Proceedings of IMECE2007

2007 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition

November 11-15, 2007, Seattle, Washington, USA

IMECE2007-43440

ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE RIGID-LINE INCLUSIONS FOR APPLICATION TO BIO-MATERIALS

Pawan S. Pingle Larissa Gorbatikh

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
University of Massachusetts Lowell Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
Lowell, MA-01854, USA Kasteelpark Arenberg, 44
Pawan_Pingle@student.uml.edu B-3001 Leuven (Heverlee), Belgium
Larissa.Gorbatikh@mtm.kuleuven.be

James. A. Sherwood
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Massachusetts Lowell
Lowell, MA-01854, USA
James_Sherwood@uml.edu

1. Abstract Keywords: stress intensity factors, multiple rigid-line

inclusions, anticracks, cracks, interaction effect, duality
Hard biological materials such as nacre and enamel employ principle, biological materials
strong interactions between building blocks (mineral crystals)
to achieve superior mechanical properties. The interactions are 2. Introduction
especially profound if building blocks have high aspect ratios
and their bulk properties differ from properties of the matrix Microstructure of hard biological materials commonly
by several orders of magnitude. In the present work, a method possesses a number of distinct features such as ordered
is proposed to study interactions between multiple rigid-line arrangements of building blocks, high aspect ratios of mineral
inclusions with the goal to predict stress intensity factors. crystals that are normally flattened and elongated, a high
Rigid-line inclusions provide a good approximation of property mismatch between phases (2-3 orders of magnitude),
building blocks in hard biomaterials as they possess the above an extremely low volume fraction of the protein matrix (1-
properties. The approach is based on the analytical method of 20%) and morphology that is built from nanometer scale
analysis of multiple interacting cracks (Kachanov, 1987) and (Mayer and Sarikaya, 2002; Ji and Gao, 2004, see also Fig.1).
the duality existing between solutions for cracks and rigid-line Interactions between building blocks in such microstructures
inclusions (Ni and Nasser, 1996). Kachanov’s method is an become very strong and have profound impact on material
approximate method that focuses on physical effects produced properties such as stiffness and toughness.
by crack interactions on stress intensity factors and material
effective elastic properties. It is based on the superposition
technique and the assumption that only average tractions on
individual cracks contribute to the interaction effect. The
duality principle states that displacement vector field for
cracks and stress vector-potential field for anticracks are each
other's dual, in the sense that solution to the crack problem
with prescribed tractions provides solution to the
corresponding dual inclusion problem with prescribed
displacement gradients. The latter allows us to modify the
method for multiple cracks (that is based on approximation of
tractions) into the method for multiple rigid-line inclusions
(that is based on approximation of displacement gradients).
This paper presents an analytical derivation of the proposed
method and is applied to the special case of two collinear Fig. 1. Plate-like mineral crystals stacked on top of each
inclusions. other in the protein matrix.

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 Building blocks in hard biological materials can be change in geometry or elasticity of the solid. The duality
approximated by rigid-line inclusions (also known as principle provides a two-way relation between displacement
anticracks). Among the works that provide basic solutions for vector field u and stress vector-potential field where is
a rigid line inclusion are Dundurs and Markenscoff (1989), related to the stress field as follows:
Markenscoff et al. (1994). Multiple rigid-line inclusions have
not been extensively studied as serious mathematical ∂ϕ j ∂ϕ j
difficulties arise when one tries to take into account σ j1 = , σ j2 = − , (3.1)
∂x 2 ∂x1
interactions. The most common approach is to reduce the
problem to a set of Fredholm integral equations of the second
kind using theorems of potential theory and then to solve these where ϕ j ( j = 1, 2) are components of and x j are Cartesian
equations approximately (Nunan and Keller, 1984; Noda et al, coordinates.
1999; 2003). Convergence of this method is slow and it breaks
down when inclusions are very close to each other. Another In the present work we consider a crack defined as follows
approach for periodic composites with non-dilute distribution
of inclusions is proposed by Shodja and Sarvestani (2001, x1 < a , x 2 = 0 , (−∞ ≤ x3 ≤ ∞ ) (3.2)
2003) where interactions are modeled through many layers of
coating at inclusion interphase. This method is also and loaded by tractions of equal magnitude and orientation but
computationally heavy and requires evaluation of higher order opposite sense,
Eshelby’s tensors and their derivatives. The complexity of
these methods is a major drawback when one discusses their
application to real life materials such as biological and bio- j2 (x1 ) = t j (x1 ) for x1 < a , x 2 = 0 . (3.3)
inspired materials.
The field solutions are then given as:
From the viewpoint of inhomogeneities in solids, a rigid-line
inclusion and a slit crack are the two extreme cases of a flat { (
u(x1 , x2 ) = −(1 / π )Re AL−1 log(x1 + ix2 )+ AJ12 L−1 x2 / (x1 + ix2 ) ) }
inhomogeneity, namely, for a crack E1 , G1 0 and for a a
a 2 − ξ 2 t (ξ )
* 1 / a 2 − x12  ∫ dξ ,
rigid line, E1 , G1 , where E1 and G1 are the Young’s and   x1 − ξ
−a
shear moduli of the inhomogeneity, respectively. It has been
shown in (Ni and Nasser, 1996) that the solutions of cracks
and inclusions are interchanageable by using a duality (x1 , x2 ) = −(1 / π )Re{log(x1 + ix2 )+ (LJ12 L−1 x2 )/ (x1 + ix2 )}
principle. Therefore methods developed for multiple cracks
a 2 − ξ 2 t (ξ )
a
can be modified to analyze interactions between multiple rigid  2 
* 1 / a − x1  ∫ dξ ,
2

