Tavi pirveli-

$ 1. qarTuli saeklesio naqargobis teqnika

saeklesio naqargobis nimuSebi (saeklesio nivTTa da sasuliero pirTa samosi) ZiriTadad erT
princips eqvemdebareba: garda praqtikul_esTetikuri daniSnulebisa saeklesio samosi, misi forma,
masze warmodgenili yvela gamosaxuleba da masala Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT kanonizebuli da
simboluri datvirTvis mqonea1. axalma, qristianulma, religiam taZari macxovris saxlad da ma-
sTan dakavSirebuli samsaxuris Casatarebel wminda adgilad daakanona. cxadia, macxovris saxlis
msaxuri iseTi samosiT unda Semosiliyo, romelic axali religiis moTxovnebs upasuxebda. am
samoss tevadad da saxierad unda warmoeCina qristianuli simbolika.
xelovnebis muzeumis naqargobisa da qsovilebis ganyofilebis
fondebSi daculi saeklesio naqargobis masala, feri, forma, mas
ze gamosaxuli saxeebi da am saxeebis Sesaqmnelad gamoyenebuli
teqnikuri xerxebi, faqtobrivad, Seuswavlili iyo, ramac ganapiroba Cveni daintereseba.
qargva saqarTveloSi da, zogadad, yvelgan ZiriTadad qalis sa-qmianobad iTvleboda. misi codna
TiTqmis yvela qalisaTvis savaldebulo iyo. Zvel ruseTSi specialuri, kargad ganaTebuli adgilic ki
iyo gamoyofili sacxovrebelSi, e.w. «Светлицы», sadac ojaxis diasaxlisi, misi qaliSvilebi da

mowveuli xelosnebi qmnidnen xelsaqmis nimuSebs2. amis damadasturebeli masala mravladaa

daculi rusul istoriul wyaroebsa da saeklesio dokumentebSi3. qarTul eklesia-monastrebsa Tu

didgvarovanTa ojaxebSi analogiuri oTaxebis arsebobis damamtkicebel masalas ver mivakvlieT,

magram Tavad naqargobaze arsebuli saqtitoro warwerebi,4 eklesia-monastrebis cxovrebis wesis

aRmnusxveli dokumentebi5 da mziTvis wignebi migvaniSneben, rom saeklesio daniSnulebis na-

qargoba eklesia-monastrebsa da didgvarovanTa ojaxebSi iqmneboda. Seqmnis adgili arasodes ar
iyo ganmsazRvreli imisa, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo seklesio naqargoba. amas yovelTvis ga-
napirobebda sasuliero piris samosis Sesaqmnelad saWiro masalis gamoyenebis kanonika.
am TvalsazrisiT saeklesio naqargobis Seswavlam naTeli gaxada, rom sasuliero piris samossa da
masze warmodgenil naqargobas ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda:
pirveli da umTavresia, gansazRvruli saxeobisa da feris qsovili _ abreSumi, ZiriTadad, atlasi,
iSviaTad, yanaozi, oqroqsovili (diba, farCa) da xaverdi. feri ganisazRvreboda kanonikur ferTa

simbolikiT6. yoveldRiurad praqtikuli mosazrebis gamo ZiriTadad muqi _ Savi an wiTeli (misi
variantebiT), xolo RvTismsaxurebis dros oqroqsovilis an daqarguli feradi xaverdis samosi

ixmareboda7.
meore faqtoria qveynis ekonomiuri mdgomareoba, urTierTobebi qristianul samyarosTan, mag.,
XVI-XVII ss-Si, ZiriTadad, aRmosavleTis qveynebidan Semodioda qsovili, mogvianebiT,
XVIII-XIX ss-Si ki _ evropidan da ruseTidan. zogjer amave qveynebidan SemohqondaT mza,
daqarguli samosi.
mesame faqtorad SeiZleba GCaiTvalos Tavad damkveTis, qtitoris an Semsruleblis (istoriuli piri,
momqargveli, moqargvis adgili _ taZari an monasteri) materialuri SesaZleblobebi da gemov-
neba.
zemoT aRniSnul faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT muzeumSi daculi saeklesio naqargoba ZiriTadad
jgufdeba daniSnulebis, masalisa da Sesrulebis saxeobis (kerva, qargva da qsova) mixedviT.
sasuliero piris ierarqiuli xarisxi gamomdinareobs saeklesio kanonikidan da, maSasadame, amave
kanonikiTaa gansazRvruli misi samosic. samRvdlo samosisaTvis, ZiriTadad, selis, bambis, abre-
Sumisa da oqroqsovili (diba da farCa) gamoiyeneboda. selisa da selis qsovilebis warmoeba

saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili. kolxuri seli saqarTvelos gareTac kargad iyo cnobili.8
qarTuli teqsturi wyaroebis mixedviT saqarTveloSi bambis qsovilis warmoebasac xangrZlivi

istoria aqvs.9 abreSumis qsovilis warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT ki iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs: IX

s-dan abreSumis qsovilebi TandaTan ikavebs pirvel adgils saeqsporto saqonelSi.10

adgilobrivi qsovilis garda Semotanili qsovilebis (ZiriTadad is aRmosavleTis qveynebidan

SemohqondaT) saxeobebs ekuTvnoda oqroqsovilic (diba11, farCa12), romelic intensiurad mTel

saqarTveloSi XIV s-dan Semodis. misi damzadeba-moqsova, cxadia, oqros Zafs ukavSirdeba.
masze gamosaxuli saxeebi abreSumis ZafiTaa naqsovi. miwari oqrosferia, misaqseli, rogorc

wesi, oqros Zafisaa.

oqroqsovilis warmoebisagan gansxvavebiT saxeebi Tu kompoziciebi ukve mza qsovilze

iqargeboda. mosaqargi naySebi Tu kompoziciebi gamohyavdaT wvrili da msxvili bmuladebiT13,

rac qmnida saqargav nakers14. bmuladebis mwkrivTa moZraoba nemsisa da Zafis saSualebiT
iZleoda mravalferovan saxeebs. qargvis dawyebis procesi uwinaresad ukavSirdeboda qargas _

saqargav dazgas15 (tab. I.1-2). mqargvel ostats, vidre qsovils qargaze daamagrebda, masze unda

daetana sasurveli gamosaxuleba (mxolod danasveleb qsovilze).16 saxeTa datana ZiriTadad

xdeboda ori wesiT:

1. pirdapir qsovilze (miwarze) ixateboda (basmiT, melniT, fanqriT) mosaqargi saxe an

kompozicia17.
2. Txel tyavze an qaRaldze18 Sesrulebuli naxati iCvriteboda ne-msiT konturze (ZiriTadad,
maxaTiT). mas debdnen mosaqarg qsovilze, Semdeg masze gadaatarebdnen badisebr, momcro
tomaraSi Cayril nacars, romelic gadioda konturis naCvretebSi; miwaridan iRebdnen qaRalds an
Txel tyavs, ris Semdegac miwarze rCeboda nacris kvali. am monaxazis gansamtkiceblad ukve
qargaze damagrebul qsovilze _ muSa tiloze mosaqarg saxeebs nemsiTa da ZafiT `svamdnen~
(am SemTxvevaSi nemsi gadioda orive qsovilSi). amiT fiqsirdeboda naxatis konturi da

amasTanave muSa tilo simtkicesa da simagres matebda miwaris qsovils.

procesi, romelic, faqtobrivad, amzadebs saqargav obieqts qargvisaTvis da Tavad qargvac rus
mkvlevrebs sakmaod Rrmad da detalurad aqvT Seswavlili. isini rusuli mxatvruli qargvis nimu-

Sebs koleqtiuri Sromis Sedegad miiCneven1.9 mxatvari, umeteswilad ki, xatmweri, tiloze an
qaRaldze asrulebda ZiriTad kompozicias, romelic rusuli istoriuli dokumentebis mixedviT `зна-

менщик~-s gamohyavda, xolo warwera _ `словописец~-s20.

