3 Ghatnachakra GS DRISHTI Geography Chitratmak Eng

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2
General
Drishti GEOGRAPHY
Indian Geography
Located in Asian It represents

Area Continent about 17.5% of
¯ the world's
A South Asian population
Bordering Latitudinal Country (census 2011)
Countries and
Introduction : Longitudinal India in the
India Expansion
(Important World
Dimensions)
Seventh Position 2.4% of the total
Farthest India and in terms of Area geographical area
Point Tropic of (after Russia, Canada, of the world
Cancer United States of
Standard America, China, Brazil
Time and Australia)
Area
Total Area
¯
32,87,263 square km.
Geographical Extension of
Shape Main Land
¯ ¯
Quadrangular lNorth to South
(3214 km)
lEast to West
India : (2933 km)
Specific
Facts
Location Latitudinal Extension

¯ ¯
In the North of In Northern
Indian Ocean Longitudinal Extension Hemisphere
¯
In Eastern Hemisphere
Pictorial Presentation 3 GS Drishti General Geography

Latitudinal Extension
Equator (0°Latitude)
¯
Divides Earth into two
Latitude (Definition) Equal parts (Imaginary Parallels of latitude
¯ Line) ¯
Angular distance measured An Imaginary line drawn
from the centre of the earth parallel to equator
to any point located in around the earth form
North or South to the east to west
Equator Latitudinal
Specific Facts
Northern lines of latitudes

In North Direction
Great Circle Measurement of

Ø Other Name ® Equator Latitude
Equator
Ø In terms of equator ¯
¯ By degree, minutes
In south direction l In the North ® Northern
Hemisphere and second.
¯
Southern lines of latitudes l In the South ® Southern
Hemisphere
The distance between

two successive lines of
latitude remain constant
¯
111 km
If parallel of latitudes are Total Number of Latitudes

drawn at intervals of 1° Lines
¯
Lines of ¯
¯ ¯ Latitudes : Equator (1 Latitudinal line)
+
Northern Southern Specific Facts Total Latitudinal lines of
Hemisphere Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere (89)
would have would have +
¯ ¯ Total Latitudinal lines of
Southern Hemisphere (89)
89 parallels 89 parallels = 179
Prime Meridian Line

¯
Specific Facts
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Other Name Imaginary Line Feature
¯ ¯ ¯
Zero Longitude Connect the North and South Poles Divides Earth into two equal parts

Meridians of Longitude
Lines of Longitudes
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Non-Parallel Definition From poles Distance between
Lines Ø Imaginary Line towards equator two longitudinal
¯ lines is maximum
joining the North and
Increase in at equator
South poles, in east
distance between ¯
and west to the prime 111.3 km.
the lines of
meridian line. (NCERT)
longitude.
Expansion of India
37º6'
North Latitude
68º7' 97º25'
East Longitude India East Longitude
8º4'
North Latitude (Main Land)
India
¯
Specific Fact
¯
¯ ¯
Location Extent
¯ ¯
In Northern Hemisphere ¯ ¯
(Completely) Warm (Tropical) Subtropical
¯ ¯
¯
Zone

India and Tropic of Cancer
Increase in the duration

of day (In Northern Tropic of Cancer:
Hemisphere) Located in 23°30'
¯ North of equator
Due to Sun's Summer
Solstice India and
Tropic of
Cancer:
Specific
Passing of Tropic facts
of Cancer 21/22 June
Highest point of
¯
Sun's Summer
Almost through the
Solstice point
central part of India
Tropic of Cancer
¯
Passes through '8' states of India
¯
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Tripura, Mizoram
Standard Time
Relation of Indian Standard

Time w.r.t. Meridian Line Indian Standard
¯ Time
Passes through 5 states of India ¯
¯ It is taken from 82°30'
Eastern Longitude
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Indian
Pradesh Standard
Time: Specific
Facts 82º30'
Indian Standard Time Eastern Longitude
¯ ¯
5 hour 30 minutes ahead Passes through
of Greenwich Mean Mirzapur district
time 360º Rotation of Earth in (near Prayagraj) in
¯ 24 hours state of UP.
Reason ¯
¯
Total number of longitudinal
Located in the east of
prime meridian line lines is also 360

® 180º (East)
® Total Longitude lines 360º
® 180º (West)
Specific
Fact ® Great Circle ® Divides Earth into two equal parts
® Going toward East ® Time ® Ahead of GMT

® Prime Meridian
Prime ® Going towards West ® Time ® Behind GMT
Meridian
Line ® Calculation of time from 0° to 180° East ® 12 hour ahead of Greenwich
Mean Time.
® Calculation of time from 0° to 180° West ® 12 hour behind of Greenwich
Mean Time.
® Time difference between 180° East and 180° West longitudes ® 24 hours
® International Date line (imaginary line) relationship.

¯
Line drawn on earth's surface excluding land.
¯
Segments approximately along the 180° East and West meridians.
Extreme State/Point
Himachal Pradesh

Northern most State

Extreme
States of India
Western most State ¬ ® Eastern most State
¯
(Effective from ¯
Gujarat 31 Oct, 2019) Arunachal Pradesh
¯
Southern most State
¯
Tamil Nadu
Extreme Point In
Ladakh ¬ Northern Point ¬ States and Union ® Southern Point ® Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Territories

Indira Col (Ladakh)
Northern Most Point
Guhar Moti ¬ Western Most ¬ India: ® Eastern Most ®

Kibithu
(Gujarat) Point Extreme Point Point (Arunachal Pradesh)
Southern Most Point

¯
¯ ¯
Indira Point (Great Kanyakumari (Tamil
Nadu) on Mainland of
Nicobar Islands) India
Bordering Countries
Two Type of Borders

¯
¯ ¯
Natural Man-made
India Terrestrial Boundary

¯ Direction Country
¯ ¯ ¯ North China, Nepal
Land Coastline North West Afghanistan
Boundary including island West Pakistan
(15200 km.) areas (7516.6 km)
East Bangladesh,
¯
¯
Myanmar
India: North-East Bhutan
Neighboring
Countries
India: Man-made
¯
*Pakistan: Border Partner Countries

share both ¯
¯ ¯ ¯
man-made
Pakistan Bangladesh
and natural
boundary
with India Nearest Neighbouring Countries (9)
¯
Pakistan, Afghanistan, China,
Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar,
Bangladesh, Maldives, Sri Lanka

Important Facts
Ø The place of India where the Bay of Bengal, Ø Difference between Indian Standard Time
Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean meet (IST) and Greenwich Mean time (GMT) is
- Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu) - 5:30 hours
Ø Indian state which is surrounded by Ø Number of villages in India is
Bangladesh on three side - 649,481 (Census: 2011)
- Tripura Ø India has longest terrestrial border with
Ø Boundary line between India and Pakistan is an Bangladesh while the shortest terrestrial
example of - Super-imposed Boundary border is with - Afghanistan
Physical Division
Natural Regions of India
Helpful in the study of ancient 1.

geological phenomena
Coastal plains and Islands

Northern Mountainous Region

Study of
Study of properties
Vast Plains
Paleo-
the preserved Natural
Earth's ¬ magnetism:
2.
4.
¬ during Regions:
Magnetic A branch formation of
Field India
of Study rocks and
sediments
¯
Basis for proving theory 3.
of continental drift Peninsular Plateau
Indian Land Mass

¯
Part of Gondwanaland
Mesozoic Era Area Under Gondwana Terrain

(200 million year ago) l India
¯ l Australia
Division of Pangea by l Africa
convection currents l South America
Specific l Antarctic
Facts
Northward displacement Development of mountain
of Indian plates ranges of Himalaya and
¯ Western Asia
Result ¯
¯ Due to collision between the
Collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates, As
Indian plate (small plate) a result of the process of
and Eurasian plate (large folding in the sedimentary rock
plate) of the Tethys sea located
between these plates.

Oldest Range
Peninsular Plateau: Related Facts of Himalaya
Kailash Mountain
Ø Oldest part of the earth's surface Other
¯ Name
(in geographical terms) Located in the Trans ¯
western part of the Himalaya Tibet
Trans-Himalayan
Ø Most stable part of India (Peninsular part) Himalaya
Mountain-Range
Major Mountain Ranges
Ø The outskirts of peninsular plateau ¯
¯ Karakoram (K2), Ladakh, Zaskar, Kailash
Meghalaya Plateau
¯
Due to Fault Important Facts
separated from Peninsular Ø The vast Himalaya on the northern border of
India by 'Malda Gap' India are geologically young and from the point
of formation, it is- New Fold Mountain Range
Ø Formation of Peninsular Plateau Ø Highest Mountain Range of the world
¯ - Range The Himalaya
Igneous and Metamorphic Ø The Nature of Great Himalaya range is
form low hills and wide valley made off with - Asymmetric
Ø The Himalaya receives most of its rainfall
igneous and metamorphic rocks
- from the South West Monsoon
Ø The Himalayas are composed of parallel ranges,
out of which the oldest range is
Exam Facts - Great Himalaya Range
Ø Karakoram mountain range is part of
Ø Entire mountain range of Himalaya shows
- Trans-Himalaya
- Young topography Ø The sacred mountain of Hinduism which is
Ø Extremely high peaks, deep valleys and fast located in the western part of trans-Himalayan
flowing rivers are related to Mountain Range - Kailash Mountain
- Himalayan Mountain range Ø It form the easternmost boundary of the
Ø Artesian wells are found Himalayas - Brahmaputra River
- in the terai region of Himalayas Ø The width of Himalaya is 150 km in Arunachal
Pradesh whereas in Kashmir its width is - 400 km.
Ø Pamir knot is located
Northern Mountain Region - in the Trans-Himalayan (Tibet)
Ø Western Ghat mountains and Deccan Trap were
originated respectively in
Major Peaks of Great Himalayas - Cenozoic era and Cretaceous Period
Mount Everest: Great Himalaya : Specific Facts

8848.86 meters height NP
declared by Nepal and China Other Name: Himadri/Inner Himalaya
(Highest peak in the World)
Oldest range of Himalayas
Formation: In the Oligocene Epoch

Kanchenjunga:
Third highest peak of World (Sikkim, India) Annapurna and Dhaulagiri Peaks are located in North-
Central and central region of Nepal respectively

Pamir Knot North Mountainous Region
ush Kun
K Ka lun *map not to scale
du r rang
Hin Raankora e
ge m
La
d
Za akh
sk R
a a
Pi r R nge K
r P an mo aila
g
Sh anja e un sh Kamet Hills
iv l tai
ali n Nanda Devi
kr Namcha Barwa
an
ge Mismi
Hills
Dafla Hills
Patkai
Garo Bum
Khasi Naga Hills

Jaintia
Mizo Hills
Other Name:
Middle Himalaya
Pir Panjal Valleys
Longest l Valley of Kashmir
Range l Kangra and Kullu Valley
Lower
Himalaya
Formation
Other Range In the middle
Dhauladhar, Miocene Epoch
Mahabharat etc. Middle Himalaya
l Height - 3700 m to 4500 m
l Width - 60 km to 80 km
Other Name
Shivalik Range
l Height - 900 m 1100 m. Shivalik
l Width - 10 km - 50 km. Outermost Range
of Himalaya
Outer
Sub-
Himalaya
Doon Formation
A longitudinal valley In the Pliocene
between lower Epoch
Himalaya and Shivalik Some Famous Doons
Dehradun, Kotlidoon, Paatli Doon, etc.

Geographical Division of Himalaya
¯
West to East Classification
(on the basis of boundaries of river basins)
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Punjab Himalaya Kumaon Himalaya Nepal Himalaya Assam Himalaya
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Himalayan Part Himalayan Part Himalayan Part Himalayan Part
situated between situated between situated between situated between
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Indus Sutlej Sutlej Kaali Kaali Teesta Teesta Dihang
River River River River River River River River
Mountain Ranges and Hills of South and Central India

*map not to scale
Karakoram
Ladakh
Miri
Zaskar
Dafla Mishmi
Pirpanjal Hills Hills
es
Shivalik
ng
Patkai Bum
Ra
ali
Garo Khasi Jaintia Naga Hills

aw
Kaimur Hajaribagh
Ar
Vindhya
Hills Hills Plateau
Mizo Hills
Ramgarh Hills
e
ills Rang
Satpura H Garhjat Hills
Ajanta R
Gir Hills ange Malaygiri Hills
Satma
la Hill
s Dandakaranya Regions
Ba an
lag ge
Ha Ran
lls ai
ha
ris ge
Hi mal
t
cha
lla
nd
Na
ra
ills
Nilgiri H ills
Doddabetta Javadi H
Shevroy Hills Andaman and Nicobar
lai
ama Islands
Ann ills
H
Cardamom Hills

Peninsular Plateau: Specific Facts ® Other Name ® Sahyadri
® Average Height ® About 1200 meters

Triangular Crystalline Metamorphosed
Shape Igneous rocks rocks
¯ ¯ ® Highest Peak ® Anaimudi Peak
¯ (Kerala) (2695 m)
Component
® Extension ® From Gujarat to Tamil
Area Nadu (about 1600 km)
(Parallel to From the Tapi Valley (in
Formation Main Parts
Western the North) to a little north
¯ ¯
Western Ghats
Sea coast) of Kanyakumari (in the
Due to ¯ ¯ South)
break-up Cental Deccan
and run-off of High Plateau ® Western Slope ® Sharp
® Topography and Erect
Gondwana Land
Land ® Eastern Slope ® Slow
and Sleep
® From Basalt rocks

® Expansion Area ® Due to break-up and ® Formation l from 21°N to 16°N latitudes
run-off Gondwana ® From Granite and gneiss
rocks
® Formation ® Paleozoic era l 16°N to Nilgiri hills
Aravalli Ranges
® India's oldest mountain ® Example of Block mountain

® Speciality Range ¯
® One of oldest mountain Formation
ranges in the World ¯
By Diffusion in Arabian Sea
® Highest Peak ® Guru Shikhar
(Rajasthan) (1722 m)
Note: Aravalli, Vindhyachal, Satpura etc. Nallamalai Hills

are the examples of Residual
mountains in India
Ø Location ® Between Krishna and Pennar
Rivers (Andhra Pradesh and
Satpura Ranges: Specific Facts Telangana)
Ø by subsidence of western flank of plateau
Extension Area
Speciality
¯
¯ Madhya Pradesh,
A part of Deccan Maharashtra
Plateau
Nilgiri Hills
Narmada River Ø Location

In the North ¯
Highest At the junction of the Eastern and
Peak Satpura Western Ghats
¯ Ø Highest Peak
¯
Dhoopgarh In the South ¯
(Located is ¯ Dodabetta (2637 m)
Pachmarhi) Tapti river

Important Point
*map not to scale
Maikal Range
¯
Eastern Part of the Satpura
Range (Chhattisgarh)
Mahadeo Hills
¯
Part of the Satpura Hills
(Madhya Pradesh) Garhjat Hills
¯
Located in State
of Odisha
Ramagiri Hills
¯
Located in Chittoor District
Cardamom Hills of Andhra Pradesh
¯
Situated in the South-Eastern Shevaroy Hills
part of Kerala and South- ¯
Western part of Tamil Nadu Situated near Salem town
of Tamil Nadu
Mountain Peaks
Highest Highest
Peak Peak
in the World Other of India
Location Height name
Mount Location
Nepal 8848.86 In Karakoram
meters Godwin
Austen Range
Mount Everest K2
Entire
Location rd
Area is
3 declared as
Second Sikkim (India) Height Highest Height
Highest 8598 m Peak of Nanda Devi
Peak of India 7816 meters
India National Park
Kanchenjunga Nanda Devi
Exam Facts - Himalayan Mountain Range

Ø FAO declared Koraput traditional agriculture
Ø Largest Deposits of coal in India are found in (Odisha), Pampore Saffron heritage (Kashmir
- Gondwana Rock
Ø ‘Karewas’ topography is found in valley) and Kuttanad below Sea level farming
- Kashmir Himalayas system as - Global Important Agriculture
Ø Newest Fold mountains in the world are found in Heritage System (GIAHS)

Gasher brum
Broad Peak India: Major Peak
Nanga Parbat *map not to scale
Saltoro Kangri
Badrinath
Godwin Austen
Nanda Devi Nokrek
Kanchenjunga
Guru Shikhar Saramati

Parasnath
Dhoopgarh Blue Peak
Malayagiri
Gorakhnath
Kalsubai
Mahendragiri
Mahabaleshwar
Brahmagiri Peak
Kudremkh
Doddabetta
Agasthyamalai
Anaimudi
India Major Valleys : Specific Fact
Ø Kullu Valley Ø Dzukou Valley

l Location l Location
¯ ¯
Nagaland
Between Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal Ranges
(Himachal Pradesh)
Ø Yumthang Valley
l Location
Ø Nelang Valley
¯
l Location
Gangtok (Sikkim)
¯ l Other Name
Near Indo-China border (Uttarakhand)
¯
l Events Sikkim valley of flowers sanctuary
¯
- Closed for civilians after 1962 war
- Re-opened for tourists from May 2015
Ø Sangla Valley
l Location
¯
Ø Markha Valley Kinnaur (Himachal Pradesh)
l Location l Key Feature
¯ ¯
Ladakh (Union Territory) Surrounded by hills and Baspa River

India: Major Passes
Zojila
Pass Banihal
Pass
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Location Importance Location Importance
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Zaskar Connecting route Pirpanjal range Connecting route between
Range Between Jammu and Srinagar
Srinagar and Leh
Pir-Panjal
Pass Shipki
La
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Location Importance Location Importance
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Jammu and Connecting route between Himachal Connecting route between
Kashmir Kashmir Valley and Rajouri Pradesh Shimla and Tibet
India : Major Passes

*map not to scale
Mintaka
Pir Panjal Zoji-a

Bara-lacha la
Banihal
Niti Bomdila
i-La
Shipk ana Lipulekh
Nathu-la
Diphu
M
Pang Sau
Tuju
Jelep la
Thal Ghat
Bhor Ghat
Pal Ghat

Major Passes of India
Shipki-La Nathu-La
Khardung-La
Rohtang-la Bara-Lacha-la
Zojila Ladakh Chang-La Yangzi Himachal Sikkim

