Module 1

NCM 107
MODULE 1
MOTHER AND CHILD HEALTH
Prepared by:
RONARICA B. DIONES, RN, RM, MAN

Learning Objectives:
At the end of Week 2, the students will be able to:
identify theories related to procreation;
describe the human reproduction process;
classify risk factors and common tests to identify
genetic abnormalities; and
utilize nursing process in the prevention of genetic
alteration and in all patients care aspects
PROCREATIVE HEALTH
DEFINITION AND THEORIES RELATED
TO PROCREATION
Parenthood inhabits the intersection of two distinct
relationships: that between parent and child, and that
between the parent (or family) and the larger society
or other collective.
Each of these involves two morally significant kinds
of claims, one covering the parent's duties, the other
the parent's rights.
We call these relationships, respectively,
the custodial relationship and the trustee relationship.
https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/spr2007/entries/parenthood/#Fou
TO PROCREATION
The custodial relation between parent and child
involves a set of rights and duties aimed at, and
justified by, the welfare of the child.
A full account of the custodial relationship requires a
theory of the good, although many writers follow
Feinberg (1980) in working at a “meta-level”:
parents owe their children an “open future,”
understood as one where they become adults capable
of choosing their own conception of the good.
TO PROCREATION
As custodian, the parent is under a limited obligation
to work and organize his or her life around the
welfare and development of the child, for the child's
sake.
Concomitantly, the parent is endowed with a special
kind of authority over the child.
TO PROCREATION
Societies, families, and cultural groups also have
significant and sometimes compelling interests in the
welfare of children, and when the relationship between
parent and any of these other subjects is considered, the
parental relationship is a kind of trustee relationship.
Trusteeship differs from custodianship: in the former, it
is to the trustor that one owes the object's welfare; in
custodianship, it is to the object of the custodial right
that one is obligated in seeking that object's welfare.
GROUNDS OF PARENTHOOD
1. Genetic theories ground parenthood in the relation
of direct genetic derivation.
2. Gestational Accounts in reproductive contexts in
which a child's gestational mother differs from its
genetic mother — as happens in egg (or embryo)
donation and gestational surrogacy — it is the
gestational mother who has the primary claim to
parental rights and responsibilities.
3. Intentional Accounts intentionalists motivate their
position by appeal to cases of the following kind.
 Intentionalists argue that because they “carefully and
intentionally orchestrated the procreational act, bringing
together all the necessary components with the intention
of creating a unique individual whom they intend to raise
as their own”
4. Causal Accounts holds that causing a child to exist
is sufficient for generating parental rights and
responsibilities over that child.
TO PROCREATION
 According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2009), family is
defined as “a group of people related by blood,
marriage or adoption living together”
 Allender and Spradley (2008) define the family as
“two or more people who live in the same
household, that shares a common emotional bond,
and perform certain interrelated social task.”
 Basic Family Types:
– Family or orientation – the family one is born into; or
oneself, mother, father, siblings, etc.
– Family of procreation – a family one establishes; or
oneself, spouce or signifiacant othes and children.
Different Types of Families
Dyad Family Communal Family
Cohabitation Family The Gay or Lesbian
Nuclear Family Family
Polygamous Family The Adoptive Family
Extended Family
Single-parent Family
Blended Family
Family Tasks
Physical Maintenance
Socialization of family members
Allocation of resources
Maintenance of order
Reproduction, recruitment and release of
family members
Placement of members into the large society
Maintenance of motivation and morale
Family Life Cycles
Stage 1: Marriage
Stage 2: The Early Childbearing Family
Stage 3: The Family with a Preschool Child
Stage 4: The Family with a School-Age Child
Stage 5: The Family with an Adolescent
Stage 6: The Launching Stage Family: The
Family with a Young Adult
Stage 7: The Family of Middle Years
Stage 8: The Family in Retirement or Older Age
RISK FACTORS THAT WILL LEAD
TO GENETIC DISORDERS
RISK FACTORS THAT WILL LEAD TO
GENETIC DISORDERS
 Inherited or genetic disorders are disorders that can
be passed from one generation to the next. They
result from disorder in gene or chromosome structure
and occur in 5% to 6% of newborns.
 Genetics is the study of the way such disorder
occurs.
 Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes by light
microscopy and the method by which
chromosomal aberrations are identified.
 Genetic disorders may occur at the moment an
ovum and sperm fuse or even earlier, in the meiotic
division phase of the gametes (ovum and sperm).
GENETIC DISORDERS
Some genetic abnormalities are so severe that
normal fetal growth cannot continue past that
point.
Up to 50% of first-trimester spontaneous
miscarriages may be a result of chromosomal
abnormalities.
Other genetic disorders do not affect life in the
utero, so the result of the disorder becomes
apparent only at the time of fetal testing or
after birth.
GENETIC DISORDERS
Genes are the basic units of heredity that
determine both the physical and cognitive
characteristics of people.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), are woven into
strands in the nucleus of all body cells to form
chromosomes.
A human has 46 chromosome (22 pairs of
chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes
Spermatozoa and ova each carry only half of
the chromosome number, or 23 chromosomes.
GENETIC DISORDERS
A person’s genome is the complete set of
genes present (about 50,000 to 100,000). A
normal genome is abbreviated as 46XX or
46 XY (designation of the total numbers of
chromosomes plus a graphic description of
the sex chromosomes present)
If a chromosomal aberration exists, it is listed
after the sex chromosomes present.
TYPES OF GENETIC TESTS
Prepared by:
RONARICA B. DIONES, RN, RM, MAN
Newborn screening
Diagnostic testing
Diagnostic testing (cont..)
Diagnostic testing (cont…)
Carrier testing
Carrier testing (cont..)
Carrier testing (cont…)
Prenatal testing
Prenatal testing (cont..)
Pre-implantation testing
Pre-implantation testing (cont..)
Pre-implantation testing (cont..)
Pre-implantation testing (cont...)
Predictive and presymptomatic
testing
testing (cont..)
testing (cont…)
testing (cont.…)
testing (cont…..)
Forensic testing
Forensic testing (cont..)
Forensic testing (cont..)

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NCM 107

RONARICA B. DIONES, RN, RM, MAN

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