JPexatingStm-

AnOpevati9 tem acS o an inter mcdiea

bhOeen the e s ofof acompur qnd
Computs ordare.
An Operah Atm JA Softar h hat
at
manage he Computr hardaare .

Yger

APPlieaHon

Opeveing Axem

Hard tOcre

u n ctions 0gnOpeqtin S m
The Opexatin6 m perrnhe o]louing
unchons.
YocesS manggement In a muli-pregmmming
environemen} he oS decides the order

in ohich
ocesseS hae ce ess + he
Processor,and ho much rocc$Sim ime
Cach Process has
The unction of
opevgting m
Callcd rocess Schedulins

Her mi ngtd
Nud gdmitted

inteP
edd runnnA

Sehcduley dispateh

cuent comple io Tloeuen t

ai Un

19goqm roce$ S4ate

emo lan agement

The operahog Szsm oads he p 03am

Hobe exccuted in+o he main memeys

The SuAem mcmoyy i a limitec ooyrce

thot Ja managed ho OS. Tho

nceds eAource S Jn
Oram Xecution

erms memo and he cPv's

Processng time
 CPU Cache irtl
RAm Disk
memo memo memoY

HARD DiSK

Doice lanagemet
The
The OpevqkingSysem also Cqnein3 drive

+ manage deuices A diver J ayp

hanglqtion oftLam ht allos
Communicatt 9ith
Opevh Sstum +o

diffen driver
devices and+hen a
devices o cach dcuice
or diffeent
peas aa diffewnt langua ga

File Manasement- The ilc mana Gement

imparten
One o- he basic and
One
m.
ofthe Opevatina
eaHure
collecion o rclatcd
A le
AJile Can be Aext imajt
Jnfomation.
qnd Cantain data Jn
qudio ,9ideo may

other
a
Comute
Sgshem

c) Root D'recto

Recods Sub Dis ce

Medical Recods
---- Finan cial Record

asile managment

Securi Tlanagemen

9ne o h most m porant spon Sibility

o Proide
of he Opevqing Bum
protcted time enuronmni
cur and
ohich q
fhe ariou Pocess

he CompuY
CxGcu d
bei

Sgom
pes Operating SStem

atch Opexating m,

This o Opexah yhem does noy

intesact O4h he computr drect dnect

Thae A qn Opcqor Ohich Aaes Similer
and
Jobs haina }he Same utment

hem na bathes + is Ahe

h e
oup
operator o SeY
Ser
Tesponsi bili ot the

Simlar needg.
Jobs oith

Batth
Job-
Jol2 Ban
Opevathng CPU

Joln- Baeh

*Advantages o atch OpadinqSastm

Multido uer Cam Shac h batch Syshm.
Tho idle timc for the batem Sstemas
ey lers
* l+ às eas+o managt lcrage uoork r*peatedlin
butch Stem
X Dadvanages o Boh Operqin9 ten ,
Batch Systm arhard+o de b
} Somelimts co

The othes dobs Loillane to ait Y

unKnoon ime a ob fails.

imeSharin Oferatipa Syahem

A ime Sne opeaina Ahm allods
mltiple u o Shonrc Compev
Simulancos Eath qcHion or Order CA

Jime he Shored Sem Smaller,

itHe CP me rquirodfer
So
each
on
Only

*Ahme Shve pevaing m

CP sehedulina qnd multi Proaammig
to Poyide
Pyide eqoh oith Small
a
pornon
o Shamed
computus a Once

YSGY-4
CPU Actiue s are

YSerL
YSCr S
Read tae
us-6
 Actiue State, The Sors Pgam i
undor he Contyo) of CP 0nla Onc

ayailable n his stadt

*Road Sa, The Y 9am is

Cxecy buF isipins

for s +uTn o 8 he CP
Hode' mt hen One N s can be roa
Hme

Oaiting Sta - The ers Progam

Some nput outpu

opergtion
Noe- mo h e n one T Cn be n

a hme

Advanage
Gach dash 3e an equal opporhuni
ess chances dulieahon oSofourt
*CPU idleime CQn be rodced.

sadvanthage
Reliabil1 oblem
9t Communicaion o blem
One mshaue 4 ake o Seeuriy
and inkgri o wr poJams
qn dara.
(Kea time Joevoting Syaem
Real +ime OpetimgRyaem CATOS) at
yste jn enviYonmonts ohe a
nymber of cuont most Eatesnal+o

the ComputtY Syhum mu be aceeped Gn

Phocesscd in a Sortime or oithin

CeY tain de ad ineS Sach Application ineude

Rocket laurehina,lgh Control

obotics) telephone soitehing equim

Cquipmen>.

