1ExPlaun atout ORYaing sus/ern Scovics?

Ans oRXating sytem eviceS

OXain4 syem Provides sexvices o both lhe uss and jo
the Progsams
"It Poovdes progums an eovionment o CxecvlC
"It ovides usess the seonces to cxeUe the Progrars in a
Canvenien mannes
Ronousing abe a fe comon sevvies PoOVIded by an oexairg

" Progam execUli0n

" I)o oPexations
" Fe Syslom manifUayn

" EUs De tectio)

" Resov sc Aloca;ion

Prograrn execUtion activities prorm uey Proysoms to

kinds of
ofCoatiny systerns horde many erve IS, Ple serer, etC. EQch
ike pint Sooles, ne
Sygm rogars en asulated dg a Psaes
of this activitis
comIee cxecUtion conext (tode to erecUEC, dada
AProCess incváes te
rangern.
xeg fect to piogYaM

" Loads a Psoyray ino MeMoby.

" EXecutes he rogm

" Handle S ProgM execUtin. Pootess synchroniztion.
mechanig Pox
" fsovides a fox Aocess
CorNiation
. provides a mechanism
loCK hohdng
mechonism foy ded
. Provides a
 I/o ofexation
of Tlo deyiceS
(ompiSes ond theis (oTe tNsng
An To subs9Se m
tte. Divs hide the Peiai) 1G of sfecific haxd coae
d \ sof
dences Pxorm Fhe sers
UeY und
An ofescting sySterm marages he Cormmvn(ation betwcen
device dives wh cny ile ox any
Yead ox we ofeutian
"I/o oresation means
Sreitic Io device che)
the access o the YeYed Ilo device
PovIdes
" Dfesoting system
revned.
File ssSIen maniaton
noa4y ooyanized into dixectories fs easy Dai'gafio
A ile stem is
dixecto IeS may cntain pies ond ofhe dixectins.
and usqge. these an oPeiy sys with vesect
Following axe the masor acivibies of
to jife managen ent
" Program neds to sead
sead a i)e ox cote a ie.
pexmissian to he
" The ofxaing SyStem gives the femissin
uy an for cft xat
-ion) on fie
so on
Pesmission vazies fom vead -onIY, xead - cwe, denied ond
ofe sating suserm Prvdes an inteface to the (Set elelg
user to coecat
eiles
ofe Xating sysiem Powdes on injeface to the ser to ofate |del ee
diaectorieS.
to Coeode the backe ot Fik
"oferoting syston Psovides an inicface
Sy Stem

CommDicafion
blerg
The os hand les YUting ond conne tion St Jotegies, opd the
ase te aJos activi ieS of )
of Conten tin and secvrty. FolloLJing
ofesaing sysemn with eSPat to (ormni tion)
rocesses euie daa to be LanSP erred be ween ban
dirpeent
- Boh the Poocesses Can be on one comfeo o bn
CormpUters, bwt ore Connected thsbugh
a
 Enos handling
EXros Can occux anyime ond ony we An en nag ocio (P
in T)0 dovices o in the memy ad care
" The os consan} ly CheCKS fo fossible C s
. The os lokes an affroiae aclion to ensue co Ttond (nsstn
Corving9.
ResouYce Managermeht
m-tasking envirment, TeswTes suh as
Tn ase of m|li -vs ov
(U c9es ond stoage ae o ke allocoa to each
an memay,
USey o job
teSoUNces using schedues
" The os manages all kinds of
scheduling a)goithoms ase Used Por betlex vU)Ztion of (AU
" CfU

Protecion
(onsideing a cormVeo S9Ster haing mul fe USex S and (on (uy Yen!
elevtin o mltifle rocesses, the vabas froresses must be psocld
fdom each othct's activbies.
" The oS ensuses hat all access to sySterm Ye soUxceS s con Erolied.
. The oS ensures that extinal To devi Ces ae rotectel (rom
inveià oa(cess at femftS
- The os provides authen tiallon eeaS foY ead UeY by meahs

2 Degire differet Coteyoics cath sutabie

> SYEM as Poovde an inefe beteen the oess and te

ofesating sSIem
’AYSE Col iS to write a prompting message on be sueer setond,
to reud from the key boasd be chatactess cohich define the tuo
files
Managemnt
e maDagement sysem (alls handk file manifuation jobs
vonling and coth9, etc.