rogorc zemoTqmulidan GCans, aq Sroma garkveulwilad diferencirebulic iyo. es procesi
sakmaod did dros moiTxovda. misi xangrZlivoba ki mosaqargis sirTuliT ganisazRvreboda. amis

dasturia XVI-XVII ss-Ta werilobiTi wyaroebi: `Июля 8-го Симон Федоров (Ушаков) зна-
менил 3 дни на омофор по бумаге образцы да Рождества Богородицы по бумаге и цветил
красками с иконописцем Миною Яковлевым...~ an `Июля 26-го иконописец Марко
Митвеев да Третяк Гаврилов знаменили 14 дней образ Богородицы Владимирские, а около
образа два наддесятые праздники по бумаге знаменили и красками цветили и по тафте

знаменовили...~21.
iseTi mravalferovani dokumenturi masala, rogoric rusuli naqargobis Semswavlel mecnierebs
aqvT, GCvenTan, faqtobrivad, ar aris SemorCenili. amdenad, qarTuli naqargobis teqnikur-teq-
nologiuri procesebis srulyofilad Sesaswavlad unda mivmarToT qargulobis eTnologiursa da
teqnikur analizs.
xelsaqmis GCvenamde moRweuli brwyinvale nimuSebi xelosnur nawarmad ki ara, xelovnebis
nimuSebadaa miCneuli, rac Zveli ostatebis maRali profesionalizmiTa da gemovnebiT iyo ganpi-
robebuli. isini aramarto qargavdnen, iyvnen saqargavi masalis Semqmnelnic. mqargveli ostatebi
TviTon qmnidnen maTTvis sasurveli feris qsovilsa Tu Zafs, iyenebdnen im bunebriv

saRebavebs, romelsac agrovebdnen da amzadebdnen22.

Taviseburi iyo da aris saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Rebvis teqnologiuri procesi. is
ZiriTadad ganisazRvreboda qsovilis an Zafis feris simtkiciT. yvela ostatis mizani iyo Zafi ar ga-

uferulebuliyo. amisaTvis, Zafs tkicavdnen ZmriT, widiT, mariliT23.

qsovilis Rebvisas iyenebdnen fizikuri damuSavebis meTodebsac, magaliTad, zemo raWaSi iyo

specialuri saJepi uroebi (tab. I3)24, romliTac dazgaze (tab. I4)25 unda gaetkicaT ToxmaxiT26,
anu gaeToxmaxebinaT. am wesiT SeRebili da damuSavebuli qsovili gamZlec iyo da mudmivad
inarCunebda fers. Tavad naqargsac amagrebdnen, anu ganstkicavdnen. pirveli piroba amisa iyo
xelsawyoebi, romelic nemsisa da Zafis paralelurad ixmareboda. eseni iyo rkinis maqoebi dufiTila

(tab. I5)27. qargvis procesSi maTze daxveuli oqromkedi an vercxlmkedi rkinis simZimiT
afiqsirebda, mqargvelisaTvis saWiro mdgomareobaSi '`iWerda Zafs~, sanam mas ostati G-
amagrebda bmuladebiT. ostati nemsiTa da ZafiT Camagrebis Semdeg mas moWimavda misTvis
sasurvel mdgomareobamde.
qargvis procesis bolo etapze naqargobis simtkicisa da nakeris simagris miRwevis mizniT ostati

mimarTavda ukve meore xerxs _ datkecvas anu gajandvras28 kargad gaprialebuli mrgvali xis an

eSvis (tab. I6)29 saSualebiT. datkecva xdeboda naqargobis zurgis mxridan eSvis energiuli
gasmiT. es procesi axdenda bmuladebis dafiqsirebas samuSao tiloze da, amave dros, xels
uwyobda Camagrebuli oqros an vercxlis Zafebis bzinvas.
am saxiT damuSavebuli naqargoba ufro srulyofili da STambeWdavia, miT umetes, Tu
saqargavad gamoyenebuli masalac kargad damuSavebuli da xarisxiania.
Zafi, romlebic qargvisas gamoiyeneboda, ixveoda specialur, firfitaze. isini Zvlis, xis an

muyaosagan mzaddeboda30.
qargvisas gamoyenebuli Zafis saxeobis mixedviT sakvlevi masala garkveul jgufebSi
gavaerTianeT. yvelaze cota, 3 wyvili eqsponati, naqargia darTuli, dagrexili Salis ZafiT. es
Zafebi sxva ZafTanaa (ZiriTadad, bambis Zafi) Segrexili da gamoyenebulia yaisnaRiT qargvisas

jvrulsa31 da iribula32 (il. 12) naqargobasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba: iribu-
laTi qargvisas ostati mimarTavs xerxs, romelic naqargobas garkveul reliefurobas aniWebs. es
aris iribad ganlagebuli bmuladebis mwkrivSi liTonis GCxirebis GCarTva. am teqnikur xerxs
Cxirnayari iribula vuwodeT. aseTi xerxiTaa naqargi erTi wyvili sabuxari (il. 13). fondSia daculi

am Cxirebis erTi Sekvrac (tab. I7)33.

abreSumis ZafebiT qargvisas gamoiyeneba, rogorc dagrexili, aseve Slili abreSumi. ZiriTadad,

mas ostatebi abreSumis ZafiT _ siTviT34 qargvisas xmaroben. abreSumis Zafis SerCeva ostatis
mier xdeboda faqturis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc wesi, dagrexili abreSumis Zafis xveulebis
GCrdilSi ikargeba misi sxivosnoba, xdeba ufro mqrqali da nakleb bzinvare. misi es Tviseba na-
qargobas reliefurobas matebs. Slili, daugrexavi abreSumis Zafi ki xasiaTdeba atlasiseburi
siprialiT, rac naqarg zedapirsac aZlevs atlasis efeqts da amis gamo mas atlasurs uwodeben. swo-
red am TvisebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT irCevda ostati misTvis sasurveli faqturis Sesaferis
abreSumis Zafs.

sabuxarTa koleqciaSi mxolod siTviT naqargi sabuxarebi sul xuTi wyvilia 35. maTi qargvisas,
ZiriTadad, grexili abreSumis feradi Zafia gamoyenebuli. amave saxeobis abreSumis ZafiT
naqargi detalebi (yvavilebi, ornamentuli dekori, personaJTa sxeulis samosis detalebi) GCveni

koleqciis TiTqmis yvela sabuxarze gvxvdeba36.

xaverdula _ saqargavi masalis kidev erTi saxeoba, romelic qarTul qargulobaSi, ZiriTadad, XIX
s-Si Cndeba evropuli da rusuli gavleniT. aseTi ZafiT naqargi xaverdisebr xaos ikeTebs. am ma-
saliT GkoleqciaSi mxolod ori wyvili sabuxaria naqargi da orive, ra Tqma unda, XIX-XX ss-Ta

mijnisaa37.

sufTa oqrosa38 da vercxlis Tma39 saqargav masalad muzeumSi dacul sabuxarTa qargvisas

mxolod sami SemTxvevaa40. maTgan erTi wyvili (il. 14, 15) mTlianad oqros TmiTaa naqargi,
xolo or wyvilze (il. 16, 17) gamoyenebulia oqrosa da vercxlis Tma.
ZiriTadi masala, romliTac sabuxarTa koleqciis (da ara marto sabuxarTa) udidesi nawilia naqargi,
aris oqromkedi da vercxlmkedi. qarTuli saeklesio Tu saero naqargobis mniSvnelovani nawili am
masaliTa da teqnikuri xerxiT _ namagri siTviTaa Sesrulebuli. amdenad, Seswavla im
teqnologiuri procesebisa, romelTa saSualebiTac viRebT ZiriTad saqargav masalas, TavisTavad -
sainteresoa da amitom aucilebel sakvlev sakiTxad miviCnieT.
oqrosa da vercxlis Tma oqrosa da vercxlis zodisagan mzaddeba. am saqmis ostatebs rusul

istoriul dokumentebSi ewodeboda _ `Сканщики~41.