Pradesh Bhaba
Diwan
Karakoram
Parang La Manirang Jelep-la
Pir Panjal
Muling La Se-la
Mana Niti Jammu and
Kashmir
Bomdi-la Arunachal Yonggyap

Lipulekh Kungri Pradesh
Uttarkhand
Bingri
Banihal
Nama Ralam Diphu

SinLa
Mana Pass
Trijunction of ¬ connect
Indo-China-
¬
Kailash ¯
Nepal Border ¯ ¯ ¯
Lipulekh Mansarowar
Location Other Name Extension
Pass ¯ ¯ ¯
Between Chirbitiya Pass From Nanda Devi
India and or Dungri-La Biosphere Reserve
Tibet to the Eastern End
¯
of the Zaskar
Located in
Range
Uttarakhand
Passes related to Sikkim State

¯
¯ ¯
Nathu-la Jelep-la
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Situated at an Between India Passage of Route to
altitude of about and China Gangtok to Darjeeling
4328 m (as per ¯ Lhasa (Tibet)
Ministry of Third Point route
Tourism) above (Border Trade)
sea level

Bomdi-la (Arunachal Pradesh)
¯
Pass connecting Arunachal Pradesh (West Location
Location Kameng District) and Lhasa (Tibet) ¯
¯ ¯ Arunachal
Manipur Pradesh
Taju Pass Yang Yap Pass
Passage of Brahmaputra
¯
Imphal to Major Passes River Enters
Tamoo and of North-eastern into India
Myanmar from near it
Route
Himalayan
Region: Specific
Facts
Location
¯
¯
Pangsau Pass ¯
¯ Arunachal
¯ ¯ Pradesh
Location Located at Diphu Pass
¯ India-Myanmar Located at
Arunachal Pradesh Border India-
Myanmar
Border
Major Passes of Western Ghat

¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Thal Ghat Pass Bhor Ghat Pass Palghat Pass
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Location Related Fact Other Name Location Other Name Location
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Maharashtra Road and railways Khandala Ghat Maharashtra Palakkad Gap Kerala
connectivity
between Mumbai- ¯
¯
Nagpur-Kolkata Related Fact
Related Facts
¯
¯
Road and Railways
Road and Railways connectivity between
Connectivity between Calicut -
of Mumbai-Pune-Belgav-Chennai
Trichur Coimbatore
Exam Facts
Ø Pass located in the Nilgiri and Annamalai Ø Khardung-La and Bara-Lacha-La passes are located
Mountain Ranges - Palghat Pass respectively - In Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh
Ø Pass which was closed during the Indo-China Ø Kingri-Wingri (Kungri-Bhingri), Nama and
War(1962), re-opened on 6 July 2006 to increase Muling-La passes are located in
trade between India and China - Uttarakhand
- Nathu-La Pass Ø Narmada, Damodar and Tapti rivers are example of
Ø Pass which is related to Devtal Lake - Indian Rift Valley
- Mana Pass Ø Tribe lives in Garhjat Hills of Odisha
Ø India's highest pass - Yangi Diwan Pass - Gond Tribes

Miscellaneous
Important Facts Exam Facts

Ø Famous Toda Tribes of South India lives on Ø UNESCO recognised it as a World Heritage
- Nilgiri Hill Region site of National importance in year 1988
Ø Hills located on the border of the State of - Nanda Devi National park
Kerala and Tamil Nadu - Annamalai Hills
Ø In 2016, UNESCO recognised it as a World
Ø It is example of mountain located on the border
Heritage Site under the mixed category
of States of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and
Kerala - Nilgiri Mountain Range - Kanchanjunga National Park
Ø The Highest mountain peak of South India Ø Udagamandam or Ooty hill is located at
- Anamudi - The Nilgiri Mountain Range
Ø Hill located in Giridih district of Jharkhand
Ø First Indian woman who was successful to
- Parasnath Hill
climb the Everest Summit in 1984
Ø The Range protected between Narmada and
Tapti Rivers - Satpura Range - Bachendri Pal
Ø It is also know as Blue Mountains Ø A woman mountaineer who Climbed Mount
- Nilgiri Hills Everest twice - Santosh Yadav
® Location Exam Facts

l Ladakh (Union Territory)
® Naming Ø The valleys located near Gangotri and Kedarnath
® Chang La
l On 'Chang-La-Baba' Temple are
Some other Major Passes of India
® Speciality - Bhagirathi and Mandakini Valley respectively

l Connect Ladakh with Tibet Ø The valley covered with other vegetation including
® Bum La ® Location ® Arunachal Pradesh Rhododendron bushes is
- Yuthang Valley (Sikkim)
® Location ® Himachal Ø The valley located in palakkad (Palghat district) of
® Rohtang La Pradesh
Kerala is - Silent Valley
® Entrance Gate
Ø The tributary of the Bharatapuzha river which
l Lahaul and Spiti District
originates from abundant forests of the silent
® Location ® Uttarakhand valley - Kunti River
® Niti
® Speciality Ø The proposed hydroelectric project near Silent
l Connect Tibet and Uttarakhand Valley National park is
® Location ® Seasonal Pass - Patharkadavu Hydroelectric project (Kerala)
Located in the North of Ø The Remains of great glaciers are found in
® Muling La Gangotri - the Pirpanjal and Dhauladhar ranges
® Speciality Ø The largest glaciers apart from the poles
l Connect Tibet and - Fed chenko Glacier (Pamir Region)
Uttarakhand Ø The largest glacier of Pir Panjal which is located
® Winter Season ® Inactive between lahul and chandra valley of spiti region
for travelling purposes located in - Sona pani
Major Glaciers of India (Trans-Himalaya)

¯
Karakoram Range
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Siachen Hispar Biafo Glacier Baltoro Chogo Lungma Khatling Sasaini

Baltoro
Important Glaciers of India
Biafo-Glacier
*map not to scale
Hispar Siachen
Drang-Drung
Yamunotri Milam
Zemu
Pindari
Gangotri
Bafani
Satopanth
Ø According to the Uttar Glacier : Which is larger

Pradesh Public Service Siachen or Sasaini
Commission Ø According to Records of Geological
Ø Siachen (Source - Survey of India
Geography of India ® Siachen - (Length - 45 miles)
Author - Prof. ® Sasaini - (Length 11 miles)
Ramchandra Tiwari) Ø According to World Glacier Inventory
Ø According to the ® Siachen - (Length 76.64 km, Area
Allahabad High Court (1056.42 sq. km)
Saisaini (Source - ® Sasaini -(Length 17.84 km), Area
Nature of physical (33.51 sq. km)
geography - Author -
Savindra Singh)
Major Glacier of Uttarakhand

¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Chaurabari Glacier Milam Glacier Gangotri Glacier
¯ ¯ ¯
Location Location Length
¯ ¯ 30.2 km.
Rudraprayag District Major Glacier located in
(In North of the Kedarnath Kumaon Region
Temple)
Plateau of India
Deccan Plateau
¯
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ Shape
Formation Soil Extension Formation Period ¯
As a result of Mainly Black Five lakh sq km. Started in the last Triangular
weathering/erosion of Soil phase of cretaceous
basalti lava period

Major Plateaus of India
*map not to scale
Bundelkhand Chhotanagpur
Plateau Plateau
Malwa
Plateau
Meghalaya Plateau
Maharashtra
Plateau Baghelkhand Plateau
Karnataka Dandakaranya Plateau region

Plateau
Telangana Plateau
Other Name
¯
Karbi Anglong Plateau
Nature/Structure and North Cachar Hills Formation
¯ ¯
Part of Peninsular Separation of peninsular
Plateau part by Malda Gap due to
fault
Meghalaya
Plateau :
Important Hills Specific Fact Malda Gap
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Garo Khasi Jaintia Location Characteristic
¯ ® Structure that separate
West Bengal the Meghalaya Plateau from
Indian peninsular Plateau
Memorable Facts Ø This trap was formed by a massive volcanic

eruption during the late cretaceous period
Ø Dandakaranya Region is located in - The Deaccan Trap
- Central part of India Ø The Himalayas and additional peninsular
mountains of India were formed in
Ø It is a plateau situated between the Aravalli - Cenozoic Era
and Vindhya ranges Ø Shape of Chota Nagpur Plateau is an example of
- Malwa Plateau - Disseted Plateu

® Location ® Between Aravali and
Vindhya Ranges ® Speciality
® Middle Highlands ® Located in the l Location of pat lands (high level
North of Narmada River (Name of most
Malwa Plateau
laterite plateau) on central western part
of its parts)
® Length ® 530 km. l Drained by Damodar River
Chota Nagpur Plateau

® Width ® 390 km. ® Division
® Northern Boundary
- By Aravali Mountain ‘Pat’ region
® Boundry
® Southern Boundary
demarcation
- By Vindhya Range Ranchi Hazaribagh
® Eastern Boundary Plateau 5 Plateau
- By Bundelkhand Plateau Sub-
® Speciality ® It spread over an area of divisions
about 150,000 sq. km of peninsular region.
Koderma Damodar
Dandakaranya
® Odisha
Plateau Trough
® Chhattisgarh
Region
® Extension ® Andhra Pradesh

® Telangana ® Characteristic ® Sharp Scarps Slopes
® Maharastra
® Area ® About 92000 sq. km. ® Other Name ® Ruhr of India
Coastal Regions
India Coast line
In which the total length of 7516.6 km In which the total coast line
the coast adjoining the length away from mainland
mainland (5422.6 km) Total length of coast line (2094 km)
Longest coast line

¯ Indian ® East ® Bay of Bengal
Gujarat
Coastal line : Coastal ® West ® Arabian Sea
Specific Boundary
Facts ® South ® India Ocean
Shortest Coast line
¯
Puducherry (Goa, in states)
Extension
¯
9 State, 4 Union Territory
¯
Gujarat Maharashtra Goa Karnataka Kerala Tamil Andhra Odisha West

Nadu Pradesh Bengal
Dadra & Nagar Haveli Lakshadweep Puducherry Andaman &

4 Union Territories and Daman & Diu Nicobar Islands

Coastal States of India
*map not to scale
West
Gujarat Bengal
Kolkata
Paradeep
Haldia Digha Beach
Maharashtra Odisha
Gopalpur Beach
Janjira Vishakhapatnam
Calangute Beach Goa Andhra Pradesh

Uduppi Karnataka
Tamil Ennore
Nadu Chennai Marina beach
Kerala Auroville
Kanyakumari Tuticorin
Exclusive
Base line Territorial Economic
¯ Sea Zone
The line ¯ ¯
defining the Territorial water Territorial water of a
shoreward extent of extends seaward up to country extended up to 200
the terrestrial sea 12 nautical miles nautical miles from the base line
Coast ® Sea
Miscellaneous
Ø India has right to collect custom duty and Ø The most important role in coastal erosion is
economical activity - In Contiguous Zone - Waves
Ø India's mean sea level is measured with
(up to 24 nautical miles from baseline reference to - Mumbai High
Ø The distance of territorial sea is measured from Ø The lake which was farmed as a result of
melting of Charabari Glacier is
base line up to - 12 Nautical miles
- Gandhi Sarovar
Ø In ancient Indian history, the Indian Ocean is Ø The sea water between the terrestrial part and
denoted by - Ratnakar the base line is called - Internal waters

Coast of India
Geographical classification of the coastal plain of India into three parts

¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Gujarat or Kathiawar Coastal Plain Western Coastal East Coastal
¯ Plain Plain
Extended in coastal part of Gujarat,
Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman Div
Western Coast of India

¯
¯ ¯
Introduction Division
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ In three parts
Western Ghat Arabian Sea ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ Northern part Central part Southern part
A narrow plain between them ¯ ¯ ¯
Konkan coast Karnataka or Kanara coast Malabar coast
¯ ¯ ¯
(From Mumbai (Between Goa and (From Mangalore
to Goa) Mangalore) to Kanyakumari)
® Mahanadi
}
Eastern Coast
® Godavari
l Formation ® Fertile plains formed by deltas of rivers
® Krishna
of India
® Kaveri
l Northern Circars Coast ® Plains between Mahanadi and Krishna rivers
l Coromandel Coast ® Extended from False Divi point of Andhra Pradesh to Cape Comorin
(Kanyakumari) of Tamil Nadu
Major Ports located on Major Ports located on

the Western coast of India the eastern coast of India
l Mumbai (Maharashtra) l Visakhapatnam
l Kandla (Gujarat) (Andhra Pradesh)
l Murmagoa (Goa) l Haldia
l Jawahar Lal Nehru (Maharashtra) (West Bengal)
l Janjira (Maharashtra) l Paradeep
l Udupi (Karnataka) (Odisha)
l Cochin (Kerala) l Ennore and New Tuticorin
l New Mangalore (Karnataka) (Tamil Nadu)

Island Important Straits/Channels
Name Location
Islands group of the Bay of Bengal 8º Channel Between Minicoy (India) and
Maldives
9º Channel Between Minicoy (India) and
Lakshadweep
Andaman Islands
10º Channel Between Little Andaman and Car
Nicobar
Ø Highest Peak ® Saddle Peak (732 meters) Duncan Passage Between Little Andaman and South
Ø No. of Islands ® About 550 Andaman
Coco Channel Between Coco Island (Myanmar)
Ø Formation ® As a result of extension of tertiary and North Andaman
mountain range 'Arakan Yoma' Palk Strait Between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka
Ø Features l Sand stone l Lime stone l Shale Mannar Strait Between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka
Exam Facts
Ø Barren Island
l Location Ø It is famous for world's largest and rarest gaint
Robber crab
® 135 km northeast of Portblair
- Bandur Marine Biosphere Reserve
(in Andaman sea) Ø It is situated between Coco Island (Myanmar)
l Only active volcano of South Asia and India and North Andaman - Coco Channel
Ø Narcondam Island Ø Which is Indonesian island geographically
closed to Great Nicobar - Sumatra Island
l Dormant volcano located in the Andaman Sea
Islands of Arabian Sea

Nicobar Island Groups
Ø Highest Peak ® Mount Thullier ® Location ® Near Malabar Coast of Kerala
® Old Name ® Laccadive, Minicoy and
Lakshadweep (Union territary)
Ø No. of Islands ® About 18 G.C.

Aminidivi
® New Name ® Lakshadweep (Since 1973)
10º Channel ® Extension Area ® A group of islands spread
over a distance of 220 to 440 km off the kochi
Speciality coast of Kerala in the Arabian Sea.
Separates Andaman Islands and Nicobar Islands. ® Area ® 32 sq. km.
® Number of Islands ® 36
® 9° Channel ® Seperate Minicoy and
Location Lakshadweep
¯ ® Minicoy ® Second (2nd) largest Island of
Nellore District in Lakshadweep
Andhra Pradesh (near Pulicat Lake) ® Kavaratti ® Capital of Lakshadweep
(located on Kavaratti Island)
® Andrott Island ® Largest Island of
Srihari- Lakshadeep
Kota
Island ® Elephanta Island ® Mumbai,
Maharashtra
located at a distance of 10 km from

Islands of
Satellite Launch Speciality Gateway of India

Centre of India ¯ ® Salsette Island
¯ Separates Pulicat l Located on Western coast
Satish Dhawan Lake From Bay of l Mumbai and Thane cities are
space centre Bengal located on this island

Location of offshore Islands
¯
Islands located in the delta region of Gangas, eastern and Western coast of India and Gulf of Mannar
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Piram Bhainsala Diu, Baida, Khadiya Bet Butcher, Bhatkal, Pigeon New Moore
Island Island Nora, Pirotam and Aaliya Bet Karanja, Coc, St. Mary's and Ganga
¯ ¯ Karumbhar ¯ Cross ¯ Sagar
Gulf of Kathiawar ¯ Estuary of ¯ Near ¯
Khambhat Coast Kutch Coast Narmada and Near Mumbai Mangalore in Ganga
Tapi Beach Deltaic
region
State/Union Territories of India
Regions included in National Capital Region

¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Delhi Haryana Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan
(Under Sub-region) (Under Sub-region) Under Sub-region
Alwar,
Bharatpur
Faridabad, Meerut, districts
Gurugram, Ghaziabad,
Mevat, Rohtak, Gautam Buddha
Sonipat, Jind, Rewari, Nagar, Hapur,
Jhajjar, Panipat, Palwal, Bulandshahar,
Bhiwani, Mahendragarh Muzaffarnagar, Shamli
and Karnal districts and Baghpat districts
Five Largest states of India (In terms of Geographical Area)

(According to Registrar General office, Ministry of Home affairs, Government of India)
Rajasthan Madhya Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh Gujarat

(342,239 Pradesh (307,713 (240,928 (196,244
sq. km) (308,252 sq. km) sq. km) sq. km)
sq. km)
Five Largest state of India (As per census 2011)
Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Bihar West Bengal Andhra Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh
Bordering states and UT
(8 state & 1UT)
Himachal Pradesh, Haryana,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Five bordering states of Chhattisgarh, Bihar,
Andhra Pradesh Border
Madhya Pradesh Jharkhand, Uttarakhand and
Sharing States (5 state)
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Delhi
Odisha, Chhattisgarh,
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka and
Chhattisgarh Tamil Nadu
Telangana Karnataka
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Karnataka Andhra Yanam Region Andhra Maharashtra Telangana Goa Kerala Tamil
Pradesh (Puducherry) Pradesh Nadu
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯
Bordering state/Union Territory Bordering State
Kerala Tamil Nadu

¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Karnataka Tamil Nadu Mahe Region Kerala Karnataka Andhra Pradesh Puducherry
¯ ¯ (Puducherry) ¯ ¯ ¯ +
¯ ¯
Border Sharing State Karaikal Region
Border Sharing State
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯
2 States and 1UT 3 states + 1UT
Punjab : Border Sharing States

¯
Rajasthan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir (UT)
Chattisgarh : Border sharing States

¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Odisha Jharkhand Telangana Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
Border sharing States

Seven sisters states of India : North-East States of India
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Arunachal Assam Meghalaya Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Tripura
Pradesh ¯
Bordering State
¯
West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram,
Tripura, Meghalaya
Manipur : Speicfic Facts
® Speciality ® Land locked state of Rajasthan : Specific Facts