line inclusions. Multiple cracks and their interaction effects  

−a
x1 − ξ
have been extensively studied in the past. Some of the most (3.4)
known analytical works include investigations by Kachanov
(1987, 1993), Gorbatikh and Kachanov (2000). The authors where t is a prescribed traction vector in a way such that
showed that multiple cracks and their interactions can be t = (T12 T22 ) , A and L are eigen-matrices being completely
studied using an approximate method which gives good
agreement with available exact solutions and is relatively easy defined in terms of the elasticity constants as:
to adopt in the case of multiple rigid line inclusions.
 κ  1
1 − i 2  − i − 
2 ,
The purpose of this paper is to study interactions between A=  , L = 2µ  (3.5)
multiple rigid-line inclusions with the goal to predict stress i − κ  1 i 
 2   2 
intensity factors (SIFs). The interactions are modelled using
the Kachanov’s approximate method for multiple cracks and
the transition from cracks to rigid line inclusions is done via where i ≡ − 1 , µ is the shear modulus, κ = 3 − 4v with v
the duality principle of Ni and Nasser (1996). The SIFs can
0 1 
further be used for analysis of material fracture or can be used being the Poisson ratio, J12 =  
for evaluation of the effective (overall) elastic properties of  0 0
the material.

3. Duality principle for cracks and rigid-line Now in the place of a crack we define a rigid-line inclusion
inclusions. such that all geometrical characteristics of the previous
problem are retained. Instead of tractions the boundary
Ni and Nasser (1996) developed a general duality principle conditions are given in terms of displacement gradients as
that for the special case shows that the cracks and rigid-line follows
inclusions are each others dual. This means that for a given
solid with given geometry and elasticity, solution to a class of ∂u
(x1 ,0)+ d (x1 ) = 0 (3.6)
prescribed mixed displacement-traction boundary-value ∂x1
problems (crack problems) also provides solution of the
corressponding dual mixed traction-displacement boundary- where d (x1 ) is a prescribed displacement gradient vector.
value problems (rigid-line inclusion problems), without a
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 σ∞
The field solutions are then as follows: x2

(x1 , x2 ) = (1 / π )Re{LA−1 log(x1 + ix2 )+ (LJ12 A−1x2 )/ (x1 + ix2 )} α

a 2 − ξ 2 dˆ (ξ )
a
 2  x1
* 1 / a − x1  ∫ dξ ,
2

  x1 − ξ
−a −a a

{ (
u(x1 , x2 ) = (1 / π )Re log(x1 + ix2 ) + AJ12 A−1 x2 / (x1 + ix2 )) }
a 2 − ξ 2 dˆ (ξ ) (3.7)
a

* 1 / a 2 − x12  ∫ dξ ,
  x1 − ξ
−a
σ∞
where − dˆ (x1 ) = r − d (x1 ) with a rigid-body rotation vector Fig. 2. Schematic of a rigid line inhomogeneity.
 0 
r = .
ω 21 
The solutions obtained from the duality principle coinside
with the classical solution (for example Wang et al, 1985).
For the case of a uniform external field the duality between
According to the latter the state of stress and displacement of a
crack and line inclusion solutions is shown below:
plane problem can be determined by two complex potentials,
ϕ (z ) and ψ (z ) , and their derivatives (see Mushkhelishvili,
Crack:
1953). It is convenient to map the exterior of the line inclusion
{ [ ]
u(x1 , x2 ) = − Re AL−1 ( z 2 − a 2 )1 / 2 − z + AJ12 L−1 x2 z z 2 − a 2 [( ) 1/ 2
]} t
−1 (in the z-plane) onto the exterior of a unit circle (in the ζ -