dokumentebs oqros Zafis damamzadebel ostatebze qarTul wyaroebSi ver mivakvlieT, magram,
cxadia, rom saqarTveloSic amuSavebdnen oqrosa da vercxls. sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom qarT-
veli oqromWedlebi uZvelesi droidanve oqrosa Tu vercxlis uwvrilesi TmiT xelovnebis
brwyinvale nimuSebs qmnidnen. amis damadasturebeli ara erTi nimuSi gvaqvs qarTul oqrom-
WedlobaSi. amdenad, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom qarTvelTa Sorisac iyvnen ostatebi, romlebic
oqrosa da vercxlis Tmas da misgan oqromkedsa da vercxlmkedsac amzadebdnen. miT umetes,

rom qarTul saoqromWedlo saqmeSi gamoyenebuli specialuri xelsawyo _ adida (tab. I8)42
oqromWedlis saxelosnoSi dResac uZvelesi da aucilebeli samuSao iaraRia. adidaSi
gamoyvanamde oqros an vercxlis zods atareben sabrunavze damagrebuli ori dakbiluli, cilindruli

formis lilvebSi (tab. I9)43, romelsac saxeluriT amoZraveben. zodi nel-nela, dakuTxul zedapirze
gadaadgilebiT iRebs dakuTxuli mavTulis formas. amis Semdeg mas atareben adidaSi. es aris
oTxkuTxa formis liTonis firfita, romelsac aqvs 16 naxvreti xuTi milimetridan Tmis Reros
diametramde. wvril nasvretebSi liTonis TandaTanobiTi gamotarebiT miiReba oqros an vercxlis

Tma. maTi fizikuri Tvisebebi ganapirobebs am masalis odenobasa da gamZleobas.44

es Tma oqromkedis an vercxlmkedis dasamzadeblad vargis masalad rom iqces, ostati mas kvlav
or lilvs Soris atarebs, oRond amjerad lilvebi gluvzedapiriania. maT Soris gatarebuli Tma ukve

Rebulobs ganstkecili sxeplis45 (tab. I10) saxes. misi, rogorc masalis, moxsenieba qsovilTan Ser-
TvaSi pirvelad gvxvdeba `gamosvlaSi~:
`da daxies oqroY igi ganWedili sxeplad, raTa TanaSeeqsoos iakinTesa mas, da Zoweulsa, da
mewamulsa sTulsa da zezsa mas Zaxilsa~ (gamos. Y 39,3).
sainteresoa, rom oqromkedis dasamzadeblad GCineTSi oqro naz tyavze an qaRaldze ipreseboda
da wvril zolebad daWrili Semoegrixeboda abreSumis Zafs. aseTi Zafis nimuSi daculia barselo-

nas qsovilebis muzeumSi46. amdenad, is teqnologia, romelic gamoiyeneba oqrosa da vercxlis

Tmis damzadebisas, mWidrod ukavSirdeba qarTul Wedur xelovnebas, rac kidev erTxel adastu-
rebs mis adgilobriv warmoSobas.
am sxeplisgan, exveva ra Zalian mWidrod abreSumis Zafs anu mkeds, miiReba ukve sxva saxis
Zafi _ oqromkedi an vercxlmkedi
(tab. I10).

mkedi, sulxan-sabas ganmartebiT, aris `momsxo Zafi~47. TviT Zafi `ars wvrilad darTuli

abreSumi, yaWi, seli da misTanani, xolo mkedi misTanave xoSrad darTuli~48. iqve mocemuli

ganmartebis mixedviT, `xoSori~ _ wvrilisa da msxvilis saSualoa~49.

abreSumis Zafze sxeplis gadaxveva xSirad imdenad mijriT, mWidrod xdeba, rom SeuiaraRebeli
TvaliT mkedis SemCneva SeuZlebelia. amitomac saqargavi masala oqrosa da vercxlis Tmis
STabeWdilebas tovebs. zogjer, terminebs _ oqromkedsa da oqroqsovils erTi mniSvnelobiTac
xmaroben.
naqsov qsovilTa Soris larulad (ubralod) naqargTa garda iyo qsovili oqromkediTa, romelic

oqroqsovilad iwodeboda50. oqroqsovili tanisamosi araerTganaa moxseniebuli `amirandarejani-

anSi~51, `visramianSi~52. `vefxistyaosanSi~ ki oqroqsovilis, oqromkedis saxelwodebad

zarqaSi53 gvxvdeba. amave mniSvnelobiT zarqaSi moixsenieba rkonis taZris sigelSi (XIII s.)54.
sainteresoa, rom `xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebsa da evropaSi, garda dagrexili oqros Zafisa
(igulisxmeba oqromkedi _ i.m.) ubralo liTonis Zafebi (spilenZi, TiTberi _ i.m.) oqrosa da
vercxls Seegrixeba, e.i. Zafi oqrosi da vercxlis Tma (sirma _ i.m.) gamo-iyeneboda rogorc

saqsovad, aseve mosaqargad~55. aqve unda aRiniSnos saqargavi masala, romelsac zezi (tab.

I11)56 ewodeba. es termini mravaljer gvxvdeba Zveli aRTqmis teqstSi. igi yovelTvis siWreles
ukavSirdeba57, rac misi daniSnulebisganac momdinareobs. es TavisTavad miuTiTebs, rom aq
laparakia masalaze, romelic araerTferovania da, amave dros, araerTsaxovanic. qargvis teqnikaSi
misi es funqcia am Tvisebidan momdinareobs. zezis damzadebisas feradi abreSumis Zafi Seegri-
xeba vercxlis an oqros Tmas (sirmas) an ukve damzadebul vercxlmkeds, an oqromkeds. es sa-
qargavi masala feradovania. aq abreSumis Zafis feri dominirebs oqrosa da vercxlis ferze, amitom
mas iyeneben oqromkediTa da vercxlmkediT qargvisas feradovani aqcentebisa da sxeulis
SiSveli nawilebis amosaqargavad.
zeziT qargvis TaviseburebaTagan ori ZiriTadi momentia aRsaniSnavi: erTi _ mxolod
saqarTveloSi dasturdeba zeziT sxeulis SiSveli nawilebis amoqargva (saxe, xelebi, fexis terfebi,
macxovris SiSveli sxeuli) da meore _ zeziTve xdeba samosis feradovnebis xazgasma. (il. 16, 17,
20, 25) aRsaniSnavia, rom berZnul, rusulsa da evropul naqargobaSi sxeulis SiSveli nawilebi,
Cveulebriv, abreSumis ZafiT iqargeba, xolo sxva feradovani aqcentebis miRweva xdeboda oq-
romkedis an vercxlmkedis feradi, xiluli bmuladebis CamagrebiT.
amasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia ingeborg heimis erTi dakvirveba: `siciliaSi aRmoaCines
saqargavad, 1181 wels gamoyenebuli oqromkedi. saqarTveloSi, 1312 wlis anCis olarze aseve
gamoyenebulia oqromkedi, magram aq aseve gamoyenebulia Zafi, romelic miiReba ori saxeobis
Zafis SegrexiT (aq laparakia zezze _ i.m.). saqme exeba mis Tavisebur Segrexas. aq oqros ori
mavTuli erT wver abreSumis ZafTan isea Segrexili, rom mTlad ar faravs mas. me aseTi Zafebi
ar Semxvedria arc evropaSi, arc literaturaSi da arc GCemi praqtikuli moRvaweobis

manZilze~58.
saqargav masalad, SedarebiT naklebad, magram mainc ixmareba e.w. klanWurebi. anu, rogorc
ir. sonRulaSvili uwodebs, Wimuri: `es aris liTonis (spilenZi da TiTberi) wvrili sxepla, Zalian
wminda, uwvrilesad dakvlanWuli, dagrexili spiraliseburad. mas klapitoni erqva. am masalas