Northeast
® Area l 22,327 sq. km (0.7% of total Thar Desert
land mass of India) ¯
® Topography ® 92% Hilly and ¯ ¯
Speciality Desert Period
mountainous land
¯ ¯
® Phumdis l Series of floating islands, World's most densely (Estimate : About
exclusive to the Loktak lake populated desert (83 10,000 years old)
l Natural Habitat of persons / sq. km.)
endangered Sangai deer
® Capital ® Imphal
Arunachal Pradesh : Specific Facts

¯
¯ ¯ ¯
28º North Latitude India Forest Status Report, 2019-20 Capital
Line ¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ Itanagar
Passes through the 80% forest 12% of forest cover area is
central part of cover area state's protected forest
Arunachal Pradesh
Status ® In terms of Population ® Eighth largest state of India

(Census 2011) ® In terms of Area ® Sixth largest state of India
Silicon State Capital ® Bengaluru

Bengaluru City ® Famous as
Other Name Silicon Valley
Karnataka:
Specific Facts
IT Power House of
India
Malenadu
¯
Information ¯
Technology (IT) Hilly and Dense Forest
Hub area of Karnataka

Maximum Extension
in Jharkhand
Chota
Nagpur Andhra Pradesh :
Plateau: Other Name
Specific Facts ¯
Kohinoor of India (Mined from the
Topography Speciality World Famous Kohinoor diamond
¯ ¯ mine of Andhra Pradesh
l High mountain peak 'Pat' lands
l Hills etc
Rain Shadow Location

area starts from ¯
¯ North - eastern
Maharashtra region of the state
Vidarbha Maharashtra
(Maharashtra) :
Specific Facts
Latur Massive Earthquake
¯ ¯
A district of Maharashtra In Latur district
whose headquarter is ¯
‘Latur’ on 30 Sep. 1993
Two Division
¯
¯ ¯
Nagpur Amravati
¯ ¯
¯
(Area Under this)
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Nagpur Amravati Chandrapur Akola Wardha Buldhana Yavatmal Bhandara Gondiya Klashim Gadchiroli
Important Facts
Ø Bhopal city (23°25’ North Latitude) is located Ø States touching Sonbhadra district are
in - South of Tropic of cancer - Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar,
Ø It is composed of soil and other organic matter Jharkhand
and rotting vegetation bound by hanging silt - Ø The Capital of Telangana, 29th state of India,
Phumdis (currently 28th) - Hyderabad
Ø Jhumri Talaiya is located in Ø It is famous for its association with Denmark
located on the coast of Tamil Nadu
- Koderma district (Jharkhand)
- Tarangam Bari
Ø Third state according to population and in area Ø It is located on the border of Tamil Nadu and
wise twelfth state is - Bihar Puducherry - Auroville

Union Territories of India
Ladakh
Jammu & *map not to scale
Kashmir
Chandigarh
Delhi
Diu Daman
Silwassa
Dadra and Nagar
Haveli and
Daman and Diu
Yanam
(Puducherry)
Kavaratti Andaman
Puducherry & Nicobar Port Blair
Lakshadweep Mahe Karaikal
(Puducherry) (Puducherry)
Boundaries
® Latitudinal Extension
l from 6º N Latitude ¯
to 14° N Latitude ¯ ¯
® Location Maharashtra Gujarat
® Longitudinal Extension Area

Andaman And Nicobar Islands
l From 92° East longitude to ¯

94° East longitude 491 Dadra
sq. km. and Nagar
® In North direction Haveli :
® 10° North of l Andaman Islands
Latitude line
Specific Facts
® In South direction
l Nicobar Islands Population Major Region
¯ ¯
3.44 lakhs ¯ ¯
® Area ® 8,249 square km. (census 2011) Dadra Nagar Haveli
® Populations ® 380,581 (census 2011)

Important Facts
® Capital ® Port Blair Ø Name of coast of Tamil Nadu and Andhra
Pradesh - Coromandal
® Tribes ® l Great Andamanese Ø Digha, Gopalpur and Marina costal highway
are located respectively in
l Onge
- West Bengal, Odisha and Tamil Nadu
l Jarawa
Ø Another name of Cape Comorin is
l Sentinelese
- Kanya Kumari

Anteposition Formation
¯ ¯
A union territory of India 1 November, 1966
(before January 26, 2020)
Area Chandigarh Population

¯ (Union ¯
Daman 114 km2 Territory): 10.55 Lakhs
and Diu (census 2011)
Specific
Facts
Population Area
¯ ¯
243247 111 sq. km. Capital of Punjab
(Census 2011) and Haryana
Note ® Speciality ® Smallest union territory
Lakshadweep
of India
Ø There are 28 states and 8 union territory in
® Population ® 64,473
India since 2020. Dadra and Nagar Haveli ® Area ® 32 sq km
and Daman and Diu were merged into one ® Total islands ® 36
territory of ‘Dadra and Nagar Haveli and ® Capital ® Kavaratti
Daman and Diu’ effective from 26
January, 2020
® Division ® Divided into four districts
l Karikal and Puducherry
Puducherry
l Yanam
® Present Status ® Capital city of
(Union Territory)
l Mahe
India
® Area ® 1483 sq. km. ® Area ® 490 km2
Delhi
® Population ® 1.68 crore (census ® Population ® 12.48 Lakh (Census 2011)

2011)
® Capital ® Puducherry
¯
Largest union territory in terms of
population
Tribes of India
Exam Facts Other Related Facts

Ø The largest union territory of India in terms of Ø As per census 2011, tribal communities were
land area is - Ladakh not present in - Punjab, Haryana,
Ø Daman and Diu are located Chandigarh, Delhi and Puducherry
- near Valsad and Somnath Ø Second Largest tribal group of India in terms of
district of Gujarat respectively population is - Gond Tribal Group
Ø No. of union territories in India -8 (Census : 2011)
Ø Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Ø As per the census of 2011, the largest tribal
were ruled by - Portuguese group of India - Bhil

Dongra Tribes of India
Ladakh
Jammu and Bakarwal
Changpa *map not to scale
Kashmir
Gaddi Tharu
Himachal
Gujjar Jounsari
Pradesh
Buksa
Uttarakhand Bhotiya Santhal Dafla sh
ade
Sahariya Mundas
Mishmi h a l PrMikir
Meena Tharu Oraon nac
Bhil Ho Aru Bodo
Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Assam
Garasia Agriya Bihar Meghalaya
Merat Baoga Manipur
Madhya Kuki
Pradesh Jharkhand Lushai
Gujarat Kol r h
Banjara Gond a
Bhil isg
Dafar h att aba Agami
Koli Ch Kor Odisha Bhumij Khasi
Bhuiya
Maharashtra
Muriya Khon
Telangana
Barli a
a l
uk
Yer Koya
Coorgis Gond
Andhra
Nilgiri Pradesh Banjara
Toda
a
ral
Mopla Ke Tamil Nadu
Chenchu
Kadar
® Population Percentage Tharu

l 8.6% (As per 2011 census) of total
Ø Extension Area
Tribes
population of India
® Largest Population ® in Madhya l Belongs to Nainital of Uttarakhand, Gorakhpur
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha of Uttar Pradesh and Terai Region of Bihar
® India’s Largest Tribal Group Ø Religion ® Hindu
l Bhil (As per census, 2011)
Ø Mourning Festival ® Diwali
Ø Custom ® Joint Family
Major Tribes of India
Ø Descendants ® Kirat Vanshi
Hills region of Uttarakhand and Terai Region of

Uttar Pradesh Characteristic : A farming tribe living permanently
in the state of Uttarakhand
Residence
Characteristic Bhotia Characteristic

¯ Tribes: ¯
Seasonal Specific Mongoloid Jaunsari
Migration Tribe
Fact
Other Name Marriage Practice Other Region

¯ ¯ ¯
Bhot and Bhutonese Polygamy Uttar Pradesh

Permanent Residence : Nainital, Pauri and ® Residence ® Dhauladhar Range of
Garhwal Districts of Uttarakhand and in some
Gaddi Tribe
Western Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh -
places of Uttar Pradesh
Kangara, Chamba district etc.)
® Population ® More than 1.5 Lakhs
(census 2011)
Buksa
® Characteristic ® Descendants of
Tribe Garhwal Rulers (Rajasthan)
Relation Marriage Practice

¯ ¯ ® Naming ® By virtue of Being a native
With Rajput clan Anuloma and Pratiloma of Gondwana
Marriage ® Current Area ® Madhya Pradesh,
Chhattisgah, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal,
Gond Tribe
® Permanent Residence Jharkhand, Maharashtra,
Raji Tribes
Karnataka, Telangana, Gujarat etc.

l Uttarakhand (mainly) and
® Occupation l Hunting l Fishing
l Uttar Pradesh
® Agriculture ® Shifting Agriculture
® Local Name ® Banrawats ® Dress l Wearing small size clothes
® Religion ® Banrawats l Trend of wearing jewelry
® Farming ® Slash and Burn agriculture among women
® Custom ® Animal Sacrifice (Important
Practice)
Residence : Uttar Pradesh
(Ghazipur, Ballia, Sonbhadra, Varanasi)
® Residence
l Gujarat l Andhra Pradesh
l Madhya Pradesh l Telangana
Kharwar l Chattisgarh l Maharashtra
Bhil Tribe
Tribe l Tripura l Karnataka

l Rajasthan
® Culture ® Special significance of
Characteristic
Ghoomar Dance
¯
¯ ¯ ® Origin of Word ‘Bhil’ ® From the
Extremely Physically Biluvar of tamil language (meaning -
angry temper Strong bowstring)
Residence Residence : Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhattisgarsh,

¯ Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, Odisha and Bihar
Belongs to Santhal Pargana Area
Major Festivals
Present Residence ¯
Santhal ¯ Sarhul Festival Munda l Bhage
Tribe : Bihar, Tripura, ¯ Tribe: l Fagu
Staple Diet West, Bengal, Related to the l Karma
¯
Specific Jharkhand, Odisha month of March- Specific l Sarhul
Rice Fact (As per census April Fact l Sohrai
2011)
Anatomy
(Physical Structure) Festival of Flower
¯ ¯
Tailored to the Dravidian Community Celebration of Sarhul festival (March-April)

Exam Fact Onges Tribe
Residence : Western part of little Andaman
Ø Tribe resides in Sikkim, West Berngal and Islands
Tripura - Bhotia Relation : with Negrito species
Ø Largest tribal group of state of Uttarakhand
- Tharu
Ø Gaddi, Ladakhi, Gujjar, Bakarwal, Laholi Bari Shompen Tribe
etc. major tribes are found in Residence : Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Dhauladhar Range (mainly Great Nicobar)
Ø Largest tribal group of Uttar Pradesh - Gond Species : Mongoloid
Ø Tribe belongs to proto-austroloid species
- Santhal
Sentinel Tribe
Residence : Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Korba Tribe (North Sentinel Island)
Residence : Mostly in the states of Chhattisgarh
and Jharkhand
Diet : Tuber Fruit Great Andamanese Tribes
Residence : Andaman Islands
Kol Tribe
Residence : Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Naga Tribes
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra Residence : Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal
Occupation : Agriculture Pradesh
Agriculture : Jhum Cultivation
Note : Naga tribes mostly live in naked
® Residence ® Desert region of Rajasthan condition
Manganiyar
® Religion ® Islam
Tribe
® Tradition ® Known for musical/folk

legacy Changya Tribe
® Other Region ® Sindh Province of Residence : Zaskar area of Union Territory of
Pakistan Ladakh.
Species : Semi-Nomadic Species of Tibetan
ethnic group.
Khasi Tribe
Residence : Meghalaya, Assam and Mizoram
Agriculture : Jhuming Practice
Baiga
Asur Oraon
®Residence ® Nilgiri Hills
Toda Tribe
® Other Name ® Todi or Tuda

Kharwar Ho
® Recognition ® Descendants of Aryans
Major
® Occupation ® Pastoral Tribes of
® Marrige Customs ® Polyandry Jharkhand
Khond Bhumij
Jarwa
Residence : Southern and Middle Andaman Birhor Kharia
Islands
Note : It is the most primitive
tribe of India Soura

Bhil Important Facts
Ø The residential area have been declared
prohibited for human activities of
Pateeliya Meena - Jarawa Tribe
Ø Onge, Sentinelese, Great Andamanese,
Jarawa and Shompen are
Major - Vulnerable tribal group
Tribes of (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)
Rajasthan Ø The only human ape found in India
- Hoolock Gibbon
Ø The tribe found jointly in Sikkim, Nepal,
Damor Sahariya Bhutan and Tibet are
- Limbu or Yakthung
Ø The tribe in which marriage is called Bapala
(Bupla) - Santhal
Garasia
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group

¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Number Earlier Name Residence Features
- 75 - Primitive Tribal - Resides in 18 states & Pre-agricultural level of
Group (PVTG) one union territory of technology.
Andaman and Nicobar A declining or stagnant
Islands population, low level of literacy,
economic backwardness
Important Fact
Ø Social organization ‘Ghumkaria’ belongs to Ø The tribe who calls ‘kitchen’ as ‘Lalbangla’
- Oraon Tribe - Bhunjia
Ø The basis for the determination of scheduled tribe Ø ‘Bamboo’ is traditionally the mainstay of
in India is - Primitive traits, distinctive culture,
- Kumar Tribe
geographical isolation, shyness of
contact and backwardness. Ø Bilma dance is related to - Baiga Tribe
Ø Halam and Notia Tribes belongs to the state Ø Which Schedule tribe uses tattooing?
- Tripura - Ojha Tribe
Group of Different languages of India

¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Languages belongs to Indo- Dravidian Language Family Austric Language Family
European language Family l Telugu l Tamil l Khasi l Santhali
l Marathi l Sanskrit l Malayalam l Kannada l Mundari l Bhumi etc.
l Pali l English ¯
l Gond l Oraon These Languages are mostly
l Prakrit l Apabhransa
l Brahui etc spoken by the tribal people of
l Hindi l Bangla
India.
l Gujarati etc.

Mandakini river
Exam Facts ® Origin ® Chorabari Tal
® Confluence ® With Kaliganga river (At
Ø Maximum spoken language of India - Hindi Sonprayag)
Ø Maximum spoken language after Hindi in India ® Drainage ® Between Kedarnath and
- Bangla (Bengali) Rudraprayag
Ø Largest linguistic group of India ® Rudraprayag ® Confluence of
Alaknanda and Mandakini Rivers.
- Indo-Aryan
Ø This language got classical language status on
20 Feb, 2014 - Odiya Alaknanda River
Origin : From the glacier of Satopanth Peak
Ø Sixth most spoken language in the world at Alkapuri
- Bangla (Bengali) Karnaprayag - Confluence of Alaknanda
and Pindar rivers
Drainage System Major Himalayan rivers tributaries of Gangas
Himalayan Rivers
Yamuna
® Origin ® Yamunotri Glacier
® Confluence ® with Ganga (Prayagraj)
Note
® Major tributaries ® Chambal, Betwa, Ken
Ø Himalayan Rivers are great example of
antecedent drainage. These rivers have carried
on erosion since the event of Himalayan rise. ® Origin ® Kalapani in the Himalayas
Sarda River
Therefore, Formation of Gorge or Mahakhad ® Other Names

etc. are done by them. These types of rivers are l ‘Gauri Ganga’ in Nepal
Sutlej, Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra etc.
l ‘Kali river’ at Indo-Nepal Barder
l ‘Sharda River’ in Uttar Pradesh
® Length ® 2525 km (longest river of India) ® Confluence ® with Ghaghra River
Ganga River
® Origin ® Near Gomukh of Gangotri

(Barabanki district U.P.)
Glacier
® Other Name l Padma (in Bangladesh)
l Meghna (in Bangladesh) Ramganga River
® Drainage ® Antecedent Origin : Dudhatoli Range (Pauri Garhwal,
Uttarakhand)
® Mouth ® The Bay of Bengal
Confluence - with Ganga River
Other Major Rivers

Important Facts
Ø Ganga is combined form of ® Origin ® Amarkantak Plateau
Son River
- Bhagirathi and Alakananda rivers ® Tributary of ® Ganga (Right Bank

Ø Ganga enters into the plain Tributary)
- In Haridwar
® Confluence ® with Ganga (Near Patna)
Ø Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is Formed
- Between Hugli River and Meghna River ® Flow ® Towards the north (forming a
chain of waterfalls)
Alaknanda River
® Drainage ® Chamoli, Tehri and Pauri ® Origin ® Chotanagpur Plateau

Damodar
Garhwal district (Jharkhand)

River
® River Side City ® Badrinath ® Confluence ® with Hugli river

® Devprayag ® Confluence of Bhagirathi ® Feature ® Flash Floods
river and Alaknanda River ® Other Name ® Sorrow of Bengal

Chambal River
® Origin ® Near Mhow Subansiri River
(Madhya Pradesh) Origin : Himalayan Region
Drainage Area - Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
® Confluence ® with Yamuna and Tibet (China)
(near Etawah)
® Tributaries ® Khari etc.
Brahmaputra river System

® Origin ® Angsi Glacier
® Drainage ® Parallel to the east of
Himalayas
Gomti River ® Other names
Origin : ® Tsangpo (in tibet)
Gomat Taal (Fulkar Lake), Pilibhit (U.P) ® Dihang - Arunachal Pradesh (India)
Tributaries - Sai river ® Brahmaputra - Assam (India)
Confluence - With Ganga River ® Jamuna - Bangladesh
(Gazipur, U.P) Tributaries ® Tista, Kameng, Nlanas,
Subangiri, Dhansari, Dihang,
Dibang, Sankosh, Pagadiha,
Kosi River Bhardi and Lohit
Origin : Nepal Himalaya
Confluence - Ganga River (in Bihar) Barak River
Origin : Manipur Hills
Drainage - Manipur, Mizoram, Assam
Gandak River and Bangladesh
Origin : Nepal Himalaya
Confluence - Ganga River
Salween
(Sonpur, near Patna) River
Mekong Yangtze
River River
Exam Facts
Ø Sunderban Delta is formed by the rivers Rivers
Brahmaputra Hwang Ho
- Ganga and Brahmaputra
River Originate River
Ø It is known as sorrow of Bihar in Tibet
- Kosi river
Ø Water source of Triveni canal Sutlej River Indus River
- Gandak River
Ø It forms a gorge near Rajasthan (Kota)
- Chambal River Important Facts
Ø Tributary of East Dhauliganga
- Kali River Ø It is Known as ‘Yarlung Tsangpo’ river in
Ø Originates from Raisen district of Madhya India - Brahmaputra River
Pradesh - Betwa River Ø River originates from Khang Chung Chho
Ø Sub-division of Bengal delta glacier lake in Sikkim as Chombo Chho River
-Moriband Delta - Tista River
Ø No. of districts located on the bank of river Ø It forms intertwined water way in Assam
Ganga in the state of Bihar - 12 Valley - Brahmaputra River
Ø Originates from Tibet, Flows through narrow
and parallel mountain ranges in its upper
Brahmaputra Drainage System reaches - Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy
and Mekong Rivers
Ø It takes a ‘u turn’ before entering India
Lohit River - Brahmaputra River (due to the axis
of geologically young Himalayas)
Origin : Zayal Chu ranges
Ø It is known as ‘Sorrow of Bengal’
Drainage Area - Arunachal Pradesh - Damodar River

