Malformation test questioner

MALFORMATION OF THE BRAIN

1. What is the term for the failure of the cerebellum to develop due to destruction of the cerebral cortex?
A. Cerebellar hypoplasia
B. Cerebellar atrophy
C. Cerebellar agenesis
D. Cerebellar aplasia

2. What is the term for the premature degeneration of the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellar cortex?
A. Cerebellar abiotrophy
B. Cerebellar hypoplasia
C. Cerebellar atrophy
D. Cerebellar aplasia

3. What is the term for the accumulation of an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the cranial cavity?
A. Hydrocephalus
B. Meningitis
C. Encephalitis
D. Cerebritis

4. What is the term for a malformation of the brain where it has a thin-walled and greatly enlarged lateral
ventricle filled with CSF?
A. Hydranencephaly
B. Holoprosencephaly
C. Microcephaly
D. Macrocephaly

MALFORMATION OF SPINAL CORD

5. What is the general term for malformation of the spinal cord?

A. Myelodysplasia
B. Myelopathy
C. Myelitis
D. Myeloradiculopathy

6. What is the term for the reduced or absence of development of one or more segments of the spinal
cord?
A. Hypoplasia
B. Aplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hyperplasia

7. What is the term for the dilation of the central canal due to excess accumulation of CSF?
A. Hydromyelia
B. Syringomyelia
C. Myelomeningocele
 D. Meningocele

8. What is the term for the abnormal cavitation of the spinal cord?
A. Syringomyelia
B. Hydromyelia
C. Poliomyelitis
D. Myelitis

9. What is the term for when 2 spinal cords develop beside each other, usually in one set in one vertebral
canal?
A. Diplomyelia
B. Diastematomyelia
C. Hemimyelia
D. Myelomeningocele

10. What is the term for when 2 spinal cords develop with a partition between them?
A. Diastematomyelia
B. Diplomyelia
C. Hemimyelia
D. Myelomeningocele

11. What is the term for the cleft in the neural tube brought about by the failure of this part to close during
neurulation?
A. Myeloschisis
B. Spina bifida
C. Meningomyelocele
D. Myelomeningocele

12. What is the term for the protrusion of the meninges through an opening in the vertebral arches to form
a cyst beneath the skin?
A. Meningocele
B. Myelomeningocele
C. Meningocoele
D. Myelocystocele

13. What is the term for when both meninges and spinal cord protrude?
A. Meningomyelocoele
B. Meningocoele
C. Myelomeningocele
D. Myelocystocele

14. What is the term for the failure of vertebral arches to close dorsal to the spinal cord?
A. Spina bifida

B. Aplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Hyperplasia
COMMON MALFORMATION OF THE VERTEBRA

15. What is the term for the lateral deviation of the vertebral column?
A. Scoliosis
B. Kyphosis
C. Lordosis
D. Torticollis

16. What is the term for the sagittal deviation of the vertebral column in a fixed position?
A. Scoliosis
B. Kyphosis
C. Lordosis
D. Torticollis

17. What is the term for the sagittal deviation of the vertebral column in a fixed extended position?
A. Scoliosis
B. Kyphosis
C. Lordosis
D. Torticollis

18. What is the term for the abnormal twisting of the cervical vertebral column?
A. Torticollis
B. Scoliosis
C. Kyphosis
D. Lordosis

19. What is the term for the absence of the vertebral arch?
A. Spina bifida
B. Rachischisis
C. Spina bifida occulta
D. Spondylolisthesis

20. What is the term for spina bifida of several adjacent vertebrae?
A. Rachischisis
B. Spina bifida occulta
C. Myeloschisis
D. Meningomyelocele

21. What is the term for spina bifida covered by skin and subcutis?
A. Spina bifida occulta
B. Rachischisis
C. Meningomyelocele
D. Meningocele
MALFORMATIONS OF THE FACE

22. What is the term for a cleft lip caused by the failure of fusion of medial nasal and maxillary processes?
A. Cheiloschisis
B. Palatoschisis
C. Branchial cyst
D. Heterotropic polyodontia

23. What is the term for a cleft palate caused by the failure of medial palatine processes to fuse?
A. Cheiloschisis
B. Palatoschisis
C. Branchial cyst
D. Heterotropic polyodontia

24. What is the term for the result of failure of involution of the brachial apparatus caudal to VA2?
A. Cheiloschisis
B. Palatoschisis
C. Branchial cyst
D. Heterotropic polyodontia

