lemcr lanage ment

Xleme Mangement the unctionali of an

os
Lhich handles o manage
prima meme
and moue 8
ro ceSSeS back qnd cavh be hoccn
man mem
diak Jur ecu HOn.
Memy Planagement
euc
Keps track of Cqch qnd
memo
location, Tgardless ocither '
allocated + Sme
checks how rocess o it s Arce.
much
qllocated memo
mcmo A Ao be
ceSS 6S.
decides hich oces s Loill ac+ memo
at Lnat Hme

Uso rograms
Uge Inteace
Syatm Calles

File Mem Poce

Management mana aemenH |manaument|

Harclae
h g emor lanaaemem cqred-
o c ae and dc qllcaBe
memo and
aftcr Oces execution.
*To
To Ke
Kecp rach o d memoA Apate
ocos.
*To ini mige men dalion issues.
To
Pog udili3ation of min memor
To manadin date àndgri ile
o exeeup
hocess

*Logical Adde ss Spacoe

An q ddatss gen d by +he CPU i knuon
as Addrcss
glcal 14 J ao
Knoon as Nual qddresS.
*Losical AddvtsS 3pace can b ddincd
he 3e o he Pro ces.
A Logical cddrcs Can be
chanaea.
hahcal Address Space
A phyical Addes i aljo Knovon o
Rcal addres S
An addrese en memo
nemo ur
3.3 Com moni nosn a ahical Aa"
A Pyhcal Address
computed bMny.
SAatic and Dyngmic Loading
olaacd a pxocess he minmemor
one loader Thusc
o loadi
Satie oading
Loadia he ntive Pogram in-Ho a fncd

address requre S mrtmemo Apace.

Dynamicoadin
A dhe ogam o oaded in 4h

main Memo execuHon Somtimes

Complce oaam aded in to he memo,
bAomc Hmes a drain fart ouine
othe proaam JA loaded jnto the mam-

meme onl Lshen iA ealle he

o m , th machanAm Ja called
nemic
Loading onhanccthe
cermance
tatieand Dynamie tinking
To pexovm a linking a inker JA Ace.
A linkor
thet Aake one
mort obcc
Siles genevahd
Compilcv and Combincs
Jhem ino
inge cAccytable
 She Linkin
T n S4atie Liakia ,the linkes Combincs all
Ce sS
ne a poaam modules n o
Sirg excuhble proaam.So he is
yntime
dependeng
Some opcvating Stäkm APpor only tahe
inKin
Dunamic Linkia
*Thbare Concep dgnamie linking JA
Similar o dy namic loading
x Aso , at Hmes onc am dependon
on ome othes oaam
n >uch a Casc therr ham ading
qI1 the dependent oram , cpu ink
Jhe dependent prOamng jo h Ma
eecyi P m ohen iH stquncd

Suapp3
Swappi Js a machani Jm in shith

Process Can be Sua prd dempoavily out

oo min mum cond
Om make Hat
8trgeColiak)
other auailable 4 memo
PceisecS A Aome t r
the Aam tim ,
Soa bacK he voes
Secondo oesrom Avom
Sb main memo
Main memo
Seeondoy Plmy

occss (2
roces s P3
30e fov o Laut
s
f-ocesef4|
ocess P Sapout

Suoa in ocets 3 Procossn

PL come bqck ftur Tlo

ProceSS-13- Sop out

Sapin ce-P1

q Madhine Qnd Resident Moniter

Th Bave Machine qnd'RcSdent Monitoy

not
d'ectl elated o
em but shile
Muely about
Meanaqement Mmo

mpoant Componont call

 Oare Plachine

This he Simdes ey m o memo

Manaament
Bant machimc J losica horar Oich i
UmdA c c u t
Ahe YO m jn Ah
eceSSoY Lot vout usina Ahe
opa h A n.

Cxecuthon of gn
ntcAon À done
divecl on
rd Lourt Oithout ng
qn intefevins
ard Laae
machine Qcceptin9 the
instuchen in
machinc languag, dåe
ho pcrSon Ono n Aufticient Knesleds
about Compter lcld a able
Com puter. Ope

Residen Moniter -

The RcSiden Moni4er

cadc
On bare MachincS
Ahat
*4alao LOer an
operatim acm 4s
Comro th
inRtucthon& and
ne c e j a er Aorm
*
unctiomA al
a1
aMo
Oesk ihe ob cuen
SuenCeY
ceY becaua
aAScqucnces
eSS
he ob and
ond nds nds Ahem
ohe
o he
AAc Schedallimg the Job
ob Residont monitos lodua
onc by one i n 4o
man
ccevdina 4o her Asquence
hunOhtn he P m xccuion Occu cd thcrt

he Pom exocuhon and

he o cesSing is8oing o bb aS Her.
+ dásided into 4 Pavts as-

Contro} onauaac ntes pa-tter

oader
>Deuice Dviuer
>Jnttrrup rocess'img

Intumup
Psocosgin
Deyice
Diue
Resident Job
Monit
Sequencin3
Contro
language
inttpdt
oun da
oam
Con+iguous Memor Alocaion',-