Rivers of India
*map not to scale
m
ela b
Ind Jh hena vi
us C Ra Beas
j
Satlu Ra a
mg utr
an ap
una ga ah
m
Yam Br
Luni
al Ga
mb ng
Cha ndh a a
Si t w
Be Damodar
Su
Narmada
ba
Ko
rn
Tapti
ar
ya
Mahanadi
ek
Pe
l
ng
ang Wardha
ha
a Indravati
jira Godawari
Man
a
Kr Bhim
ish
na
a
dr
ha
ab
North Pen
nar R
ng
Tu
South Pen
nar R
Ka
ver
i
Vaigai
Peninsular Rivers
¯
¯ ¯
Rivers, drains into Arabian Sea Rivers flows into Bay of Bengal
¯ ¯
Formation of Estuary Formation of Delta
¯ ¯
Narmada, Tapi, Mahi rivers etc. Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri Rivers etc.
® Origin ® Amarkantak Peak (Maikal Tapti River

Narmada River
Mountain)
® Flow/Drift ® Through rift valley Ø Origin
(towards west direction) Near Multai in Betul district (Satpura
® Length ® 1312 km. Hills, Madhya Pradesh)
® Water Catchment Area ® 98,796 km2 Ø Length ® apx. 724 km.
® Speciality ® It forms estuary (Arabian Ø Drainage Area ® Madhya Pradesh,
Sea)
Maharashtra, Gujarat (apx. 65745 km2)
® Water Falls ® Dhuandhar Waterfall
(near Jabalpur in Madhya Pradesh) Ø Speciality ® Formation of Estuary

Length
¯
About 1465 km.
Origin
Drainage System (Longest Peninsular
River of India) ¯
¯
Trimbakeshwar, Nashik
Largest Peninsular
District of Maharashtra
River
Mouth at Bay of Bengal
Tributaries Rivers Godavari Drainage Area

¯ River : l Maharashtra (50% part)
Pravara, Purna, l Telangana l Andhra Pradesh
Specific
Wardha, Pranhita, l Madhya Pradesh l Odisha
Manjira, Indravati and Facts l Chhattisgarh l Karnataka
Penganga l Puducherry (Yanam)
Important Facts ® Origin ® Brahmagiri Hills of Kogadu

districts in Karnataka
Ø The main water divide of peninsular India is ® Length ® 800 km.
- Western Ghats
® Drainage Area ® 81,155 sq. km
The Cauvery River
Ø Largest river of peninsular India that falls into
Arabian Sea - Narmada River ® Mouth ® near Tiruchirapalli (into the
Ø Narmada river valley is situated between Bay of Bengal)
- The Vindhyachal (North) ® Specific Facts ® formation of
and Satpura (South) hill ranges Srirangam Shivasamudram and
Ø It is also known as ‘Dakshin Ganga’ and ‘Old
Srirangapatna, in its way.
Ganga’ due to its large size and extent
- Godavari River ® Tributaries ® Amravati, Bhavani,
Ø It provides electricity to Mysuru, Banglore and Hemavati and Kabini
Kolar Gold fields ® Water fall ® Shiva-Samudram (Largest
- Shiva Samudram waterfall waterfall of India in terms of volume)
(The Cauvery River)
® Drainage Region ® Kerala, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu and Puducherry
Krishna River
Ø Origin Origin
l Near Mahabaleshwar (Maharashtra) in the Sihawa Hills,
Western Ghat Dhamtari District
Ø Length (Chhattisgarh)
l apx. 1400 km
Ø Tributaries
l Tungabhadra, Koyna, Malaprabha, Delta Tributaries
Panchganga, Doodhganga, Ghatprabha, Musi, and Formation Mahanadi: l Seonath
Bhima Near Specific l Hasdeo
Ø Mouth Paradwip, in l Ib
l In the Bay of Bengal the Bay of Facts l Tel
Ø Drainage Area Bengal
l Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra
Drainage
Pradesh
Chhattisgarh, Odisha
Ø Water Dispute
Length
l Between Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and
apx. 851 km
Maharashtra since 1957

Exam Facts Damodar River
Ø This river forms world’s largest estuary Ø Origin ® Chota Nagpur Plateau
- St. Lawrence River Ø Drainage ® in rift valley
Ø Drainage system of south - Indian rivers Ø Tributaries
- Dendritic drainage system l Barakar, Jamunia, Barakee etc.
Ø Eastern flowing rivers of Kerala Ø Length ® 592 km
- Pambar, Bhavani and Kabani Ø Other name ® Ruhr of India
Ø River valley that is famous for deep ravines Ø Related Canal/Belonging Canal
belongs to ® Edon Canal (1938)
- Chambal River Ø Coastal Area
Ø Second largest river basin of India l Rajrappa Shakti Peeth
- Godavari River (Confluence of Damodar and
Bhairavi River)
Ø Confluence with ® Hugli River
Other River
Hagri River
® Origin ® Manasarovar - Rakas Lakes in
Sutlej River
western Tibet Ø Origin

® Enters India at ® At Himachal Pradesh l In Western ghat
near Shipki-La Pass Ø Drainage Area
® Confluence with ® Indus River l Karnataka and Andhra
(Mithankot, in Pakistan) Pradesh
® Length ® apx. 1500 km. Ø Confluence with
l Tungbhadra River
Origin
Near Amarkantak, Shahdol district
(Madhya Pradesh)
Origin
Drainage Area Confluences Verinag Spring
l Uttar Pradesh Son river: with Ganga (S-E of Kashmir Valley)
l Jharkhand Specific River (Near
l Bihar Facts Patna, Bihar)
l Madhya Srinagar Jhelum river: Confluence
Pradesh Important Specific with Chenab
Tributaries
Riverside Facts River
l Rihand
l North Koel etc. City
Tributaries River
Kishanganga
Origin (Known Neelam in Pakistan)
Sikkim-Nepal-
Tibet Himalaya
Confluence Length
with Ganga river apx. 720 km.
Luni River
(Bhagalpur,
Bihar)
Kosi Ø Origin Source
River: l South-West Ajmer (Aravali Hills)
Specific Characteristic
Other Name Facts Famous for its Ø Length
‘Sorrow of disastrous
Bihar’ floods. l 511 km
Tributaries Ø Speciality
Seven (Tamakoshi, Sut Kosi, Dudh Kosi,
Arun, Likhukhola, Talkha, Botia) l Ends in the marshy area of the Rann of Kutch

Zanskar River
Shyok River : Origin
Origin
High latitude plateau area of Sarchu.
From Rimo glacier
(Border of Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh)
Other Name -
Constructed landform - Deep George (in
The River of death
Zaskar Range)
(In Karakoram area)
Confluence - With Indus River
Confluence -
(Near Nimo)
with Indus River
Length -
Tributary - Nubra River
150 km (approx)
Spiti River Kali River

Origin - Origin -
from Kunzum Pass From Diggi village of Uttar Kannada
Drainage - apx. 60 mile district, situated in hilly area of western
Confluence - Ghats (Karnataka)
with Sutluj river, Near Namgia Estuary -
village, Kinnaur district In Arabian Sea
(Himachal Pradesh) Length -
about 184 km.
Sankosh River
® Origin
l In Northern Bhutan Mithi River
® Boundary Origin ® Vihar Lake (Mumbai)
l Between West-Bengal and Assam Length ® 18 km
Estuary ® Arabian Sea
® Confluence ® with Brahmaputra River
(Near Mahim Bay)
(Near the border of Assam and Bangladesh)
® Origin
Mahi River
l In Madhya Pradesh Kapili (Kopili) River

® Drainage Area Origin ® From Meghalaya Plateau
l Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Confluence with ® Brahmaputra
Gujarat State Coastal city ® Kamrup City
® Estuary ® In the Bay of Khambhat

Exam Facts
Ø Jhelum and Ravi River meets near Jhang in Ø River which upper part has freshwater and
Pakistan with lower part has brackish water stream
- Chenab River - Luni River.
Ø It forms a biological desert between Giridih Ø Water source of Triveni Canal - Gandak River
and Durgapur - Damodar River Ø ‘Hijala fair of Dumka’ of Santhal Pargana is
Ø Example of superimposed drainage organised
- Chambal River - On the bank of Mayurakshi River
Major Cities situated on the bank of River
Rivers have played an important role in the Bhagirathi At the confluence of

economic development of India. River
River Bhagirathi and
have been the means of livelihood
of human beings here, since Alakananda River
¯
ancient time. Many cities
Riverside City ¯
are situated on the bank
of river in India Riverside city
¯
Uttarkashi ¯
(Uttarakhand) Devprayag
Ganga River Yamuna River

¯ ¯
Riverside Cities ¯ Riverside Cities
¯ Confluence ¯
l Haridwar (Uttarakhand) in Prayagraj l New Delhi
l Fatehpur (U.P.) l Agra
(Previously
l Kanpur (U.P.) l Mathura
l Varanasi (U.P.) known as
l Etawah
l Bhagalpur (Bihar) Allahabad)
l Patna (Bihar)
Krishna River Satluj River

¯ ¯
¯ ¯ Riverside City
Riverside city Tributary ¯
¯ Musi River ¯ ¯
Vijaywada ¯ Ludhiana Firozpur
(Andhra Pradesh) Riverside city ¯ ¯
¯ ¯
Hyderabad Punjab

Godavari River Waterfall and Lakes
¯
Riverside Cities
¯ Waterfall
¯ ¯
l Nanded l Nasik Rajahmundry
¯ ¯ The word waterfall usually refers to a
Maharashtra Andhra Pradesh deliberate fall of water. The origin
of waterfalls is both natural
River Major City and artificial. Most of the
Jhelam Srinagar water falls in India
are found in
Indus Leh
South India
Sutlej Ludhiana
Sabarmati Ahmadabad, Gandhinagar
Gomati Lucknow
Tapti Surat, Betul
Swarnarekha Jamshedpur Karnataka
Sarayu Ayodhya Waterfall River
Rapti Gorakhpur Jog Sharavati
Ramganga Bareilly Kunchikal Varahi
Shivasamudram Kaveri
Important Facts
Exam Fact
Ø The major cities of Assam Guwahati and
Dibrugarh are located on Ø The largest waterfall in India in terms of
- The bank of Brahmaputra River width - Jogfall (according to
Ø The ancient city of Madhya Pradesh, Ujjain is
situated on the world waterfalls database)
- The eastern bank of Shipra River Ø It is largest water fall in India in terms of
Ø Jagdalpur of Chattisgarh and Jabalpur of volume - Shivasamudram fall
Madhya Pradesh is situated on the bank of Ø The waterfall known as Niagara of India
- Indrawati River and - Chitrakoot Falls
Narmada River respectively Ø The waterfall situated on the Mandovi river on
Ø Cuttack city of Odisha is situated on
the border of Goa and Karnataka
- Bank of Mahanadi River
Ø Pandarpur (Maharashtra) city is situated on - Dudhsagar Fall
bank of - Chandra Bhaga (Bhima) River Ø The waterfall is located on Narmada river in
Ø Tiruchirapalli cityof Tamil Nadu is situated on Jabalpur (at Bhedaghat of Madhya Pradesh)
- The bank of Kaveri river - Dhuandhar Fall
Ø The famous city Hampi of Karnataka is Ø The waterfall located on the Machkund river in
situated on - The bank of Tungabhadra River Koraput (Odisha) - Duduma fall
Ø The waterfall located on the Ghatuprabha river
Uttarakhand in Belgaum, Karnataka - Gokak fal
¯
¯ ¯ Waterfall River State
Mandakini River Alaknanda River
Chuliya Chambal Rajasthan
¯ ¯
Riverside cities Riverside city Bhalkund Bina River Madhya Pradesh
l Gauri Kund l Rambada l Govind Ghat Lodh Burha River Jharkhand
l Guptkashi
Amritdhara Hasdeo River Chhattisgarh

Miscellaneous
Kishau Dam Rajghat Project

¯ ¯
Construction - Tons river (Tributary of Other Name - Rani Laxmi Bai Dam Project
Yamuna River) Construction - Betwa River
Beneficiary States - Himachal Pradesh, Location - Lalitpur (U.P.)
Uttarakhand
Tilaiya Dam
Construction - at Barakar River
Babali Project Location - Koderma District, Jharkhand
Construction - at Godavari River
Location - An intrastate disputed Dam project of
Maharashtra and Telangana
Important Facts
Ø The oldest hydroelectric station in India
® Related River - Sidrapong
¯ Ø First Hydroelectric plant of India established in
Hydro Dhauliganga - Darjeeling
Tapovan
® electric Ø Mahakali treaty signed in 1996 between
Vishnugad ® Location
Project ¯
- India and Nepal
In Uttarakhand Ø Dam which was not useful in irrigation
State - Shivsamudram
Lakes of India
A Natural trough filled with water is known as Lake
Ajmer ¬ Location Speciality ® Artificial Lake Construction in ® 12th century

Pushkar Lake

Artificial
Lake Major Lakes Other Lakes
of Rajasthan :

Rajsamand l Didwana

Lake Specific l Uday Sagar etc.

Location Facts
¯
Udaipur
Nakki Lake

¯ ¯ ¯
Highest lake Location Shape
of Rajasthan ¯ ¯
Mount Abu Bowl-shaped

India’s Largest
fresh water lake
Location
¯
Jammu ¯
& Kashmir Srinagar
¯
Fed by
Wular Lake Union Dal
¯
Jhelam River
Lake
¯ Territory: Lake of
¯
Lakes Freshwater
A type of
Oxbow Lake
Reminder Reminder
Ø India’s second largest brackish water lake Bengal - Pulicat Lake
- Pulicat Lake Ø Lake situated in Haryana states
Ø Freshwater lake located in the state of Andhra
- Surajkund Lake
Pradesh - Kolleru Lake
Ø Lake related to international importance Ø Example of snow covered lake situated in
wetland in Kerala - Ashtamudi Lake Lahaul-Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh
Ø Lake located in Hyderabad (Telangana) - Ghepan Lake
- Hussain Sagar and Ø Example of Man-made (artificial) lake situated
Osman Sagar (Artificial) in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu
Ø Sriharikota Island separate it from the Bay of - Kodaikanal Lake
Lako Lake Major Lakes of India

(Kinnaur District)
*map not to scale
Renuka Lake l
l
(Sirmaur district)
l Coast :
Northern Sarkar

Hamirsar Lake Chilika Lake
l Brackish ¬ ¯ ¬ India’s
Water Lake Length Largest
29 km coastal
Width Lagoon Lake
132 km
l
® Origin Source
Chembar ® l of Adyar River
ambakkam Lake
® Water Supply
l to Chennai Metropolis

Major Lakes of India
Anchar Lake l
® Location ® Pilibhit
Fulhar Lake ®
® Source of origin ® Gomti River
® Location
l l Coromandal Coast
Pulicat Lake ® ® Characteristic
l Salt water Lagoon
® Related State
l Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
*maps are not to scale
Major Lakes of India
Roopkund ® Other Name ® Mysterious Lake

®
Lake ® Characteristic ® Example of a
(Uttarakhand) glacial lake
l
Loktak Lake (Manipur)

Periyar Lake ¯
(Kerala) ¯ ¯
Characteristic Related Park
Fresh Water Keibul Lamjao
Vembanad Lake Lake National Park
[on the border of
Kottayam,
Alappuzha and
Ernakulam districts
(Kerala)] ll
l
Ashtamudi Lake
(Kolam District, Kerala)

Climate
Monsoon
Route and Timing of Indian Monsoon

*map not to scale
Sri Nagar Leh
1 July
15 July Chandigarh
15 June
Delhi
Nepal
10 June
Jaipur Lucknow 5 June Bhutan
15 July Shillong
Patna
Imphal
Bangladesh
1 July
Ahmedabad Tropic of
Bhopal Kolkata Cancer
15 June
Nagpur Myanmar 1 June
Bhuvaneshwar 1 June
5 June
10 June
Arabian Sea Hyderabad Bay of Bengal
5 June
1 June
Bangalore
5 June Chennai
Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Island (India)

(India)
1 June
Thiruvananthapuram Srilanka The ‘Tsunami’
warning centre is
Indian located in Hyderabad.
Ocean Indian Meteorological
Department is located
in New Delhi

Rise of hot air
Indian Monsoon : Specific Facts (Low air pressure)
Ascent cooling and cloud

formation of air
Northward flow
of humid air
Rain Warm Surface

Himalaya Plateau of
Deccan Plateau Tibet Plateau Central Asia
Indian Ocean
The headquarters of the Indian Meteoro- A seasonal reversal in wind pattern

logical Department is situated occurs over region in
- New Delhi - Monsoon Climate
The origin of Monsoon word is from An example of a country with

