tt-TT : Conbof Unit

*The orgaixaton sh the compute io ddyit by it iternal agiters, es.

Znstutos that t
The Tiing cund lonhol shuekeres aud 7he Set
Tke Zateemal organiattoy f aadigital ytemg is dnd Ragers
Tining
data sfored ib egitens bonhot sueture
thatspeeides
AACom-þutaw Istuet'n s a binay Code Set Lshuehens

Pumdion Memy
bits Name 496 wnd
Dede Regite Holo memcsy pera he T6 b)k hewd
AR 12 |AdelaesRe9 Hdds Arlchuss o memwy
AG Aeeumalat Pro cesur Regalee 4096 g2
Tnsbuetigkig. Hlels Instueton code
2
DR, l6 Bits
PC
TR |7empory y Hlols temporay deta
INPR Tiput Re Holdd dnpuct eharacher
chnaeteu
eUTR outfut Regy Holds output
Thtuey format i 2 11
opcode Addhes Anny
DR Aold The opeqnd sead om memy-
The Conneeiona o egits aud memy o the baie
Com movy Bus "Tu lb ns he common
Computt do a Common bus syfem js Shoon tng Ag"
Bus eeeive tor matm hom x egists aud the mem y unt,
eleetinChes
S S

AR plaee on e Bus
P pleee edeus thueon m he Bus

Ac plaee data on The Bus

Road (Enas)- Memay leeed is l6-bit output onto e bus

42.
 ve Rugohus haue
ha thre conbol inpts ?
D-load
INR- Lnuments aehiemed by enabling the Coun input tha Coumta
CLh- eleav
Cay Regite lan eeve the lata fm memoy yf a head fuatm ycefst Ae

Mem ony Unit

4oJ6b Addnes

Lonfe Read

AR

LD 2

N
3
DR

LD IN CLR

Logic

INPR

Lo
TR
LD

oUTR, -eloek
 TRe Contat awg eitere eam be abtpied onto the bus and an
opvaton Can be btomd n he adde and ogic iruit dung
The Sams eloek eyeleTe lodk h amitton at the end the cyele
d umes dhe eonteta h bus ito the cleignated Aostination
Ac.
g e undthe output q he adde and legic eeut tuto
for eyamle, The Tawo moopatmd
DR¢ Ac amd AC
Can be eeeted atthe Sm ml

Canpud Iaubuctiohy.. The basie Compwte has thee wtuettoy code tormate
eaeh format has |6 bit. I=0 Diret Addrs.
I=| Tnduet Adds.
hcode Addus (opcode: 000 trough no)
() Memog-Ranme dnsbuet'on
12 11
Rejoten operaton (opcode, 111, Ieo) -fed (o41a)
Registen-Rafaen insbue'n
15 12 11
I/o operaion

has un addhes pat q l2 bits. The Addr

1.A memery Reyeene iwstu eti
or
hexe deeimal ligit
denoted b thee x'seel Stand fr cthe thee iwsttion
þart he
eorspondg to the 2- bit adohes the latbit to we bits fan uio
designated by te SymblI, when E=0, The last
om o cto 6.
hane a heyucdmal digit eqivlet et thelayt fow btk he
hen F=|, To haradeenal oiat equielent
Hexadsemal Code

AND Memoy sord 4o Ae

to Ae
ADD Memoy uOrd
AMD
to Ae
2 XXX Xx* Load Memy ord
LDA
Store Contert Ae y Memoy
3 XXX
STA
8UN
Poan eh unto nditienoy
Aetum ealdts
Praneh ud Save
B3A k eyo
6XXX E X X* Fnoement amd Sip
Rego ee- SleeM wuetins wes l6 bl ts to speeity au oprat m
Tha letmost fouw bi ts co lway ol227 H). The oth h
eradaciml digk ine the bi nory equtolet the tumaineing 2 bit.
Heradeel'mel Despio

cLE clea E
Cmpleme t Ae
Complemeut E
eirelatr tight A and E
CIL eieulate t Aecud E
ING 40 20 THUmert Ae
SPA
SNA Ship heot nsthuetog Ae wgctiu
SZA
7e02
HLT Halt Conpula

LLL, equivalut to hayoadeei mal F.

