Joaquin Smith National High School

Km. 4, Asin Road, Baguio City

Quarter 2 Science Exam Reviewer

Name: ______________________________ Year & Section: ________________ Score: ________

INSTRUCTIONS: Specific questions are followed by important concepts that will help you answer the questions. If the important concepts do
not suffice, please do supplementary research so as to broaden your knowledge and understanding of the questions being asked.

For question 1, refer to Figure 1: The Quantum Mechanical Model

1. How will you describe the quantum mechanical model of an atom?

Important concepts: The quantum mechanical model of atoms describes the three-dimensional position of the electron in a probabilistic manner
according to a mathematical function called a wavefunction, often denoted as ψ. Atomic wavefunctions are also called orbitals. Electrons orbit
the atom in random ways and pictures the atom as being surrounded by an electron cloud containing all the possible places that the electron
might be.

2. How did the quantum mechanical model of the atom advance the Bohr's model of the atom?
Important Concepts: In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model of the atom, presented by Niels Bohr and Ernest
Rutherford in 1913, consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. It is analogous to the structure of the Solar System, but
with attraction provided by electrostatic force rather than gravity, and with the electron energies quantized (assuming only discrete values).
Quantum mechanics predicted the Bohr atomic model by showing the orbitals of electrons and how they emit energy on jumping from their
excited state to another.

3. How do quantum mechanical models of an atom describe the view of an atom?

Important Concepts: In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model of the atom, presented by Niels Bohr and Ernest
Rutherford in 1913, consists of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. It is analogous to the structure of the Solar System, but
with attraction provided by electrostatic force rather than gravity, and with the electron energies quantized (assuming only discrete values).The
current view of atomic structure is that electrons exist in a cloud surrounding the nucleus, rather than in fixed orbits
4. What does the figure shows in relation to quantum mechanical model?
Important Concepts: The figure represents the S orbital which is spherical in shape.
And according to quantum mechanical model, maximum of two electron with opposite
spin are contained in this orbital. The figure shows that the darker an area, the
greater is the probability of finding the electron in that area
5. What do quantum mechanical model prove?
Important concepts: There exist a unique quantum number for all electrons in the atom. That means that there are only certain allowable
energies that an electron in an atom can have and similar to a standing wave.
6. How can the quantum mechanical model describe the probable location of electrons in an atom?
Important Concepts: The wave mechanical model can describe the possibility of finding the electron by the Schrodinger equation. This is
possible by describing the principal energy, level energy sub-level, orbital and spin.

7. How can Erwin Schrodinger explain on the quantum mechanical model of an atom?
Important Concept: Erwin Schrodinger used his Schrödinger Equation to predict the location of the electron in the atomic orbital. However, exact
location is uncertain. It only pinpoints that there is a region of space where electrons are most likely to be found.

8. Which property was shared by most covalent compounds?

Important concepts: Ionic bond is stronger than covalent bond. Therefore, ionic bond has higher melting point than covalent bond. Covalent
compounds have low melting point.
9. Which of the following correct statements that describes the covalent bond?
Important Concepts: Covalent bond are formed by sharing of electrons. It is usually made by the bonds between same element like Cl2, N2, O2,
or between nonmetals like CO2, H2O, and CH4.
10. Which of the following types of bond that describes on having a high solubility in water and characterized with high melting and boiling
point?
Important Concepts: Ionic bond is stronger than covalent bond. Therefore, ionic bond has higher melting point than covalent bond. Covalent
compounds have low melting point.
11. What chemical bond will form between two oxygen atoms?
Important Concepts: Covalent bond are formed by sharing of electrons. It is usually made by the bonds between same element like Cl2, N2, O2,
or between nonmetals like CO2, H2O, and CH4.
12. Covalent compounds cannot conduct electricity. Why?
Important concepts: Covalent compounds share electrons and usually attain stability by sharing 8 valence electrons. Thus having 8 valence
electrons, it does not exist as ions or it does not provide extra electrons to carry out electric current. Thus, covalent compound do not conduct
electricity.

13. Which property that describes ionic compound?

Important concept: Ionic compounds have strong ionic bond. This makes them hard and brittle. They have crystal lattice structure like what is
found in salts or Sodium Chloride.