- 'Mausim' word of Arabic language tropical monsoon climate is
- India
The regions of India that receive maximum The 'Tsunami warning centre' of India
rainfall from the southwest monsoon are is located situated in
- Western ghat, eastern Himalayas and - Hyderabad
Meghalaya
Important Facts
Exam Facts
Ø India receives most of the rainfall from
Ø Major part of total rainfall in India is
- the south-west monsoon
received from - South West monsoon
Ø The Normal flow direction of summer
monsoon is from southwest to northwest Ø The temperature in north western part of
occurs - In India India becomes very high in summer, due
to which it develops
Ø The direction of monsoon is from northeast to
south west oceans in - Winter season -low pressure area
Ø It receives maximum rainfall from north east Ø Indian ocean remains relatively colder in
monsoon - Tamil Nadu summer season over the north western
Ø Reversal of monsoon in India starts part of India because
- in the month of september - high air pressure remains there
Ø First arrival of monsoon in India in Ø When monsoon winds fails to bring rain
- in the Kerala state for a period of two weeks or more, a dry
Ø The winter rainfall in the northern plain of period occurs during the rainy season, it
India is due to - Western Disturbances is called as - Break of monsoon
Ø Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology is Ø The Inter-Tropical convergence zone
situated at - Pune, Maharashtra (ITCZ) is a low pressure belt located near
Ø The highest daily temperature is measured in
- The equator
- The desert region of Rajasthan, India

Exam Facts
Ø The normal flow direction of winds in most Ø Tamil Nadu receives 50-60% of the total
parts of the country during rainy season from rainfall
- south west to north east - from the north-east monsoon
Ø Due to presence of Himalayas, the winds blow Ø Not only India, but world’s wettest place in
in the north east and in Ganga plain during world - Mawsynram (Meghalaya)
rainy season from Ø Place with least rainfall in India
- south east and east direction - Leh (Ladakh)
Rain
® Highest rainfall ® Mid of June and September month

® Characteristic ® Effect of south-west monsoon winds
® Low Air Pressure ® Formed in north-west India
Rainy Season
® Special Fact ® In the form of heavy rain with thunder storms at the
in India
time of entry of south-west monsoon winds into the terrestrial part.
® Branches of Monsoon Winds ® Branch of Bay of Bengal
® Branch of the Arabian Sea
Highest Rainfall Region Important Facts

- Western Ghats
Ø Reason of reversal of monsoon in India in
- Eastern Himalaya, Meghalaya
the month of september
- Southward shift of the ITCZ
due to winter solstice of the Sun.
India : Ø Average National Rainfall of India is
Facts - 1127 mm
Ø The maximum profitable water
related to rain management system in India is
- Rain water harvesting system
According to Indian Ø Jharkhand receives its rainfall
Meteorological department. On - from south west monsoon
July 19.2016, Mawsynram Ø The desert development plan is
received the highest rainfall in a implemented in India
day : 549.2 mm recorded - around 40 districts
Thunderstorm rains
The pre-monsoon rain In India, the average occurs in Tamil Nadu,
that occurs in annual rainfall from Andhra Pradesh etc.
Karnataka and Kerala western disturbances is from October to
is called about November due to
- Mango Rain - 3 Percent - North-east
Monsoon

Winter Rain
® Receive Rain ® More in North Western area : By the west

Mediterranean disturbances
® Major Rainfall Area ® North-Western India (Punjab,
Winter Rain Haryana, Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh)
in India ® High Air Pressure ® North-West India (Due to the position
of Sun in southern hemisphere)
® From North-West India

® Wind Flow l towards the east
® In the eastern coast of India
l Rain due to trade winds
Natural Disasters Seismic Zones of India
Seismic Zone Speciality

Note
Ø Natural changes that effect human beings are II Low Intensity Zone
called natural disasters. The main examples of
natural disasters are volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, droughts, floods, cyclones, soil III Moderate Intensity Zone
erosion, mud flows etc.
IV Severe Intensity Zone
Important Facts
V very severe Intensity Zone
Ø Cause of temperate cyclone in India is-
Subtropical Westerly jet winds
Ø Rains in winter in northern plains of India Zone V
is - from western disturbances
Ø Areas of autumn rainfall in India are Ø Nature
- North-western and l Extremely high damage risk zone
south eastern coastal area. Ø Zone factor
Ø The condition of high atmospheric l 0.36 (under IS code)
pressure and low temperature in winter Ø Related area
are called - Anti cyclonic conditions l Union territory of Jammu & Kashmir
l Ladakh (Union territory)
l Himachal Pradesh
Ø The situation of isostasy has not occurred in l Uttarakhand (some part)
- Himalayan Region l Bihar (some part)
Ø Indian plate is in constant motion towards l Runn of Kutch
- the north direction l Northeast region and Andaman and
Ø The land area of India is divided in terms of Nicobar Islands
earthquake proness into - 4 Zone Ø Land Area
Ø Koyna Region of Maharashtra is likely to be l 10.9 percent of total geographical land
affected more in the future by - earthquake area of country

Zone factor
l 0.10 under IS code
Zone IV
Nature ® Severe Intensity Area
Zoning
Zone Factor ® 0.24 (under IS code) l Consolidated area of Zone I and Zone II
Related Area ® Delhi, Gangetic
plains, rest Himalayas, part of Gujarat, Nature
Maharashtra (Koyna region) Sikkim l Least earthquake affected Mekhela
Land Area ® 17.3 percent of the total

land area of country.
Zone II :
Specific Fact
Zone III
Land Area
l 41.4 percent of total Land area of country
Zone Factor
¯
0.16 Related Area
l Most part of peninsular plateau
under IS code
Karnataka Plateau
l Under peninsular plateau i.e Zone II
Related Area
¯
Lakshadweep, Western
ghats, Fault zone of Tsunami
peninsular India, southern Ø Origin of Word
part of Ganga planins
l From Japan l TSU ® means ‘Harbour’
including Lucknow.
Nami ® means ‘wave’
Ø Cause of origin of most of Tsunami
l earthquake in the sea, due to landslide or
Land Area volcanic eruption
¯ Ø Cause of origin of most Tsunami is
30.4 percent of total l Earthquakes on the ocean floor
land area of the Ø Example
country l The coromandal coast in India was most
affected by Tsunami on December 26, 2004
(Indian Ocean)

® Cyclone ® System of winds that circulate Soil
about a centre of low atmospheric pressure
Cyclonic Storm
® In Northern Hemisphere Black Soil
® Direction l Anticlockwise direction
® In southern Hemisphere ® Other Name l Black Cotton soil
l Clockwise direction l Regur
Region ® Arabian Sea ® Formation ® Due to weathering and
Black soil (Regur) : Specific Facts

® related l less number of cyclones erosion of basalt lava
to India ® Bay of Bengal ® Extension Area ® Most of the Deccan
l more number of cyclones Plateau (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarat, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka)
® Definition ® It is a rapid movement of
® Extension ® 5.46 Lakh sq. km (on the
rock, soil and vegetation down the slope
geographical area of the country)
under the influence of gravity.
Landslide
® Speciality ® Rich in of Iron, Lime,

® Cause ® Increase in human activities
Calcium, Potash,
like building roads, dams etc., increase in
the frequency of earthquakes. Aluminium and
Magnesium Carbonate
® Consequences ® Increase in the
frequency of landslides in Himalaya ® Deficiency of Nitrogen,
region. phosphorous and organic
matter
® Black Colour ® Due to the presence of
titaniferous magnetite.
Indian
Meteorological Department
Founded ® 1875 Exam Facts
Headquarters ® New Delhi (1944)
Special Ø Most suitable soil for cotton cultivation
l An agency under the Ministry of Earth
Sciences - Black Soil
Former Headquarter Ø Black soil is found in Jharkhand in
l First Kolkata, Shimla in 1905, Pune in 1928
- In Rajmahal Hilly Region
Ø Lava soils are found in
Important Facts - Malwa Plateau
Ø ‘Tsunami Warning Center’ operationalized Ø Self-ploughing soil is also called as
(established) - In Hyderabad - Black Soil
Ø The state which affected by all three natual
disasters i.e cyclone flood and drought Ø Regur soil is found most in
- Odisha - Maharashtra
Ø Central Water Commission established it to Ø Soil with high moisture holding capacity
calculate floods
- Black Soil
- Flood Forecasting organization
Ø According to Krebs, Regur soil
Ø Country’s first disaster management training
institute is being established in essentially is a - Mature Soil
- Latur (Maharashtra) Ø Good yield of tapioca and cashew
Ø The highest flood prone state of India
- in laterite soil
- Bihar
Ø Red colour of laterite soil is due to
Ø The highest flood affected area of Uttar Pradesh
is - Eastern Region - Iron oxide

India : Black Soil region
*map not to scale
Andaman and
Lakshadweep Nicobar Islands
(India)
Laterite Soil
Laterite Soil Extension Area
Kerala, Eastern Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Chota
Nagpur Plateau, Meghalaya,
® Laterite word first used by ® By Western Ghats
Buchanan (1810)
Alluvial Soil
® Meaning ® Latin word ‘Later’ ®
means - Bricks
New Alluvial or Khadar :
Laterite Soil : Specific Facts
® Characteristic - Intense leaching Water holding capacity : More

Nature : Always fertile
® Formation ® As a result of rapid Extension : River flood Plain area
leaching (cause - Tropical heavy rain)
® Fertility ® Low level (Example of
Old Alluvial or Bangar :
dehydrated soil of wet regions) Nature : Less fertile (Regular requirement
of fertilizer)
® Minerals Salinity and Alkalinity : High (Highest
l Rich in Iron oxide and potash sand deposition)
Colour : Dark Yellow
l Deficiency of Nitrogen, Phosphoric
acid, Lime and organic matter Bhabar
Extension ® Foothills area of Shivalik
® Extension ® 2.48 Lakh sq. km (of total Minerals l Abundance ® Nitrogen
geographical area of country) ® organic matter
l Deficiency ® Phosphate

Laterite Soil Region : India
*map not to scale
Andaman and
Lakshadweep Nicobar Islands
(India)
Alluvial Soil ® Major Crops

l Rice l Wheat
Alluvial Soils :
Specific Facts
l Sugar cane l Jute

® Definition ® soil deposit by rivers l Cotton l Maize
® Area ® about 15 lakhs sq. km (about l Oil Seed l Fruits, Vegetables etc.
40% part of total area of country) ® Division
® Extension Areas l New alluvial or Khadar
l Old alluvial or Bangar
Alluvial Soils : Specific Facts
l Plains from Assam to Punjab

l Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari, l Bhabar
Krishna and Kaveri Valleys.
® Formation ® By sediments brought by
Himalayan and peninsular rivers and silt Exam Facts
released by the divergent ocean.
Ø It has lowest water holding capacity
® Colour ® Between light grey to ash grey
- Sandy alluvial Soil
® Density ® Between drift sand to rich
Ø The largest soil group that is found in
loam
® Abundance India
l Potash - Alluvial soil
l Phosphoric Acid
® Minerals l Lime Ø The old alluvial soil of Ganges plain is
l Organic Matter called - Bangar
® Deficiency Ø Most fertile soil in India
l Nitrogen - Alluvial soil
l Phosphorous

Alluvial Soil Region in India
*map not to scale
Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar

(India) Islands
Soil : Miscellaneous Particle Percentage in Loam Soil

Ø 40% Sand
® Extension ® 3.5 lakh sq. km (about
10.6% of total area of India)
Ø 20% Clay
® Formations ® Due to weathering of
ancient crystalline and metamorphic Ø 40% Silt
rocks
Red Soils
® Minerals ® Abundance Sillca, Iron

® Deficiency ® Lime, Magnesium, Potash,
Humus etc.
Important Facts
® Colour ® Red (Due to diffusion of iron) Ø It is found in hilly slopes and valleys of
® Extension ® Western Tamil Nadu, Himalayan region at an attitude of 3000 m
Karnataka, Souther Maharastra,
Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Chota - Mountain Soil
Nagpur Plateau.
Ø Pulses make the soil rich in nitrogen
- by nitrogen fixation
® Development
l In dry, semi-dry climate condition Ø Soil of western Rajasthan has the highest
Desert Soil
® Extension ® Rajasthan, Saurashtra amount of - Calcium

(Gujarat), Kutch, (Gujarat),
Southern Punjab Ø Karewa clay which is useful for the production
® Minerals of Jafron (a local type of Saffron) is found in
l The soil lacks nitrogen and organic
- Kashmir (in Himalayas)
minerals

Important Soils of India
*map not to scale
Mountainous Soil
Alluvial Soil
Red Soil Andaman and Nicobar
Lakshadweep Island
(India) Black Soil
Laterite Soil
Desert Soil
Acidic and Alkaline Soil
Characteristic
¯
High pH value
Extension Alkaline Soils : Extension

¯ ¯
Southern Punjab, Southern
Specific Facts l Arid
Haryana, Western l Semi-arid
Rajasthan etc. l In Marshy areas
® Nature ® More hydrogen ion (H+)

concentrations
Important Facts
Acidic Soil
® Evolution ® Due to Influence of land Ø pH value of soil for growing normal crops
form, acidic parent material and moist
climate should be - between 6.5 - 7.0
® Classification
Ø It used to make acidic soil cultivable - Lime
l Laterite soil
l Terai soils Ø Soil suitable for tea gardens is - Acidic soil
l Peaty soils etc.

Soil Erosion & Improvement
Soil erosion is gradual erosion and shifting of top layer of soil by natural
agents like water, wind etc.
Major Factors Soil Erosion

of Soil Erosion ¯
¯ Most affected Area (India)
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Deforestation Shifting Indiscriminate ¯ ¯
Cultivation Mining etc Excavated land Western Himalaya (Hills
area of Chambal foot region)
and Yamuna - Maharashtra (Black soil
¯ ¯ Rivers Region)
Excessive Unscientific - Haryana, Rajasthan and
Grazing cultivation Gujarat (Arid region etc.)
method
Raindrop/Splash erosion :
Separation of soil particles by
raindrops hitting the upper layer
of the soil
Gully Erosion Sheet Erosion

¯ Sequence ¯
Enlargement of of soil Flow of soil with
drains of rill Erosion water
erosion
Rill Erosion
¯
Formation of small
and less deep drains
in the soil
Exam Facts
Ø The formation of trenches in the Chambal Ø It is used to change the alkalinity and remove
valley region in India is due to - Gully Erosion salinity of soil - Gypsum (Calcium Sulfate)
Ø Soil Erosion problem in India is related to Ø It is cause of excess formation of saline soil
- Deforestation - Excess of sodium and magnesium
Ø Soil erosion can be stopped by in the soil
- Afforestation, ban on excessive grazing Ø State, that is most affected by salinity is
and shifting cultivation and fencing etc. - Gujarat

Crop cycle
Crop Rotation
Soil
Soil Improvement:
Conservation Increase in
soil fertility
Wind Breaks Terracing Multi Crop Mixed
Farming Farming
Natural Vegetation
Note India: Natural Vegetation

Ø Natural vegetation includes those plant
community that grows without direct or Tropical Evergreen and Semi-
indirect help of human being and adapt their,
shape, structure and their need according to
Evergreen Forests
natural environment there are different types of
flora found in India.
Location
¯
Types of Forests depend upon Humid and warm
different geographical elements Relative Humidity Region
¯
¯ More than 70%
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Rain Temperature Humidity Soil Altitude Geological Nature
from structure ¯
sea level Main Tree Dense and High
(Tropical Evergreen Tree
Forests) Cinchona,
Tropical Evergreen and Rubber, Mahogany,
Semi-Evergreen Forests Ebony, Coconut,
Bamboo Average rainfall
¯
more than 200 cm
Tropical Dry
Deciduous Forests Extension Area
(Tropical Evergreen Forest)
Classification Assam, Kerala, West
of Forests Bengal, Meghalaya,
Tropical Thorn Tripura, Manipur,
in India Forests Mizoram, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands and West
coast plain
Littoral and Average
Swamp Forests Temperature
¯
more than 22º
Montane Forests

India : Natural Vegetation
*map not to scale
Pakistan China
(Tibet)
Nepal
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Arabian Bay of
Sea Bengal
Type of Vegetation
Littoral and Swamp Forests
Montane Forests
Tropical Thorn Forests
Tropical Deciduous Forests Andaman and Nicobar
Tropical Evergreen and Islands
Lakshadweep Semi-Evergreen Forests
Indian Ocean
Tropical
Deciduous or
Monsoon
forest
¯
Classification on the basis of availability of water
¯
¯ ¯
Tropical Wet Deciduous Forests Tropical Dry-Deciduous Forest
(Rainfall 100-200 cm.) (Rainfall 70 to 100 cm.)
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Area Example Area Example
l North eastern states of India Sal, Teak, Mahua, Highly rainfall area of Axle wood, Tendu,
l Giripad region of Himalaya Sandalwood etc. peninsular plateau of Palash, Peepal, Neem,
l Eastern slope of Western India, Plains of Uttar Sal etc.
Ghats, Odisha etc. Pradesh and Bihar

Characteristic - Forest areas with less than 75 cm.
Tropical Extension Area - Mainly (North-Western part) Semi-arid area of

South-West Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh,
Thorn Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
Forests
Major Tress - Acacia, Date (Palm), Euphorbia, Hawthorn etc.
Littoral and Swamp Forests
Development : In wetland region
Note : The Development of littoral and swamp forests in India mainly occurs in wetland
areas, deltaic areas and coastal areas.
Reservoirs of Deccan Plateau in the

Saline water lands of Kutch, Gujarat south lagoons and wetlands of the
and Rajasthan south-western region
Deltaic wetlands and Lagoons (Chilka Rajasthan (Keoladeo National Park) and
Lake on the eastern coast of India) Madhya Pradesh to the east of Gujarat
Wetland
Floody plain of Brahmaputra valley and

Marshy areas of fresh water located in
Marshy regions located in north-east India
the plains of Ganges
and Himalayan foothills area.
Mangrove forests and other wetlands Mountainous lakes rivers of Jammu and
of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Kashmir and Ladakh
Mostly trees and shrubs (submersion Development - In coastal areas,

of plant roots under water) saline marshes, estuaries, mud plains
Mangrove Forest
Sundari Tree in the Ganges - Extension Area - In deltaic area of

Brahmaputra Delta Mahanadi, Krishna, Kaveri, Godawari

Important Facts
Ø The Birch tree is found in - The Himalayas Ø An example of a multipurpose tree used in
Ø Deodar trees grown mainly in the western social forestry is
part of the Himalayan range at an altitude of - Khejri tree (other name - King of Desert)
- more than 1500 m Ø The Forest produce ‘Lisa used in making
Ø The wood used for manufacturing Kattha Gandh viroja and turpentine oil is obtained
- Wood of Khair from - Pine tree
Ø It is known as ‘flame of the forest’ Ø Among Jackfruit, Fig, Orchid, and Fern, which
- Butea Monosperma (Dhak or Palash) does not have flower - Fern
Ø It has been declared as state flower of Uttar Ø PM laid foundation stone on North Koel river
Pradesh - Flower of Palash of - Mandal Dam Project
Irrigation and Canals
Means of Irrigation in India

¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Tubewell Tubewell & Wells Canals Tanks (Pond) Other mean
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Net irrigated area Net irrigated area Net irrigated area Net irrigated area Net irrigated area
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
around 46.2% (in around 62.82% (in around 23.66% (in around 2.52% (in Remaining 11% (in
year 2014-15) year 2014-15) year 2014-15) year 2014-15) year 2014-15)
Minor Irrigation Projects

Irrigated Area - Irrigation of less than 2000 hectare area
Means of Irrigation - Well, Tubewell, pumpset, pond etc.
Classification Medium Irrigation Project

of Indian Irrigated area - Irrigation of 2000
to 10,000 hectare area
irrigation
Projects
Major Irrigation Project :
Irrigated area - Irrigation of more
than 10,000 hectare area
Note : 38% of need of irrigation of the country is fulfilled by the Major Irrigation projects.
Top three states in terms of irrigation (Net irrigated area) in the country (2015-16)
First Place - Uttar Pradesh Second Place - Madhya Pradesh Third Place - Rajasthan

One of the world’s oldest and most
Length - 207.561 km. (main canal)
developed canal
Eastern
Ganga Yamuna
Canal Canal
Irrigation Supply Origin

Origin Construction Hindon, Yamuna’s Left bank of
From the Sutlej River in Year 1927 (by Doab, Saharanpur, Yamuna River
(Near Husaini Wala, Maharaja Shri Gang Muzaffarnagar, (near Taje Wala)
Firozpur) Sing of Bikaner) Meerut, Ghaziabad
Construction ® 1840 - 1854 AD
Origin Father of Project

¯ ¯
Right bank of Ganga river Sir P.T. Cautley
(Bhimgoda, Haridwar) Upper
Ganga Canal
Water Supply
¯
Length ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
l 290 km (main canal) Haridwar l Saharanpur l Muzaffarnagar l Aligarh
l 6496 km (total length of canal system) (Uttarakhand) l Meerut l Bulandshahar l Firozabad
l Etah l Ghaziabad l Mainpuri
l Mathura l Agra
Gandak Project
Emergence Location - At Gandak River (Near Triveni Ghat)
¯
Narora
(Bulandshahar)
Hariyali Scheme:
Launch - On 27 January, 2003 (By Prime
minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji)
Objective - To empower Panchayati Raj
Lower Institutions financially and administratively in
the implementation of watershed development
Ganga Canal program in the country.
Pradhanmantri Krishi Sinchayee

Operational Length Yojana (PMKSY)
Year Main Canal Approval ® 1 July, 2015
¯ length Objective l Reducing the dependency of
1879 AD - 100 km agriculture on monsoon
l Providing irrigation facility to every field

® Foundation Stone ® March, 1958
® Origin ® From Sharda River (By
® Foundation Stone laid by ® Home
Indira Gandhi
Sharda Canal
Canal Project
construction of barrage, near Banwasa)
Minister Govind Vallabh Pant
® Length ® 44.3 km (main canal) ® Origin of Canal ® In Punjab (From
® Length of Canal System ® 9961.3 km. Harike Dam at the confluence of
® Water Supply ® Pilibit, Bareilly, Sutlej and Beas River)
Shahjahanpur, Hardoi, Sultanpur, ® Length ® 649 km
Ghazipur, Prayagraj etc. Note : It is the world's largest Canal
project
® Ministry ® Ministry of Rural Development
® 3-watershed Develoopment Program

¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Integrated wasteland Drought Desert
Watershed development Prone area Development
Development Program Program Program
Program ¯ ¯ ¯
¯
Integrated watershed management program (IWMP)
® IWMP is now subsumed into PMKSY scheme
Uttar Pradesh
According to the year 2017-18, area irrigated by irrigation means (UP At A Glance : 2020)
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Tubewells Canal Well Tanks and Lakes Other means
74.9 % 15.2 % 8.7 % 0.5% 0.7 %
Note : Uttar Pradesh has maximum irrigation through tube wells.
Important Facts
Ø Main source of irrigation in Ganganagar, Ø Saran irrigation canal drains
Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer districts of - From Gandak River
western Rajasthan Ø Water storage capacity of Farakka canal
- 40,000 cusecs
- Indira Gandhi Canal
Ø Origin of Indira Gandhi Canal is
Ø It is built on Cherukunnam Puzha Rivers in - Harike Barrage
Palakkad district of Kerala Ø It receives water from Sutlej, Ravi and Beas
- Mangalam Irrigation Project River - Indira Gandhi Canal
Ø Main source of irrigation in Peninsular India Ø Canal, which is located on Coromandel coast
- Pond - Buckingham Canal
Ø Hariyali Yojana is related to
Ø He is considered the forerunner of irrigation - Water harvesting for the development
system in South India - Sir Arthur Cotton of Barren land

Multi-Purpose River-Valley Project
Narmada Valley Project Bhakra Nangal Dam
® Construction ® On the Narmada River ® Construction ® On Sutlej River

(Navagam, Gujarat)
Sardar Sarovar Dam Project
® Command Region ® Himachal Pradesh,
Bhakra - Nangal Dam

® Power Generation Capacity ® 1450 MW
Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
® Water Supply ® The water of Narmada
® Water Reservoir ® Govind Sagar
River to Sardar Sarovar Dam
l 65.18% to Madhya Pradesh ® Joint Venture of
l 32.14% to Gujarat (of Narmada river l Haryana
water from Sardar Sarovar Dam) l Punjab
® Power Supply l Rajasthan
l to Madhya Pradesh (highest 57%)
® Dam l Bhakra
l to Maharashtra (27%)
® Beneficiary State ® on Sutjej River
l Gujarat l Rajasthan l Nangal
l Maharashtra l Madhya Pradesh
Dam at River Kaveri

Established - In 1985 (In Dhule district of
Maharashtra) By social scientist Medha Patkar
Location - At Kaveri River (in Karnataka)
Narmada
Dharangrast
Samiti Krishnaraj
Sagar Dam
Other Name
Objective In 1989 ‘Narmada Bachao
To protest Sardar Aandolan’ (As a result of
Sarovar Project merger of several local Related to DPR or profile
organization) Vrindavan ¯
Garden of this dam prepared by
M. Visvesvaraya
Indira Sagar Dam

Ø Location : Narmada River (Khandwa District,
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh)

Ø Power Generation ® Target of 1000 MW
Ø Water Supply ® Target of irrigitation of 1.23 Kaveri River
Lakh hectare Water Dispute
Puducherry ¬ ® Tamil Nadu
:
Narmada River related projects Specific Facts
Ø Omkareshwar project ¯
Ø Bargi etc. Kerala

Hirakund Dam Damodar Valley Project
Establishment - 1948 Damodar Valley Corporation
® Construction ® Started in 1948
Hirakund Dam
(Completed in 1957)
® Location ® On river Mahanadi (in the
Odisha state)
® Total length ® 25.8 km. Damodar
® Irrigated area ® 10 lakh hectares of land Valley Project
Note : World longest dam - Hirakund Dam
Related Dam Outline
¯ ¯
Chambal Valley Project Tilaiya Dam, Maithon, Based on the
Belpahari Tennessee Valley
¯ authority of United
Location - At Chambal River on Barakar River States of America
(Koderma District)
Important Facts
Chambal
Project Ø It is constucted between Nalgonda district of
Telangana and Guntur District of Andhra
Pradesh
- Nagarjuna Sagar multi - purpose project
Related Dam Joint Project Ø The reservoir built on the chambal river
¯ ¯ - Rana Pratap Sagar
¯ ¯ Ø It is known as “Sorrow of Bengal” due to
l Rajasthan
Gandhi Rana Pratap excessive pollution and frequent floods
l Madhya Pradesh - Damodar River
Sagar Dam Sagar Dam
Ø Maithon, Belpahari and Tilaya dams are
Mandsaur and Jawahar
constructed on - Barakar River
District Sagar Dam Ø Konar dam is constructed on - Konar River
(M.P.) (Rajasthan)
Tehri Dam Project Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Completion Year ® 1969

® Location
Location ® Krishna River
l On Bhagirathi (Ganga) river (at the
confluence of Bhagirathi and
Tehri Dam Project
Bhilangana river) Irrigation Coverage

Supply l Telangana
l Near Tehri District in Uttarakhand
Nalgonda, Nagarjuna l Andhra
® Construction ® Started in 1978 Prakasham, Pradesh
Sagar Multi
(Approved by planning commission 1972) Khammam and
Guntur purpose
® Status in India ® Highest Dam of India
(260.5 m) Districts Project
® Main Reason for protest
l located in earthquake - prone area Dam
l Damage of environment Masonry Dam (1550
l Migration of local people meters long)

Miscellaneous Projects
Establishment
with the help of
Bhutan and India
Management Construction
¯ l Wangchu/Raidak
Management of this river (in Bhutan)
project was transferred Height
to Bhutan in 1991 Chukha l 40 meter
Dam
Project
Fund
Provision for export (Fully funded unit of
of Electricity Indian Government)
¯
¯
l 60% in the form
Most part to India of grant
Electric Production l 40% in the form
¯ of loan
336 Megawatt
Construction - Location - Andhra Pradesh

On the Periyar River
(Kerala)
Telugu-
Global Status -
Height - Idukki One of the Ganga Project
554 Dam highest arch
feet
Project Dam of Asia
Water Supply Joint Venture
¯ ¯
From the Krishna l Maharashtra
River (provides
Idukki Dam Project water supply to the l Tamil Nadu
¯ city of Chennai in l Andhra Pradesh
Between Kuravanmala and Kurathimala Tamil Nadu ) l Karnataka
hills
Mayurakshi Project
Ø Construction ® At Mayurakshi River Ø Related Dam ® Canada Dam and Masanjor
Ø Benefitted states Dam in Jharkhand (on Mayurakshi River)
l West Bengal Ø Electric Production Capacity
l Jharkhand ® 4000 Kilowatt

First Hydro
Kalpong electric power
Construction at- ¬ Hydro Electric ® project of
Kalpong River Power ¯
Project Andaman and
Nicobar Island
® Other Name
Construction across - Tapi River
l Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar Project
Location - Ukai, Surat district of Gujarat
® Construction on ® Rihand river
® Location
l Pipri in Sonbhadra District of U.P. Dam
Rihand Dam Project
Irrigation Area Ukai

® Dam l 934 m.® length ® Length
1.5 Dam: ® 4927 m.
® Rihand Lakh hec. Specific
Dam Height
l 91.46 m.® Height® land
Facts ® 80.772 m.
® Hydroelectric production capacity
l 300 Megawatt (in Obra)
® Lake Electric Production Capacity
l Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar (Artificial ¯
Lake) Built in the background of 300 Megawatt
Rihand Dam
(Area 130 sq. km.)
® Irrigated Area ® 2.5 lakh hec. land ® Construction across ® Beas River
® Location ® South Western part of
Himachal Pradesh
Pong Dam
Kalagarh Dam ® Height ® 133 metre

® Other Name ® 'Beas Dam'
Construction across - Ramganga River
Height - 128 m. ® Related Lake ® 'Maharana Pratap
Sagar Lake' (Pong Reservoir)
Length - 715 m.
® Uses l Irrigation
l Hydroelectricity Production
Tawa Project
Construction across - Tawa River
Location - Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh Important Facts
Height - 59 m.
Length - 1815 m. Ø Built on Kaveri river in Tamil Nadu
- Mettur Project
Ø Largest Project of Uttar Pradesh
- Rihand Dam Project
Tulbul Navigable Project Ø Built on Kothari River in Bilwara district of
Rajasthan - Meja Dam
Ø Construction across - Jhelam river
Ø Built on the Chenab river in Doda district of
Ø Location ® Jammu & Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir
Ø Other Name
l Tulbul Navigable Project (In India) - Baglihar Hydroelectric Project
l Wullar Barrage (In Pakistan) Ø Built on Chenab river in Kishtwar district of
Ø Disputed Project ® Between India and Jammu and Kashmir - Dulhasti Project
Pakistan (A hydro power station)

India : Political
Saddle Peak (732 m) is the highest peak

Jammu & akh
Kashmir Lad of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Only 38 islands are inhabited in the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Himachal
Pradesh
ab
Punj Ut
khatara-
i yan
a nd
Har
Ne esh
Delhi pal rad
lP
cha
Sikkim
a
Bhutan un
Uttar Ar
Rajasthan
Pradesh Assam
Nagaland
Bihar Meghalaya
Bangladesh Manipur
I N D I A Tripura
Jharkhand
Gujarat MizoramTropi
c of Cancer
Madhya Pradesh West
arh Bengal
tisg
Myanmar
hat
Daman & Diu

and Odisha
Ch
Dadar &
Nagar Haveli Maharashtra
Bay of
Arabian Telangana Bengal
Sea
Yanam
a
atak
Goa (Puduchery
Andhra
Karn
Pradesh
Mahe Puduchery
hery) Tamil Karaikal
(Puduc
Kera
Nadu (Puduchery) Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Lakshadweep
la
(India)
(India)
Sri L
Indian Ocean
anka
Eastern Coastal 1. Tropic of Cancer is

Plain (Wider) Western Coastal also called as 23030'
North Latitude. It
1. Coastal Plains of Odisha Plain (less wide) divides India into
and Andhra Pradesh almost two equal parts.
– Coastal plain from
(North Coast to Godavari Gujarat to Goa : Konkan
Delta) : Utkal Coast / 2. Tropic of Cancer
Coast passes through eight
Kalinga Coast/North – Region from Goa to
Sarkar Coast. states of India–
Mangalore (Karnataka) : Gujarat, Rajasthan,
2. From Andhra Pradesh to Kannada Coast
the Coastal plain of Tamil Madhya Pradesh,
– Coastal Plain from Chhattisgarh,
Nadu (extended from Mangalore to Kanya
Krishna Godavari Delta Jharkhand, West
Kumari : Malabar Coast
to Kanyakumari) : Bengal, Tripura and
Coromandel Coast Mizoram.

The rivers of
Southern India India : Rivers and Lakes
have a pre-
dominantly tree- Wular lake, located in Jammu and Kashmir is the
like drainage
In
Wu largest freshwater lake in India.
du
system lar
s
Lak Chilka Lake (Odisha) situated on the northern sarkar
Jhe River e coast is the India's largest lagoon (salt water lake).
ab
Gomati river is the only tributary of Ganga river
la m
en
us
Ch i Beas that originates in plains. It originates from Gomattal

Ind
v (Fulhar Lake) in Pilibhit district of Uttar Pradesh.

Ra Govi
e j Saganr d
Pakistan Sutl China
(Tibet) Tsangpo
Gan
N
Di
E
han
ga
P
Sh
Sambhar Ya A
hit
g
ard
mu L
Lake
na Gh
Bhutan Lo
a
al agh tra
Ga
m b ara apu
a
nd
m
Ch a Ko Bra
h
ak
Rana Pratap tw si
Sagar Be n Gang
Gandhi Sagar So a Bangladesh
I N D I Govind Ballabh A
Pant Sagar Tropic of
Cancer
Narmada Ma
Tapti ha
Badrinath temple is located on the bank of Alaknanda river
na
Penga di
God nga Panch Prayag
ava
ri Rudraprayag – Alaknanda + Mandakini
Chilka Lake Karnaprayag – Alaknanda + Pinder
Devprayag – Bhagirathi + Alaknanda
Nizam Nandprayag – Alaknanda + Nandakini
Arabian Kr Sagar Vishnuprayag – Alaknanda + Dhauliganga
Sea ish
na Nagarjuna Kolleru Lake River originates
Sagar from the Himalayan
a
dr mountain ranges are
b ha r
Linganmakki ng ive example of antecedent
Tu R drainage system.
Sagar
Krishna Raja
Pulicat Ganga (length 2525 km)
Lake Lake is the longest river that
Kaveri originates and flow
River in India.
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Lakshadweep Vembanad
(India)
(India) Lake
Sri L
Indian Ocean The longest river in

anka
Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna
peninsula India is
Sundarban Delta is formed by the
Godavari (1465 km.),

which is second longest
Indus River System : Indus and its river in India (Ganga is
tributaries – Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, longest river of India).
Beas, Sutlej (Panchanad) etc.
In peninsula India, the
The Sutlej River originates from correct sequence of the
Rakas Tal in Tibet. It crosses all river flowing in the east
the ranges of Himalayas. direction from North to
South is as follows:
Rivers.
After Entering Bangladesh, the Subarnarekha, Mahanadi,

Ganges River is called Padma. Godavari, Krishna,
Pennar, Kaveri and Vaigai.

