moment)
YOLO (You only live once)
OOTD (Outfit of the day)
LOL (Laughing out loud)
Module 12, Lesson 1: Preparing a Report
A report is a way to provide information about a certain topic
Two Types of Reports
Written
Oral
Reminders in Preparing a Report
Choose a captivating topic that the reader or listener would be interested
in
Create an outline to have an organized flow of information
Get a good amount of knowledge about the topic you will report
Prepare an explanation that is easy to understand
Create visual aids or handouts in order to pique the interest of the listener
or reader
Module 13, Lesson 1: Creating a Travel Brochure
Researching and gathering information
You should know what kind of tourist you are eyeing for in your travel
brochure. Is it a student who is going on an educational fieldtrip? A
photographer looking to snap some eye-catching pictures?
Make sure that your information is up-to-date and relevant to your target
tourist
Choose pictures to add in your travel brochure
The pictures must be eye-catching and related to your information
Making a draft for your travel brochure
This is where you combine the text and pictures and organize the layout of
them
Creating the final travel brochure
Once you are okay with your draft, you can make the final version of it to
be published and handed out to tourists