The numbers sets The properties of the numbers:

1) counting numbers: C={ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, … } The additive identity (neutral) element is 0

2) Natural numbers: N={ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4, … } Ex) 0+9=9 ‐4 +0 = ‐4 +0= 0+( )=
3) Even numbers: E= { 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , … }
The multiplicative identity element is 1
4) Odd numbers: O= { 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 ,… }
5) Prime numbers: P={2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 1 1 , 13 , …} Ex) 1x9=9 ‐4 x1 = ‐4 x1 = 1x ( )=
6) Integer numbers: Z={…, ‐3, ‐2 , ‐1 ,0 , 1 ,2,3,…} The additive inverse (change the sign)
7) Rational numbers: Q in which the number Ex) 2 ‐2 ‐7 7
can be written in form of where a,b ∈Z The multiplicative inverse (flip the number)
and b≠0 , ex) , , 0.35 , 50% , zero Ex) 9
*note that : Note that : if the number is an integer (a) it
N=C ∪{0} or N=E∪ O will be ( )

Z = Z ‐ ∪{0}∪Z+ or Z= N ∪Z –
The signs rule :
Z* = Z – {0}
+x+=+ ‐ x ‐ = + (same = positive)
(“star” represents the set without zero )
+ x ‐ = ‐ ‐ x + = ‐ (different = negative)
8) Irrational numbers: Q’ in which can not be
 The same rule apply on division
written in form of or has no exact value
operation
Ex) √ , √ , √ , √ ,π The signs in “ addition” and
Where π is an approximated number = ( ) or “subtraction” :
(3.14) a) Same signs (put the same sign and add
9) Real numbers: R = Q ∪Q’ the numbers)
b) Different signs (put the sign of the greater
Where Q∩Q’= f
number and subtract the numbers)
When we use ∈, ∉, ⊂ and ⊄ Ex) 7 + 8 = 15 ‐5 + ‐4 = ‐9
a) ∈ and ∉ : with elements without braces 10 + ‐8 = 2 8 + ‐12 = ‐4 ‐5 + 4 = ‐1
b) ⊂ and ⊄ : with sets or elements between The absolute value: refers to the distance
braces between the number and ZERO on no. line
Ex zero ∈ N 222 ∈ Z zero ∈ N Ex) | | = 5 | | = 4 | | = 0
2222 ∈ N 22.22 ∉ N {2222} ⊂ N ‐| | = ‐6 ‐| | = ‐8
{2, 0.2} ⊄ Z 22.22 ∉ C { } ⊄N Note that:
If | | = 3 then x = 3 or x = ‐3
{0.2} ⊄ N ‐ 20 ∉ N ‐ 20 ∈ Z If | | = 25 then x = 25 or x = ‐25
√ ∈ N⊂Z E⊂N If | | = 0 then x = 0
*BEC. ZERO is neither positive nor negative*

1
The power rules: The order of operations:
2
5 =5x5=25 P E M D A S
43=4x4x4=64
( ) exponent x ÷ + ‐
(powers)
* The priority comes from the left *
Ex1) 2 x 5 ‐ ( 6 ÷ 2 )parentheses (brackets)first
1) X0=1 ex) 40=2 (‐3)0=1 ( )0=1 =2 x 5 – 3 then multiplication operation
= 10 – 3 = 7 then subtraction operation
2) X1=X ex) 61=6 (‐8)1=(‐8)
Ex2) 3 x 4 + 6 ÷ 3 multiply first
3) 1m=1 ex) 15=1 199=1 1100=1 = 12 + 6 ÷ 3 divide second
= 12 + 2 = 14 then add
4) Xm x Xn = Xm+n
Ex3) 7 + 3 x power first
ex) 32 x 35 = 37 ( )4 x ( )6 =( )10 = 7 + 3 x 8 multiply
= 7 + 24 = 31 then add
5) Xm ÷ Xn = Xm‐n ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Ratio and proportion :
ex) 75 x 73 = 72 ( )4 x ( )3 = ( )
1) The ratio is to compare between two
6) (Xm)n = Xmxn quantities with same unit
.
ex) (32)5 = 310 ( )4 x ( )3 = ( )12 The ratio =
.
= first : second

