Lo s s o f

Co ntro l-
Inflig ht (LOC-I)
Ac c id e nts
Martin Plumleigh

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Accidents Overview
2020 2021 2022 Mid Year 5-Year Average
2023 (2018 -2022)
Ac c ide nt Co unt 34 30 43 15 45

Ac c ide nt Rate 1.53 1.17 1.33 0.82 1.33

J e t Hull Lo s s e s 3 3 7 0 5

Turbo pro p Hull Lo s s e s 4 5 6 1 5

Fatal Ac c ide nts 4 7 5 1 7

Fatalitie s on-Board 125 121 158 72 231

Fatality Ris k 0.09 0.23 0.11 0.05 0.13

IATA Me mbe rs 13 11 13 9 18

IOSA Carrie rs 19 14 19 9 24

Se c tors - pe r million s e c to rs 22.2 25.7 32.2 18.2 34.5

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 Indus try Ac c ide nt Rate
Ac c id e nts p e r millio n s e c to rs
• 15 ac c ide nts re po rte d in the Firs t
Indus try Ac c ide nt Rate
90 4.50
Half o f 2023
• Indus try ac c ide nt rate is 0.82 pe r

Ac c ide nt rate pe r million s e c tors

80 4.00

70 3.50 million s e c tors

60 3.00
Ac c ide nt c ount

50 2.50
• Ac c ide nt rate for IOSA-
40 2.00 re gis te re d c arrie rs (0.67) is lowe r
30 1.50 than that for non-IOSA c arrie rs
20 1.00
(1.27)
10 0.50

0 0.00
• IOSA re gis te re d c arrie rs are als o
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Mid
2023 be low the mid-ye ar 2023
Accident Count Accident Rate IOSA Accident Rate indus try ac c ide nt rate of 0.82.
Non-IOSA Accident Rate IATA Accident Rate Non-IATA Accident Rate
IOSA Represents a definite risk reduction tool for
Commercial carriers

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Copyright ©2023 International Air Transport Association. All rights reserved. S o u rc e : IATA S a fe t y re p o rt – Mid Ye a r 2 0 2 3
Subje c t to re s tric tio ns and dis c laime r o n p age 2.
Industry Accidents Count & Rate
pe r Ac c ide nt Cate gory
Ac c ide nt Cate go rie s Co unt & Rate s (2013-Mid Ye ar 2023)
140 0.40

0.35
120
0.33

Ac c ide nt rate pe r million s e c tors

0.30
100 4 pe r ye ar!
0.25
Ac c ide nt c ount

0.25
80

0.20

60 0.17
0.15 0.15
0.13 0.13
40
0.10 0.10

0.07
20 0.06 0.05 0.05
0.04
128 95 64 59 51 50 40 25 22 20 14 0.02 1
0 6 0.00
Runway Landing Hard Ground Tailstrike In-flight Loss of Runway Controlled Off Runway Other End Off Airport Mid-air Fuel Deliberate
Excursion Gear Landing Damage Damage Control In- Damage Flight Into Touchdown State Landing / Collision Exhaustion Act
flight Terrain (Off or Ditching
(CFIT) Partial)

Accident Count Accident Rate

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Industry Accident Count & Fatalities
pe r Ac c ide nt Cate gory
Ac c ide nt Cate go rie s & Fatalitie s (2013-Mid Ye ar 2023)
140 1,600
128

120 1,362 While 7 th in numbe rs 1,400

Ac c ide nt rate pe r million s e c tors

ove r the las t 10 1,200
100 95
ye ars ; gre ate s t in
Ac c ide nt c ount

1,000
80 te rms of fatalitie s
64 800
59
60
51 50
600
40
40 452
400
25
22 309 20
20 14 200
6
88 98 1
41
0 5 0
Runway Landing Hard Ground Tailstrike In-flight Loss of Runway Controlled Off Runway Other End Off Airport Mid-air Fuel Deliberate
Excursion Gear Landing Damage Damage Control In- Damage Flight Into Touchdown State Landing / Collision Exhaustion Act
flight Terrain (Off or Ditching
(CFIT) Partial)

