TABLE OF CONTENTS

ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................................... 2

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 2

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................ 2

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ............................................................................. 2

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ....................................................... 2

WATER POLLUTION............................................................................................... 3

EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION ......................................................................... 3

MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO REDUCE WATER POLLUTION ...................... 4

LAND POLLUTION ..................................................................................................... 4

EFFECT OF LAND POLLUTION ............................................................................ 5

MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO REDUCE LAND POLLUTION ......................... 5

AIR POLLUTION ...................................................................................................... 5

EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ................................................................................ 6

MEASURE TOWARD REDUCING AIR POLLUTION.......................................... 6

NOISE POLLUTION .................................................................................................... 7

EFFECT OF NOISE POLLUTION ........................................................................... 7

GENERAL CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ................................... 7

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ....................................................................... 8

CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ............................................. 8

EFFECT OF ENVIRONMEMTAL DEGRADATION ............................................. 9

1
Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala
 ENVIRONMENT
Introduction
Environment refers to all living and non-living components such as plants, animals,
mountains, valleys, oceans and all what surrounding us. Also according to section 3 of
the Environmental Management Act.1 Defines to mean includes the physical factors
of the surrounding of human being including air, land, water, climate, sound, light,
odour, taste, micro-organism, the biological factor of animals and plants, cultural
resources and social economic factors of aesthetics and includes both the natural and
the built environment and the way they interact.

COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
We have different components of environment as follows
 Lithosphere -which is refers to the component of environment which contains soil
and rocks
 Hydrosphere-which is refers to the component of environment which contain all
water resources both surface and ground water
 Atmosphere -.refers to the component of environment which contain all gaseous
envelope which surrounding the earth which includes nitrogen 78.2%,oxygen
20.9%, water vapor 0.1- 0.5%, argon 0.9%,carbon dioxide 0.03% and trace
elements.
 Biosphere -refers also component of environment which consist of living
component of the earth which includes human being, plants and micro-organisms.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Refers to the introduction or addition of harmful substance or contaminants into the
natural environment, causing adverse effect on ecosystems, living organisms, and
human health.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
 Water pollution
 Land pollution
 Air pollution
 Noise pollution

1 Act no.4 of 2004

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Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala
WATER POLLUTION
Water pollution refers to the addition or introduction of harmful substance or
poisons into water resources, and the done by different mechanisms like
 Industries activities- one of the mechanisms that in most cases
contributes on polluting water when the industry direct its water from
machines which contains chemicals into water bodies or when the
industry is of nature of producing acid which after reaching into the
atmosphere makes combination to other gases and later on lead to
formation of acidic rain.
 Agriculture activities also another mechanism or causes of water
pollution when agriculture activities during preparation of the farm
involves in the chemicals like round-up and other fertilizer which lead
to the formation again of acidic rain.
 Poor method of finishing another causes of or mechanism involves on
polluting water is bad method of finishing method like using bomb on
fishing and bad enough is the use of poison on finish which affect water
bodies and hence affect human health, because most of people use that
water as a drinking water so once polluting

EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION

 Case health problem
 Loss of biodiversity
 Leads to the emission of soil smell that cause discomfort to the people round
the water body.
 Decline of tourist activities due to the fact that tourist who depends on water
bodies for swimming will find difficult due to the fact that water bodies has
been polluted example the presence of toxic chemical.
 The death of fish leads to the loss of valuable sources of protein to human being
 Spread of disease like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery and typhoid.
 The color of water changes, due to the presence of impurities.

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Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala
MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO REDUCE WATER POLLUTION
 Encourage proper finishing method rather than using chemical
 The government and the NGO’S should corporate in educating people on how
to use water, conserve it and when possible they should assist financial in trying
to prevent the problem of water pollution.
 Reducing the use of fertilizer and chemicals in agriculture organic agriculture
should be encouraged in which manure is used.
 There should be recycling of waste rather than throwing them into water bodies.
 Population controlling the population number of people will reduce the amount
of water produced.

LAND POLLUTION
Refers to the addition of harmful substance in the land surface and these is done due to
different agriculture activities , industrial activities as well poor damping process.