7) (XY)m = Xm Ym Ex) the ratio between 5 , 15 is 5 : 15 = 1 : 3

ex) (XY)5 = X5 Y5 (2X)3=23X3=8X3 2) The proportion is equality of two ratios
or more
8) ( )m= ex) ( )3= ( )2= = If a , b , c , d are proportional quantities
Then = where b , c called (means) and
9) (‐X)m If m (even number) = Xm
a , d called (extremes)
If m (odd number) = ‐(X)m Ex) if X ,3 , 6, 9 find the value of X
ex) (‐6)3 = ‐(6)3 = ‐ 216 (‐5)2 = 52 =25 = “cross multiplication” X= = =2

10) X‐m = Note that: in cross multiplication

Product of mean = product of extremes
ex) 3‐2 = = = 53 = 125

2
Algebraic term &algebraic expression: Multiplying expressions:
First:

Where 3 is also called the coefficient and X is

called variable
*The degree of the term is the sum of the
indices (powers) of the factors (variables) ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Second:

*note that any number is an absolute term

and its degree is zero *
The expression is consists of one term or
more
Its degree is the highest degree of the terms
forming it ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Third:

Adding & subtracting terms :

We add and subtract the like terms only ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
In which they have the same variable with Fourth:
same degree
Ex)

3
The factorization: 4)Sum or diff between two cubes:
1) Factorize by taking out H.C.F : X3 + Y3 =(X + Y)(X2 – XY + Y2)
 To find the H.C.F: X3 ‐ Y3 =(X ‐ Y)(X2 + XY + Y2)
a) Find the H.C.F of the numerical Ex) X3 ‐ 8 =(X ‐ 2)(X2 + 2X + 4)
coefficients of these terms X3 + 125 =(X + 5)(X2 – 5X + 25)
b) Take each repeated symbol in all terms 27X3 ‐ 1 =(3X ‐ 1)(X2 – 3X + 1)
with the smallest power
5)Perfect square trinomial:
To identify the perfect square trinomial
1) The first and third term always positive
and have a square root
2) The middle term = ± 2× ×√
Perfect square = ( ±√ )2
Ex) X2 + 8X + 16 =(X + 4)2
2) Factorize the trinomials: aX2+bX+c 25X2 ‐ 10X + 1 =(5X – 1 )2
First: when a=1 9X2 – 12XY + 4Y2 = (9X – 2Y)2
Try to find two numbers their
sum is “ b ” and their product is “ c “ 6)Factorize by grouping :
Ex)X2 – 5X + 6 1) It is consists of 4 terms
= ( X – 2 )( X – 3 ) 2) Try to make them
X2 + 7X + 10 (2 terms) + (2 terms) “ with common factor”
= ( X + 2 )( X + 5 ) 3) If you can’t make them
X2 + 5X – 6 (3 terms of perfect square) – one term
= ( X + 6 )( X – 1 )
X2 – 2X ‐ 8 Ex1) 5X + 5Y + XZ + YZ
= ( X – 4 )( X + 2 ) = ( 5X + 5Y ) + ( XZ + YZ ) “ take H.C.F “
= 5(X + Y)+Z( X + Y) ”take the repeated parentheses ”
Second: when a≠1
= ( X + Y )( 5 + Z)
Ex)2X2 + 5X + 3
= X2 + 5X + 6 Ex2) 4X2 – 25 + 4XY + Y2
= ( X + 2 )( X + 3 ) = (4X2 + 4XY + Y2) – 25
= ( X + )( X + ) = (2X + Y )2 – 25 “ diff of two squares”
= ( X + 1 )( X + 3 ) = ( 2X + Y + 5 )( 2X + Y – 5 )

3) Factorize difference between two squares:

X2 – Y2 =( X + Y )( X – Y )
Ex) X2 – 25 = ( X + 5 )( X – 5 )
Y2 – 4 = ( X + 4 )( X – 4 )
4X2 – 9Y2 = ( 2X – 3Y )( 2X + 3Y )

4
Solving equation : Ex2) 2X + 5 = 6 “start with add.”
It means to find the value of the 2X = 6 – 5
unknown 2X = 1 “then the mult.”
X=
Note that :
If X∈Z then S.S.= f
If X∈Q then S.S. = { }
If X∈Q’ then S.S. = f
If X∈R then S.S. = { }

