15

73

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Example 1-a solution:
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2 Fu = 3.7 t/cm2

1-Data:
F= ?? tn
Lin= 400 cm Lout= 400 cm

2-Choice:
Check on given tube

*Prop. Of sec.: 200

5.63

6.37 4

176 200
Ac=1.57r't= 62.8 mm
2 8

Ag=2(h*t+b*t)+4*Ac= 3067 mm2

176

IX=2(t*h3/12)+2[t*b*(0.5H-0.5t)2]+4*Ac*(0.5H-y*)2= 1939 *104mm4

IY=2(t*b3/12)+2[t*h*(0.5B-0.5t)2]+4*Ac*(0.5B-y*)2= 1939 *104mm4

𝒙 𝒚
= 8.0 cm = 8.0 cm

*Calculation of effective parts:

For Flange(Comp., Stiffened): For Web(Comp., Stiffened):

b/t= 44 <300 … ok h/t= 44 <300 … ok

Kσ= 4.00 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 4.00 Ψ= 1

𝒚 𝒚
= 0.77 = 0.77
𝝈 𝝈

𝒑 𝒑
ρ 𝟐 = 0.96 ρ 𝟐 = 0.96
𝒑 𝒑
beff=ρb= 169 mm heff=ρh= 169 mm
11
M.K.(2021/2022)
bineff=(1-ρ)b= 7 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 7 mm

Aeff=Ag-2*(hineff*t+bineff*t)= 2948 mm2

3-Check:
B-Check buckling:

= 50 <180 safe = 50 <180 safe

= 0.54 ≤1.1

Fcr= Fy(1-0.384* ^2)= 2.1 t/cm2

C-Check Stress:

Pr=Ø*Fcr*Aeff= 50.23 tn =Pu

12
M.K.(2021/2022)
Example 1-b solution:
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2 Fu = 3.7 t/cm2

1-Data:
F= ?? tn
Lin= 400 cm Lout= 400 cm

2-Choice:
Check on given channel

*Prop. Of sec.: 100

5.63

6.37 4
226 250
2
Ac=1.57r't= 62.8 mm 8
Ag=(h*t+2*b*t)+2*Ac= 1734 mm2

e=Σ(A.x)/ΣA 88
=2b.t(0.5b+r+t)+2Ac(y*)+h.t(0.5t)= 24.19
[2(b.t+Ac)+h.t]

IX=(t*h3/12)+2[t*b*(0.5H-0.5t)2]+2Ac*(0.5H-y*)2= 1629 *104mm4

IY=2[(t*b3/12)+t*b*(0.5b+r+t-e)2]+t*h*(e-0.5t)2+2*Ac*(e-y*)2= 165.51 *104mm4

𝒙 𝒚
= 9.69 cm = 3.09 cm

*Calculation of effective parts:

For Flange(Comp., Unstiffened): For Web(Comp., Stiffened):

b/t= 22 <40 … ok h/t= 56.5 <300 … ok

Kσ= 0.43 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 4.00 Ψ= 1

𝒚 𝒚
= 1.18 = 0.99
𝝈 𝝈

13
𝒑 𝒑
ρ 𝟐 = 0.70 ρ 𝟐 = 0.80
M.K.(2021/2022)
𝒑 𝒑
 𝒑 𝒑
beff=ρb= 62 mm heff=ρh= 182 mm

bineff=(1-ρ)b= 26 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 44 mm

Aeff=Ag-(hineff*t+2*bineff*t)= 1347 mm2

3-Check:
B-Check buckling:

= 129 <180 safe = 41 <180 safe

= 1.39 >1.1

Fcr= 0.648*Fy/ ^2= 0.8 t/cm2

C-Check Stress:

Pr=Ø*Fcr*Aeff= 8.63 tn =Pu

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Example 1-c solution:
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2 Fu = 3.7 t/cm2