14. Which among the substances can conduct electricity when it will be dissolved in water?
Important concepts: covalent compounds does not conduct electricity. Therefore Gasoline, paraffin wax, sugar, carbon dioxide and mehtande
does not conduct electricity. In the other hand, ionic compound conduct electricity. Therefore, table salt solution, sodium glutamate, and
magnesium chloride solution conduct electricity.
15. How do ions are formed?
Important concepts: Ions are formed when they loss or gain electrons. When atoms lose electrons, they become cations or positive ions. When
atoms gain electrons, they will become anions or negative ions. This is because electrons are negative charges. Excess of electrons make a
substance negative and lacking of electrons make a substance positive.

16. What is formed when an atom loses an electron?

Important concepts: Ions are formed when they loss or gain electrons. When atoms lose electrons, they become cations or positive ions. When
atoms gain electrons, they will become anions or negative ions. This is because electrons are negative charges. Excess of electrons make a
substance negative and lacking of electrons make a substance positive.
17. What is being formed when an atom gained an electron?
Important concepts: Ions are formed when they loss or gain electrons. When atoms lose electrons, they become cations or positive ions. When
atoms gain electrons, they will become anions or negative ions. This is because electrons are negative charges. Excess of electrons make a
substance negative and lacking of electrons make a substance positively charged.
18. How do ions form ionic bond?
Important concepts: Ionic compound is formed from the reaction of cations and anions. This is usually done when atoms of a metal transfer
electrons to atoms of a non-metal. Atoms of metals become positively charged and atoms of nonmetal become negatively charged. The
electrostatic force between negative charges an positive charges bind the ions together forming ionic bond.
19. What is an ion?
Important concepts: Ions are formed when they loss or gain electrons. When atoms lose electrons, they become cations or positive ions. When
atoms gain electrons, they will become anions or negative ions. This is because electrons are negative charges. Excess of electrons make a
substance negative and lacking of electrons make a substance positively charged. Note however that ions can be single atom or more than two
atoms. When ions are composed of more than two atoms, they are called polyatomic ions.
20. How do positive ion form?
Important concepts: Ions are formed when they loss or gain electrons. When atoms lose electrons, they become cations or positive ions. When
atoms gain electrons, they will become anions or negative ions. This is because electrons are negative charges. Excess of electrons make a
substance negative and lacking of electrons make a substance positively charged.
21. Carbon atom belonged to group 4A in the Periodic Table. It is neither an electropositive nor an electronegative element. What is more likely
to happen in this atom to attain stability?
Important concepts: According to Octet Rule, atoms gain stability by having 8 valence electrons. Carbon usually bonds with hydrogen and
oxygen to form covalent compounds. In this case, carbon empirically share electrons with other elements to gain stability.
22. Carbon element is vital among living things. They were considered as carrier of ‘spark of life’. What makes carbon such a unique element?
Important Concepts: Carbon is a central element in organic chemistry. Having 4 valence electrons, it can bind with oxygen, hydrogen, and even
by itself in single bond, double bond, and triple bond to form the different kinds of carbon compounds to form straight chains, branched chains
and rings.

23. This carbon compound is a primary component of natural gas. When it is present in the atmosphere it affects our planet’s temperature and
climate system. Which of the following represents this simple carbon compound?
Important concepts: Organic compounds can be hydrocarbons which exist in 3 classifications. Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. Hydrocarbons -
are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only. Classifications are alkane, alkenes, and alkynes. Hydrocarbons are the
principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. They serve as fuels and lubricants as well as raw materials for the production
of plastics, fibres, rubbers, solvents, explosives, and industrial chemicals. Methane is one of the most important greenhouse gas and
approximately 70% of methane emissions are linked to human activities. Pure methane is an energy-rich feedstock with an energy density of
55.7 MJ/kg and is used to generate electricity, for domestic heating and cooking
24. Carbon atom is known for its versatility. There are carbon containing molecules that make up your hair, your skin, your fingernails, and many
other parts of your body. The diversity of organic chemicals is due to the versatility of the carbon atom. Why are carbon atoms able to form
many organic compounds?
Important Concepts: Carbon is a central element in organic chemistry. Having 4 valence electrons, Carbon atoms can form many types of bonds
with other carbon. It can bind with oxygen, hydrogen, and even by itself in single bond, double bond, and triple bond to form the different kinds
of carbon compounds to form straight chains, branched chains and rings.
25. Which of the following statements about carbon is not correct?
Important concept: All elements attain stability by having 8valence electrons. It is not possible for any element including carbon to expands its
valence shell to accommodate more than eight electrons and thus forms double and triple bonds.