Ex3) X ‐ √ = 0
X=0+√
X=√
Note that:
If X∈Z then S.S.= f
If X∈Q then S.S. = f

Ex1) 3X – 2 = 7 “start with sub.” If X∈Q’ then S.S. = { √ }

3X = 7 + 2 If X∈R then S.S. = { √ }
3X = 9 “then the multip.”
X=
X=3
If X ∈ N or Z or Q or Q’ or R
Then S.S. ={ 3 }

5
Solving inequality: The square root:
The inequality contains ‐Denoted by √
< “ less than ” ‐The perfect square number= the no. x itself
> ”greater than” Ex) 5 x 5 = 25 so 25 is a perfect square, √ =5
< “less than or equal” 3 x 3 = 9 so 9 is a perfect square,√ = 3
> ”greater than or equal” Note that:
a) The two square roots of a number are
Ex1) 2X – 1 < 3
+ or – of the root ex) √ = ± 2
2X <3 + 1
b) The sum of the two square roots of a
2X < 4
number equals 0 ex ) 2 + (‐2) = 0
X< X<2 c) We can’t take the square root of a
Note that : negative number ex) √ = undefined
If X∈N then S.S.= { 1 , 0 } “meaningless”
If X∈Z then S.S. = { 1 , 0 , ‐1 ,‐2 ,…} d) If the negative outside the root then the
If X∈R then S.S. = ]‐∞ , 2 [ answer will be negative ex) ‐ √ = ‐ 4
e) To get rid of the squared number take the
Ex2) ‐3X + 5 > 11 root of both sides
‐3X > 11 – 5 f) To get rid of the root , square the both
‐3X > 6 sides
Ex) If X2 = 25 then √ = ±√ ,X=±5
X< X < ‐2 If √ = 3 then (√ ) = 3 2 2
,X=3
Note that : ( in the inequality when we g) The square root of a power is to take the
multiply or divide by a negative number we half of the power
change the direction of the sign ) Ex) √ =
If X∈N then S.S.= f
=
If X∈Z then S.S. = { ‐2 , ‐3 , ‐4 , ‐5 ,…}
If X∈R then S.S. = ]‐∞ , ‐2 ] The cube root:
Denoted by √
Ex3) 3 < 2X – 1 < 5 Perfect cube number =the no. x itself x itself
3 + 1 < 2X < 5 + 1 Ex) 4x4x4= 64 so 64 is a perfect cube , √ =4
4 < 2X < 6 2x2x2 = 8 so 8 is a perfect cube , √
<X< 2< X < 3 *The cube root can be used even the number
Note that : is positive or negative
* the cube root of a power is to take the third
If X∈N then S.S.= f
of the power
If X∈Z then S.S. = f Ex) √ =‐5
If X∈Q then S.S. = {x : x∈Q , 2< X < 3 } √ =X =
If X∈R then S.S. = [ 2 , 3 [

6
The exponential equations: The coordinates plane & ordered pairs:
1) If BASE = BASE then POWER =POWER The coordinates plane consists of two axes
1) The horizontal axis called X‐axis (X X’)
Ex1) 5X=25 “ put 25 = 52 ” 2) The vertical axis called Y‐ axis (Y Y’)
So 5X=52 then X=2 3) The two axes divides the grid into four
quadrants as follows
Ex2) 32X+5 =27 “ put 27 = 33 ”
So 32X+5 =33 then 2X+5 = 3
2X = 3 – 5
2X=‐2
2X= then X= ‐ 1

2) If POWER = POWER then BASE = BASE

BUT under conditions
a) If the power is “odd” then base=base
b) If the power is “even” then base = ±base

EX1) X3 = 125 “put 125 = 53 ”

So X3 = 53 then X = 5 The ordered pairs is the point on the
coordinates plane ( X , Y ) where
Ex2) X2 = 25 “ put 25 = 52 “ a) X is the first projection
2 2
So X = 5 then X = ± 5 b) Y is the second projection
Note that : ( X , Y ) ≠ (Y , X )
3) If BASE≠BASE and POWER=POWER Ex1) (3 , ‐5 ) it means move 3 units in the
or BASE = 1 then the power = 0 positive direction of X‐axis and 5 units in the
negative direction of Y‐axis
Ex2) if ( a , b ) = ( 4 , 6 ) then a = 4 and b = 6
Ex1) if 5 X‐1 = 7 X‐1 where 5≠7 Ex3) if (a+2 , 5 ) =( 3 , b + 3) then
So X‐1 = 0 then X = 1 a+2= 3 so a= 1 and b+3 = 5 so b =2
note that :
X+5
Ex2) 3 = 1 “any no. to the power of 0=1” a) X=0 represents the Y – axis
So X+5 = 0 then X = ‐5 b) Y=0 represents the X – axis
Ex1) if (a‐7 , 3 ) located on Y – axis then a=7
Ex2) if (9 , a‐3 ) located on X ‐ axis then a=3