1-Data:
F= ?? tn
Lin= 400 cm Lout= 400 cm

2-Choice:
Check on given double channels

*Prop. Of sec.: 125

5.63

6.37 4
226 250
2
Ac=1.57r't= 62.8 mm 8
Ag=2[(h*t+2*b*t)+2*Ac]= 3867 mm2

113

IX=2[(t*h3/12)+2[t*b*(0.5H-0.5t)2]+2Ac*(0.5H-y*)2]= 3863 *104mm4

IY=4[(t*b3/12)+t*b*(0.5b+r+t)2]+2*t*h*(0.5t)2+4*Ac*(y*)2= 1042 *104mm4

𝒙 𝒚
= 9.99 cm = 5.19 cm

*Calculation of effective parts:

For Flange(Comp., Unstiffened): For Web(Comp., Stiffened):

b/t= 28.25 <40 … ok h/t= 56.5 <300 … ok

Kσ= 0.43 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 4.00 Ψ= 1

𝒚 𝒚
= 1.52 = 0.99
𝝈 𝝈

𝒑 𝒑
ρ 𝟐 = 0.57 ρ 𝟐 = 0.80
𝒑 𝒑
beff=ρb= 65 mm heff=ρh= 182 mm
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M.K.(2021/2022)
bineff=(1-ρ)b= 48 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 44 mm

Aeff=Ag-2*(hineff*t+2*bineff*t)= 2738 mm2

3-Check:
B-Check buckling:

= 77 <180 safe = 40 <180 safe

= 0.83 ≤1.1

Fcr= Fy(1-0.384* ^2)= 1.8 t/cm2

C-Check Stress:

Pr=Ø*Fcr*Aeff= 38.70 tn =Pu

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Example 1-d solution:
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2 Fu = 3.7 t/cm2

1-Data:
F= ?? tn
Lin= 400 cm Lout= 400 cm

2-Choice:
Check on given double angle

*Prop. Of sec.:
= 10
5.63

6.37 4
100
2
Ac=1.57r't= 62.8 mm 8
Ag=4*b*t+2*Ac= 1534 mm2
e=Σ(A.x)/ΣA 88
=b.t(0.5t)+Ac(y*)+b.t(0.5b+r+t)= 27.09
2(b.t)+Ac

IX=2[(t*b3/12)+t*b*(0.5b+r+t-e)2+t*b*(0.5t-e)2+Ac*(y*-e)2]= 154 *104mm4

IY=Ix+Ag*(e+0.5s)2= 312.3 *104mm4

𝒙 𝒚
= 3.17 cm = 4.51 cm

*Calculation of effective parts:

For Flange(Comp., Unstiffened):

b/t= 22 <40 … ok

Kσ= 0.43 Ψ= 1
𝒚
= 1.18
𝝈

𝒑
ρ 𝟐 = 0.70
17
𝒑

M.K.(2021/2022)
 𝒑
beff=ρb= 62 mm

bineff=(1-ρ)b= 26 mm

Aeff=Ag-4*(bineff*t)= 1116 mm2

3-Check:
B-Check buckling:

= 89 <180 safe = 126 <180 safe

= 1.36 >1.1

Fcr= 0.648*Fy/ ^2= 0.8 t/cm2

C-Check Stress:

Pr=Ø*Fcr*Aeff= 7.54 tn =Pu

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Example 2 solution:
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2 Fu = 3.7 t/cm2

1-Data:
F= 10 tn
Lin= 500 cm Lout= 500 cm

2-Choice: Assume λc=1.1…..So λ= 102.2 Fcr= 1.28 t/cm2

Act. Force = ɸ*stress*area

from Stress: ɸ= 0.80
10 = ɸ*Fcr*Ag Ag= 9.73 cm2

Sec. from Stress: 80X80X3.6 with A= 10.9 cm2

from Buckling: λ= 102.2

………… ry= 4.891 ………… rx= 4.891

Sec. from Buckling: 120X120X5

Finally, use 100X100X4

A= 15.30 cm2
rx= 3.91 cm ry= 3.91 cm

100

80 100
6

80
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M.K.(2021/2022)
*Calculation of effective parts:
For Flange(Comp., Stiffened): For Web(Comp., Stiffened):