PMan Machint Inatmmontethorn

Tterace
Intaae
Real-4ime
9Pcrto onttole
Computer
Syem obect

Real imc opeai

Sshm

Honr eal-imc Sot Real- 4ime Fm Rcal ime

pevqdip Sem| Opesvtimg dm operqg Sysbn
 Hasd Real-4ime OpeatingSysm,

Th Hd RTOOS qll Cithcal asK muct be

Completed Oithm he SpeciJhed im duraion. ie.

Orthin he auen dcad linc
an deadline ig migsed hun
Sgitm i l l J a i l +o LoesK On docs no

pe
* Sof+ Rea)- ime peraing dem,
cestein deadlines are missed hen u m

Continues Loorkipa ith ho failre but

i4s peror mance degades

dvanags.
Tash Shitting
Focus On Applicatan
lem AllocaHion

Gror ree
RTOS n Embedded Aem.
Disaduantag'
Limited Tasks
se
Hcav m Resouv ces
*ComPlex Aaithm
mmimum
Suoitchi
 ultipo cessm Opevating
A Muldipoce ssin n
Opaatinsa i One
Ohich oo 0 hoxc
vnils
Cendal oce.ssing
Cpu) conto) he uncion othe
Compue. Each CPu Coneinsa Co
of h OS, qnd these Copics Communitadt
oith On another 4o
coBrdina opera hont.
orh

CPU-L
lain mem

Tlo
Po cesSOY

oce sser

Units
Unids
TPcs o Maltipvo cescins
Sms 4 is

*Sammetriea
symmehmcal
 lultipogqmming Opcoatina S hem
lul+ipammma abi
OS
abili off an

Om
open Sysm that execues mor
then One
proargm ucmaa Single hroCcssor
Machimo
morthon 4ash o r
One
am
o
dob a Pren in Sdethe main
mem One point o time.

PMan memo
Operetina
Sys em
wiHna9 gam A
outpu data
&econdar
m -9
Stoa Prgramc
Execution in Loaitipg f
CPU

CPU

Aduantage,- *Memo UtHllgaion iiond

cpu Utligaion bee au he
CP nes
8ous o idle Sta
ulidackina OperghingJsktm,-
-

Mlti dasking OpeqHn H m art bud

on the deq o time har
mulH tasKing do not

actua pojorm multHiplo 4askat he

Same eac Amo. A Parsti culcy CPv

can ona do One

hi at qn gen

moment

Loerd LOeb Brouoser (Emal

SgDo
Opervqtina Syshm

CPU
Opevatins Syshem Struedu
An hat

allos the uSeY applicahion rgems

t0 interact oith the S m hardbare .

SimpleSme Sueh oS do not have

oel
LOoll defined gtmetue and are Small mple
and imited &em . The Inter face qnd
LOell
loucls of unchonali ans not

&pSeparqd
Sueh OS.
** PS -

DoS JA qn Cam ple of

ac able
applicaton programs
* nPMS- DOS
ToouHincs.
qcceSS the basie

Applieation fhraram

ystem Pregram

MS- DOS Device pners

ROM B10S desee dhiues

mS-DS -STRICTORE
 ayered Sucture
The layortd Stmeturc approah bsreaks up

the Opevakina S m into defferen ye»s

the
and eins much mort conrol) on

The bottom lqyer a he herdLoan

The 4opmost aer A he
he uAer Inttsqee.

USC t r fa
l O Duffer
o c eS S

mana gemen
memo manegs Mont
CPUSche
Se
ulina
Harduoare

Adyantega- 1 is eco pevrform d6 buggipg

and m vori ficaion
* Disadtarage'
Hscquis Caseful paniner desiging
ho
lqyerS igher le for
unethona lities o only the oor 1ers.

Micr0- Rernels'. -

The Smetre deigns he as

Temouins llnon- eSSenhal Componenys
he Kenel qnd mplementi Ate m
o em qn uLT roaram . This

YeSult in a Smallor Henel Called the

micro Kesnel

makes th 0Ds p postable to Uasiouc

Plat jamt,
As miers Kerncls are Small So Ahes can

be es ted efechel
UPevatia s m Services

ome ot the Seruiees pvoide

Ofaisem!
 ommunicaion

Paotrechon To Operati

Re Source Opervating sam

AllocaHion Sastum EXecution
Sevice

Ero
Hand ina
Potecthon
File Systum
manpuaion

I/0 O pesations

*Each progam rcques an input qnd

qned
aftes Process1 the input Sybmitte
b usr it Poducc S out put

This involues the u of Tlo deues.

hgram Execution.