aqvs Tviseba xangrZlivi Wimvisa da SeiZleba ewodos Wimuric~59. G

Cven mier zemoT ganxilul masalaTa saSualebiT uSualod xorcieldeba qargva, magram aris
meore jgufi masalisa, gamoyenebuli naqargobis samkaulad. esaa Zvirfasi, naxevrad Zvirfasi
qvebi da feradi liToni. qvaTagan ZiriTadad ixmareba xuTi feris qva: wiTeli, mwvane, TeTri,
cisferi da yviTeli:
wiTeli _ iagundi, Zowi, lali namdvili, lali crufariana (almadini), marjani; mwvane _ zurmuxti
namdvili, qrizoliti da misi jgufis xelovnuri qvebi; TeTri _ margaliti (sxvadasxva zomisa da
formis), gamWvirvale TeTri an wylisferi mTis broli;
cisferi _ firuzi, iagundi, vardisferi safironi _ naxevartonebiT Secvlili, misi sxvadasxva varianti;
yviTeli _ iagundi yviTeli, topazi, sardioni, romelic yviTelSi intensiurad Sereuli yavisfriT
gvxvdeba. es qvebi, ZiriTadad, margalitis garda, yvela TvalbudeSia GCasmuli da isea
GCamagrebuli naqargobaze.
qvis damagrebis xuTi ZiriTadi xerxi arsebobs:
I _ oqros firfitaze sakinZiT damagreba;
II _ sada, oqros TvalbudeSi GCasma;
III _ brWyalebSi an TaTebSi GCasma;
IV _ mcire wkirze (anu Stiftze) dasma;
V _ gaxvretili qvis ZafiT an wvrili liToniT mimagreba.
Cvens masalaze (ufro zustad, sabuxarebsa da saeklesio samosze) mxolod II, III, V xerxia
gamoyenebuli. Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebis garda samkaulad naqargobaSi gvxvdeba

oqros, vercxlisa da sxva feradi liTonis firfitebi da oqros burTula mZivebi60 (tab. LII). aseTi
samkaulebi sami saxisaa: I. petalebi _ sxvadasxva zomisa da formis liTonis firfitebi II. fifinebi _
liTonis firfitebi zed naWdevi gamosaxulebebiT. III. kilitebi _ liTonis Zalian wvrili, mrgvali,
vardulis formis firfitebi, qsovilze GCasamagreblad SuaSi, nemsis wveris diametrze, gaxvretili
(tab. II.1).

abreSumis ZafiT qargvas zogadad siTviT qargva ewodeba.61 termini siTvi ki gviristiT gakervis

Sesatyvisia62. siTviT qargvis dros gamoyenebuli teqnikuri xerxebis gansazRvrisas ufro

misaRebia vixmaroT termini nakeroba, radgan nemsi yovelTvis saqargav ZafTan erTad gadis
qsovilSi, qmnis bmuladebis mwkrivs, es ukanaskneli ki _ mqargvelisaTvis sasurvel saxeebs,
naxWebs.

siTvis is saxeoba, romliTac naqargia saeklesio naqargobis udidesi nawili _ namagri siTvi63,
faqtobrivad, wamyvania qarTul mxatvrul qargulobaSi. namagri siTviT qargvisas, ZiriTadad, ori
saxeobis Zafs iyenebs ostati: abreSumis Zafs, romliTac xdeba Camagreba da oqros an vercxlis
Zafs, romelic magrdeba. Casamagreblad gamoyenebuli Zafis saSualebiT miRebuli bmuladebis
mwkrivi ki ganapirobebs namagri siTviT qargvisas gamoyenebuli teqnikuri xerxebis saxeobebs.
naqargobis Seqmnis procesi, masalidan gamomdinare, garkveul princips emorCileba. abreSumis
ZafiT qargvisas nemsi vertikalurad gadis qsovilSi da horizontalurad, nabij-nabij gadaadgildeba,

warmoSobs bmuladebis mwkrivs, rac iZleva nakerobis saxeobebs: iribuls64, gvirists65,

kalmurs66 yaisnaRurs67, klertuls68, Wvirnars69, kiloursa70 da iribulad GCxirnadebs71.

abreSumis siTviT qargvisagan gansxvavebiT namagri siTviT qargvisas, ZiriTadad, bmuladebiT
Seqmnili swori xazis moZraobiT iqmneba saxeebi. namagri bmuladebis ganlageba sam ZiriTad
princips eqvemdebareba:
I _ swori xazis moZraoba win da ukan (liandaguri, kalaTuri, lasturi da kilouri namagri siTvi.
tab. III1-_4).

II _swori xazis moZraoba texilze (texuri, wiwvuri, Tevzifxuri, nakrteni da klertuli namagri siTvi.
tab. III 5-7).

III _kuTxeebis SeerTebiT warmoqmnili oTxkuTxa formebi (rombuli, gaTvlili rombuli,

GCitisfexura rombuli namagri siTvi. tab. III. 8-10 ).
ZiriTadi kombinaciebi, romlebic qarTuli saeklesio naqargobis teqnikaSi gvxvdeba, ostatis
muSaobis procesSi ganicdis garkveul cvlilebas. miuxedavad misi kanonzomieri xasiaTisa, am
kombinaciebis garTuleba, ramdenime variantis Serwyma an, piriqiT, TviT qargvisas xdeba.
naqargobis saxeobebi, maTi saxelwodebebi, romelic rusul mxatvrul qargulobaSi gvxvdeba, XVI-

XVII s-is yvela saxelosnosa da yvela centrisaTvis identuria72.

rus mkvlevrebs aseTi mosazrebis gamoTqmis SesaZlebloba miecaT im masalis analiziT, romelic
uZveles saeklesio nivTTa aRwerebsa da saxelosno centrebis sabuTebSia daculi. aseTi do-
kumenturi masala mravladaa SemorCenili. samwuxarod, aseTi SesaZlebloba GCven ara gvaqvs.
garda GCvenamde moRweuli mxatvruli qargulobis nimuSebisa, sxva raime, qargulobasTan da-
kavSirebuli damatebiTi werilobiT-dokumenturi masala, rac dagvexmareba misi istoriis
SeswavlaSi, faqtobrivad, ar gagvaCnia. amitom msjeloba saqarTveloSi qargvis teqnikuri xerxe-
bis sxvadasxva saxeobis warmoSobisa da maTi saxelwodebis Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia identuri,
ufro sworad, msgavsi saxeebisa da maTi saxelwodebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am mxriv bevris
momcemia qarTuli saero xelsaqmis nimuSebSi (naqsovi, naqargi, nabeWdi qsovilebi) daculi
saxeebis terminebi, mag., yaisnaRuris paralelad SeiZleba movixmoT xevsuruli SataY, iqargeba

Tvlis amoyvanis msgavsad73; kilouris paralelia momwkalveba74; texuris msgavsia cikivkava75,

gviristulasi _ kudiqceva76. aqedan gamomdinare pirveli rac qarTul naqargobaSi gamoyenebuli

teqnikuri xerxebis tradiciulobas ganapirobebs, albaT mainc uZveles saero xelsaqmesTanaa
dakavSirebuli da aseve qarTuli xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebTan.
kerZod, is ukavSirdeba: uZveles qarTul keramikas (moxatuli, amokawruli, zed reliefurad
amoziduli), oqromWedlobas, tixrul minanqars. am dargebis ostatebi ara marto ideurad, aramed
praqtikuladac mWidro kavSirSi arian mqargvelebTan.
qargvis teqnikuri xerxebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis tradiciulobas, ganapirobebs misi
kavSiri qsovilis qsovasTan, radgan is adreulia qargvaze. bunebrivia, Semdgom, rodesac
xelsaqmis es saxeoba _ qargva gaCnda, qsovilze arsebuli saxeebis gadmotana moxda
naqargobaSi. miT umetes, rom mogvianebiT es TiTqmis kanonikuric xdeba. am mxriv
saintereso paralelur masalad SeiZleba miviCnioT d. abJandaZis mier warmodgenili tabula,
romelSic mocemulia XV-XVIII ss-Ta qsovilebisa da miniatiuruli ferweris ornamentuli

motivebi77.
aq mocemuli ornamentebis sqematuri monaxazi xSirad zustad Seesabameba qargvis dros
gamoyenebuli bmuladebis mwkrivTa ganlagebas, e.i. namagri siTvis saxeebs, romlebsac
qarTveli ostatebi iyenebdnen qargvisas. Tu qsovilSi es saxeebi miiReba `kontrastuli ferebis kargi

SepirispirebiT~78, namagri siTviT qargvisas amas ostati sxvadasxva teqnikuri xerxis