Condiauous Memo qlloration ohich is q mem

ManageMent technigue, ohencu er theve JA a.
by he
rocess or he
Memovy hen a
Aingle Section o hc
Contiguous mcmo locKs
hat
process accrdin to JH requirmen.
qchicucd divding the memo
n4o the
ed-Si3c4 partiion
Contiguous Msme

Management Techniquot

Fxc-ge fartiaon Varri able -Sige

Seheme far tithen
Scheme

Fixce- Sige artition Scheme -

This tehnique s also Kmouon as
Slae
Pas4itioning ov fFixec Pars4idioni nq
The arnr 4ition ma cs may not be Ahe
he
Same Size.
The Size of cach Parsi4on J iaed a
ndicattd the name o he
Aechnique
qnd Can not be chanaed
Each Partition may Contain acl
Gxactl onc Oroce s S.

ogram gam- 6
PrgmS exit holc
o g a m 4- Pram 4
Progam 3 hole
eait
Pram -2 Pgm 2

Pram exit holc

P am o
ram o

oS

AdvatageS'.
Simple qnd iS ea to mplement
+A4Ppr multiproaramm a multi ple
Pcesses Can b tred insidehe mgm
memo
*
lanagcment JA
cas
Casyung his Schcmc
 Variable Sige Par 4ition Seheme

4 s alco knocon qs Pasiti Oning

nAhis asti 4io ring,,Schemc allocation i don

donc

dumemicolly
The Si2e o Dar h4ion is not Jeclarcd inita'y
OheneuCY an oceSS G iNcS Psri+1on
S i S3
3 Cqua! oHhe Sigc of the
CYattd
Cattd
andhun allocatcd +0he psocess.
procesS

Size ot pariion Size of Psoce ss

OS

ProceSS
oceSs Pas ition
3m6
focc 3 2
ocesSP2 Pasti 4ion 2
SmB
Poccrs-P3
PoLcSS 3 MB fartition 3

Adwandag,
No ndeanal
ragmnq lion
Deqvec o multipogvomming i
mamic
to Limidalion on Si2e
Pro ccss
 ngmic memoA Alocation. ttchniquet

-Cinsti4
fi4bes fiQmd onSt it anc
most Comman &ae ics d+o Adet re
hole rom h tt o quaila be

Fixsti+'-Tn, he Sivst i4, the i r

quailable rce hole ulCils thccquirement
he proce SS
allocateda.
* Scax ching Can &sr eithtY
athe innms
o4tSct o

E
20KB
OCe SS A

SK8

4o K8 Hole 40 -2S IS KB

6oK Le ouCS Sgace

Next 4 - ame
i
Aaveh a aM allocaion hole
 BeS414 . Allocationihe Smalles holc 4hqt
SS bis cnough

SkO
occSS o kB

Hole 19 K0 o: 9
Ke ITA
4o KB
SokB

1 2 kB
orSit Aleation the lgesa holc.

rcc SS o KB
Hole So-lo 4ok8

raeice pro blem s Bascd on

memory loca ieon

oblem
Ciiuen memo asti tions
o ook6, 4oo Ke
GooKB,Soo ke ,3oc kG qnd So KB3
Thes
arrtHtions nccd o b
allacatee Ao our
Pces3 ofSi2e 3s
4
k6 ,210 KG KB
ane 431 K n hat od6.
BcA it& oYifit akoihm.usima fi fi+
SoluHon'.
The main memo no been dividtd antoiied
Po ionS as

Sook8
3oc ke
AsokB 60oKG
9ook

i c n poces sS Gt

ce SS P 21o k

oceSs f3 4c8 K8

ocess P4431 Ke

Allocakion Sing Fst fi+ Algothm'

t-3.

4ooKB ookO SooK6 3ook

Stp-2

P2
00KB3 4ook Sooke 2Soke
Stp-3.
2 P3

Qoo Kg 4ooke

Shp- 4, -
oce SS P Can hot be allocqd
he mum e ca no
pasition e
Sae ga than
Cualo h
Sig PocesSS
p4 aalale

To Pcme ariHon Available",-2gSokB

ToHal ud Ptfz+P3= 3sa210+ f68
l35 kB

Alloca ion SinaBestFt Alserithm. .

Sdep-

sooK8 SooK8 3ooKB 9SoK

ookg 4ooKG

Sp-2

P2

20KB 6cok SooKs

Sp-8
3 P2

20oKG 4ooK 6ookB Sook 2 SoKG

3ook
Sp-4-

P4 P3

6ooKB TookB 3 oke

Tota Auailale
Memar fatiHon 2QSo KB
Total d P
+2 +3t fq
3S+210+ 468+ 4 81

AllocatBon using LOrS Fi+ Algprithm-

Stp-

ooKB 4.ooKB ook SokG 2k6

Sh.2

ookg 6ookg SooKO 2 So k

Step3.-
oceSS f and P4 Can ho be
qllocqhee -he
memo
This becau
r +han
poraitio9 o Si3c
squaSqua o he
Paroce SS Sige o
P qnd
pocess p4 iu Quaila ble