Pictorial Presentation...
Presentation...
Drishti
World
Geography
Index
l World Geography 72-128
s Origin of Planets 72
s The Solar System 73-81
s The Earth 81-86
s Rocks 87-88
s The Continents 88-90
s The World Mountain Ranges 90-92
s The Plateau 93-94
s Volcano 94-95
s Earthquake 95-97
s Valleys 97-98
s Arid Region/Desert 98-99
s The Grasslands 99-100
s Countries and their Borders 100-101
s Dependent Territories 101-102
s Land Locked Countries 102
s Old Names of Countries 102
s International Border Lines 103-104
s Capitals of Countries 104-107
s World Towns 107
s Geographical Sobriquets 108-109
s Hydrosphere 109-110
s Important Sea of the World 111-112
s Salinity of the Ocean 113
s Oceanic Currents 113-115
s Oceanic Trenches 115-116
s Rivers of World 116-118
s Towns and Cities along the 119
banks of River
s The Island 120
s Lakes and Water Falls 121-123
s Canals 123-124
s Important Dams of World 124-125
s Atmosphere 125-128

World Geography
Origin of Planets : Facts
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Scientific
Rational Perspective Fundamental Concept
Concepts
¯
¯
Number of Stars
Proposed by French Scientist
'Comte De Buffon'
¯ ¯
Monistic Concepts Dualistic Concepts
¯ ¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Immanuel Kant's Laplace's modified Chamberlin James H.N. Russel's

Nebular Hypothesis Nebular and Moulten's Jeans and Binary Star
Hypothesis Planetesimal Jeffery's Theory
Hypothesis Tidal
Hypothesis
Exam Facts Modern Theory : Big Bang Theory
Ø The limit beyond that stars suffer internal

collapse is called - Chandrasekhar Limit
Theory
Ø The "Black Hole Theory" was propounded by
Regarding
-S. Chandrasekhar the origin of the
Universe
Ø Name of Galaxy in which our solar system is
located -Milky Way or Mandakini
Major Evidence Propounder
Ø Modern theory regarding the origin of the ¯ ¯
universe -Big Bang Theory Discovery of cosmic George Lemaitre
microwave radiation
Ø Constellation, from where the signal of
polaris star is received -The Saptrishis
Ø Group of brightest stars of our galaxy
Ø Group of infinite galaxies - Universe
-Orion Nebula
Ø Due to its infinite gravity, it has ability to
absorb all the remnants of star -Black Hole Ø It is closest star to our Sun -Proxima Centauri

The Solar System
Kuiper Belt
Asteroid Belt
Sun Mercury
Venus Earth Mars
Saturn Uranus Neptune
Jupiter
Kuiper Belt
(As per order of their distance from Sun)
Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Descending order of
planets according to their size
Mercury Mars Venus Earth
® Terrestrial Planets ® Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Planets of Solar System ®
® Jovian Planets ® Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter
(4496 Million Km.)

(2869 Million Km.)
(1427 Million Km.)
(778 Million Km.)
Ascending order of planets

according to their distance
from the Sun
Mercury Venus Earth Mars
(58 Million Km.) (108 Million Km.) (150 Million Km.) (228 Million Km.)
Sun
Size
¯
109.2 times bigger than Earth
Location Surface Temperature

¯ ¯
In the centre of 5500ºC
Solar System (As per NASA)
Sun :
Specific
Facts
Corona Nuclear Fusion

¯ ¯
Outer layer of the Sun Entire source of
which is visible during Sun's Energy
a total solar eclipse Solar Eclipse
¯
When the Moon comes
between Earth and Sun
and the Moon casts a shadow
over the Earth

The Mercury
Receives a very
Time taken for one high amount of
revolution around Sunlight
the Sun by planet Mercury
¯
About 88 Earth days
Distance between Sun and Mercury

Sun ¯ Mercury
About 58 Million Km.
ercury ¯
f planet M
Diameter o Albedo
¯ ¯
ap x . 4 8 79 Km. about 0.1
Smallest planet of
¯
Solar System
Mariner 10 Diurnal range of

¯ temperature
It was the first ¯
spacecraft sent to Very high
the planet mercury Mercury : apx. Average
Specific 610ºC
Facts
Average
Temperature No Natural
¯ satellite
167ºC
Important Facts
Ø The time interval between one vernal equinox Ø Annual event which is held on 22 April to
to another vernal equinox is -Tropical year demonstrate support for environmental
Ø Planet which revolve around Sun with an protection around the earth -Earth Day
average speed of 29.8 km/s. -Earth Ø Coldest planet in the solar system -Uranus
Ø It was successfully launched on 5th November Ø Planet with highest density among all the eight
2013 by ISRO -Mangalyan planet in the solar system -Earth

Distance
between
Other
Sun & Second
Name
Speciality Venus closest
¯ No
¯ ¯ planet
Morning Star Natural
Other Brightest apx. 108 to sun Hottest
or Evening Satellite
Name planet in the Million Km. planet
Star
¯ solar systems in the
Earth’s solar
twin system
The Venus :
Specific Facts
Summer
Solstice Winter
¯ Solstice
Location
21/22 June Axial Other ¯
¯
Size (Sun is directly Tilt Name 22/23
Between
¯ overhead at the ¯ ¯ December
Distance Venus
Fifth and Mars Tropic of cancer) 23.50 Green (Sun is
from Sun planet directly
largest
¯ overhead at
planet
Third planet the Tropic of
(In Order) The Earth : Capricorn)
Specific Facts
Fourth Planet
(In Order)
¯
from the Sun
Mangalyan Average Temperature
¯ ¯
India’s first ‘Mars – 63ºC
exploration mission’
(MOM)
The Mars
:
Specific
Facts Red Planet
Enormous Shield ¯
Mountain Due to reddish iron oxide
¯ prevalent on its surface that
‘The Nix Olympia’ gives it a reddish appearance
(Olympus Mons)
Two satellite
¯
¯ ¯
Phobos Deimos

The Jupiter
Fastest rotating
planet on its axis in the
solar system
Characteristics As per 2018, 79

Largest planet in the satellites of Jupiter
solar system has been discovered
Atmospheric Gases : The Jupiter: Other Name

Hydrogen, Helium, Specific Miniature solar
Methane & Ammonia system
Facts
11.86 Earth years

Discovery of Rings :
Time to complete one
By Voyager 1 space
revolution around
craft in 1979
the Sun
Characteristics :
It shows the properties
of both star and planet
The Saturn
Total satellite
Second largest Other Name
¯
planet in solar ¯
l 82
system after l Globe of Gases
Jupiter and
Largest satellite
(in size) l Galaxy like planet
l Titan
Atmospheric Gases Characteristics 29.4 Year

¯ ¯ ¯
Hydrogen, Probably best known Time to complete
Helium, for the system of one revolution
Methane and planetary rings that around the sun
Ammonia make it visually unique

The Moon
Natural Satellite : Any celestial body in space that

orbits around a larger body.
Earth’s only
natural satellite
Lunar Eclipse- Occurs when the
Earth comes between Sun and
Excess of titanium Moon and Sun’s light does
in rocks not fall on Moon
The Moon Other Name :

: Fossil Planet
Specific
Revolution path Facts
Elliptical
Has very thin
atmosphere called
an exosphere
State of Super Moon Fifth largest moon

¯ of solar system
Moon nearest to Earth
About 20% higher Sun, Earth and Moon

than normal Tide
Spring Tide in a straight line
Moon Moon
Earth Sun
Full Moon New Moon
Effect of attraction force

of moon is double in
comparison to Sun

Moon
Earth on
Sun
Saptami
(Seventh day)
or
Ashtami
(Eight day)
Moon
Occurs in the situation

20% smaller than
normal tides Neap Tide when Sun, Earth & Moon
are at right angles
Mention in Purusha Suktam

¯
Tenth Mandala of Rigveda
Moon in Astrology
¯
Factor of mind
Moon
‘Chandrama Manso Jata Chakshu
Suryo Ajayat Sukta’
¯
Mention in Purusha
Suktam of Rigveda
Important Facts Exam Facts

Ø The main reason for the shrinking of moon is Ø The first space mission to successfully land
-decrease in temperature of its interior part safely on the surface of moon was
Ø The International Astronomical Union (IAU) -'Luna 9`
was founded in -the year 1919 Ø The ‘Luna 9’ mission was concerned with
Ø The satellite named ‘Lunar Reconnaissance -erstwhile Soviet Union (Russia)
Orbiter’ (LRO) was launched by NASA Ø First human space mission to reach the
-in the year 2009 Moon’s orbit was -Apollo 11

Apollo 11 :
The first human space mission
that landed on the surface
of the Moon
Moon Mission Apollo 11 landed on

of NASA the moon on July 20, 1969
N
A
S
Launched on July 16, 1969 A
from the Kennedy space center
on Merritt Island, Florida
India : Chandrayaan Mission

-C b w 8
Ce Dh om V d - I 200
A nter wa Sa 11 y as
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PS unc aan ct.
-I
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M ra
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Ch dia
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In
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of e S y res
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The Comets and Meteors
Characteristics Comet
Components ¯ Hale-Bopp Shoemaker Levy-9
¯ Comets Generally ¯ ¯
Bodies of celestial dust, have 2 kinds On, 23rd July 1995, Between 16-22 July,
Ice and of tails: the comet was seen 1994 the comet
glacial gases l Plasma tail and near Jupiter collided with Jupiter
a dust tail planet

The Asteroids Important Facts
Ø Zero degree latitudinal line (Equator)

Asteroids Belt and zero degree longitudinal line (Prime
meridian line) meet each other
- In the Gulf of Guinea, located in the
western part of Africa
Mars Ø If the earth were a perfect sphere, the
length of 10 of latitude would be a
Sun constant value of - - 111 km.
Earth Ø Imaginary Circle dividing the earth into
two hemisphere of equal parts is termed
as - Great Circle
Jupiter
Line related to all parallel

circles from the equator Lines of
to the poles Latitudes
Earth
Latitudes
It is the distance north or south of 00 latitude- It is imaginary line

the equator, measured along the The on the spheroid’s surface, dividing
meridian of that place as an Equator earth into two hemisphere (Northern
angle from the center of the earth and Southern Hemisphere)
Important Lines of Latitudes

90º N (North Pole)
66º30' N Arctic Circle
23º30' N Tropic of Cancer
0º Equator
23º30'S Tropic of Capricorn
66º30' S Antarctic Circle
90º S South Pole

Longitude
Longitude Meridians All Meridians

¯ ¯ ¯
The longitude of a place Imaginary line Intersect the
is its angular distance joining the North equator at
east or west of the and South Pole right angles
prime meridian
Distance between
longitudinal lines Prime Meridian Line
l Maximum ® Longitude ¯
At Equator (111.3 km.) Such meridian line by
l Minimum ® which other meridian
At Pole (0 km.) lines are calculated
Total lines of 0º Longitude

Longitudes International Date
¯
on perfectly Line (180º)
Prime Meridian Line
spherical
Earth (360) ¯ ¯
Decide the International Passes through
¯
standard time Bering strait
360º Longitudes
Equator Circle Total Length

The imaginary line on the apx. 40,075 km.
spheroid’s surface,
equidistance from poles
Characteristics Annual Temperature

Divide the globe into two Equator : difference
equal parts i.e. Northern Specific Minimum
& Southern Hemisphere
Facts
Other Name Equatorial Countries
Great Circle Total 13

Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn
Tropic of
Cancer 23º30' N
Northern Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere
Equator 0º Equator 0º
Southern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere
Tropic of 23º30' S
Capricorn
Countries/Regions Related to Tropic of Cancer

¯
¯ ¯ ¯
North America Africa Asia
(Continent) (Continent) (Continent)
l Hawaii Islands (USA) l Western Sahara l India
l Bahamas l Mauritania l Myanmar
l Mexico l Algeria l Oman
l Libya l Saudi Arabia
l Egypt (Misr) l United Arab Emirates
l Mali l Bangladesh
l Niger l China
l Taiwan
Countries Related to Tropic of Capricorn

¯
¯ ¯ ¯
South America Africa Oceania
l Chile l Namibia l Tonga
l Argentina l Botswana l French Polynesia
l Paraguay l South Africa (France)
l Brazil l Mozambique l Australia
l Madagascar

Day and Night
Important Facts
Important Facts
Ø Equator, Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of
Capricorn all passes through
Ø On 20th/21st March (Spring
- African continent
Ø Lines passing through South America Equinox) and 22nd/23rd Sept.
- Equator and Tropic of Capricorn (Autumnal Equinox) both
Ø Winter Solstice occurs on 21/22 Dec. at the Day and Night are
time when the Sun’s ray falls on the Tropic of -Equal
Capricorn - Vertical Ø Used to determine the age of
Ø The Earth always rotates on its axis from west the earth
to east, which is called - Earth’s rotation
-Uranium Dating method
Ø Duration of day at North pole - Six Months Ø Earth originated from gases
Ø Max. duration of daylight northern and dust particles, this was
hemisphere - On 21/22 June
Ø The Universal theory related to origin of suggested by-
universe - Big Bang Theory -Otto Schmidt
Origin of Earth
Theory
Theory Tidal Hypothesis Theory
Collision Theory Fragmentation
Propounder Hypothesis
Propounder James Jeans and
Comte de Buffon Harold Jeffery Propounder
Ronzen
Theory
Theory of Nebulous
Different Theory
Material Theories Big Bang Theory
regarding Propounder
Propounder Origin of
Immanuel Georges Lamaiter
Kant Earth
Theory Theory
Planetesimal Theory
Nebular Meteroite
Hypothesis Hypothesis
Hypothesis
Propounder Propounder
Chamberlin Propounder
Laplace Lockyer
Moultan

Geological History
Nomenclature and Characteristics of each period of Earth’s geological history
Cambrian Period Ordovician Period

¯ ¯
Speciality Speciality
l Emergence of Creatures without l Mountain Formation had started
Spinal Cord l Witnessed heavy volcanic activity in Seas
Silurian Period
Devonian Period
¯
¯
Speciality
Speciality
l The emergence of terrestrial Flora however
l Witnessed large scale mountain
leaf formation was yet not present
formations and Volcanic activities
l Large scale development and expansion
l Various Varieties of
of Coral Reefs
fishes emerged
Note : This period is also known
as ‘Age of Fishes’
Carboniferous Period
¯
Speciality
¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Pangea Panthalassa Laurasia Gondwana
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Entire land part Superocean Northern Part Southern part of
enclosed as one that surrounded of Pangea Pangea
land part the supercontinent ¯ ¯
Pangaea Comprised Comprised
l North America l South America
l Europe l Africa
l Asia l Madagascar
(without Indian l Peninsular India
subcontinent) l Australia and
Antarctica

Permian Period
¯
Speciality
¯
¯ ¯
Emergence of high Rapid Increase in
mountains in Europe, the number and
Asia and East USA species of
terrestrial organisms
Key Feature :
Evolution of aquatic
Deposition of Chalk
reptiles in Sea’s
Origin of
Evolution Triassic mammals
of Period : Cretaceous
from
flies Specific Period :
reptiles
Facts Specific Facts
Example - Formation
Formation of process
mountain range like
were very
Evolution of l Rocky
l Andes active
termites l Isthmus of
Panama
Evolution in size and variety Important Facts

of terrestrial reptiles
Ø North Sea, Black Sea, Arabian Sea, Caspian
Sea and Shivalic ranges were formed in
- Pliocene epoch
The Period Ø Indian ocean and Atlantic ocean formed in
Jurassic Evolution -Eocene epoch
Dominated
Period : of some Ø Alps mountain ranges was formed in
by
Specific aerial birds -Miocene epoch
Dinosaurs
Facts Ø Holocene and Pleistocene epoch are part of
-Quaternary Period
Ø Period of Dinosaurs
-Start 20.8 crore years B.C.
End-14.4 crore B.C.
Evidence of Dinosaurs in India
Ø Rajasthan/Thar desert is an expansion of
l Kheda (Gujarat) -Pleistocene and recent deposit
l Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) Ø We are living in the -Holocene Epoch

Rocks
The crust of the earth is made up of rocks. Rock is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more
minerals or mineraloids.
Petrology is the study of rocks, which is an essential component of Geology.
The Major groups of rocks are defined as
(i) Igneous Rocks, (ii) Sedimentary Rocks (iii) Metamorphic Rocks.
Characteristics
¯
l Crystalline
l Lack of layers
l Lack of Fossils
Formation Co-relation
¯ ¯
Through the cooling with volcanic
and solidification activities
of magma in
inner part and
lava in outer part of earth Igneous
Rocks
Specific :
Facts
Type Example
¯ ¯
l Crystalline l Granite
l Non-Crystalline l Gabbro
l Basalt
l Pegmatite
Other Name l Volcanic breccia
¯ l Tuff etc.
Primary Rocks
® Formation ® Formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral

due to weathering and erosion of igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic Rocks.
® Formation Process ® Lithification
Sedimentary
Rocks
® As a result of Mechanical Process
l Example- Sandstone, limestone, Shale, Silt etc.
® Classification
® Carbonic Sedimentary Rocks
l Example- Coal, Chalk etc.
® Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
l Example- halite, limestone etc.

Continent
Metamorphic
Rocks
¯ To the
Formation North
Transformation of ¯
Arctic
existing igneous and
Ocean
sedimentary rock due to
temperature and pressure changes
To the To the
Other Name West Asian East
¯ ¯
Metamorphic shell Reformation -
l Ural
Continent Pacific
When the transformed Mountain Ocean
shell is also l Caspian Sea
transformed. l Black Sea
l Mediterranean To the
Sea South
¯
Indian
Ocean
Metamorphic
Form of Igneous Rocks
¯
Example
Area of
l Granite ® Gneiss
Continents
l Basalt ® Schist
l Basalt ® Amphibolite Continent sq. KM.
Asia 44,579,000
Africa 30,065,000
Shale
North America 24,256,000
¯
Slate South America 17,819,000
Conglomerate Limestone
Antarctica 13,209,000
¯ ¯
Quartzite Marble Europe 99,380,00
Metamorphic Australia 76,882,87
form of
sedimentary
Sandstone Rocks Chalk &
¯ Dolomite
Quartzite ¯ Arctic Ocean
Marble

To the North
Atlantic Ural
Ocean Europe mountain
l Slate - Phyllite
Metamorphic To the West
(Continent) To the East
form of l Phyllite - Schist
To the South
Metamorphic ¯
Rocks l Gabbro-Serpentinite Mediterranean Sea

Characteristics Strait of Gibraltar,
Africa Three important Mediterranean Sea,
Continent latitudes (Tropic Suez Canal, Red Sea
of Cancer, Tropic and Arabian Sea
of Capricorn and ¯
Equator) passes Separates Africa
through Africa
from Eurasia
Total To the East

Second Country
Largest l Indian
¯ Ocean
Continent 54
after Asia To the West
l Atlantic
Ocean
® Nomenclature ® On the name of Amerigo Vespucci
® Total Countries ® 23
North America ® In the East ® The Atlantic Ocean

(continent): ® In the West ® The Pacific Ocean
Specific Facts
® In the North ® The Arctic Ocean
® Bering Strait ® Separates North America from Asia
South America
(continent) :
Specific Panama Canal- Largest
Separates Country
Facts North America ¯
from Brazil
South America
Total Number
Location-
of Countries
Between Pacific Ocean
and Atlantic Ocean ¯
12

Antarctica :
1846 m.
Asia North and Middle

923 m. Average American continent : 720 m.
Elevation of
continents :
Australia
Specific Africa
330 m. Facts 585 m.
Europe South America

302 m. 554 m.
Important Facts
Ø South America, Central America, Mexico and Ø Smallest continent in terms of area
Caribbean are jointly called -Australia
-Latin America Ø Scientist have claimed it as a 8th continent
Ø The continent famous as Dark Continent -Zealandia
-Africa Continent
World Mountain Ranges

Elevated parts of the surface, whose slope is
steep and the summit is a narrow area.
Mountainous Region - Area having an Expansion : About 25% of the world

elevation of 1000m above sea level is mountainous
and also the relative height in that
area is also high
Mountain
Inhabited only by 12% of world’s population
Note : ‘Parasnath’ located near Giridih (Jharkhand) in India is

called a hill while its average height is 1366 m.