SepirispirebiT axerxebs, riTac miiRweva dinamikis efeqti.
ganixilavs ra geometriuli ornamentis ikonografias ferwerasTan mimarTebiT, avtori aRniSnavs:
`miuxedavad imisa, rom gvaqvs ferTa kontrastuli dapirispirebac (mwvane-SavTan), naxati oqro-

sferiT gadmoicema. es metismetad anazebs qsovils da arbilebs mis saerTo STabeWdilebas~79.

qargvis teqnologiisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia qarTuli ornamentuli dekoris is saxeebi, romelic
warmodgenilia naxatisa Tu CuqurTmis saxiT taZris kedlebze. am ornamentuli samkaulis uZvele-
si saxeebi, romlebic formiT ZiriTadad geometriulia, TiTqmis meordeba qarTul xelsaqmeSi:
texili xazebi, wnulebi, dafanjrulebi, samkuTxedebi, rombebi. es saxeebi mqargveli ostatis mier
naqargobaSi teqnikur xerxebadaa gamoyenebuli. maTi saxelwodebaTa identurobac aman
ganapiroba. saqargavi masalisa da nemsis saSualebiT mqargvelis xelSi es naxWebi garkveuli
wesiT lagdeba, saocar dinamikuri xdeba da arqiteqturaSi geometriul saxeebad gamoyenebuli,
naqargobaSi axal datvirTvas iZens.
qarTul saeklesio naqargobaSi arsebuli teqnikuri xerxebi, rom mWidro kavSirSia arqiteqturis
reliefebTan, amas qvemoT moxmobili magaliTebic gviCvenebs.

ornamenti, romelic kataulas stelas VIII s. (tab. IV1) irgvliv Semosdevs, aris tipuri Tevzifxuri80.
usaneTis stelaze VIII s. (tab. IV2) warmodgenili jvari rombis mwkrivebiT zustad imeorebs
liandagurs. stelaze warmodgenili personaJebis samosi aseve liandaguriT naqargs mogvagonebs.
aqve gamosaxuli suliwmidis simbolo _ mtredisa da angelozis frTebi kilourisa da nakrteniT

naqargis identuria81.
kumurdos saydarze 964 w. (kat. IV3) samSeneblo warwera Semkulia ornamentiani dekoriT,

romelic tipuri kalaTuria82.

parxalze X s. (tab IV4) xelosnis mosaxsenebeli warweris ornamentiani dekori analogiuria ormagi

kilourisa da grexili namagri siTvisa83.

sxieris, onis r-ni. IX-XI ss. (kat. IV5) kankelis fila damSvenebulia ornamentiT, romelic lasturi

namagri siTvis zusti paralelia. es dekori ormagi xazebis wnelad aris moxseniebuli84.
baris eklesiis onis r-ni XI s. warweras timpanis filaze Semouyveba grexili aSia, romelic

grexiluria85.
zemoT moxmobil Zeglebze geometriuli saxeebis garkveuli wesiT ganlagebiT (paraleluri xazebi,
texilebi, urTierTSepirispirebuli xazebi) ara marto ornamentiani dekori, aramed konkretuli
gamosaxulebebicaa warmodgenili _ personaJTa samosi, maTi moZraobis amsaxveli pozebi. aq
es xerxebi ufro xistia, rac TiTqos SeboWils xdis moZraobas.
naqargobaSi es xisti xazebi, oRond ukve sxva masaliT Sesrulebuli, gamosaxulebas dinamikurs,
moZravs xdis, anu personaJebs garkveuli statikuroba _ sibrtyobriobis nacvlad meti simsubuqe da
haerovneba axasiaTebT. zogjer es dinamika absolutur srulyofas aRwevs da, SeiZleba iTqvas,
naqargobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sibrtyobriobidan Tavis daRwevac xerxdeba. amis brwyinvale
magaliTia naqargobis uZvelesi nimuSi _ sabuxarTa wyvili kacxis monastridan (il. 14, 15).
formis, sibrtyeze moZraobis srulyofilad gadmosacemad mqargveli ostati teqnikuri xerxebis sx-
vadasxva variantis erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebis meTods mimarTavs. am meTodiTve aRwevs
formebis ganlagebas sibrtyeze, romelic SeiZleba SevadaroT ferweraSi planebis ganlagebas. aq
mqargvelma swored aseTi meTodis gamoyenebiT SeZlo kompoziciaSi oTxi planis gadmocema
da am xerxiT miaRwia pirvelxarisxovani da meorexarisxovani detalebis xazgasmas. man miiRo
oqrosa da vercxlis Tmis namagri siTviT qargvisas TiTqmis ararsebuli _ sivrcis, siRrmis efeqti da
udavod Seqmna maRalmxatvruli qargulobis nimuSi.
bmuladebis mwkrivi, romlis saxeobebi iZleva naxWebs, saxeebs, qmnis formisa da moZraobis
SegrZnebas da ZiriTadad emyareba xazis moZraobis princips. igi SeiZleba SevadaroT xazis
moZraobas grafikaSi, saWreTliT kveTas qvaSi, tixrebis xaznars tixrul minanqarSi da Suq-
Crdilis efeqtis miRwevis saSualebebs WedurobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, naqargobaSi
gamoyenebul yvela teqnikur xerxs misTvis damaxasiaTebeli daniSnuleba aqvs, mag., liandagu-
riT qargva iseT vertikalebsa da horizontalebs qmnis, romelic kompoziciaSi personaJis
moZraobas usvams xazs (il. 18. a, b), rac dafiqsirebulia samosis drapirebiT. kilouri ki konturis
xazia, romelic nebismier saxes dasrulebuls xdis (il. 19).
kalaTuri SedarebiT farTo monasmiT Sesrulebuli `funjis efeqtia~. igi sibrtyeze iSleba da TiTqmis
yovelTvis liandagurTan an texurTan SepirispirebiT formis, moculobis saocar efeqts qmnis (il.
20). rac Seexeba texurs, es aris moZravi texili xazi, romelic sibrtyeze rogorc vertikalur, ise hori-
zontalur mdebareobaSi gvxvdeba. aqedan gamomdinareobs misi variantebis _ wiwvurisa da
Tevzifxuris saxelwodebac da daniSnulebac. bmuladebis texiliT ganlageba saqargav sibrtyeze
ganapirobebs formis srulyofas. am xerxiT ZiriTadad iqargeba saqargavi sibrtyis dedaare da
liandagurTan SepirispirebiT samosis kalTebi. es aris moZravi texili, gamosaxulebis, formis,
moculobisa da moZraobis efeqtis xazgasmis saSualeba.
aRniSnuli efeqtis mqone saSualebebs namagri siTviT qargvisas emateba erTi mniSvnelovani
faqtoric, romelic ganapirobebs naqargobis feradovnebas. es efeqti ori xerxiT miiRweva _ samag-
rad gamoyenebuli feradi abreSumis ZafiTa da zeziT.
abreSumis Zafis GCamagrebis ori xerxi arsebobs _ xiluli da SefarviTi. xiluli GCamagrebisas
gamoyenebuli abreSumis Zafis bmuladebi mkveTrad gamoiyofa im Zafisagan, romelic
magrdeba. gamomdinare aqedan, es bmuladebi aris feradovani aqcenti oqrosfer an vercxlisfer
fonze. esaa is xerxi, romelzec zemoT gvqonda saubari da romelic ZiriTadad rusuli naqargobisT-

visaa damaxasiaTebeli, gansakuTrebiT, godunovebis saxelosnosaTvis86.

aseT SemTxvevaSi vizualuri STabeWdilebisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtoria ara marto namagri
bmuladebis sxvadasxva xerxiT ganlageba, aramed samagrad gamoyenebuli abreSumis Zafis (e.i.
bmuladebis masalis) xarisxi (misi sisqe, nagrexia is Tu Slili).
erT wveri anu wvrili abreSumis ZafiT GCamagrebisas naqargoba nakleb feradovania da iZleva
sxva efeqts, vidre orwveri abreSumis ZafiTGCamagreba, miT umetes, rodesac namagri
meordeba. godunovebis saxelosnos ostatebi iyeneben ormagi bmuladebiT Camagrebis xerxs _
`двойной стежок“. aq orjer meordeba bmuladis nabiji oqromkedze da oqrosfer fonze tovebs

feradiT naqargis STabeWdilebas87. amave xerxiTaa warmodgenili feradovneba berZnuli

naqargobis umetes nimuSebSi88.