25. What is the term for the primordia of enamel organs escaping to the exterior and developing tooth
structures anchored on the parietal bone or base of the ear?
A. Cheiloschisis
B. Palatoschisis
C. Branchial cyst
D. Heterotropic polyodontia

MALFORMATIONS OF THE LIMB

26. What is the term for the loss of a specific part of a limb?
A. Limb reduction
B. Achondroplasia
C. Amelia
D. Meromelia

27. What is the term for the systemic premature ossification of physes of extremities?
A. Limb reduction
B. Achondroplasia
C. Amelia
D. Meromelia

28. What is the term for the complete absence of a limb?

A. Limb reduction
B. Achondroplasia
 C. Amelia
D. Meromelia

29. What is the term for the absence of a part of a limb?

A. Limb reduction
B. Achondroplasia
C. Amelia
D. Meromelia

30. What is the term for the complete absence of a limb?

A. Acromelia
B. Hemimelia
C. Micromelia
D. Phocomelia

31. What is the term for the absence of half or one more segments of a limb?
A. Acromelia
B. Hemimelia
C. Micromelia
D. Phocomelia

32. What is the term for the reduced size of a limb?

A. Acromelia
B. Hemimelia
C. Micromelia
D. Phocomelia

33. What is the term for the absence of one or more proximal segments, a consequence of pregnant women
taking thalidomide in the late 1950s?
A. Acromelia
B. Hemimelia
C. Micromelia
D. Phocomelia

34. What is the term for fused digits?

A. Syndactyly
B. Brachydactyly
C. Ectrodactyly
D. Polydactyly

35. What is the term for shortened or stumpy digits?

A. Brachydactyly
B. Ectrodactyly
C. Limb Duplication
D. Polydactyly

36. What is the term for the absence of one or more digits?
A. Brachydactyly
B. Ectrodactyly
C. Limb Duplication
D. Polydactyly
 37. What is the term for the presence of one or more extra digits?
A. Limb Duplication
B. Bimelia
C. Polydactyly
D. Notomelia

38. What is the term for one or more extra digits?

A. Limb Duplication
B. Bimelia
C. Polydactyly
D. Notomelia

39. What is the term for partial or complete duplication of one limb?
A. Limb Duplication
B. Bimelia
C. Polydactyly
D. Notomelia

40. What is the term for a limb growing from the back of the animal?
A. Limb Duplication
B. Bimelia
C. Polydactyly
D. Notomelia

41. What is the term for the results from malformed joints, denervation, abnormal muscle tension, or
impaired mobility in utero?
A. Arthrogryposis
B. Hip Dysplasia
C. Ankylosis
D. Limb Reduction

42. What is the term for the abnormal maturation of the hip joint that results in the formation of a shadow
acetabulum and flattened femoral head?
A. Arthrogryposis
B. Hip Dysplasia
C. Ankylosis
D. Limb Reduction

43. What is the term for the permanent fixation of a joint caused by immobility of the fetus in utero?
A. Arthrogryposis
B. Hip Dysplasia
C. Ankylosis
D. Limb Reduction

MALFORMATIONS OF THE EYE

44. What is the term for the development of a single eye in the center of the head due to failure of the optic
field to separate into 2 lateral eye forming regions?
A. Cyclopia
B. Anophthalmia
C. Coloboma
D. Microphthalmia
 45. What is the term for the absence of an eye due to failure of the optic vesicles to form or to severe
interference with normal growth of optic cup?
A. Cyclopia
B. Anophthalmia
C. Coloboma
D. Microphthalmia
46. What is the term for a defect due to failure of the optic fissure to close?
A. Cyclopia
B. Anophthalmia
C. Coloboma
D. Microphthalmia

47. What is the term for a small undeveloped eye that results from the failure of the vitreous body to exert
sufficient pressure for growth, often because of a coloboma that allowed vitreous humor to escape?
A. Cyclopia
B. Anophthalmia
C. Coloboma
D. Microphthalmia

48. What is the term for the medial deviation of the eyeball?
A. Medial Strabismus
B. Lateral Strabismus
C. Vertical Strabismus
D. Oblique Strabismus

49. What is the term for the loss of clarity of the lens?
A. Cataract
B. Glaucoma
C. Macular Degeneration
D. Retinal Detachment

MALFORMATIONS OF PHARYNGEAL POUCHES

50. What is the term for an epithelial-lined brachial cavity that does not open unto the skin surface?
A. Brachial cyst
B. Brachial sinus
C. Brachial fistula
D. Pharyngeal pouch

51. What is the term for an epithelial-lined brachial cavity that opens unto the skin surface or into the
pharyngeal pouch?
A. Brachial cyst
B. Brachial sinus
C. Brachial fistula
D. Pharyngeal pouch

52. What is the term for an epithelial-lined brachial cavity that opens both to the skin surface and the
pharyngeal pouch?
A. Brachial cyst
B. Brachial sinus
C. Brachial fistula
D. Pharyngeal pouch
MALFORMATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYTEM.