*The OS proowides an enuironmeot LOhere

he ser can Conve nient n tho

Toun a pao9am ,the pogm qu red

t be leadod n ho RAmrst and to

assjan CP ime or s cxecuhon.

File Sasem manpulation-
*Ohie LOorKing oh the Computr encq
a uSer quived to manipulq Yorriouc

ps o file ikes openi a file, Saip

ile qnd deleHpg file pm th
Sternge disk.

7 Communication.
faciliof
* The Opevc e m offers the
ommunication

orth
information exchange
The Prcess rcquirS
another pocess
the Samc Computer
* For execyHng a Procesf o
it Commanicates

or difenn Compu teryam ,

the 6.S.
oith +hehelp of

*ETror Handling
Os iS o+o de tech
de kect tho
The mainncHon o
eTrer like bad ector. on had disk

After decH9the rorofeg)Ashem opri

PPropia
achon Con&is tent
HaKes an

Compui2
KeSource allocation.

Tn the multitaskins en vironment+ ,ohen multiple

in qtime tis the

Jobs qe qq

OS+o allo cate-the

EApon sibiliof an

Teq uied Soaces(liKc, CPU mgin memo --

each Process r i bether uHligaion.

rotecHon& Security
P toction nvolyes enRuring hat qll gc esS

+ tm rosoyrces Contyolee

Ker ne The Kernal he core componen

in the peratipa ystem The Job
dob of

the Kerhal * handle h e Commynicathon

6ctcen the hedDare aqnd the Sof+L9qe .

The Remel handles the ollouómg.
ReSource management
Pevice manage ment
mem managemen
* CPuCAP
I l o deviee
S 8 m calls
Mcmory
 Featuresof Kemel.

CommymicqHon
Tntr -
ProceSS
Context Soitehins
h o o - Leuel Schedulipoj process

oroce sS Sncheronigaion

Kenel .

Plicro kenel
Monoli thic Kenel

Nano Kenel

*Exo Kene

Hybrid Konc

Sstem calls
Aa9ayor POgm
Call a
A Sstem
iteract
Coith the operating 8em.
+o call
makes a tm
A
Compur POgem
the OS
ohen i4+ makes a roqueS

Kerncl cnt Poin

arehe on
*Sytem ca
into the Kev nel mn
betoten a
rouidos qn ànmcs a ee
ug oY \euel
OS qllo
Porocess and
o
eULsHsrices o0 4h
hee oS.
PooceSes
 S ervices ovided b tm Calls

ocess Maagment
*Plan momory anap ment
File SSkm Planage ment

Deue handlins C/o)

Pro tecHon
Netorkina,ek
Pes m all'.

oceroce SS conro)

F i l e manamen
*Peuice managume
*Infomq4ion mintenance

Communicatiorn

calls usedor ocers Planage mend

Systm
Crcate a neo oceSS
To
* ovkC) in a pceSS
To execut a neo pogam
exec C)
cqted Poce SS
Oaitt To oalt Until a

Compees HS erecution

Prscess execution.
exit O T
To ext Foom a
 Dual mode 0pesating e m

In dual mode ofcating Sm tooSepqa

modes are tdforovking of o s .

Use mode-

Lohen tho CoM puter m un by

Qtcxt
yseY applicaHon iKe ceain
the t e m i s in uAr
documnt,hcn
modo. Ohen uAes applhcaHon requetS tor
esvice fo m the OS, o Syam cal

then there sill be a trangihon from

user +o Kene modt to ullH thecquesht.

USer modc
lmode bit:1)

User Psocess CallkSyAem Return +

ufoY modo
Executi call
Scr mode bito S4made bit - i
bhore Ssitehing
+o Kornel mode + u s e rmedt.

EXeett SHem
Kernel mode
cal
mode bito) Ca

Kenel mode - when the um boots , hadare

Shas Jn kermel modo and ohen hs

h oS

A oaded i t 8terts qAer apPlicahon in uder

modc To poovide protcion to th hardLoat
ohayc priuileged indtruchens hich caecur only

in ReMal modo.