2D CCT Review

2D Review Items
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Unit 1: Linear Systems

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Review ­ The Line and Linear Systems

The Line

y = mx + b : m = slope ; b = y­intercept
= rise
run
= y2 ­ y 1
x2 ­ x1

Graph : start at the y­intercept then use the slope to graph 2 more points
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Standard Form : Ax + By + C = 0
: Graph using the x and y intercepts (this is the exception to needing 3 points to graph)
: x­int (y = 0), y­int (x = 0)

Special Cases : horizontal line y = #

: vertical line x = #
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Rearrange Equations

Standard to slope/y­intercept

ex1) 4x ­ 6y + 36 = 0
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Solving Linear Systems by Graphing

A system of equations is a set of one or more equations involving a number of variables.

The solution to a system of equations are the coordinates that satisfy all equations — in other
words, the location where the equations intersect.

This is also called the Point of Intersection (POI)

We have 3 cases to consider

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ex2) Determine the point of intersection by graphing.

2x-y=2 x-y=-1
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The key to substitution : is to rearrange an equation for the simplest variable (normally the term
with a coefficient of one), then substitute that rearrangement into the other equation and solve for the
remaining variable

ex) Solve by substitution

a) x + 4y = 6
2x ­ 3y = 1
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STEPS For Elimination

1. Make sure x's and y's line up. (Tip: Label your
equations 1 and 2 ).

2. Decide which variable to eliminate. Look for the

variable that has the same coefficient in each
equation. (Same magnitude ­ sign doesn't matter)

3. Decide if you should add or subtract to eliminate the

variable. (Tip: If signs are different, add. If signs are the
same, subtract).

4. Substitute your solution into an original equation to

solve for the other variable.

5. State the point of intersection.

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You MUST have one variable that has the same

coefficient (the sign does not matter).
The signs determine whether you will add or subtract.

same signs = subtract different signs = add

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b) 3x + y = 8
2x ­ y = 7
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Unit 2: Polynomials and Factoring

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For the main exponent rules the bases need to be the same for the
rules to be able to be used!!

Multiplication Rule: an x am = an+m

Division Rule: an ÷ am = an-m

Power of a Power Rule: (an)m = anm

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ex2) Simplify to a single power, then evaluate, where possible.

a) b)
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Zero and Negative Exponents

Zero Exponents : ANYTHING to the exponent of 0 is equal to 1

Negative Exponents :

> Take the reciprocal of the value and the exponent becomes positive

> Don't forget to apply the exponent to the numerator and denominator

> In general:
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ex4) Evaluate the following, first express using positive exponents if

necessary.

a) b) c)
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Multiplying Binomials

NEW! : (a + b)(c + d) = a(c + d) + b(c + d)

= ac + ad + bc + bd *at this point collect any
like terms

Distributive Property : (FOIL - First, Outside, Inside, Last)

**Binomials ONLY**
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ex1) Expand and simplify

a) (2 - x)(x + 3) b) 3(x + y)(2x - y)

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Special Products ­ Perfect Square Trinomials

­ Difference of Squares

Perfect Squares:

In general : (a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b)

= a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2

: (a ­ b)2 = (a ­ b)(a ­ b)
= a2 ­ ab ­ ab + b2
= a2 ­ 2ab + b2

SHORTCUT : Square the first term

: ADD double the product of both terms
: ADD the square of the last term
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Perfect Squares:

SHORTCUT : Square the first term

: ADD double the product of both terms
: ADD the square of the last term

ex1) Expand and simplify

a) (2x + 1)2 b) (3x ­ y)2

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Difference of Squares:

In general : (a + b)(a ­ b) = a2 ­ ab + ab ­ b2

= a2 ­ b2

SHORTCUT : Square the first term and SUBTRACT the

square of the last term

ex2) Expand and simplify

a) (x ­ 4) (x + 4) b) (2x ­ 3) (2x + 3)
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Unit 3: Quadratic Functions

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1st Differences : change (constant) in y­values

determines if the equation is linear
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In general, as we transform y = x2 it becomes y = a(x - h)2 + k

In the transformed version of the equation we get the following

information:
vertex (h, k)
y = a(x - h) + k
2

this we will revist translates the graph

translates the vertically up or down
later, but it vertically
graph
stretches/compresses
horizontally, left
and/or reflects the
or right
graph
(opposite to the
direction of the
sign)
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The Step Pattern:

over 1 up 1a

over 1 up 3a

over 1 up 5a......
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In the equation y = ax2, if the a is:

a < 0 - there is a vertical reflection (reflection in the x-axis)

a > 1 - you can also have a vertical stretch by a factor of 'a'

0 < a < 1 - you can also have a vertical compression by a factor of 'a'
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Graphing from Factored Form

**This type only needs 3 points to graph**

Recall : the axis of symmetry cuts the parabola in half through the vertex

To find the x of the vertex (h) from having the x ­ intercepts; add the intercepts together and divide by 2

To find the y of the vertex (k), take the h value and substitute it into the equation

ex1) Graph y = (x ­ 5)(x + 3)

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Unit 4: Quadratic Equations

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Unit 4: Quadratic Equations

Factoring Review

Zero Product Property

If the product of 2 real numbers is zero then either one of the numbers is zero OR both numbers
are zero

(if ab = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0 or a = b = 0)

ex1) Solve for x

**NOTE: when asked to solve for x, you're finding the x­intercept(s)**

a) 3x2 + 7x = 0 b) 3x2 ­ 12 = 0 c) x2 ­ 7x + 10 = 0
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ex2) Solve for x

a) 2x2 + 3 = 5x + 1 b)
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Completing the Square

Completing the Square (CTS) is a process that allows us to take the

standard form of a quadratic and express it in vertex form.