Accident Count Fatalities Onboard

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Fatality Risk by Accident Category – 2018-Mid Ye ar 2023
LOC-I c a us e d the hig he s t fa ta litie s d uring this p e rio d

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LOC-I Ac c ide nts - Co unt & Rate
LOC-I Ac c ide nts
10 0.25
0.23
9

0.19

Ac c ide nt rate pe r million s e c tors

8 0.20

7
5 c argo 0.16
Ac c ide nt c ount

0.16 4 Pax
6 0.14 0.15
Split be twe e n J e t
and Turbo pro p 0.14
5
0.13 0.13 0.09
0.09
4 0.10

0.07
3
0.05 0.05
2 0.07 0.05
0.07
0.03 0.05
0.05 0.04
1
7 5 2 9 3 4 4 0 4 1 1
0 0.00
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Mid-Year 2023

Accident Count Accident Rate Fatality Risk

COVID
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LOC-I Ac c ide nts - Co unt & Fatalitie s
LOC-I Ac c ide nts & Fatalitie s
10 400

372
9
9 350
332

Ac c ide nt rate pe r million s e c tors

8
300
7
Ac c ide nt c ount

7
250
6

5 200
5 191

4
4 4 4 150
134
3 127
3 100
2 80
72
2
45 50
1
1 1
9
0 0 0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Mid-Year 2023

Accident Count Fatalities Onboard

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LOC-I Ac c ide nts - Re gio n o f Ope rato r
(2013-Mid Ye ar 2023)
LOC-I Ac c ide nts by Re gio n o f Ope rato rs
10 0.90

9 9
90.78 0.80

Ac c ide nt rate pe r million s e c tors

8
0.70
7
7
Ac c ide nt c ount

0.60 0.60
6
6 0.50
0.50
5
0.14 0.40
4

3 3 0.30
3

0.32 2 0.17
0.20
2 0.06
0.10
1
1 0.10 0.02 0.10
0.11
0.02 0.06 0.05
0 0.01 0.00
AFI ASPAC CIS EUR LATAM/CAR MENA NAM NASIA

Accident Count Accident Rate Fatality Risk

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LOC-I Ac c ide nts – TEM (2013-Mid Ye ar 2023)
Latent Conditions Flight Crew Errors
Safe ty Manage me nt (abs e nt or de fic ie nt) 55% SOP Adhe re nc e / SOP Cro s s -ve rific ation 48%
Re gulato ry Ove rs ight 48% Manual Handling / Primary Flight Controls 38%
Flight Ope rations 45% Pilot to Pilot Communic ation 28%

Threats Undesired Aircraft States

Me te orology 38% 35%
Ve rtic al / Late ral / Spe e d De viatio n
Airc raft Malfunc tion / SCF-NP 33% 35%
Ope ration Outs ide Airc raft Limitations
Ope rational Pre s s ure 20% 20%
Abrupt Airc raft Control

Countermeasures
 Weak or No SMS is the top contributor. Strong
Ove rall Cre w Pe rformanc e 45%
SMS works to reduce the other top 4.
Le ade rs hip 35%  All of the top 4 can be affected by operators,
Monitor / Cro s s -c he c k 33% manufacturers, and regulators
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LOC-I Ac c ide nts – In s ummary
2013 -Mid 2023