b/t= 20 <300 … ok h/t= 20 <300 … ok

Kσ= 4.00 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 4.00 Ψ= 1

𝒚 𝒚
= 0.35 = 0.35
𝝈 𝝈

𝒑 𝒑
ρ 𝟐 = 1.23 ,take ρ=1 ρ 𝟐 = 1.23 ,take ρ=1
𝒑 𝒑

beff=ρb= 80 mm heff=ρh= 80 mm

bineff=(1-ρ)b= 0 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 0 mm

Aeff=Ag-2*(hineff*t+bineff*t)= 15.3 mm2

3-Check:
B-Check buckling:

= 128 <180 safe = 128 <180 safe

1.38 >1.1
=
Fcr= 0.648*Fy/ ^2= 0.8 t/cm2

C-Check Stress:
Pr=Ø*Fcr*Aeff= 10.05 tn > P u= 10 tn safe

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Example 2 solution-F2:
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2 Fu = 3.7 t/cm2

1-Data:
F= 14.14 tn
Lin= 559 cm Lout=1.2L= 671 cm

2-Choice: Assume λc=1.1…..So λ= 102.2 Fcr= 1.28 t/cm2

Act. Force = ɸ*stress*area

from Stress: ɸ= 0.80
14 = ɸ*Fcr*2Ag Ag= 6.88 cm2

Sec. from Stress: 120X60X4 with A= 7.0 cm2

from Buckling: λ= 102.2

………… ry= 6.562 ………… rx= 5.468

Sec. from Buckling: 200X100X4

Finally, use Double 200X100X4

2A= 30.68 cm2 e= 2.71 cm
rx= 7.95 cm = 4.17 cm

100

176 200
8

88
21
M.K.(2021/2022)
*Calculation of effective parts:
For Flange(Comp., Unstiffened): For Web(Comp., Stiffened):

b/t= 22 <40 … ok h/t= 44 <300 … ok

Kσ= 0.43 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 4.00 Ψ= 1

𝒚 𝒚
= 1.18 = 0.77
𝝈 𝝈

𝒑 𝒑
ρ 𝟐 = 0.70 ρ 𝟐 = 0.96
𝒑 𝒑

beff=ρb= 62 mm heff=ρh= 169 mm

bineff=(1-ρ)b= 26 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 7 mm

Aeff=Ag-2*(hineff*t+2*bineff*t)= 25.91 cm2

3-Check:
B-Check buckling:

= 161 <180 safe = 70 <180 safe

1.73 >1.1
=
Fcr= 0.648*Fy/ ^2= 0.5 t/cm2

C-Check Stress:
Pr=Ø*Fcr*Aeff= 10.76 tn ≤ Pu= 14 tn Unsafe

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Example 3 solution:
St. 37 Fy = 2.40 t/cm2
Givens:

a(spacing between Purlins)= 1.8 m

S(Span of purlins=Spacing bet. frames)= 6 m
Slope= 1: 7

α(Slope of roof)= 8.00 0.1

Loads:
Dead load:
o.w= 10 kg/m
WC.S.= 6 kg/m2
other D.L. = 0 kg/m2
Supported width(a/cosα)= 1.77 m

Wd.l.=o.w.+(WC.S.+other D.l.)*Supported width

= 21 kg/m

Md.l.=Wd.l.*L2/8= 93 kg.m
Vd.l.=Wd.l.*L/2= 62 kg
Md.x=Md.l.*cosα= 92 kg.m

Md.y=Md.l.*Sinα= 12.9 kg.m

Vd.x=Vd.l.*cosα= 61.21 kg

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Live load: Inaccessable Roof