53. What is the term for an appendix-like remnant of the yolk stalk that persists, causing inflammation and
rupture resulting in colic with peritonitis?
A. Meckel's diverticulum
B. Atresia of the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
C. Atresia ani or imperforate anus
D. Urorectal fistula

54. What is the term for a lack of epithelial canalization and gut wall development?
A. Meckel's diverticulum
B. Atresia of the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
C. Atresia ani or imperforate anus
D. Urorectal fistula

55. What malformation results in feed impaction and death if surgical intervention cannot be made?
A. Meckel's diverticulum
B. Atresia of the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
C. Atresia ani or imperforate anus
D. Urorectal fistula

56. What is the term for the failure of the anal membrane to break and remain patent?
A. Meckel's diverticulum
B. Atresia of the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
C. Atresia ani or imperforate anus
D. Urorectal fistula

57. What malformation is caused by the lack of involution of the cloacal membrane and leads to fetal feed
impaction?
A. Meckel's diverticulum
B. Atresia of the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
C. Atresia ani or imperforate anus
D. Urorectal fistula

58. What is the term for a muscular defect in the umbilical that allows abdominal organs to protrude
through the umbilical underneath the skin?
A. Meckel's diverticulum
B. Atresia of the jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum
C. Atresia ani or imperforate anus
D. Omphalocele
MALFORMATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

59. What is the term for a malformation that results from a partial persistence of the laryngotracheal groove,
causing refluxing of feed through the upper respiratory tract and inhalation of pneumonia?
A. Tracheoesophageal fistula
B. Barker foal syndrome: hyaline disease
C. Pleuroperitoneal hernia
D. Peritoneospericardial diaphragmatic hernia

60. What malformation results from a lack of production of pulmonary surfactant, which may be temporary?
A. Tracheoesophageal fistula
B. Barker foal syndrome: hyaline disease
C. Pleuroperitoneal hernia
D. Peritoneospericardial diaphragmatic hernia

61. What is the term for a malformation that results from the failure of closure of one or both
pleuroperitoneal folds?
A. Tracheoesophageal fistula
B. Barker foal syndrome: hyaline disease
C. Pleuroperitoneal hernia
D. Peritoneospericardial diaphragmatic hernia

62. What malformation occurs during fetal development when the liver dissects away from the septum
transversum, occasionally leaving a central weakness in the central tendinous part of the diaphragm?
A. Tracheoesophageal fistula
B. Barker foal syndrome: hyaline disease
C. Pleuroperitoneal hernia
D. Peritoneospericardial diaphragmatic hernia

63. What is the term for the malformation where intestinal herniation through an area into the pericardial
sac will result in abnormal cardiac sounds and dyspnea?
A. Tracheoesophageal fistula
B. Barker foal syndrome: hyaline disease
C. Pleuroperitoneal hernia

MALFORMATION OF THE URINARY SYSTEM

64. What is the term for a malformation resulting from ureteric atresia or from the failure of nephrons to
communicate with collecting tubules?
A. Hydronephrosis
B. Patent urachus
C. Vesicourachal diverticulum
 D. Ectopic ureter
E. Urorectal fistula

65. What malformation results from a failure of the allantoic stalk to close at birth?
A. Hydronephrosis
B. Patent urachus
C. Vesicourachal diverticulum
D. Ectopic ureter
E. Urorectal fistula

66. What is the term for a malformation that is a source of chronic cystitis and chronic dribbling of urine at
the umbilicus?
A. Hydronephrosis
B. Patent urachus
C. Vesicourachal diverticulum
D. Ectopic ureter
E. Urorectal fistul

67. What malformation results in the entry of the ureter into the urethra or vagina instead of the urinary
bladder, resulting in urinary bladder infection or incontinence?
A. Hydronephrosis
B. Patent urachus
C. Vesicourachal diverticulum
D. Ectopic ureter
E. Urorectal fistula

