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TOPIC 5
CAPITAL
BUDGETING
TECHNIQUES
Exclusive Projects
• Independent Projects
✓The acceptance of an investment does not preclude the acceptance of other
investments.
✓ Donot compete with the firm’s resources.
✓As long as the investments meet the relevant capital budgeting criterion, all
investments could be accepted.
• Mutually ExclusiveProjects
✓The acceptance of an investment would automatically lead to rejection of other
investments.
✓ Investments that compete in some way for a company’s resources. (capital
rationing restrictions)
✓ Only one investment could be undertaken at a particular time.
Approaches
• The accept-reject approach involves the evaluation of capital expenditure
proposals to determine whether they meet the firm’s minimum acceptance
criteria.
• The ranking approach involves the ranking of capital expenditures on the
basis of some predetermined measure, such as the rate of return.
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0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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11
0 1 2 3 4 5
12
13
3
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14
10
15
11
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Other Methods
1) Net Present Value (NPV)
2) Profitability Index (PI)
3) Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
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n CFt
NPV = − INV •Discount rate
•Required rate
t = 1 (1+ r) t of return
•Opportunity cost
(minimum return to
be earned)
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18
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Method
• Advantages
• Consistent with shareholder wealthmaximization
• Consider both magnitude and timing of cash flows
• Indicates whether a proposed project will yield the investor’s required rate of return
• Disadvantage
• Many people find it difficult to work with a dollar return rather than a percentage
return
• Discount rate hard to determine & change over the life
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5
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0 1 2 3 4 5
16
22
0 1 2 3 4 5
17
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n
CF
(1 + r ) t
t =1
PI =
INV
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n
Cash Flowt
PI= ÷ INV
(1 + k)t
t =1
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26
0 1 2 3 4 5
20
28
• IRR: The return on the firm’s invested capital. IRR is simply the rate of return
that the firm earns on its capital budgeting projects.
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n Cash Flowt
0= - INV
(1 + IRR) t
t=1
• IRR is the rate of return that makes the PV of the cash flows equal to the
initial investment.
• This looks very similar to our Yield to Maturity formula for bonds. In fact,
YTM is the IRR of a bond.
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30
Decision Rule:
IRR> COC Accept
IRR< COC Reject
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Calculating IRR
• Looking again at our problem:
• The IRR is the discount rate that makes the PV of the projected cash flows
equal to the initial outlay.
0 1 2 3 4 5
Cost of capital = 15%
25
32
26
33
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35
MIRR Example
0 1 2 3
10%
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0 1 2 3
MIRR = 16.5%
-100 158.1
PV outflows TV inflows
$100 = $158.1
(1+MIRRL)3
MIRRL = 16.5%
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Example
• The following is the cash flows of a project. Using a discount rate of 15%, find NPV,
IRR, MIRR and PI.
0 1 2 3 4 5
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39
32
40
33
11
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42
34
41
35
45
36
12
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NPV
EAA =
PVIFA i ,n
37
47
38
48
39
13
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• This doesn’t change the answer, of course; it just converts EAA to an NPV
that can be compared.
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Replacement Chain
• Calculate NPV after extending the lives of project, to have equal lives
• If the project has no common life, extend the lives of both projects. (i.e.
3yrs vs 5yrs)
• If the project has common life, extend project with shorter lives to equate
with longer life of project. (i.e. 3yrs vs 6yrs)
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