L.L=(60-66.67tanα)*10= 50.6 kg/m2

Wl.l.=(L.L.)*Supported width(a)= 88.6 kg/m

Ml.l.=Wl.l.*L2/8= 399 kg.m
Vl.l.=Wl.l.*L/2= 266 kg
Ml.x=Ml.l.*cosα= 394.8 kg.m

Ml.y=Ml.l.*Sinα= 55.5 kg.m

Vl.x=Vl.l.*cosα= 263.2 kg

1-Design values: No tie rod

Case (I):{Dead+L.L.+Wind pressure(neglected)}
Mx=1.2Mdx+1.6Mlx= 741.8991 kg.m
My=(1.2Mdy +1.6Mly)= 104.27 kg.m
Vx=1.2Vdx+1.6Vlx= 494.5994 kg

2-Choice:
∑(Act. Moment/All. Moment)=1
(Mx+6My)/(ɸ*Sx*Fy)=1
1367.534 /10/(0.85*Sx* 2.4 )=1 80
S x= 67 cm3
Choose 180X80X4
4

156 180
8

68 24
M.K.(2021/2022)
 *Calculation of effective parts:
For Flange(Comp., Unstiffened): For Web(Bending., Stiffened):

b/t= 17 <40 … ok h/t= 39 <200 … ok

Kσ= 0.43 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 23.9 Ψ= -1

𝒃/𝒕 𝑭𝒚 𝒃/𝒕 𝑭𝒚
𝝀𝒑 = 0.91 𝝀𝒑 = 0.28
𝟒𝟒 𝑲𝝈 𝟒𝟒 𝑲𝝈

𝝀𝒑 𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝜳 𝝀𝒑 𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝜳

ρ 𝟐 = 0.86 ρ = 2.29 ,take ρ=1
𝝀𝒑 𝝀𝒑 𝟐

beff=ρb= 58 mm heff=ρh= 156 mm

bineff=(1-ρ)b= 10 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 0 mm

Ix-eff=Ix-(bineff*t)*(0.5H-0.5t)2= 606.8 cm4

Iy-eff=Iy-[(t*bineff3/12)+(bineff*t)*(B-e-0.5bineff)2= 68.88 cm4

y=0.5H= 9.0 cm X=B-e= 5.9 cm

3 3
Sx-eff=Ix-eff/y= 67.4 cm Sy-eff=Iy-eff/x= 11.7 cm

3-Check:
a-Check Bending:

Mx M 74.2 10.4
+ y = + = 0.98 < 1 .00 safe
ɸFy*Sx-eff ɸFy*Sy-eff ɸFy*67.4 ɸFy*11.7

b-Check Shear: (for Case I only)

𝟏𝟏𝟐
𝒉 𝟐𝒄 = 0 = 0 < = 72.3
𝑭𝒚
𝒕𝒘 68

Vr = ɸ*Vn = ɸ(0.6Fy)*Aw= 0.85*0.6* 2.4 6.9

= 8.42 tn
Vu = 0.5 tn < Vr safe

c-Check Deflection:
Wl.l.*Cos= 0.1 t/m Ix = 637.2 cm4
t/cm2
E= 2100
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M.K.(2021/2022)
 𝟒
δact= 𝟓 ∗ 𝑾𝒍.𝒍. ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∗ 𝑳 = 1.11 < Δall. safe
𝟑𝟖𝟒 ∗ 𝑬 ∗ 𝑰𝒙
Δall.= Span/200= 3 cm

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Example 4-a solution:
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2

1-Data:
M= ?? tn

2-Choice:
Check on given tube

*Prop. Of sec.: 250

5.63

6.37 4

226 250
Ac=1.57r't= 62.8 mm
2 8

226

IX=2(t*h3/12)+2[t*b*(0.5H-0.5t)2]+4*Ac*(0.5H-y*)2= 3863 *104mm4

*Calculation of effective parts:

For Flange(Comp., Stiffened): For Web(Bending, Stiffened):

b/t= 56.5 <300 … ok h/t= 56.5 <300 … ok

Kσ= 4.00 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 23.90 Ψ= -1

𝒚 𝒚
= 0.99 = 0.41
𝝈 𝝈

𝒑 𝒑
ρ 𝟐 = 0.80 ρ 𝟐 = 1.85 ,take ρ=1
𝒑 𝒑
beff=ρb= 182 mm heff=ρh= 226 mm

bineff=(1-ρ)b= 44 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 0 mm

Ix-eff=Ix-bineff*t(0.5H-0.5t)2= 3594 cm4

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M.K.(2021/2022)
3-Check:
A-Check bending: Ø=0.85 y=0.5H= 12.5 cm
Mr=Ø*Fy*Ix-eff/y= 5.86 m.tn =Mu

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Example 4-b solution:
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2

1-Data:
M= ?? tn

2-Choice:
Check on given double channels

*Prop. Of sec.: 125

5.63

6.37 4
226 250
2
Ac=1.57r't= 62.8 mm 8

113

IX=2[(t*h3/12)+2[t*b*(0.5H-0.5t)2]+2Ac*(0.5H-y*)2]= 3863 *104mm4

*Calculation of effective parts:

For Flange(Comp., Unstiffened): For Web(Bending., Stiffened):

b/t= 28.25 <40 … ok h/t= 56.5 <300 … ok

Kσ= 0.43 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 23.90 Ψ= -1

𝒚 𝒚
= 1.52 = 0.41
𝝈 𝝈

𝒑 𝒑
ρ 𝟐 = 0.57 ρ 𝟐 = 1.85 ,take ρ=1
𝒑 𝒑
beff=ρb= 65 mm heff=ρh= 226 mm

bineff=(1-ρ)b= 48 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 0 mm

Ix-eff=Ix-2*(bineff*t)*(0.5H-0.5t)2= 3278 cm4

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M.K.(2021/2022)
3-Check:
A-Check bending: Ø=0.85 y=0.5H= 12.5 cm
Mr=Ø*Fy*Ix-eff/y= 5.35 m.tn =Mu

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M.K.(2021/2022)
Data
St. 37 Fy = 2.4 t/cm2
Givens:

a(spacing between Purlins)= 2 m

S(Span of purlins=Spacing bet. frames)= 6 m
Slope(vl:hz.) 5: 10
α(Slope of roof)= 26.57 0.5
Solution
Loads:
Dead load:
o.w= 10 kg/m
WC.S.= 6 kg/m2
other D.L. = 0 kg/m2
Supported width(a/cosα)= 31
M.K.(2021/2022)
2.24 m
Wd.l.=o.w.+(WC.S.+other D.l.)*Supported width

= 23 kg/m
Md.l.=Wd.l.*L2/8= 105 kg.m
Vd.l.=Wd.l.*L/2= 70 kg
Md.x=Md.l.*cosα= 94 kg.m

Md.y=Md.l.*Sinα= 47.12 kg.m

Vd.x=Vd.l.*cosα= 62.83 kg

Live load: Inaccessable Roof

L.L=(60-66.67tanα)*10= 26.7 kg/m2

Wl.l.=(L.L.)*Supported width(a)= 53.3 kg/m

Ml.l.=Wl.l.*L2/8= 240 kg.m
Vl.l.=Wl.l.*L/2= 160 kg
Ml.x=Ml.l.*cosα= 214.6 kg.m

Ml.y=Ml.l.*Sinα= 107.3 kg.m

Vl.x=Vl.l.*cosα= 143.1 kg

Wind load: for H<10… K= 1 , V= 33 m/s

q=0.5.ρ.V2.Ct.Cs= 68 kg/m2
for pressure side: tanα= 0.50
Ce suction= -0.6 Ce press.= 0.2
a
for suction side:
Ce suction= -0.5