(x , x ) = − Re{[( z − a )
1 2
2 2 1/ 2
] −1
− z + LJ 12 L x2 z z − a [( 2
)
2 1/ 2
−1 ]} t plane, where ζ = ρe iθ and ρ is the radius of the circle) by the
equation

where z = x1 + ix 2 (3.8) a 1
z = ω (ζ ) =  ζ +  (3.10)
2  ζ

Anticrack:
{
(x1 , x2 ) = Re LA− 1[( z 2 − a 2 )1 / 2 − z ]+ LJ12 A−1x2 [z (z 2 − a 2 )1 / 2 − 1] } dˆ In terms of the variable ζ , the stresses and displacements are
given by
{[ ] [(
u(x1 , x2 ) = Re ( z 2 − a 2 )1 / 2 − z + AJ 12 A −1 x2 z z 2 − a 2 )
1/ 2
−1 ]} dˆ  ϕ ′(ζ )
(3.9) σ 11 + σ 22 = 4 Re   (3.11)
 ω ′(ζ )

where dˆ = (− ε11 ,0 ) . Rotational components and shear

deformation in d̂ are absent under uniform loads  ω (ζ ) ϕ ′′(ζ )ω ′(ζ )− ϕ ′(ζ )ω ′′(ζ ) ψ ′(ζ )
σ 22 − σ 11 + 2iσ 12 = 2  + 
 ω ′(ζ ) [ω ′(ζ )]2 ω ′(ζ )
The general rule in the duality principle is that in order to
change the crack solution to the one for a rigid-line inclusion, (3.12)
we need to intercahnge A and L matrices and replace tractions
t with displacement gradients d̂ . This approach is employed 1  ω (ζ ) 
u1 + iu2 = κϕ (ζ )− ϕ ′(ζ )− ψ (ζ ) , (3.13)
further in the paper where the Kachanov method of multiple 2G  ω ′(ζ ) 
cracks is rewritten for rigid line inclusions. Multiple cracks
have prescribed tractions while displacement gradients are where ( u1 ,u 2 ) is the displacement vector, Re indicates the real
prescribed in the case of multiple rigid line inclusions. This part of a complex function, prime denote differentiation, and
transition is achieved by using the duality principle. an overbar denotes the complex conjugate and the two
complex potentials are as follows
3.1. Stresses and displacements associated with a
σa  1 − 2 cos 2α 1 
single rigid-line inclusion ϕ (ζ ) = ζ +  (3.14)
8  K ζ 
In this secrion we analyze stresses and displacements around a
single rigid line inclusion under uniform tension (Fig. 2).

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 σa  κ 2ζ factor K = K I + iK II , where K I and K II are mode I and II
ψ (ζ ) = − 2e − i 2α ζ − ei 2α ζ + e − i 2αζ + − SIFs, respectively, is defined as follows:
8  ζ ζ 2 −1

 K = lim (2πr )1 / 2 (σ 22 + iσ 12 ) (4.1)
1 − 2 cos 2α 1 + ζ 2  r →0
+ 
κ  ζ 2 − 1ζ 
 
   Using equation (4.1) and stresses from the duality principle
(3.15) (3.1) we obtain the following expression for SIFs:

where, κ = 3 − 4v for plane strain deformation and µ (κ − 1) ˆ

a
1 a± (4.2)
κ = (3 − v )/ (1 + v ) for plane stress deformation. K (± a ) = d (ξ )
∫ d
a κ −a
a

Solution in (3.15) contained a misprint in the work of Wang,

In the case of a uniform tensile load this formula reduces to
Zhang and Chou (1985).