68. What is the term for a malformation resulting from faulty separation of the cloaca into the rectum and
urogenital sinus, where a fistulous tract may remain that leads to abnormal elimination of urine and
feces and urinary tract infection?
A. Hydronephrosis
B. Patent urachus
C. Vesicourachal diverticulum
D. Ectopic ureter
E. Urorectal fistula

MALFORMATION OF THE HEART AND ARTERIES

ACYANOTIC HEART MALFORMATION

69. What is the term for a cardiac malformation wherein the body still receives a sufficient amount of
oxygenated blood, and the animal does not turn bluish?
A. Acyanotic
B. Cyanotic
C. Pulmonary stenosis
D. Aortic stenosis
E. Interventricular Septal Defect

70. What is the term for a malformation wherein the body receives an insufficient amount of oxygenated
blood, and the animal turns bluish?
A. Acyanotic
B. Cyanotic
C. Pulmonary stenosis
 D. Aortic stenosis
E. Interventricular Septal Defect

71. What is the term for the narrowing of the pulmonary artery resulting in complications or secondary
lesions, such as post-stenotic dilation of the pulmonary trunk and dilation and hypertrophy of RV?
A. Pulmonary stenosis
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Interventricular Septal Defect
D. Interatrial Septal Defect
E. Persistent AV canal

72. What is the term for the narrowing of the aorta immediately below or above the aortic valves?
A. Pulmonary stenosis
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Interventricular Septal Defect
D. Interatrial Septal Defect
E. Persistent AV canal

73. What is the term for a small opening in the interventricular septum?
A. Pulmonary stenosis
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Interventricular Septal Defect
D. Interatrial Septal Defect
E. Persistent AV canal

74. What is the term for a malformation wherein the foramen ovale overlies the IAF2?
A. Pulmonary stenosis
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Interventricular Septal Defect
D. Interatrial Septal Defect
E. Persistent AV canal

75. What is the term for a malformation wherein the heart remains in the cervical region where it was
formed embryologically?
A. Ectopia Cordis
B. Persistent AV canal
C. Right aortic arch
D. Interventricular Septal Defect
E. Interatrial Septal Defect

76. What is the term for a malformation resulting from cushions that fail to fuse, and the right and left AV
canals

A. Ectopia Cordis
B. Persistent AV canal
C. Right aortic arch
D. Interventricular Septal Defect
E. Interatrial Septal Defect

CYANOTIC HEART MALFORMATION

77. What is the most frequently encountered cardiac malformation in both domestic animals and human
beings?
A. Tetratology of Fallot
 B. Eisenmenger Complex
C. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
D. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
E. Atrial Septal Defect

78. Which malformation is similar to tetralogy of Fallot but does not involve pulmonary stenosis?
A. Tetratology of Fallot
B. Eisenmenger Complex
C. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
D. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
E. Ventricular Septal Defect

79. Which malformation is caused by a partial or complete lack of formation and fusion of truncus spiral
ridges?
A. Tetratology of Fallot
B. Eisenmenger Complex
C. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
D. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
E. Coarctation of the Aorta

80. What is the result of the failure of closure of a certain blood vessel at birth, which causes poorly
oxygenated blood to be delivered to the whole body except the head, neck, and right forelimb regions?
A. Tetratology of Fallot
B. Eisenmenger Complex
C. Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
D. Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
E. Patent Foramen Ovale

MALFORMATION OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

81. the name of the malformation that results in edema of the involved body region due to the absence of
lymph vascular connections to the venous system?
A. Congenital Hereditary Lymphoedema
B. Chylothorax
C. Lymphangitis
D. Lymphangioma
E. Lymphedema

MALFORMATION OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

82. What is the name of the malformation that consists of the absence of the paramesonephric duct derived
parts of the female tract?
A. Paramesonephric duct atresia
B. Hypospadias
C. Double cervix
D. Uterine didelphys
E. Vaginal atresia
83. What is the name of the malformation that results from the failure of urethral folds to fuse, resulting in
an opening of the urethra on the ventral surface of the penis?
A. Paramesonephric duct atresia
B. Hypospadias
C. Double cervix
D. Uterine didelphys
E. Vaginal atresia

84. What is the name of the malformation that results from the lack of fusion of the paramesonephric duct
beyond the body and may present parturition difficulties?
A. Paramesonephric duct atresia
B. Hypospadias
C. Double cervix
D. Uterine didelphys
E. Vaginal atresia