aseTi xerxiT qargvis SemTxveva GCvens masalaSi ar dasturdeba. piriqiT, qarTuli saeklesio
naqargobis Seswavlis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi teqnikisaTvis namagris sisadavea
damaxasiaTebeli. amas ostati mxolod erTi saSualebiT miaRwevs _ SefarviTi qargviT. xiluli
bmuladebisagan gansxvavebiT aq samagrad gamoyenebuli abreSumis Zafis feri absoluturad Se-
xamebulia GCasamagrebel masalasTan _ oqromkedi, vercxlmkedi, oqrosa da vercxlis Tma. es
namagrebi SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT TiTqmis SeumCnevelia. aseTi qargvisas miRebuli efeqti qarTul
naqargobas liTonqandakebis nimuSebTan ufro aaxloebs, vidre xatwerasTan. rusuli
naqargobisagan gansxvavebiT naWedis imitacias ostati, garda namagris Sefarvisa, aRwevs misi
moSveba-moWimvis saSualebiT. igive efeqts Rebulobs mqargveli namagri siTvis svadasxva
xerxis erTmaneTTan Sepirispirebisa da saqargavad gamoyenebuli sxvadasxvagvari masalis
gverdigverd ganlagebisa da Camagrebis meTodiTac.
naWedis efeqtis ganxorcielebas didad uwyobs xels naqargobis saboloo damuSaveba. ukve
moqarguli bmuladebi kargad

rom GCajdes mTlian naqargobaSi, xdeba misi gajandrva (Siga kaxeTi)89, dasiTva (gare

kaxeTi)90, dayalibeba (zemo imereTi)91. amisaTvis xmaroben jandris xes92, xis savarcxels,
spilos Zvals93. am iaraRebiT ukuRma an waRma mxridan naqargobaze gasmiTi moZraobiT
xdeba qsovis dros Tvlebis GCasma, dayalibeba, aseve naqargobis gantkecva.
zemoT GCamoTvlili xerxebis saSualebiT namagri siTvis qargvisas vRebulobT naqargis or
ZiriTad saxeobas:
I _sipiT (moyinuli) naqargi, rodesac reliefi ar aris warmodgenili. naqargoba tovebs naWedis
STabeWdilebas da axasiaTebs grafikuloba. am dros ostati ZiriTadad xmarobs oqrosa da
vercxlis Tmas an oqromkedsa da vercxlmkeds, naqargs mxolod samuSao tiloze (il. 16, 17,
21).
II _reliefuri siTviT qargvisas ostati reliefurobas aRwevs oqrosa da vercxlis Tmis, oqromkedisa
da vercxlmkedis qveS, samuSao tilosa da miwaris qsovils Soris nafenis moTavsebiT. nafe-
ni SeiZleba iyos Zafis, bawris (qaRaldis bawari, bambis Zafi dagrexili), qaRaldis an
muyaosi. am teqnikuri xerxidan gamomdinare aseT naqargs nafeniT naqargi ewodeba. (il.
21, 22)
reliefurobisa da naqargobis gamomsaxvelobis garda ukve zemoT naxsenebi xerxi, samagri Zafis
moSveba_moWimva, aZlierebs Suq_ Crdilis efeqts, rac naqargobas moculobiTobas aniWebs.
oqroqsovilis, oqrosa da vercxlis dominireba saeklesio qargulobaSi, ganpirobebulia liTonis _

oqrosa da vercxlis fizikuri TvisebebiT94, aseve masSi moazrebuli simbolikiT. misi fizikuri
Tvisebebidan gamomdinare es liToni absolutur Tavisuflebas aniWebs ostats, romlis
simbolikasTan dakavSirebiT ki aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: `Оно означает или символизирует
свет, как золото обсолутная метафора свата, так свет обсолутная метафора Бога... Бог еать

свет, и нет в нём никакой тьмы, вот это и обясняет обилие золота и света~95.
amdenad, am masalis dominireba saeklesio qargulobaSi kanonzomieria iseve, rogorc sibrtyeze
horizontalurad ganlagebuli oqrosa da vercxlis Tmis, oqromkedisa da vercxlmkedis abreSumis
Zafis bmuladebiT Camagrebisas miRebuli naqargis gamomsaxveloba.
am masalis gamoyeneba uZvelesi droidan xdeba da is Zvel aRTqmas ukavSirdeba:
`da uTxra ufalma moses:
aha, movuwode saxeldebiT becaliels, Zesa urisa, Zisa xurisa, iudas Stodan, da avavse igi RvTis
suliT, sibrZniT, gonierebiT, codniT da yoveli xelovnebiT, rom SeeZlos oqros, vercxlisa da
spilenZis damuSaveba, mosaoWveli Tvlebis gaTla, xis kveTa xelovnur nivTTa dasamzadeblad~
(gamos.Y 31. 1_5).
aq naxsenebi sami liToni gamoiyeneba oqromkedis, vercxlmkedisa da spilenZmkedis
dasamzadeblad. am liTonebsa da masTan erTad moxseniebul sxva saqargav masalas saeklesio
daniSnuleba aqvs: `gaiReT ZRveni uflisaTvis, yvelam Tavisi guluxvobiT miitanos sauflo
ZRveni _ oqro, vercxli, spilenZi, lurji, Zoweuli da Wiaferi qsovili, seli da Txisuri~ (gamos. 35.
5_6). yvela zemoT CamoTvlili masala misTvis damaxasiaTebeli feriT, fizikuri TvisebiTa Tu
qimiuri SemcvelobiT gansxvavebulia, magram maT yvelas aqvs saerTo simboluri datvirTva,
romelic im Sinaarsis Semcvelia, rac garkveul epoqas, samsaxurs sWirdeba. umTavresi masala,
romliTac ZiriTadad iqargeboda saeklesio samosi, ra Tqma unda, oqro, vercxli da abreSumis
Zafia.
oqro, Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, aris emblema didebisa. Zvelebrauli sityva kadad niSnavs
simZimes, didebas, romelic TvalisTvis misi brwyinvalebiT aRiqmeba.
a. averincevi aanalizebs ra oqros simbolikas, xazs usvams oqros swored am Tvisebas, rom misi
brwyinvaleba modis ara gamWvirvalebidan, aramed TviT liTonis masidan (Signidan) anu

swored `brwyinvaleba~ aris is simZime, romelic `didebas~ ukavSirdeba96.

`asulni meufisani pativiTa SeniTa; dadga dedofali marjueniT Sensa, samosliTa oqro-qsoviliTa
Semkul d Semosil pirad-piradad.~ (fs. 44_10)
`yoveli didebaÁ asulisa mefisa Sinagan, fesvediTa oqrovaniTa Semkul ars.~ (fs. 44_14).
oqros simbolikaSi misi brwyinvalebis gaigiveba naTelTan, TeTr ferTan, xsnis saeklesio samosSi
TeTri feris oqrosferTan gaigivebas, oqroTi an vercxliT naqargobis Sesrulebis tradicias. aqve
aRsaniSnavia, rom oqrosa da vercxlis abreSumis ZafTan SeerTeba_Segrexa wyalTan Sezavebul
Rvinos, anu saziarebel siTxes SeiZleba SevadaroT. wyalTan Sezavebuli Rvino eklesiaa, macx-
ovris RvTiuri sawyisi. wyali ki, misi biologiuri sawyisi da, amasTanave, morwmuneTa
simboloa. am ori sawyisis _ sisxlisa (Rvinis) da wylis SeerTeba misi ori bunebisa da

morwmuneTa macxovarTan SeerTebis simboloa97_ SeerTeba sisxlTan, WeSmaritebasTan,

naTelTan da a.S.
am TvalsazrisiTve SeiZleba aixsnas oqromkedSi da vercxlmkedSi mkedisa da Tmis
"urTierTSesTva". miuxedavad imisa, rom abreSumis mkedis paralelurad arsebobs bambis Zafis

mkedi98, rogorc mikroskopulma dakvirvebam gviCvena oqromkedisa da vercxlmkedis

damzadebisas mxolod abreSumis Zafi gamoiyeneba. aq is simboluri azri unda iyos GCadebuli,

rac gansazRvravs oqrosa da abreSumis Zafis semantikas99: oqro `me var naTelis~ simboloa, ab-
reSumis Zafi ki _ biologiuri sawyisis. oqro _ RvTaebrivis, transcendentulis, abreSumi ki _
miwieris, adamianuris. aseT aspeqtSi oqromkedis simbolur axsna-ganmartebas garkveulwilad
exmianeba ioane damaskelis ganmartebebi, sadac igi exeba ufalSi orgvar qmedebaTa arsebobas:
`xolo Tuki SenarCunebulia bunebaTa sxvadasxvaoba, maSin SenarCunebuli unda iyos maTi

qmedebanic, radgan ar arsebobs iseTi buneba, romelic moklebuli iqneba moqmedebas~100.