Contour plots of stresses, presented in Fig. 3, 4 for two types K I = σ ∞ πa

(κ − 1)(3 − κ ) , K II = 0 (4.3)
loadings, are helpful in estimation of effects (their kind and
22 8κ
range of influence) an anticrack would have on other
inhomogeneities in its vicinity. So called ‘amplification’ and This result coincides with solutions presented in Ballarini
‘shielding’ effects must be taken into account when (1987).
inhomogeneities interact with each other and use these
interactions to optimize transfer of loads and consequently to
improve a certain material property or a combination of 5. Multiple rigid-line inclusions
properties, for example, stiffness and toughness.
If multiple defetcs or inclusions are present in the material
In the case of transverse loading ( α = 90° ) amplification zones they interact and influence neighbours’ stress and
are observed in stacked arrangements while shielding zones displacement fields. There are several methods to analyize
are apparent in collinear arrangements. The latter have a problems of multiple inhomogenieties. These include the finite
shorter range of influence in comparison with the element method, the boundary integral method, the weight
amplification zones. In the corresponding crack problem, the function method and various of their modifications and
zones of shielding and amplification are reversed combinations. They are, however, computationally heavy.
(amplification for collinear cracks and shielding for parallel Kachanov (1987) developed an approximate method for
cracks). estimating interaction effects between multiple cracks, which
is quite simple in its application but is physically adequate.
In the case of longitudinal loading ( α = 0° ) amplification Here this method is used as an inspiration to develop a new
method for the case of rigid-line inclusions.
zones are observed in collinear arrangements (with shorter
range of influence) while shielding zones are clear in stacked
5.1 The method of interactions between rigid-line
arrangements (with further reaching range of influence). The
inclusions
zones of influence in the rigid line inclusion problem are much
smaller than the ones in the crack problem, which means that
Let us consider an infinite linear elastic solid with an arbitrary
in order to utilize interactions between inclusions for property
improvement inclusions must be placed very close to each array of 1 rigid line inclusions subjected to remote loading
other. It is also interesting to note that only small part of . The problem is replaced by an equivalent problem of a
σ 11 σ 11∞ gets transferred from far field into the area close to solid that cpntains rigid line inclusions with prescribed
the inclusion boundary (just above and below). displacement gradient vector d =  ε ,ω  , where
i  i i 
In both loading cases, applied tensile load also generates zones
of shear stresses that are asymmetrically distributed with  ∂u   ∂u 
respect to the inclusion. In staggered arrangements of ε ∞ =  − 1  , ω ∞ =  − 2  (5.1)
i ∂x i ∂x
inclusions these shear stresses will magnify each other  1 i  1 i

resulting in transfer of applied tensile load into local shear

stress. Natural materials use this as a tool to build up
significant shear stresses in protein matrix.
The solution for displacement field using the duality principle
and the classical solution coincide (Fig. 5).
and with stresses vanishing at infinity. The latter problem is
represented as a superposition of N subproblems, each
containing a single inclusion with unknown displacement
gradient vector d , which is a sum of d and displacement
i i

gradients induced at the inclusion site by other inclusions in

4. Stress intensity factors: the remaining subproblems, namely

The knowledge of stresses allows us to calculate SIFs at the di ( i ) = −d i∞ + ∑ ∆d ji ( i ), i =1 N

tips of a rigid line inclusion. The complex stress intensity

j ≠i
(5.2)
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 σ 11 / σ ∞ σ 11 / σ ∞

σ 12 / σ ∞ σ 12 / σ ∞

σ 22 / σ ∞ σ 22 / σ ∞

Fig. 3. Contour plots of stresses around a rigid line Fig. 4. Contour plots of stresses around a rigid line
inclusion subjected to tensile loading in the direction inclusion subjected to tensile loading in the direction
perpendicular to the inclusion ( α = 90 , = 0.5) parallel to the inclusion ( α = 0 , = 0.5 )
o o

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 Coefficients ε j , ω j are determined from averaging
the system of equations (5.4). For each inclusion this system
constitutes two algebraic equations with two unknowns
leading to  1 equations for 1 inclusions. After the system is
solved and displacement gradients are constructed from (5.4),
SIFs are calculated from (4.2) with dˆ j (ξ ) = d j (ξ )- r j , where the
term r j is a rigid-body rotation r j = (0 ,ω 21j ) . The latter needs to
be determined (Dundurs and Markenscoff, 1989).