Heca deermalcude Descebtiog
-Iput-harca etto Ae
Fyo oufut haueetu hom 4
OUT
SKI

Iof Fo4o Titerwwpt off

 Genere model The Conbol unit (Cenol omd)
IR
Conbef signes
buithincPU
Conbol
Conhel Sighls foom
Sytem Bus
cloek lonhol Signada to
SyemBus Stem B o
nhol Bus
The Input to the Conhol uitane as fotlowsi -
A clock "Ths Bgnal oueens the hae o daa aud othe cpeatius.
The lonbo) uteauses ene mioeo- opecaton or a Set qsimuttaneou
iGeo -opuios do be henomed for eo1eh eloek pubse This is yeved as
Pocessar yeletime or cloek eyele im
&. Tnstuehn Regiate The opcede a hes cwvent inytueton detomines
dhe mioo-ohert on do be pedorm dung the eneeutn eyede
C Pla gs The conbo| uit detecmines the stet t tha Rroease and the
outcom oh Reutcus ALU Gpexains by the Plags
D. Conbol sigpada hom Conhol Bust syhem Bus poudes sigynd ike
detf signals od aeknowledgemeuts do th canbo\ uwit
Tke output om fhe Cateluntt aes

ogleto omothe
B. Contol Signas to lonbl bus Theye aealso Tuo Tyes,
4. Conho\ Sanals to memoy
modles
a Canh| Stnals Jo theT|o
Three Joes Conhd Signas wed
Gilke conhol Shgnas

2- To Aetrt a dada ath

a. Sisnala ente otoena syem bus or cth satenal itedaee
 How The tonhol ut Maiadns dh Cobol ?
Temporary Rasistens like Y, z,4md Tenp. lonbel Signala
Buses
unideeehonaBes Tnstueion
PG
Delo de and
Addss in Conbo|L e
MAR k
Memory
J.Adde Bus Bus

. Conhol u
L MDR
Ro
ConstautY
Regule Saled MuX Rn-t
TEMe
Conbol ALU
Caagiy
Signad3oR

Ten hoeers Bus

arganizchonathe dae lath
ta: Single-Rbus
Anstde a ocesr
Duiny fdh eyde, folouing The co hhe siqnal dees
Step1: To hawe the otects 4 Te Pc to the MAR thegta betuoeen the
aeivating the Conbot signal dhat open
Thu by
bik the PC aud bik the MAR:
Sep2".- To Sead a word om memoy ito the MeR aual dnamet The Pc.
Tke Conhol lwnit dos this by sendiy The folowig lebed Signas si multanesi
D AConhol Signal that opus gotis aud alo wa the Conteuti he maR to
be blaeud entothe hddes Bus
ID Amemoy Read Cobt Sinal on the Conb Bus
1id Acoubo signad thet pew gatas and allox04 the Condets the data
bus Jo be Stored au The MeR
i lodol siqnals to dogie hat add to the Cowtents the Pe aud
SAole reut backto the e
aps- To tead the schn tom MeR tuto the egste IR.
The comubo uit Senda a Conhof Signal that spesgato betseen
The Me authe TR.
 om tbmatie amd Losi oheeaons The ALD sa omhinational
eieuit that has no dteana torage. hetor md authmatie and togie