7
 Statistics: The probability:
1) The mode: Probability of event
The mode of set of values is the most =
common ( most repeated ) value Note that:
Ex1) the mode of 2 , 3, 2 ,5, 2 is 2 a) The prob. Of impossible event = 0
Ex2) the mode of 1 , 5, 6, 5 is 5 b) The prob. Of certain “ sure ” event = 1
Ex3) if the mode of 3 , 4, X , 2 is 3 then X= 3 c) The prob. Of possible event is between 0
Ex4) if the mode of 5 ,7, 5, X+3 ,7 is 7 then X=4 and 1 0 < P(A) < 1
d) The sum of all prob. Of an event = 1 “100%”
2) The median:
The median of set of values is the middle Ex1) if the prob. Of success of student is 0.7
value after rearrange the values then the prob. Of his failure is 1 – 0.7 = 0.3
Ex1) the median of 4,8,7,6,3 is 6
BEC. 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 8 Ex2) if the prob. Of occurrence of an event is
Ex2) the median of 4,3,1,6,7,11 is 5 then the prob. Of non‐occurrence is 1 ‐ =
BEC. 1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 11 so =5 Ex3) the prob. Of getting “head” or “tail ”
Ex3) if the order if the median of set of values when tossing a fair coin once =
is the fourth then the number of these values Ex4) when throwing a fair die once then the
is 9 , BEC. 4 +1 +4 = 9 values prob. Of appearance :
a) Number 3 =
3) The mean:
The mean = b) Number greater than or equal 6 = = 1
c) Number 7 = 0
d) Number greater than 6 = 0
Ex1) the mean of 1,7,3,5 is 4
e) Even number = = { 2 , 4 , 6}
BEC. = =4
Ex) if the sum of 5 values is 15 then the mean f) Odd number = = { 1 , 3 , 5}
is 3 g) Prime number = = { 2 , 3 , 5}
BEC. = 3 h) Even prime number = {2}
Ex3) if the mean of marks of 5 pupils is 20 ,
i) Number greater than 4 = = {5 , 6}
then the sum of marks is 100
BEC. The sum = the mean X number Ex5) a bag contains 5 red balls and 6 white
So the sum = 20 X 5 = 100 balls if a ball drawn randomly then the prob.
That the ball is
a) Red = d) Not red =
b) White = e) Red or white= = =1
c) Black = 0

8
Geometric concepts: The types of the angle :
 The Straight Line A B It has
neither a starting point nor an ending point.
Written as AB or BA
(It has no length)
 The Line Segment A B It has two
ending points.
Written as AB or BA
(Can be measured by a ruler )
 The Ray A B It has a starting
point but it has no ending point.
Written as AB
Note that : AB ≠ BA the relations between angles :
1) Two complementary angles :
(It has no length , so we can't measure it) Their sum = 90o
2) Two supplementary angles:
Note that : AB ⊂ AB ⊂ AB Their sum = 180o
Note that :
 The plane : any surface can draw on it like a) To find the complement subtract From 90
(paper , white board , land …) b) To find the supplement subtract From 180
 The angle : is united of two rays with same c) To find the reflex subtract From 360
start point where d) The acute angle comp. acute & supp.
a) Two rays : the two sides Obtuse
b) Start point : the vertex e) The obtuse angle supp. Acute
f) The right angle comp. zero & supp. Right
Ex) g) The straight angle supp. Zero
The name of the angle is  The adjacent angles : two angles are said to
∠ABC or ∠CBA or ∠B be adjacent if they have common vertex and
Where B is the vertex common side and the other two sides are on
opposite sides of this common side
And BA and BC are the two sides

(the unit of measuring angle is degree o and it is

measured by the protractor ) The angle bisector: is the ray that divides
the angle into two halves(two equal
angles in measure)

