OCEANIC CRUST AND CONTINENTAL

- Found in bodies of water

UPPER MANTLE - combination of crust

LOWER MANTLE - lm and outer core

MAJOR LAYERS OF THE EARTH

1. Crust - oceanic and continental
2. Mantle - upper:lithosphere, lower:asthenosphere
3. Core - outer and inner core

Lithosphere - is the outermost layer of Earth composed of the upper part of the mantle and the
crust (80 km deep)

Crust - is made up of various types of rocks and sediments floating on top of the malleable
upper mantle (50km deep) outermost layer
a. Continental Crust - is thicker and less dense, which makes it “float” (35-70km)
b. Oceanic Crust - denser and relatively thinner (7-10km)

Asthenosphere - under the lithosphere, primarily composed of rocks that are partly molten due
to high temperature and pressure under the lithosphere. SEMI-FLUID

Mantle - is the layer beneath the crust

THICKNESS REAL THICKNESS

Crust - 32km 32km
Mantle - 2, 885km 2, 853km
Core = outer - 5,155km 2, 270km
Inner - 6, 371km 1, 216km

Crust (continental and oceanic) lithosphere and asthenosphere main layers of tectonic plates
Crustal plates, lithospheral plates and tectonic plates are just the same.
Asthenosphere - hold the tectonic plates and is below the tectonic plates
it is semi-solid so some parts are in liquid form and causes the tectonic plate to
move.

PANGAEA - separated into Laurasia and Gondwanaland

15 Tectonic Plates - most famous

7 major - African, Antarctic, Eurasian, Indo-Australian, North American, Pacific and South
American
8 minor - Scotia plate, Nazca plate, Cocos plate, Carribean plate, Juan de Fuca, Arabian plate,
Phillipine plate

LARGEST - Pacific Plate

SMALLEST - Juan de Fuca Plate

Tectonic Plates - crust that moves

Plate Tectonics - is a theory (modern version)

Continental Drift - old version of (taas) by Alfred Wegener

Plate Boundaries - line where plates interact. It exists in 3 different types
1. Divergent - move apart from each other
2. Convergent - move toward each other
3. Transform - parallel

Stress (Force) Faults

1. Tensional Normal
2. Compressional Reverse
3. Shearing Strike-Slip

Divergent Plate Boundaries

- rift valley
- mid ocean ridges
- new ocean basin

Convergent Plate Boundaries

- oceanic and continental (subduction) bcs of density
- oceanic and oceanic (volcanic arcs)
- oontinental and continental (mountain ranges and high plateau - flat area )

Trench is just the same as oceanic trench

Volcanic Arc

Subduction - process
Subduction zone - point of interaction

Volcanic arcs - series of volcanoes

Island arc - series of islands that are active
TEMPERATURE
Upper mantle - 1000 degree celsius
Lower mantle - 3200 degree celsius
Outer core - 4000 to 5000 degree celsius
Inner core - 5000 to 5500 degree celsius

DISTRIBUTION OF MOUNTAIN RANGES, VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES

1. Mountain Ranges - are group of mountains located close together (convergent, o.o)
Ex. sierra madre, mt. hamiguitan

2. Volcanoes - have craters compared to mountains

> Types of Volcanoes base on their activities:
a. Active Volcanoes - numerous number of eruptions and are still erupting
b. Dormant Volcanoes - inactive and sleeping but can still erupt
c. Extinct Volcanoes - no possibility of erupting or a dead volcano
> hotspot - a region deep within the earth’s mantle from which heat rises (lithosphere)
> mantle plume - the origin point of hotspot. without it, there will be no hotspot
(asthenosphere)
- rising areas of buoyant ASTHENOSPHERE

3. Earthquake - is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden

movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface. WHICH LEADS TO FAULTS.

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE
1. Tectonic Quake
2. Volcanic Quake

WAYS TO MEASURE THE STRENGHT OF AN EARTHQUAKE

1. Intensity - is a measure of the strength of shaking during the earthquake
2. Magnitude - is a number, which is a measure of energy released in an earthquake

> earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains - concentrated along the plate boundaries

THE MECHANISM OF PLATE MOVEMENT ; how & why the plates move

> alfred wegener - first person to propose that the plates are moving
> continental drift flaw - lack of evidence about mechanism of plate movements

3 GENERAL MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENT

1. Mantle Convection
2. Ridge Push
3. Slab Pull
 Convection - transfer of heat through fluid motion
Conduction - transfer of heat via direct contact. (heating the pan sa stove)
Radiation - transfer of heat being emitted that can be reflected/absorbed (heat from the sun)

DESCRIPTION

1. Convection Current - the continuous loop of sinking hot (asthenosphere)

sinking of cold materials and hot materials rises
> arthur holmes - mantle heat, density decreases and rises

2. Slab Pull - product of subduction

3. Ridge Push - caused by convection
> BOTT - differences in gravitational energy

MECHANISM OF PLATE MOVEMENTS ( forces )

1. Convection Current (arthur holmes)

- convection traction or convection cell
- semi-fluid, temperature, density
- place of occurence (mantle - general, asthenosphere - specific)

2. Slab Pull Theory

- Gravitational force
- Denser slab being pulles down by gravity

3. Ridge Push
- Mid ocean ridges
- Similar to seafloor spreading

> SLAB AND RIDGE - as the gravity pulls the slab, it makes the plates move
apart.

- The rocks nearer to the ridges are younger

- If it moves away, it is older and it sinks
 >.> ADDITIONAL INFOS:

Compression Forces
&. Commonly occur at CONVERGENT plate boundaries

Tension Forces
&. Commonly occur at DIVERGENT plate boundaries

Shearing Forces
&. Commonly occur at TRANSFORM plate boundaries

GOODLUCK EVERYONE!! (miss q n xia akkakakakekekekek) - CY