hurand às dotahed cliuetly hom the Bud. "The sesut is Stored

et the oheration be
o operaties ve
T6 Pyrm this addittom peraton, a Sequee ewse
thet eawses dhe coeuts o
R in
eqsteu R|dtoY Dsn the bus
Ste2. R?, Slecty, Add,
tm=1,
sataty thet hae giteu yto
dht
MulHpl er Seleet signel Saneine, Thi ontets Reastu R2
dnut A the AhU. At the Iþut o Tae AU.
Jes onto tha bs and aet ay ALU to petorm add on sperat on -
ter
Noo , tdd =I, That Causes u eet AL to be loadod duto
egsteuz.
A&on1, This Causes
Steb3: aout l, R3,1, memeg at addX udo
Memog A word om
2. Ftehinng auwrd trom Pumingths aeasstollouoi
opoatHos for
The agiote R- Asequeea Adds is loaded ito MAR ,
Sfeb : MAR- Lx1 t the Sa ime, MAR
savatd
2! Red = L, A Read Conhel Signal
Sta
hom he memorg
wot fer Re MFC spose Comhleted) =l, ndleta 4hathe
ohen mee cmemoy-un eion-
Coneut the Bheefledo eotton hae been head aud ane aalle

nom the Memory ae locded to MNA

Stao us M D R , dadea Reeeted

tleh follecoi ng
-Tus, mbai the memoy acd spaxaton equius 3 stepd m

J. RLoud
2. MOhnE
3. Stoing
Tan,edaka do be wa:l hen au loadsd nto man aud a one ammard n tsued
Regie R sto be. toed n emoy at
Lt aysumeht Conets
lecatton x folleusuig ae th Seq wuee opeatons'.
Step1: Xl, M
An
"The Addes docton x s tlaead i MAR
Sh2 R l , MOR, E1, ote
KardDare
The we lonhel ignal eauses dthe memoy bus Tneae
-do e au e eommench on the memg
Sþ3!- MDRou , wMFC

49
Ae b aaa , eule k t e tan ddle

tbodovds Camsdponaing to Jh
i- A Seg 4mico
amaehins isetton tont htr
Cavél e a

Sdaempoa Sorad n a speela) memoy talled

 Net
Aceuss
IR generadey

pe
locek
Conhel Addws Regitece

Conho Daa Regislee

Neyt-AddsA
Egomtin
Reduce Tnstuction Set Go nputee CAISC) CIsc
To oeg

Afopudao wath a ae hubes q wsbuetins d elatted as a

Comblex tueton sd compd (cIS wlh co npleo intuchos, Proqyan
S3e Wa Sedueed but tis teemolegy dos not toewyat uto fate
lomtpluy
oqam aye euton- Mso tompey stuetons sequins setatiuety
bISC ehavacbeithes The major ehara edarstes tcisc axehitecare,ane
R A
vanlaly of Addrunig modes
The Toayetton fom kigh- lel to mahinb daugucge ogpang s done
by mean of a compile Progam

5. n e e|sc hoekr, the ingtehos o ulde die et amanibultion

An attemmpt dto sediee epuetion ma s

R1sc chaLaeteroties
Simplity the iwhuin Set the ComputeTis s the meln coy ept
do
4 RISc arehiteture
A. Reletly fao Ttbuetions the PoceMor.
A dhetetlons dons. wetthdn dhe segitens q isfuetiony.
2. Memoy feeA dimited to doad aud Stere
4. Relaue feo Addresng moces.
Pad- lngth,etly deeoded istuctn fomat.
5. mioo- oga mmed eobol.
6 Hard ui the hm

? Single - yde aintueiog yaeutisn

3. use ouaweped sugule ueindos to Shed- foeadare eall and hckr
lo Efelet swtudion Pipaline "
 linng:- àn dechnique. q deeonpoting aSequsudtal Proens
inte Suhehtnatten,uith eae subproey heing eyeeufa.d an a
AMe'a dedieate o gment that ferati tornenedly ita all

Sream humbt.
-t iel,2,5,- - ,7.

Rs¢-Ast Ry. Aad eitotroduel.

liplie
R3 Ru
Adde

R5

Me. R3

A A,vo C
3. Az
As
As Ay Butly
As Bs +Cs
A B6 teG