26. Organic chemistry defines life. To better understand life, we must first understand a little bit of
organic chemistry. Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen. Which are TRUE about
organic compounds?
Important concept: Organic compounds are compounds containing carbon. Usually it comes from matter of plants and animals. However carbon
compounds can be produced artificially in the laboratory.

27. The second class of simple hydrocarbon consists of molecules that contain at least one double-bonded carbon pair. It follows the same way
of naming alkane – prefix to describe the number of carbon atom and suffix to indicate the presence of double bond. Which hydrocarbon
compound has a double bond in the molecule?
Important concepts: Hydrocarbons - are organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only. Classifications are alkane, alkenes, and
alkynes. Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. They serve as fuels and lubricants as well as raw materials
for the production of plastics, fibres, rubbers, solvents, explosives, and industrial chemicals. Alkanes form single bond with carbon and oxygen.
Alkenes form double bond with carbon. Alkynes form double bond.
28. Types of organic compounds can be distinguished according to their present functional group. This group of atoms is mainly responsible for
the chemical behavior of parent molecule. What functional group is represented by the structural formula below?
Important concepts: Organic Chemistry – is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of carbon and its compound.
Organic Compounds - are compounds of carbon usually from plants and animals. Examples of organic compounds are oil, gasoline, carbon
dioxide, sugar, alcohol, acetone, formalin, and hydrocarbons.
Alcohols – are used as antiseptic or disinfectants, cleaning agents or for fuels. Structural formula is R-OH
Acetone – are used as cleaning agents and polishing of nails. R-(=O)-H
Formaldehyde – are used in preserving organic materials like animal specimen.
Ketone - Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (which contains a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest ketone
is acetone (where R and R' is methyl), with the formula (CH3)2CO. Many ketones are of great importance in biology and in industry. Examples
include many sugars (ketoses), many steroids (e.g., testosterone), and the solvent acetone. Ketones are hydrocarbons are compounds of
carbon and hydrogen in numerous combinations. The majority
of hydrocarbons found naturally occur in crude oil, where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen
molecular chains.
29. Based on structure, hydrocarbons are divided into two main classes—aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbon includes alkane, alkene,
alkyne, and cycloalkane. Why do aliphatic hydrocarbon alkenes and alkynes considered to be unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Important concept; Aliphatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, arranged in straight chains,
branched structures or non-aromatic ring structures. Aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms in ring
structures with delocalized pi electrons. Since carbon bonds with hydrogen only, they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to
carbon atoms.
30. The alkanes are the simplest class of hydrocarbon. They contain only single bonds between carbon Atoms thereby making their molecule as
saturated hydrocarbon. Which of the following best describes a saturated hydrocarbon?
Important concepts: Alkanes have the general formula: (CnH2n+2). Alkanes have general formula (CnH2n). Alkynes have the general formula
(CnH2n-2). From their general formulae, it can be seen that alkanes form molecules with a maximum number of hydrogen atoms single bonded to
a carbon atom.
Questions for you to further review:
1. What is the valence electron of carbon? 8. Determine the percentage composition of:
2. How many bonds can carbon form during excited state? a. Muriate of Potash (KCl)
3. What functional group can be found for both aldehydes and ketones? b. Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3)
4. How many molecules are there in .25 grams of Aspartame (C14H18N2O5)? c. Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
5. How many moles are there in 5grams of lactic acid (C3H6O3)? d. Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4)
6. How many percent is carbon in ethyl alchohol (C2H5OH)? e. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2
7. How many percent of fluorine is present in Sodium Fluoride NaF?

Prepared by: Noted:

DINDO G. UMANDAM JESUSA R. YADAO
Science Teacher School Principal