1
 The vertically opposite angles:
If two straight lines intersect then each two
vertically opposite angles are equal in measure
 The accumulative angles:
The sum of the accumulative angles at a point
= 360o
 The polygon:
is a shape consists of closed line segments
note that :
a) The name of the polygon depends on the
number of its sides
b) The number of sides denoted by “ n ”
c) The perimeter of polygon = the sum of its
side lengths
d) The diagonal is a line segment joining
between two opposite vertices
Remarks on polygons:
1) Number of triangle in any polygon= n ‐ 2
2) The sum of interior angles = (n ‐ 2) x 180
3) The measure of interior angle in regular
polygon =
4) The sum of measure on exterior angles
of any polygon =360o
5) The measure of exterior angle =
6) The number of sides of a regular
polygon=
7) The number of diagonals =
Note that: The regular polygon is a
polygon in which: a)All sides are equal in
length
b)All angles are equal in measure
The congruence :
Two polygons are congruent if:
1) Their corresponding sides are equal
in length
2) Their corresponding angles are
equal in measure

No. of sides Name of polygon

3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon

2
The congruence of triangles :
Case 1 ) two sides and included angle : “S.A.S”
Two triangles are congruent if two sides the
included angle of one triangle are congruent to
the corresponding parts of the other triangle
Case 2) two angles and one side: “A.S.A”
Two triangles are congruent if one side drawn
between their vertices of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding parts of the
other triangle
Case 3) three sides : “ S.S.S”
Two triangles are congruent if each side of one
triangle is congruent to the corresponding parts
of the other triangle
3
Case 4) Hypotenuse and one side in the
right angled triangle : “ R.H.S”
Two right angled triangles are congruent if
the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle
are congruent to the corresponding parts
of the other triangle
Note that : the hypotenuse is the side
opposite to the right angle in the right
angled triangle
Relations between two straight lines:
AB ∩CD = {M} AB ⊥CD AB CD
The parallelism:
1) Two alternate angles: ( are equal)
m(∠3)= m(∠5)
m(∠4)= m(∠6)
2) Two corresponding angles: ( are equal)
m(∠3)= m(∠7) , m(∠4)= m(∠8)
m(∠3)= m(∠6) , m(∠1)= m(∠5)
3) Two interior angles: ( are supp.)
m(∠3) + m(∠6)= 180o , m(∠4) + m(∠5)=180o
Remarks:
1) If AB ∩CD =f then AB and CD are parallel
2) If the two adjacent angles are complementary
then their outer sides are perpendicular
3) If the two adjacent angles are supplementary 2) According to angles:
then their outer sides are on same straight
line
4) If a straight line is perpendicular on one of
two parallel straight lines then it is
perpendicular to the other straight line
5) If two straight lines are parallel to a third
then they are parallel
6) If parallel straight lines divide a straight line 2) If measure of an angle is smaller than the
into segments of equal lengths , then they
divide any other straight line into segments
are equal in lengths
The triangle:
1) the sum of interior angles of any triangle=180o
2) the exterior angle of triangle = the sum of
measures of non-adjacent interior angles
m(∠ABD)= m(∠ACB) + m(∠CAB)
3) any triangle has at least 2 acute angles
4) the measure of interior angle in equilateral
triangle is 60o
5) the measure of exterior angle of equilateral
triangle is 120o
6) if one angle in isosceles triangle is 60o then the
triangle in equilateral
The types of triangle:
1) According to sides:
a) Equilateral : all sides are equal
b) Isosceles : two sides are equal
c) Scalene : all sides are different
a) Right angled : contains right angle
b) Obtuse angled: contains obtuse angle
c) Acute angled: contains acute angle
Note that :
1) If measure of an angle is equals to the sum
of measures of other angles then the
triangle is right angled
sum of measures of other angles then the
triangle is acute angled
3) If measure of an angle is greater than the
sum of measures of other angles then the
triangle is obtuse angled
4) To know the type of a triangle according to
angle :
a) Square the length of greatest side
b) Square each length of the other sides
then find the sum
IF
1) (AC)2 = (AB)2+(BC)2 “Right angled”
2) (AC)2 > (AB)2+(BC)2 “Obtuse angled”
3) (AC)2 < (AB)2+(BC)2 “Acute angled”
Theorem 1:
the ray drawn from the
midpoint of a side of a
triangle parallel to
another side bisects the
third side
Theorem 2:
The line segment joining between the
midpoints of two sides
of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and equals
the half of length of the
third side
i.e. HD // CB and HD = CB
4
Pythagoras theorem: medians of the triangle:
the median of the triangle is a line
segment joining between the vertex and
the midpoint of the opposite side of this
vertex
In which:
BC= where BC is the hypotenuse
AB=
AC=
Remarks:
Converse of Pythagoras theorem:
1) Any triangle has 3 medians
2) The medians of triangle are
concurrent (intersect at one point)