Finally,max Ce suction= -0.6 Ce press.= 0.2

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M.K.(2021/2022)
 2
Psuction=Ce suction*K*q= -41 kg/m
2
Ppress.=Ce press.*K*q= 14 kg/m
Wsuction=Psuction*(a/cosα)= -91 kg/m
Wpress.=Ppress.*(a/cosα)= 30 kg/m
Mw.suct.=Wsuct.*L2/8= -411 kg.m
2
Mw.pres.=Wpres.*L /8= 137 kg.m
Vw.suct.=Wsuct.*L/2= -274 kg
Vw.pres.=Wpres.*L/2= 91 kg

1-Design values: One tie rod

Case (I):{Dead+L.L.+Wind pressure(if any)}
Mx=1.2Mdx+1.6Mlx+0.8(Mw)press.= 566.1162 kg.m
My=(1.2Mdy +1.6Mly) /4 = 57.07 kg.m
Vx=1.2Vdx+1.6Vlx+0.8(Vw)press.= 377.4108 kg

Case (II):{Dead+Wind suction} neglect this case

Mx=0.9Mdx+1.3(Mw)suct.= -449.4 kg.m

My=0.9Mdy/4= 10.60 kg.m
Vx=0.9Vdx+1.3(Vw)suct.= -299.6 kg

2-Choice on case(I):
∑(Act. Moment/All. Moment)=1
(Mx+6My)/(ɸ*Sx*Fy)=1
908.536 /10/(0.85*Sx 2.4 )=1 65
Sx= 45 cm3
Choose 160X65X4
4
136 160
8

53 33
M.K.(2021/2022)
*Calculation of effective parts:
For Flange(Comp., Unstiffened): For Web(Bending., Stiffened):

b/t= 13.25 <40 … ok h/t= 34 <200 … ok

Kσ= 0.43 Ψ= 1 Kσ= 23.9 Ψ= -1

𝒃/𝒕 𝑭𝒚 𝒃/𝒕 𝑭𝒚
𝝀𝒑 = 0.71 𝝀𝒑 = 0.24
𝟒𝟒 𝑲𝝈 𝟒𝟒 𝑲𝝈

𝝀𝒑 𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝜳 𝝀𝒑 𝟎.𝟏𝟓 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝜳

ρ 𝟐 = 1.01 ,take ρ=1 ρ = 2.42 ,take ρ=1
𝝀𝒑 𝝀𝒑 𝟐
beff=ρb= 53 mm heff=ρh= 136 mm

bineff=(1-ρ)b= 0 mm hineff=(1-ρ)h= 0 mm

Ix-eff=Ix-(bineff*t)*(0.5H-0.5t)2= 411.3 cm4

3 2
Iy-eff=Iy-[(t*bineff /12)+(bineff*t)*(B-e-0.5bineff) = 43.37 cm4

y=0.5H= 8.0 cm X=B-e= 4.9 cm

3 3
Sx-eff=Ix-eff/y= 51.4 cm Sy-eff=Iy-eff/x= 8.9 cm

3-Check:
a-Check Bending:

Mx M 56.6 5.7
+ y =
Sx−eff Sy−eff
+ = 1.74 < ɸFy= 2.04 safe
51.4 8.9

b-Check Shear: (for Case I only)

𝟏𝟏𝟐
𝒉 𝟐𝒄 = 0 = 0 < = 72.3
𝑭𝒚
𝒕𝒘 53
Vr = ɸ*Vn = ɸ(0.6Fy)*Aw= 0.85*0.6*2.4 6.1
= 7.44 tn
Vu = 0.4 tn < Vr safe
c-Check Deflection:
4
Wl.l.*Cos= 0.0 t/m Ix= 411.3 cm
E= 2100 t/cm2
𝟒
δact= 𝟓 ∗ 𝑾𝒍.𝒍. ∗ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ∗ 𝑳 = 0.93 < Δall. safe
𝟑𝟖𝟒 ∗ 𝑬 ∗ 𝑰𝒙
Δall.= Span/200= 3 cm

34
M.K.(2021/2022)