5.2 Example: Two collinear rigid-line inclusions

Let us consider two collinear rgid-line inclusions under

tension as shown in Fig. 6. Due to the symmetry of the
inclusion arrangement, we have ε1 = ε 2 = ε , ω 1 = ω 2 = 0
(since Ω εω εω
21 = Ω 12 = 0 ) and ε1 = ε 2 = ε and displacement
gradient on inclusion 2 is as follows:
Fig. 5. Comparison of displacement field around a single
rigid line inclusion procured using classical and duality ε 1 = ε + ε Ω εε21 , ω1 = 0 (5.5)
principle solution methodologies ( ρ = 1.125 ).

u1 (x1 ,0 )
where d i is found by solving a problem without rigid line where Ω εε21 = with dˆ j = ( 1,0 ) and can be calculated
x1
inclusions, i is a current point on i th inclusion and ∆d ji is a
as follows
vector generated along the site of i th inclusion in the M th
subproblem by M th inclusion with d j ( j ) and it reflects Ω εε21 (x1 ) =
x1
−1 (5.6)
interactions between inclusions in the array. x12 − a 2

The basic idea of the method is to represent displacement The latter coincides with standard stress field in the crack
gradient d j ( j ) on j th inclusion as a sum of its average d j problem (for details see, Kachanov, 1993). By averaging we
obtain that
and non-uniformity d j ( j )− d j . Just like in the method of
crack interactions developed by Kachanov (1987), we assume ε∞
ε = , (5.7)
that the non-uniformity term d j ( j )− d j has no impact on 1 − Ωεε21
other inclusions, namely that the displacement gradient
induced on i th inclusion line by j th inclusion is taken as where
generated by j th inclusion subjected to the uniform average
1 3a + s εε
displacement gradient d j only.
εε εε
Ω 21 = Ω 21 = Ω = Ω 21 x1 dx1 ( ) .
2a a + s

Summing up, displacement gradient on the i th inclusion can Stress intensity factor can now be found as follows:
be represented as follows: a   a ±
ε ∞ µ (κ − 1)  1  ξ + 2a + s 
K I (± a ) = ∫
1 + 1 − Ω − 1  d
d i (ξ i ) = d i + (d ji (ξ i ))
κ  
(ξ + 2a + s ) − a   a



(5.3) 2 2


j
−a
 
j i

or in terms of components as K II (±a ) = 0

ε i (ξ i ) = ε i + (ε j )
Ω εεji (ξ i )+ ω j Ω ωεji (ξ i ) ,
(5.4)
Stress intensity factors at crack tips are plotted in Fig. 6 in
j i comparison with the SIF for a single inclusion, namely
ω i (ξ i ) = ω i + (ω j ji (ξ i )+ ε j Ω ji (ξ i ) ,
Ωωω εω
) (κ − 1)(3 − κ )
j i K I (± a ) = σ ∞ πa K II (± a ) = 0
8κ
where ji (ξ i ) is a displacement gradient tensor generated

along the i th inclusion line by j th inclusion subjected to the

uniform displacement gradient of unit intensity (for example,
Ωωεji is u1 x1 along the i th inclusion line generated by j th
inclusion with the prescribed uniform u2 x1 of unit
intensity).
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 Markenscoff, X., Ni, L., J. Dundurs (1994), The interface
3.0 two
K (− a) anticrack; Solutions and Green’ s functions for the interaction
I
single of cracks/anticracks, ASME J. Appl. Mech.vol. 61, 797-802.
K I
Mayer, G., Sarikaya, M., (2002), Rigid biological
s composite materials: structural examples for biomimetic
2a 2D design”, Experimental mechanics, vol 42., n. 4, 395-403.
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K Itwo (+ a ) Ni, L. and Nasser, N. S., (1996), Ageneral duality
K Isingle principle in elasticity, Mechanics of Materials, vol. 24, 87-
s a 123.
1.0 Noda, N. A., Takase, Y., Hamashina, T., (2003),
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rectangular array of rectangular inclusions, Archive of applied
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6. Conclusions Shodja, H. M., Rad, I. Z., Soheilifard, R., (2003),
Interacting cracks and ellipsoidal inhomogeneities by the
In the present work a simple method is suggested for obtaining equivalent inclusion method, Journal of the mechanics and
stress intensity factors for multiple rigid line inclusions taking Physics of Solids, vol. 51, 945-960.
into account interactions between them. It is based on the Shodja, H. M., Sarvestani, A. S., (2001), Elastic fields in
method of crack interactions and the duality existing between double inhomogeneity by the equivalent inclusion method,
solutions of cracks and rigid-line inclusions. Stresses and Journal of Applied mechanics, vol. 68, 3-10.
displacements around a single inclusion are analysed using Wang G. S., (2004), The interaction of doubly periodic
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