 Agriculture activities cause land pollution when farmers does not use good
method of agriculture like using poison material to clean a farm like ROUND-
UP, 2.4. D. those poison material once introduced in the land cause to kill micro-
organisms, which biologically believed that once those micro-organisms
reacted with nitrogen gas Contribute to soil fertility. Not only that but also
bushfire, during preparing farm for agriculture activities case land pollution,
because contributes to killing of micro-organisms.
 Industrial activities cause land pollution when the industrial activities introduce
waste material to the land which cause bad appearance of the land surface as
well as once those material introduced contain some poison material also will
cause ross of biodiversity and affect ecosystem
 Poor damping activities also contributes to land pollution once waste material
introduced in the land cause land pollution, because some plastic material does
not undergo decay or does not decompose itself therefore once left on the land,
cause land pollution.
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Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala
EFFECT OF LAND POLLUTION
 Death of animals since some chemicals affect plant and animal cell for instance
organism like bacterial which are mainly used for decomposition of some
material to form Humus.
 Decline in agriculture as result of poor production caused by poor plant growth.
Poor plant growth takes place due to the decline in soil fertility in turn to the
occurrence of famine which leads to poor heath of people.
 Change of soil structure as some of the mineral and nutrient are dissolved by
acidic materials.
 Change in soil color which causes problem in the soil classification and
determination of land uses.
 Migration of people to other areas which have not been affected by soil erosion.
MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO REDUCE LAND POLLUTION
 Reducing or stopping the use of chemicals in agriculture like DDT and used
killers.
 Increase of manure instead of industrial fertilizers.
 Launching afforestation and reforestation programmers which can reduce soil
erosion.
 Control of population so as to reduce the rate of production of wastes that leads
to the pollution of soil. Population control can be done through family planning.
 Educating people on how to undertake their activities properly.
 Formulating strict policies that govern on how to damp the wastes. Fines and
punishment should be impressed those who dump the waste randomly. As
provided the polluter pays principle to deal with those who pollute the
environment.

AIR POLLUTION
Refers to the introduction or addition of harmful material to the air or atmosphere which
affect the the air and cause the increase of sunrise in the earth as result of destruction

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Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala
of ozone layer. Air pollution caused by different human activities like industrial
activities, agriculture activities etc.
How the mentioned above cause air pollution.
 Industrial activities it cause air pollution when the industrial activities result in
the production first soot, and also once that industrial in its due course of its
activities lead to the production of chemical substance which react with other
gaseous that found on the atmosphere to form acidic rain as well as contribute
to disturbance to the ozone layer hence increase of sunrise in the earth surface.
 Agriculture activities cause air pollution when farming activities leads to
burning of trees during agriculture process and produce soot which affect the
odour of the environment as well as cause acidic rain when agriculture activities
involves on the use of chemical fertilizer and other chemical that used on farm
preparation.

EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION

 Cause the effect of respiratory system to human body
 Cause acidic rainfall to the earth environment
 Contributes to distraction of ozone layer
 Deduction of air dirty
 It can causes bad and irritating smell keeping
 It can causes dangerous disease like skin cancer

MEASURE TOWARD REDUCING AIR POLLUTION

 Planting trees which absorb gases like carbon dioxide and prevent fast
movement of air that lead to introduction of dust into the atmosphere and
destruction of ozone layer.
 Reducing number of small cars or industries.
 Government policies should be active and strict laws should be passed to ensure
proper management of resources.
 Improving the combination system in the engines so that fuel can burn easily.

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Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala
  Finding out alternative source of energy instead of depending on the charcoal,
firewood and fuel wood.

NOISE POLLUTION
Refers to the introduction of disturbance into the environment which caused by
different human activities like industry process and through transport facilities like cars
that are moving from one area to another, which affect the concentration of other
activities that are conducted in the area.
EFFECT OF NOISE POLLUTION
 Affect the ear system of human being
 Affect the effective communication and concentration of other activities which
performed in the environment.
 Mental and physical illness.
 High blood pressure problem
 Death on organism

GENERAL CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

 Overpopulation, one among of the causes of environmental pollution is

overpopulation of people in a small area of land which cause land pollution,
water pollution, air pollution and etc. and also under these cause is not only for
human population but can be also for animal that possessed by the people which
contributes to soil erosion.
 Deforestation- also another cause of environmental pollution is deforestation
which involves cutting down trees without re-plant or replace, which results to

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Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala
 desert and affect the rainfall system as well as contributes to the loss of
biodiversity.
 Industrial activities, another well-known cause of environmental pollution is
industrial activities, through its process leads to environmental pollution like
introduction of its waste product to the environment, and also pollution the air
through soot and dangerous material that a produced from the industrial
machines.
 Mining activities, also mining activities contributes to land pollution

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Introduction
Refers to the deterioration of the environment through depletion of natural resources
such as air, water, soil and leads to destruction of ecosystem and loss of biodiversity.
Or environmental degradation is a process through which the natural environment is
compromised in same way, reduce biological diversity and the general health of the
environment. These process can be entirely natural in origin, or it can be accelerated or
caused by human activities. It occurs when the earth’s natural resources are depleted,
and the environment is compromised in the form of extinction of species, pollution in
the air, water and soil, and rapid growth in population.

CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

 Deforestation
 Overpopulation
 Land pollution
 Poor agriculture practices

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Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMEMTAL DEGRADATION

 Loss of biodiversity on animal found in forest

 Cause of natural calamities
 It reduce the natural qualities of the soil
 It result to disease
 Doubt due to climatic change
 Loss of aquatic animal on those animal found in water

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND PARTIENT- TELEMALA.

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Seminar presentation on Development studies specifically on Topic of Environment
diploma Two First Semester 2023-2024. Prepared by Group No. 20, with the aid of
Emanuel Yohana Telemala