Express the following in vertex form.

a) y = x2 - 6x + 9 b) y = x2 + 6x - 18
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Complete the Square

STEPS
Example: 1) factor out the coefficient from the x2
term, from itself and the x term
y

2) take the coefficient on the x term and

divide it by 2 then square that result

3) take the result from step 2; a positive

copy goes into the brackets and a
negative at the end multiplied by the value
in front of the brackets

4) factor the perfect square trinomial and

simplify the end of the equation
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Quadratic Formula

Used when you can't easily factor the trinomial to find the solutions

It can only be used when a ≠ 0 and the quadratic is in standard form

FORMULA
Note : the ± means that the equation is done once
with addition and once with subtraction
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ex1) Rational roots : 3x2 + 5x ­ 2 = 0

ex2) Irrational Roots : x2 ­ 3x = ­1

ex3) No Real Roots : x2 ­ 2x + 3 = 0

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What do you notice about what part of the formula

determines the type of roots you get?
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Quadratic Formula ­ Word Problems

Can be used to determine total distances traveled, widths of

objects, total time in air, etc

NOTE : negative heights, times, distances, measurement DO NOT

MAKE SENSE!!!
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Unit 5: Trigonometry and Similar Triangles

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b D
c e
f
B a C F
E d

The following is true about the above 2 triangle that are similar.
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Recall : the sum of the interior angles in a triangle is 180o

: we will need to be able to cross multiply

ex1) Solve for all missing measurements.

D
A
25o 20cm
b
6.5cm
f
20o
B 8cm C o
135
E F
12cm
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Trigonometric Ratios - solving for a side length

Your Trig Ratios can ONLY be used when you have a right triangle.

opposite θ = theta, it's used as a place

hypotenuse
holder for angles
(to the angle)
θ
B C
adjacent

(next to the angle)

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When we have RIGHT TRIANGLES we can use our trigonometric

ratios to solve for missing/unknown sides and angles.
**Be sure your calculator is in degree mode**
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ex1) Determine the length of the indicated side.

NOTE: always start by labelling the triangle with hypotenuse,

opposite and adjacent.

a) b)
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Angle of Elevation: angle made between the horizontal and the line
of sight up to an object.

Angle of Depression: angle made between the horizontal and the line
of sight down to an object.
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Trigonometric Ratios - Solving for angles

From yesterday : SOHCAHTOA

sinθ = opp/hyp cosθ = adj/hyp tanθ = opp/adj

To find angles using trigonometry we need to use what's called the

INVERSE, it allows us to determine unknown angles when we have 2
sides of the triangle.

Recall: when you're asked to solve a triangle you're being asked to

find ALL the missing sides and angles.
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To find the angles we need the inverse of the function, so our

formulas become:

θ = sin-1(opp/hyp) θ = cos-1(adj/hyp) θ = tan-1(opp/adj)

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ex2) Solve for the indicated angle, round to the nearest degree.

a) b)
θ
6m
13cm

θ
15m
9cm
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Sine Law

Uses the idea of ratios that we saw with similar triangles, where we only use 2 pieces of the ratio at
a time and need to 'cross multiply' to solve.

We'll mainly be using this formula for acute triangles. It works for all triangles but is not always the
most efficient option.
FORMULA:
Recall : angles inside a triangle add to 180o
set up for side lengths :

c a

set up for angles :

A C
b
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ex1) Determine all missing measurements

A c

40o B
b

37m
30o

C
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p 373 Cosine Law

} to use this formula you need:

1) all 3 side measurements
OR
2) an angle and the 2 sides that contain it

Let's take the 1st one and rearrange it to come up with the formula to find angles:
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ex1) Determine the measure of all angles

10cm 12cm

B C
15cm
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ex2) Determine all missing measurements

A
48o 8cm
C
12cm

B
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Solving Problems with Trigonometry

The first thing you want to do is identify which formula you

need to use. Draw diagrams if they aren't provided so that you
have a visual of what is going on; these will also help to decide
which formula to use.
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Unit 6: Analytic Geometry + Geometric Properties

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So then to find the midpoint of a line we'll find the middle of the x­values and the middle of the y­values

Formula :
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ex1) Find the midpoint of the line between A(­2, 3) and B(­4, 7)
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ex3) Determine the co­ordinates of the other endpoint if : one endpoint is at (4, ­ 5) and the
midpoint is at (0, 3)
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Length of a Line Segment

Recall:

scalene triangle : no angles/sides have the same measure

isosceles triangle : 2 angles/sides have the same measure

equilateral triangle : all angles/sides have the same measure

Pythagorean theorem : h2 = x2 + y2, where h=hypotenuse (this can only be used in right triangles)

d = diametre (2r)
r r = radius
d π = 3.141592654... (use the button on your calculator)
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Formula : length of a line =

ex1) Find the length of the line segment between (3, 1) and (6, 9)
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Apply Slope, Midpoint and Length Formulas

Recall: Slope = y = mx + b

parallel lines - have slopes that are the same

perpendicular lines - have slopes that are negative reciprocals,

their product will be -1