Euclidean theorem:

3) The point of intersection of the

medians divides each median if the
ratio 1 : 2 from its base
4) The point of intersection of the
medians divides each median if the
ratio 2 : 1 from its vertex

In which:
AB = √ , AC = √
AD = √ or AD =

BD = , CD =

5
Note that: The isosceles triangle:
If AD is median and M is the point of intersection
then
૛
a) AM = AD
૜
૚
b) DM = AD
૜
૚
c) DM = AM
૛

d) AM = 2 DM
1) The base angles of isosceles triangle are
congruent
i.e. * smaller part : ( ×2 ) to get the greater part 2) Both of the base angles of isosceles
* greater part : ( ÷2 ) to get the smaller part triangle are acute
* the median : ( ÷3 ) to get the smaller part and if 3) The vertex angle can be acute , obtuse
or right angle
the result (×2) will gives the greater part 4) if one angle in isosceles triangle is 60o
then the triangle in equilateral
Theorem A: 5) In the right angled triangle , if measure
one angle is 45o then it is isosceles
In the right angled triangle , the length of the
median from the vertex of the right angle equals Important Corollary :
half the length of the hypotenuse The median of the isosceles
a) Bisects the vertex angle
b) Bisects the base
c) Perpendicular to the base

Theorem B:
The length of the side opposite to the angle of
measure 30o in the right angled triangle
( thirty – sixty triangle )equals half the length of the
hypotenuse

6
The axis of symmetry: Geometric transformation:
The straight line There are three basic geometric transformations:
perpendicular to a line
segment at its midpoint is
called the axis of
symmetry

Note that : any point on the axis of symmetry of

a line segment is at equal distances
(equidistance )from its terminals ( end points )

Number of axes of symmetry :

Equilateral triangle 3
Isosceles triangle 1
Scalene triangle 0
Square 4
Rectangle 2
Rhombus 2
Parallelogram 0
Trapezium 0
Isosceles trapezium 1 Ex)
Regular pentagon 5
Regular hexagon 6
Circle Infinite
Semicircle (half circle) 1

Note that :
Number of axes of symmetry of
a regular polygon = the number of its sides

7
Triangle inequality: Distance between two points:

1) In a triangle , if two sides have unequal lengths ,

then the greater side in length is opposite to the
greater angle in measure and ” vice versa “
2) In a triangle , if two sides have unequal lengths , Note that:
then the smaller side in length is opposite to the a) The distance between a point (X , Y)
smaller angle in measure and ” vice versa “
and X‐axis = | |
3) The longest side in the right angled triangle is
the hypotenuse b) The distance between a point (X , Y)
4) In any triangle , the sum of the lengths of any and Y‐axis = | |
two sides is greater than the third side Ex) The distance between a point (‐5 , ‐2)
and X‐axis = , Y‐axis = 5

The slope of straight line:

m= , where X1 ≠ X2

note that:
a) The slope of any horizontal straight line
The coordinates of the midpoint: ( parallel to X‐axis ) = zero
b) The slope of any vertical straight line
( parallel to Y‐axis ) = undefined
c) If m1 = m2 “ m1 ‐ m2 = 0 ” then the two
straight lines are parallel
d) If m1 × m2 = ‐1 then the two straight lines
are perpendicular

8
The similarity : Areas of some Geo. Shapes:
Two polygons are similar if :
1) Their corresponding angles are equal in measure
2) Their corresponding sides are proportional

Remarks:
1) If two polygons are similar to a third , then they
are similar
2) All regular polygons with the same number of
sides are similar
3) The ratio between the perimeters of two similar
polygons = the ratio between the lengths of two
corresponding sides
4) If the ratio between the lengths of the
corresponding sides in two similar polygons is
equal to 1 then the two polygons are congruent
5) The two right angled triangles are similar if the
measure of an acute angle in one of them is equal
to the measure of an acute angle in the other