LOC-I ac c ide nts 40

Fatal ac c ide nts 36
Fatalitie s 1,362
J e t airc raft 17
Turbo pro p airc raft 23
Pas s e nge rs 28
Cargo 12
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 LOC-I Re c o mme ndatio ns
• So me o f the re c o mme ndatio ns fro m the LOC-I Ac c ide nt Analys is Re po rt to c o ns ide r are :
• Imple me nt s tro ng and s o und Ris k Manage me nt prac tic e s
• SMS/IOSA
• Es tablis h a “POSITIVE SAFETY” c ulture
• Le ade rs lis te n to, de s ire , s e e k out, and c e le brate e mploye e re porting of is s ue s
• Es tablis h a patte rn of ac tion take n ( build trus t)
• De fine d boundarie s of what be haviors are ac c e pte d and what is not tole rate d

• Co nduc t training on e ne rgy manage me nt in a varie ty of s c e narios and flight phas e s , inc luding but
no t limite d to, e ngine failure , thrus t lo s s , and abno rmal e ngine c onfigurations .

• Ins titute Ups e t Pre ve ntion and Re c ove ry Training (UPRT) as re c o mme nde d in ICAO AC-RASG-
AFI-01, 2018, Mo de l AFI Advis ory Circ ular on LOC-I and UPRT.

• Pro vide c las s room and Flight Simulation Training De vic e s (FSTD) training to the flight c re w on a
re gular bas is
• That pro vide s a po s itive e xpe rie nc e c o ns ide ring flight c harac te ris tic s and pe rfo rmanc e o f
airc raft be ing flown by the pilo ts ,
• Inc lude s ope rations during hazardous we athe r c onditions .
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LOC-I Re c o mme ndatio ns
• Inc lude and e mphas ize training fo r pilo ts to monito r the airc raft flight path and s ys te m, and
e nc o urage manual inte rve ntion, as appropriate .

• Re info rc e workload manage me nt as we ll as tas k allo c ation and prioritization to maximize

monitoring during Are as o f Vulne rability.

• Ens ure training is c omple te d within the validate d training e nve lope o f the FSTD.

• Re fe r to IATA Guidanc e Mate rial and Be s t Prac tic e s for the Imple me ntation of Ups e t Pre ve ntion
and Re c ove ry Training (REV 2).

• Co ns ult the 3rd e ditio n o f the Airplane Ups e t Pre ve ntion and Re c ove ry Training Aid, whic h
e mphas ize s both re c o gnitio n and pre ve ntio n.

• Inc orpo rate , whe re applic able , the Comme rc ial Aviatio n Safe ty Te am (CAST) s afe ty
e nhanc e me nts (SEs ). All SEs , inc luding 192-211 on Airplane State Aware ne s s , are available on
Skybrary.

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LOC-I Re c o mme ndatio ns
• While not an e xhaus tive lis t, pilo ts c an pre ve nt LOC-I ac c ide nts by taking the
following ac tio ns :
• Pro ac tive ly re vie w and re fe r to o pe rational manuals , and maintain
aware ne s s abo ut (but no t limite d to):
• The o pe ratio nal thre ats and e rro rs le ading to LOC-I,

• UPRT pro c e dure s and be s t prac tic e s ,

• Primary flight dis play indic atio ns and diffe re nt le ve ls o f auto matio n to manage
airc raft flight path,

• The impo rtanc e o f CRM,

• The ro le o f the Pilo t Flying and the Pilot Monitoring
• Prioritizatio n of the ir dutie s de pe nding of the Are a of Vulne rability.

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LOC-I Re c o mme ndatio ns
• During, gro und and flight o pe ratio ns apply s ys te matic ally the Thre at and Erro r manage me nt
princ iple s to antic ipate and mitigate the thre ats , to de te c t and c o rre c t e rro rs that c o uld le ad
to unre c o ve rable de viatio n fro m the inte nde d flightpath.

• Do wnlo ad the LOC-I Ac c ide nt Analys is Re po rt to ge t an e valuatio n o f the ris k fac to rs fro m
LOC-I ac c ide nts and info rmatio n de s igne d to aid the indus try in the imple me ntatio n o f
mitigatio n s trate gie s .

• Co ns ult with IATA Safe ty Re po rt.

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