Totl Auailable Memo

ariHon - 22So KO
Totaluud, - P+P 3S+ 21o
SLT KB

KemarA Bs algevhm mos

cieicent U o
mmor be cau imthic
afth ceSfes c
allocacel m
ilion LoiAh minimum
amndghon,
nttn
àattrna
 Non- Contiguous Memo Ailocation
- 4 `S a
memoy 1 allocalion cchniguc.
alloos - o SAo a s o a Sing
in non-
Contiguou ashi on.
sing PoceSS

Thus, dfeyn} as
o hAame ore6 Can
an be
be
Stend at dif {oent
Placcs àn e main
memy
Non- Contauous -Memery Aloca1on
Technigues

Sgmentahon
*
Ohat is
aging
aginsa is a
fixed Si2earti on Scheme.
*In
8in Sccondary qnd man
memo e
diuidcd na o
equal fixed S2e avtilions
The
astitionS ofSeconden Memo
Called a g s.
The astitlomç o
smeme
Callcd o ams.
*Eaeh poocess uided anto
pasts h nescSize
Size
O Cach part J Same a Paae Size
 yameS

Main mcmoy

Scconda ems
The Pages o process c SAort in ihe
ams ot main memoY
dependins upon
her
auaila bili

TanslaAng Logical AddstsS ito phytical

phtical
Asldnresa

CPCPU
aloays ncaad a
logical addre s sS
*Aphysical Address i needed to
main memoX cce SS
Qcce SS hthe

Sp- CP enevades a
logical address Censisting
o oo
ting
age Humber Spcciies h
Speilie of
oce ss from Shich Pa3 he
cpU Jans o rcad
cad thc
he
Page o idset Specifies -th Spectic vd on h e

hat CP 9antS4o Cad

St2 fes Ah pag Humber gunehd bthe cp

aa Table ovderthe CoreS onding me
Yome
HamberCba addyess othe Ome) ohehat
t d an the mam meme

Sp-3
Th ame numbrCombined caithth Oageofsc
amá th qutdphytical address.
Fams number Spefie ame OhcR
Aerd. hetquied
Page o4se Spccis the Speciie LOesd
erd thathad
hat hos
b rad rom a t page

CPu-
Local Addvess
Franc Hoofsen
Phyical Addms

PT BR

n -iume
Paeabe Rretr (PTBR)
 Table
kPage gble a data Ctuoc.
able AA stoved n jhe man memo
*Each oces a i oom Ande pemdtny 91ai
*
P18R Conhcins he ba addrers oo page
gblo
corkina

Raferenced Page Ho

PTBR {- PSam He
Pagc lle 8t Register

Page Table

PTGR P>ouidos the bat Addres ot Page table

Th ba addres o 4h
page dable
oh he addcd
page tl4mbes
eenced by the cPu.
4 he Cnt o4 he ge
g Aable Con
he am number Canhimiy
lgim
Lohee he
tnceel
ha3A oxtd
*lage Tble Enta
A Pa ablk CnB CantainM AvYal antos mahon
gbout he paR
T èn{ovmation n Ah pa Agble
nty Varic om opcathng Symo OS.
OS.
PhosA mpos ant intormation àn a
GM s ame numbcr

Fame P-ckAbaun Protechom Re hene

Cachina
Humber

apional Fiold
compuls
Field
 ma,
r n mm®
Phybcal Addess Spacc =Size ofMmn
Size of Pm ToBal Ho o
om Page ize
Fame Size age Size
Ho. o emc in M 2 4hen
Ho of bits
pame no. y bit
Pag Size 2 ytS, thun
Ho. o4 bis n
paq ofscr =x bi tS.
Si2 MM =2 byes, hen
Ho: of bitts n phyical Addhess x bis
Ler Proce
Virtual Addrs5 Space Size o PoceSs
o o Paqehe ocess is
diyided =Pvocess Size
Page ize
proceSS Size es 4hun
no o bisn uirtual
addre s Space bi4g

Size of Page Gk ambey o} onthicS in

Gble
Page x ge
CntisànPeq qblc
cnty12
Ho o pages 4
Pa
PaHable
abk cny 12 i dinded
No.
Ho. oo. i+8
bi+8 Àn
An ame
is md fov same Ho Mo c
Opaiona eliar
acticesoblem Baatd on
Pging and Pa Talile'
oblem. -
Calcula he Si2e o} memaA if i
qdd ConsisS o 22 bi an +he nemo
- byt qddrtsSablo .

Soh haue
Number oj locaions possitle ith g2biks
2ocations

T S2 o On locahon -2 bitC

Ths Si2c mcmo

Size at Memory 2n x Size ot one ocahon

22
x 2

ns

oblem Calculadt the no o bits quned in 4he

addr ss me mo hai Si26 of 1 Ge.
AsSumc the Memoru is 4-byt addrttsable
&o -Le n' umbu e bis ane equec

Si2c oo Meme
2x4 bs
4 bks16 mB
x4 1 G
h

2x4 934

2" 32

nz 32 6its|