naqargobaSi saRmrTo buneba _ oqro aris `sityva~101, xolo `dafaruli is, rac aRasrulebs
Sesabamisad masTan SeerTebul sityvas~, anu miwieri, biologiuri sawyisis mqone _ abreSumis
Zafi. rogorc macxovris gangmiruli ferdidan gadmomdinare sisxli da wyali RvTaebrivisa da
biologiuris erTianobaa102, asevea es ori sawyisi, ori sxvadasxva masala, gansaxierebuli erT
ZafSi.
aseTi simbolikiT datvirTuli saqargavi masala ukve mravlis momcvelia. misi daniSnulebidan
gamomdinare es simbolika srulyofas aRwevs ostatis xelSi. igi iyenebs ra uZveles tradiciul sa-
xeebs, axali religiis moTxovnisamebr sxva datvirTvas aZlevs mas.
im Tvalsazriss, rom, zogjer oqro an oqromkedi mkediT unda Seicvalos, adasturebs muzeumSi
dacul sabuxarTa wyvilze (sxm\n 107a,b) warmodgenili naqargoba. ostati aq abreSumis Slil, Calis-
fer Zafs iseve amagrebs, rogorc imave sabuxarze oqromkeds. am sabuxarzeve feradi abreSumis
ZafiT kvanZura naqargobis teqnikiT iZleva feradi qvebis imitacias.
Cven mier Seswavlili teqnikuri xerxebi da maTi saSualebiT miRebuli efeqtebi gvaZlevs im
TaviseburebaTa gamovlenis saSualebas, rac qarTuli mxatvruli qargulobisTvisaa damaxasiaTebe-
li. es Taviseburebebi aisaxeba rogorc naqargobis Sesrulebis specifikaSi, aseve gamoyenebul
masalaSic.
im ori uZvelesi nimuSis analizis safuZvelze, romelic Cvenamdea miRweuli _ sabuxarTa wyvili
kacxis monastridan (il. 12) da 1312 wlis olari anCidan (sxm/n # 1359), garkveuli daskvnebis ga-
keTeba SeiZleba:
orive SemTxvevaSi saqargavad gamoyenebulia oqros Tma da zezi. es ukanaskneli amave
periodis naqargobis arc erT nimuSze ar dasturdeba. aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis uflebas gvaZlevs
moZiebuli da Seswavlili masala da aseve cnobili mecnieris, ingeborg heimis kvlevis Sedegi. igi
swavlobs Sua saukuneebis naqargobis nimuSebs da, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gaocebulia Zafis

vercxlmkedsa da oqromkedTan Segrexis mxolod saqarTveloSi dadasturebuli tradiciiT103.

qarTul mxatvrul qargulobaze saubrisas aseve aRsaniSnavia e.w. konturis xazis anu naqargis
formis ganmsazRvreli xazis Sesrulebis teqnika. masalaze dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom am xazis
ori varianti arsebobs:
I. _xazi dafiqsirebulia xiluli bmuladebiT, naqargobis fonis sapirispiro kontrastuli feris ZafiT.

zogjer am xazis gamomsaxvelobis gazrdis mizniT damatebiT mas gasdevs bawarze naqargi104 (
il. 45, 46).

.II _konturis xazi amodis naqargobis miwaridan. es xazi miiReba qargvis sxvadasxva xerxis
Sepirispirebis adgilas. amis naTeli magaliTia lelas sabuxarebi _ XVII s-is I meoTxedi. (il. 22)
sabuxarTa am wyvilis teqnikis Seswavlam gviCvena, rom oqromkediTa da vercxlmkediT
qargvisas naqargobis warweris, samosis drapirebis konturuli xazi gamoikveTeba qvemodan,
naqargobis Savi feris miwaridan. aq ostati ar iyenebs Savi feris Zafis bmuladebs, konturis xazs
gamoyofs oqrosferi da vercxlisferi Zafis bmuladebiT. oqromkedisa da vercxlmkedis CamagrebiT
Savi feris miwarze gamoiyofa damafiqsirebeli xazi (anu konturi). aseTi xerxiT qargvisas formebi
ufro mkveTrad, reliefurad warmoCindeba, xolo rodesac Camagreba xdeba oqrosa da vercxlis Se-
saferisi ZafiT, oqromkedi da vercxlmkedi ferSi ar `tydeba~, na-qargi gvagonebs naWed xazs da
es STabeWdileba ufro Zlieria, Tu mas emateba sxmuli margalitis konturi. naqargobis teqnikis
ganxilvisas mniSvnelovania sakiTxebi, romelic exeba oqromkedsa da vercxlmkedTan feradovani
aqcentebis gamoyenebas. sxeulis SiSveli detalebi da saxe iqargeba vercxlmkedis zeziT, saxis ca-
lkeuli nakvTebi: tuCi, warbi da Tma_ abreSumis feradi ZafiT.
qarTveli ostati namagri siTviT qargvisas formisa da reliefurobis misaRwevad saerTod ar
mimarTavs SuqCrdilis, tonisa da naxevartonis monacvleobas. im dros, rodesac rusi ostatebi na-
qargobis teqnikaSi (XVI s.) iyeneben qargvis saxeobas, romelsac uwodeben `шитьё по

форме~105. aq bmuladebis dalageba iseTi mimarTulebiT xdeba, rogoradacaa ganlagebuli saxisa

da sxeulis kunTebi, mag., Sublze paraleluri xazebi, cxviris vertikalur xazebs upirispirdeba nesto-
ebis horizontaluri, yeli talRiseburi xazebiTaa warmodgenili. Tvalis ovali (e.w. `очки~), mrgvali
loyebi _ iribi, amoburculi xazebiTaa naqargi.
qarTveli ostatebi ki abreSumis ZafiT qargvisas, rusulisa da evropulisagan gansxvavebiT, e.w.
gamijnuli ferebiT ar arRveven saeklesio naqargobisTvis damaxasiaTebel sisadavesa da sidiades.
qarTveli ostatebi kompoziciaSi naqargobis formis xazgasmisa da reliefurobis efeqtis
Sesaqmnelad kidev erT xerxs mimarTaven. es aris ori an meti saxeobis masalis gamoyeneba erT
sibrtyeze, mag., oqros Tmis gverdiT vercxlmkedis ganlagebiTa da CamagrebiT maTi zedapiris
bzinvareba gansxvavebulia, rac qmnis iseTive efeqts, rogorsac sxvadasxva xerxis Sepirispireba.

es aris saocrad daxvewili, TavSekavebuli gamis efeqti106.