Achte cIVYe of e SysIem (al)

USER MODE 1)
USeo poocess
Gers sysLer
ExeUing (all
S9Stom (all

EXewte

KERNEL MOE
Stef 1) The Piocesse S x
eCUed in the yey moe till the
Col meoTVPtS it time a s9stoy
Ster 2) APiCO that, the System all is ez eCUled in
the kevnel-mee on
a Poioity basis
Stef 3) once syctem al) exev tion iS oes, ton YOr retusns to the vey
ode.
SteP ) The eeUUBon of User PioCesses esued in kexnel made.
TYPes
The foll ocJing dif feent tyPes of SyStem Cals pronded by an
o eroting sster
Pxocess Cont o1
Ths yS lerm CAl S Pexfom the tas of ocess Cteatia) Prdes
toomin ation, etC.
FnctioS:
* End and Abo
* Loud ond ExelUe
* CYlate rocess ond teminate Process
* wut and signe d EVen
* All ocod e and eree mesoy
 Fle Mnagement
The ie management sen (al)s handr fie anifuotion jobs
lke cxeuting a fie edin9, ond hg, etC.
Fun Cions:
CXeate a Pik

* oftn and close fie

Get and set ie atbuts

Device Management
DeviCe managerenl does the job of devie mania ihe
Teading frrm device hvefexs ing ino device wfes C{C
Functions
* ReyveSL and elease dence
Logical)y altah Jsel ach devices
Get and set dcvice attibues
Tn fornation Malntnonte
and iS (ansfoX betxen the os and te
IE handles nPosrnallon
USeY ogxam.
Fnins
daye
* Get oÝ set t e and
atibutes
* Get PrOcess and deice
" sel prUceSs fije,os devCe attibulS
Cormrun ication
Dsed Fo in ta foocess
These tyrs YSeN CalS ate Secio/ly
Coni ations.
FunctionS:
* CUeate, deiete (omi(at ions (onNctions
end, teceive esage
stots iofamain
* bee oS to tabsfer
* Attach or detuch ermoe devces
Svce the

Jnye aye fuce.

urY in les fUnciun
the th
st den 1S
cachye vse
desigine
hyen e jay n only
leve s -MLX

3 EXlaln about oS StUe

) SiMpie Stavclue

Aicabi on) Pogam

Resident s9stern
Poogtam

MS -D05 device
doi ves

RoM GIoS device des

* oftxating syston donot have al defin SvCtUe and are

MS-Dos
*MS-DoS is on Cxam Ple of Such oexating Systerm in
afPhcahion PrUgur are ae) to access the jo deCC ses
Lhis tyee ofeyating systers fas the enie Ssiers to Cash
it one ol he Usex frogruns

2) Laye stUCtUre
Tay en N
Usen

(Layer
H/
 In this spvce the oft ing ssterm a boken int noul t

Boltom aye (aye)

1S

* This kyen cIe so des (gine cach

leve s |ay n only
The maun dbadvcn ag t of the stovttus S
be mo dy fre ad Ausse on whh
(aye , the data to
o the
EX
Uhaves

|3) Modvley stvctYe

scheduiny
C(aSses

Bus Dsivn
CoXe

isdkartous Solaris
modules
Cuadabie

STREAMS
des
best apfyouch for cn as
Tt iS Cons de as the
modules kunel.
involveg d esinging
foUY (om onend on other
has on1y set of
t The kern el
SexviseS.
fuct thut each ke ne has
Stwcse due fo the
* layetS but fesuble
Un Prudected in jesfaces
defi ne
then he layen
LX (ore
(o Ye Soas os
MExPlajn about USex
in le faces ?

* These ade dif fexent tyres of os sUch ay Linx tern) onde

* There aso diffenenf veYsicns os
such
sUch oos 1,l0
t os con k urd with
'fexent eY intexfa (e, TCst Uses
intoface, Gut
The roe of oS
¥ The id ntification f devices cen nected to comfuIS
* The instalagion rogtarm's ( handding of files.
Diffexent oS
I aindowS The norme cindos os Comes Prorm the fact
wndow

Ehat its Program Cade S iS freely aWoluble softase dever

Linux is on inpivence by he commericiay unix os
3- MAC os TE is ayaj lable for
for max vnning vnder os
Android os Andiod
is on os it designcd for phong
S otheY mobile devices.
Usey iOterace:
)Te XUa user interPace
Eg key board

E X Mouse
5 ExPlain abovt SHSLern boot
System booin g
AS The 6Tos ofC\oing sHstemS H7 (ornfunen s of a
(ormNey st shovd al be Coorhing coblechy foy it

If ony of hese ern ents al, it leads to a fuld

Leo seeLoCe
The procelve of Srs ing Cormfutex ky 1oading the
kon| knan as booing
* Hene a special rogram Stoye d in Rom do
Ihis job knn Boot S\af Jocuder
EX BIoS
Adeyn P sufbts boot ing fYom vax (ous devuies
Boo osde is allowed by 6ros

2: Havd disk dri ve

3 NelorK

* Booting StaytuP seqvene that staxts the os

comy when it is tuYned on.
power comNte)

Pesfos PoJt

(OSK) (RAM
Londing
Oya Booting
cwhen two ate ins talhed orn the cornfUjer system
then it is (oll d Duc booting
Can be installe& on sueh a s9stem.

* But huw Sy Stcm knows which is to boot.

when a Sy sterm tvn boot manager Proy m

displays a men u, alloin9 Uset to Choose the os to

Vse.