namagri siTvis xerxebze saubrisas aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom saqargav miwarze
winaswar dalagebuli (vertikalurad an horizontalurad) erTi saxeobis Zafis damagreba xdeba me-
ore saxeobis ZafiT. am GCamagrebis procesSi bmuladebis, ukve dakanonebuli, arsebuli wesiT
mwkrivis ganlageba qmnis garkveul saxeebs, naxWebs. am saxis naqargobas unda vuwodoT ara
nakeroba, aramed mosiTva, xolo xerxebs _ siTvis saxeebi. teqnikuri xerxebis Seswavlam gamo-
avlina is Taviseburebani, romelic uSualod masalaze vizualuri da mxolod mikroskopuli dakvirve-
bis Sedegad miviReT. Sedegebi aq warmodgenilia grafikuli naxazis saxiT da gamovyaviT siTvis
Semdegi saxeebi:
1. liandaguri siTvi _ miiReba erTmaneTis paralelurad ganlagebuli bmuladebis mwkriviT. tovebs
daliandagebulis STabeWdilebas, oqromkedi an vercxlmkedi nafenis saSualebiT miwaridan
reliefuradaa amoziduli (paraleluri horizontaluri da vertikaluri xazebi, samosis drapireba,
arqiteqturuli detalebi) (il. 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20).
2. nakrteni siTvi _ nakrteni sulxan sabas leqsikonSi ganmartebulia rogorc qaTmis frTis bumbuli.
am xerxiT qargvisas bmuladebis ganlageba zustad imeorebs frinvelis frTaze RinRlis ganlagebis
mimarTulebas. nakrteniT qargvisas ori varianti gvxvde-ba: erTi, rodesac ori wveri vercxlmkedi
an oqromkedi orad ikeceba da SuaSi, nakecze erTi bmuladiTa da boloSic TiTo bmuladiT
magrdeba; da, meore varianti, rodesac oTxi wveri vercxlmkedi an oqromkedi GCamagrebulia
mxolod SuaSi mokecvis adgilze (angelozTa frTebi, mcenareTa foTlebi, yvavilis furclebi) ( il.
10, 12, 51).
3. kalaTuri siTvi _ bmuladebi ise nawildeba, rom GCasamagrebeli Zafis 4-5 wveri bmuladebis
vertikalurad da horizontalurad ganlagebiT erTimeoreze gadatarebulis STabeWdilebas tovebs,
zustad ise, rogorc kalaTis dawvnisas (samosis kalTis boloebi, warweris foni, arqiteqturuli nage-
bobis sibrtyeebi) (il. 12, 13, 20, 21, 25).
4. lasturi siTvi _ TiTqmis imeorebs kalaTurs, oRond am SemTxvevaSi oqromkedis oTx-oTxi
wveris Gamagreba xdeba talRiseburad ganlagebuli bmuladebis mwkriviT. Tu kalaTurSi simetria
zustia, aq bmuladebis mwkrivi ganlagebulia Wadrakulad. aq bmuladebi talRiseburad lagdeba da
simetria naklebia (naqargi kompoziciis foni, samosis moZravi kalTis boloebi) (il. 12, 17, 43, 48).
5. texuri siTvi _ bmuladebi horizontalurad an vertikalurad ganlagebul oqromkedze an
vercxlmkedze nawildeba texili xazis meSveobiT 2-2 wveri oqromkedi magrdeba erTi bmuladiT.
texilis kuTxis sidide damokidebulia bmuladebis raodenobaze, TiTo texilze `muSaobs~ 5, 6, 8,
11-mde bmuladi. maTi saxelwodebebic amis mixedviT ganisazRvreba _ xuTbmuladiani,
eqvsbmuladiani da a.S. (naqargobis foni, samosis moZravi kalTebi, Saravandedis konturSida
are) (il. 5, 9, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21).
6. wiwvuri siTvi _ nakeroba bmuladebis erTi meoreze `wakidebiT~ wiwvian totsaa
mimsgavebuli. aq calkuTxa texuri ganlagebulia vertikalze (il. 26, 32, 58).
7. Tevzifxuri siTvi _ calkuTxa texuris mwkrivebi erTimeoreSi lagdeba. mas xevsurul
naqargobaSi Tevziszurga ewodeba. texuri ganlagebulia horizontalurad (naqargobis foni, samosis
detalebi) (il. 25, 26, 31, 49).
8. kilouri siTvi erTmaneTze mWidrod miwyobili yulfis msgavsi nakerobaa. GCamagreba xdeba
ori mxridan da iZleva Ril-kilos efeqts. amanve ganapiroba misi saxelwodebac. am xerxiT qar-
gvisas reliefurobisaTvis umetes SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebulia wvrili, msxvili bawari, dagrexili
qaRaldi (gamosaxulebis konturebi, warwerebi, moZraobis damafiqsirebeli Strixebi, mcenareuli
gamosaxulebis Reroebi) (il. 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15). (gamoyenebulia yvela im sabuxarze, romelTac
axlavs votivuri da kanonikuri warwera).
9. klertuli siTvi _ bmuladebis ganlageba mogvagonebs mcenareul GConCxs _ klerts. mas ir.
sonRulaSvili uwodebs klertuls (am xerxiT iqargeba mxolod mcenaris GConCxi) (il. 15, 38, 54,
55, 56).
 10. rombuli siTvi _ namagri siTvis es saxeoba ZiriTadad emyareba oqromkedze bmuladebis
rombisebulad ganlagebas. amgvarad ganlagebuli rombebis mwkrivi erTmaneTze kuTxis
wverebiT mijriTaa miwyobili. es qmnis namagri siTvis am saxeobas (dekori samosze, zogadad
samosi, arqiteqturul nagebobaTa Sida interieri, iSviaTad, kompoziciis foni) (il. 13, 19, 20).
11. gaTvaluli rombuli siTvi _ namagris es xerxi rombuli siTvis garkveulwilad garTulebuli
saxeobaa namagrebis ganlageba aqac imeorebs rombis formas da mas emateba rombis gulSi erTi
bmuladi, amitom mas ewodeba gaTvaluli. am xerxiT qargvisas ostatebi xSirad iyeneben qsovilis
qselisa da misaqselis ujredebis gaTvlis variants. xSir SemTxvevaSi rombis gulSi bmuladi
gakeTebulia feradi abreSumis ZafiT, rac zogadad naqargs feradovnebas aniWebs. namagri
siTvis es saxeoba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia rusuli naqargobisaTvis, Tan umetes Se-
mTxvevaSi rombulis guli feradovani aqcentiTaa gakeTebuli. qarTul naqargobaSi es xerxi
GCndeba gvian (XVIII-XIX ss. samosis kompoziciis detalebi) (il. 34, 31, 17).
12. bawarze naqargi _ gamosaxulebis konturze magrdeba bawari da is ifareba erTmaneTze
mijriT miwyobili namagrebiT
(il. 23, 24, 32, 45, 46, 47).
meore variantia am xerxisa, rodesac oqromkedis ori urTierTparaleluri bmuladebis mwkrivi
gasdevs ukve Camagrebul bawars da ormag bawarze naqargis STabeWdilebas tovebs (es xerxi
aerTianebs klertuls, kalmursa da naWreliT naqargs). amave xerxSi SeiZleba gaerTiandes sxmuli
margalitis mZiviT konturSemoyolebuli naqargobis nimuSebi. aq bawarze naqargi Secvlilia mar-
galitis wvrili mZivebis GamagrebiT (il. 11, 41, 61, 64).
13. naWreliT naqargi _ gamoiyeneba umetesad fonebis gamyofi `xaznaris~ qargvisas. garkveuli
intervalebis daSoriSorebiT abreSumis ZafiT magrdeba vercxlmkedis an oqromkedis kilouri (mo-
gvagonebs joxis daWrelebis princips). orad mokecili oqromkedi an vercxlmkedi magrdeba xan
erTi da xan meore mxridan. es bmuladebi faravs garkveul monakveTze feradi abreSumis Zafs,
Semdeg akeTebs `did nabijs~ da am SualedSi GCans abreSumis Zafi (yoveli 6 bmuladis
Semdeg moCans abreSumis Zafi, Semdeg isev 6 bmuladi da a.S.) (il. 13, 28, 38, 41).
qarTuli saeklesio qargulobis teqnikuri xerxebis Teoriulma da praqtikulma kvlevam migviyvana
im daskvnamde, rom teqnikas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba nebismieri naqargobis
stilisa da mxatvrul RirebulebaTa gansazRvraSi. mdidar da mravalferovan tradiciul qarTuli
qargvisaTvis maxasiaTebel ZiriTad Taviseburebas, erovnuli wiaRidan amosuls, xelsaqmis dRe-
vandeli ostatebi TiTqmis ucvlelad toveben, axlad SeZenils ki Tavisebur elfers sZenen107. swored
maT mier Seqmnili qargvis nimuSebi garkveuli mxatvruli Rirebulebisaa da gamorCeulia sxva
xalxTa xelsaqmis nimuSTagan.