Major Mountain Ranges of the World
® Formation l By Forces of compression

Fold ® Characteristic l World’s highest and widest mountains
Mountain
® Characteristic ® Largest mountain range in the world
® Major ® The ® Highest Peak ® Aconcagua (6960m.)
Examples Andes
® The ® Location ® North America

Rocky ® Highest Peak ® Mount Elbert (4400m.)
Mountain
Location :
At the Northern Highest Peak
The Himalayas most point of Mount Everest
Mountains India in or
South Asia Sagarmatha
Major
New / fold Location
mountains of Southern Alps Highest Peak
Western part of
mountains Mount Cook/
the world : the Island of
Aoraki
New Zealand
Specific
Facts
Extension
Area :
Alps Highest Peak
France, Austria,
Mountains Mont Blanc
Germany,
Switzerland
etc.
Exam Facts
Ø Rocky and Atlas mountains are examples of Ø Appalachian is an ancient mountain that was
-Fold Mountain formed -in the Caledonian Orogeny
Ø The mountain called as oceans of mountains Ø Black mountain is located
-British Columbia Plateau -in the province of North Carolina (USA)
Ø The white mountains is located at
-California ((USA)

Dome Important Facts
Mountain
¯ Ø It forms border between France &
Formation Spain
¯
- Pyrenees Mountain
Due to volcanic action
and terrestrial uplift Ø Apennine mountain is located in
- Italy
® Cincinnati Ø Mount Titlis is located in
® ® Black Hills® of USA
Example - Switzerland
® Bighorns
® Fujiyama of Japan Ø Highest mountain peak of Russia
® Cotopaxi of Equador and Europe
- Mount Elbrus
Ø Highest Mountain peak in Africa
- Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania)
Ø Highest Mountain peak in
Mixed
Mountains South Africa
- Drakensberg Range
Example : Ø Highest peak of Great Dividing

Range (located in Australia)
¯
- Mount Kosciuszko
¯ ¯
Sierra Nevada Anaconda
¯ ¯
¯
Mountain Range of
USA
Block Mountain
Formation
¯
Residual By Tensile/compression force
Mountain Characteristic
¯
Fault or crack
Formation-
as a result of Erosion of an Example
existing mountain by
¯
the force of erosion
l The Sierra Nevada Mountain of California
l Black forest of Germany etc.
® Pennines Mountain (Europe) l Vosges range of France
® Appalachian Mountain
Example (USA)
® Aravalli Mountains
(India)

The Plateau
Plateau are the prominent example of second grade relief of earth’s surface.
Plateau comes after mountains in terms of height and in terms
of territorial extent after the plains. Plateau covers about 33% of entire crust
Classification of plateaus according to

the process of their formation
Glacier Intermontane
Plateau Plateau : Specific Facts
Characteristics
Formation
¯
¯
Ø Highest, most extensive and
Ø Due to Erosional processes
complex plateau of Earth’s
of glacier on mountain ranges
Ø Surrounded by mountains on all sides
Example
Example ¯
¯ Ø Tibetan Plateau/Chang
Ø Plateau of Prussia in Germany Tang/Qinghai-Tibetan
Ø Formation of ‘Marg’ in Ø Bolivia Plateau
Kashmir region of India Ø Peru Plateau
Ø Colombian Plateau
Ø Mexican Plateau
Fluvial Piedmont Plateau:

Plateau Specific Facts
Formation
¯ Characteristic
Ø Due to vertical movement of ¯
earth and due to continue deposition Ø Plateau at the foothills of mountains
of fluvial deposits brought by the rivers
Example Example
¯ ¯
Ø India Ø USA
l Vindhya Plateau l Eastern margins of Appalachian
l Shillong Plateau Ø South America
Ø Myanmar l Patagonia Plateau
l Shan Plateau
Aeolian Domed
Plateau Plateau
Example Example
¯ ¯
Ø Potwar Plateau of Pakistan Ø United State of State
Ø Loess Plateau of China l Plateau of Ozark (USA)

Continental Volcanic
Plateau Plateau
Example
Example
¯
Ø Deccan plateau ¯
Ø Arabian Plateau Ø Columbia Plateau (USA)
Ø Plateau of Australia etc. Ø Plateau of Peninsular India
Coastal Important Facts

Plateau Ø The mineral rich area in South America
-Patagonia Plateau
Example
¯ Ø Average Height of Tibetan Plateau above sea
Ø India’s Coromandel Coast level is -More than 4.5 km.
Ø ‘Roof of the World’ -The Pamir Plateau
Ø Telegraphic plateau is a part of

-North Atlantic Ocean
The Volcano
A Volcano is a rupture in the crust of planetary mass object, such as earth, that allows hot lava,
volcanic ash and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Most abundant Dormant Volcanoes

gas emitted from Volcanoes
Characteristics
Water (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2), ¯
Nitrogen, Sulphur dioxide (SO2) etc. Ø No eruption for a long time
Ø Possibly erupt
Example
¯
Ø Mount St. Helens (USA)
¯
Other Name
¯
Ø Fujiyama of America
Keeps exploding Active Volcano : Mauna Loa

and erupting l On the basis of
Specific Facts size, the largest
active Volcano
Mount Kilauea Nevado Ojos on Earth
l At present, most Del Salado
active Volcano in l Highest active Volcano
the World in the world (6893 m.)

Extinct Volcano Important Facts
Ø The fluid present in underground at the time of
Volcanic eruption is known as - Magma
Ø Eruptions are often closed,
the possibility of eruption in the Ø The funnel shaped trough commonly found at
future is negligible. the top of a volcanic cone is - Crater
Ø Lake located in Buldhana district of
Example Maharashtra is an example of crater
¯ - Lonar Lake
Ø Mt. Kulal (Africa) Ø The Volcano known as Lighthouse of the
Ø Chimborazo (Equador) Mediterranean sea - Stromboli Volcano
Ø Popa (Myanmar) Ø Mount Etna located on the island of Sicily, Italy
Ø Damavand (Iran) is - An Active Volcano
Major Volcanoes of World and their Location

Volcano Country Volcano Country
Mount Kinabalu Malaysia Sabancaya Peru
Alborz Iran Mount Etna Italy
Colima Mexico
Mount Merapi Indonesia
Mount Rainier USA
Pericutin Mexico
Mount Taal Philippines
Mount Erebus Antarctic
Vesuvius Italy
Damavand Iran
Cotapaxi Ecuador
Popocatepetl Mexico Vilarrica Chile
Mount Shasta USA Krakatoa Indonesia
Mayon Philippines Mount Sinabung Indonesia
The Earthquake
Earthquakes often occur below the surface, but not every earthquake occurs at the same depth.
The point or place where the occurrence of an earthquake starts is called ‘Seismic Focus or hypocenter’
The point on the surface, nearest to the focus, is called epicentre.
Transmission
l In every part
of earth Char
d acter
Spee m (e.g.- Solid, Liquid l Si istics
u milar
ax m
i to
lM and gas) sound
wave
s
Ef
me l fec
r Na inal sec L e ss
t
he d on t
Ot ngitu Primary Waves : sur dary n
h a
L o ves fac
e w and
l Wa Specific Facts ave

Speed :
Comparatively Slower than primary waves.
Other Name :
Transverse waves
Secondary Transmission :
Waves : Move in solid but can not pass through
Specific liquid or gaseous medium
Facts
Characteristic :
Similar to light waves
Effect :
l More than primary waves
l Less than surface waves
Speed : Nature :
Comparatively slower Most Destructive
than primary
and secondary waves
Surface
Waves :
Other Name : Specific Characteristics :
Long wave Facts low-frequency
(L-wave) transverse
waves
Orbital Path :
move only along the
surface
Important Facts
Ø The Epicenter is the point at ground level Ø The North-West region of Indian sub-continent
directly above the hypocenter -At right angle is prone to earthquakes, due to
Ø Waves arising in the ocean as a result of -Plate Tectonics Activity
Earthquake -Tsunami Ø The seismic zone of India is included under
Ø Major area in the basin of the pacific ocean -Mid-continental belt
where many earthquake and volcanic eruptions
occurs -The Ring of Fire

Measure the
Point of interaction intensity of
between Sea and land seismic Waves
Indicator :
Released Energy
Seismometer
Intensity of
Four Main
Young Earthquake : Specific Facts
conditions
Volcanic Fold
Activity for the mountainous
occurrence of Region
Earthquake Intensity of Earthquakes
¯
¯ ¯
Indicator of Measurement on
Released Energy the Mercalli Scale
Divergence Zone of
constructive Note :
plate boundaries Magnitude of Earthquake
® Measured on the Richter Scale
The Valley
A Valley is an elongated low area often running between plain, hills and mountains;
formed by erosion of river and glacial ice.
Loire Valley
Location
¯
Chitwan Valley France Sacred Valley
Location Location
¯ ¯
Nepal Peru
Chumbi
Valley
Rabbit Valley
Location Major Valley
Location
¯ of World :
Specific Facts ¯
On the border of
USA
India, Bhutan &
Tibet
Po Valley Blackwood
Location Valley
Location
¯
Italy Swat Valley ¯
Location Australia
¯
Pakistan

Important Facts
Valley of the King
Valleys Locations
Location - Egypt Pleasant Valley USA
(situated on the western Silicon Valley California (USA)
bank of river Nile)
Ebro Valley Spain
Other Name - Wadi-el-Muluk Panjshir Valley in Northeastern Afghanistan
Taylor Valley Antarctica
The arid Regions / Deserts

Deserts are the arid and semi arid parts of land area of earth.
It is mainly found in sub-tropical high-pressure area.
Regions receiving precipitation of less than 25cm. annually are categorized as deserts
Tropical Tropical
Hot Deserts : Cold Deserts :
Generally Found in the Location
western side of a l Between 30º to 60º North and
continent in the trade South Latitudes
wind belt located between Example
15º to 30º north and l The Gobi Desert (Mongolia, China)
South of equator l Patagonia Desert (Argentina, Chile)
The Sahara Location Extension

Desert ¯ ¯
¯ North Africa Algeria, Chad, Egypt,
Largest non- polar Libya, Mali, Mauritania,
desert of the World Area - Morocco, Niger, Sudan,
(Non - Polar) apx. 3.6 million Tunisia and
square mile Western Sahara
Location Important
The Atacama ¯ Mineral Deposits
¯ South America ¯
driest non-polar ¯ l Sodium
desert l Nitrate
¯ ¯ l Copper etc.
Peru Chile

The Thar Desert : Specific Facts
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
Other Name Extension Area Characteristics
Great Indian ¯ ¯
Desert ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Western South-East World most Highly dense Largest
India Pakistan populous desert populated desert of
desert South Asia
The Grasslands
A Grassland is an area of land that mostly contains grasses.
Grassland are found all over the world from the hot equatorial region to cold polar region.
However, their characteristics and physical attributes change with the change in climate.
Categorized
l Tropical into two l Temperate
Grasslands parts Grasslands
These are located near the These are located between
equator (10º to 25º North or South 30º to 45º North and
Latitudes), between the Tropic of South Latitudes
Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
Important Grasslands of the World

Tundra Tundra
Vegetation Vegetation
Tundra
Vegetation
Steppes
Prairies
Pustaz
Manchurian
Grassland
Savanna
Llanos
Selvas Campos
Veld
Pampas Downs

Important Facts
Continents/
Grasslands Ø Temperate Grassland found in Australia,
Countries
known as -Downs
Llanos South America
Ø Savanna grassland are mainly found in
Steppes Eurasia -Eastern Africa
Ø Prairies, Pampas, Veld, Steppes and downs
Prairies North America
grassland are example of
Veld South Africa -Temperate Grassland
Campos Ø Grassland found in South India, Orinoco
S. E. part of Brazil
Basin (Venezuela and Colombia), Brazil and
Pampas Argentina, Honduras grassland are called
Brazil and Uruguay
-Savanna Grassland
Ø Land, which is extended somewhere at 500
Selvas Amazon
Basin latitude in northern due to maximum
extension of land in northern hemisphere
-Temperate Grassland
Countries of World and Their Borders
Norway
Somalia Djibouti
Northern
Countries Finland Sweden
Included in Parts of
Horn of Africa Scandinavian
(Somalia Peninsula
Peninsula) (Geographically)
Eritrea Ethiopia
Territories
Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Included in Great Britain

England, Wales and Scotland
Towards North Note- Great Britain does not include
¯
Northern Ireland
Afghanistan
Towards West : North-East
¯ Border ¯
¯
Caspian Sea
Iran Sharing China & India
(Bordering Countries)
Countries
Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran,
Towards South and Turkmenistan,
South-East Kazakhstan
¯
Pakistan

Dependent Territories
Ø The smallest country of South-Asia in terms of Ø Desert, located in Kazakhstan and
area -Maldives Turkmenistan, lying east of Caspian Sea
Ø This country shares largest land boundary with -Karakum Desert
India -Bangladesh Ø Great Victoria desert is located in
Ø Serbia and Macedonia are completely -Western Australia and Southern Australia
-Land Locked Country Ø Dast-e Kavir desert is located in -Iran
Ø The Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia are
Ø Desert, located in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
-Subregion of Oceania
and Kazakhstan -Kyzylkum Desert
Ø A South American country with the longest
Ø Taklamakan desert is located in
north-Southern (latitudinal) length border is
-Chile -China (Region of Xinjiang Province)
Dependent Territories
Explorer
Eric the Red
1953
Location
¯
Near Iceland
fully integrated into
(North Atlantic
the Danish State
Ocean)
Greenland :
Specific
Facts
85% of its area is Global Status

covered with snow World’s Largest
Island
Specific Facts
¯
¯ ¯
Politically Geographically
¯ ¯
Part of Europe part of
North America
Islands of World Owner Country Note

Aleutian Islands USA Ø A dependent territory is a territory that does not
possesses full political independence
Bear Islands Norway sovereignty as a sovereign state yet remains
politically outside the controlling State’s
integral area.
Franz Josef Islands Russia
Azores Island Portugal

Important Facts
Ø Medeira Island group is in control of Ø Bouvet Island located in South Atlantic Ocean,
-Portugal is -under Spain’s sovereignty
Ø Martinique Island, located in the east of Ø Canary Islands located in the North-West of
Caribbean sea is under control of - France Africa is -under sovereignty of spain
Ø Falkland Islands located in the South Atlantic Ø Christmas Island located in the Indian Ocean
ocean, is a -British overseas Territories is under the control of -Australia
Land-Locked countries
Important Facts
Note :
Ø Continent, in which no country is land locked
-North America
Ø The only one Landlocked country of South- Land-locked countries are those
East Asia -Laos which do not have a coastline or
Ø Largest Landlocked country of Asian continent which international borders do
-Kazakhstan not meet with the sea. There are
Ø Land-locked country of South America 44 land-locked countries in the
continent -Bolivia and Paraguay world.
Older Names of Countries
Countries (New Name) Old Name Countries (New Name) Old Name
Japan Nippon Belize British Honduras
Iran Persia
Cambodia Kampuchea
Lesotho Basutoland
Zimbabwe Southern Rhodesia
Ethiopia Abyssinia
Democratic Republic of Congo Zaire
Botswana Bechuanaland
Bangladesh East Pakistan
Zambia Northern Rhodesia
Malaysia Malaya
Madagascar Malagasy
Malawi Nyasaland Sri Lanka Ceylon
Netherlands Holland Myanmar Burma

International Border Lines
Rio Grande River
Basin
Separates the southern Mouth
¯
border of United States ¯
United States
of America from Gulf of
of America and
Mexico Mexico
Mexico
Characteristics :
defines boundary
between
India and China
Under Shimla
convention, a treaty
signed in 1914
(Agreement between
Britain and
Tibet)
McMohan Line :
Naming :
Specific
Facts
On the name of
Sir
Henry McMohan
Sir Henry
McMohan
l Foreign Secretary
of British India
l Chief negotiator of
the convention at
Recognition Shimla
¯
¯ ¯
China India
¯ ¯
Temporary Permanent
line of National
control Border

Drawn by Significance
¯ ¯
France Separate Germany and Italy
(During the First World War) from border of France
The Maginot Line : Specific Facts
Upper Rhine River Forms border between Germany and France
Important Facts
Ø It forms border between Uganda-Tanzania, Ø It divides North Korea and South Korea
Uganda-Kenya and Kenya-Tanzania -38th Parallel Line
-Lake Victoria Ø It separates Soviet Union of Russia from
Ø It determines the boundary between India and Finland -Mannerheim Line
Pakistan -Redcliffe Line
Ø It determines the boundary line between Untied
State of America and Canada-49th Parallel line
Capitals of Countries
Capital Capital Capital

¯ Philippines ¯ Saudi Arabia ¯
Manila Damascus Riyadh
Capital Syria Capital

¯ Cambodia North Korea ¯
Phnom Penh Pyongyang
Asia
Capital Capital
¯
Continent : ¯
Bahrain Kyrgyzstan
Manama Major Bishkek
Capitals
Capital
¯ Capital
• Sri Jayaward- Sri Lanka Kazakhstan ¯
enepura Kotte Nur-Sultan
(Legislative) South Korea
• Colombo (Executive
& Judicial)
Capital
Capital Capital
¯
¯ Israel Seoul Turkmenistan ¯
Jerusalem Ashgabat

Oceania : Countries
and
their capitals
Country Country
l Fiji l Federated states
of Micronesia
Capital
l Suva Capital
l Palikir
Country Country
l Australia l New Zealand
Country Capital
Capital
l Papua New l Wellington
l Canberra
Guinea
Capital
l Port Moresby
Country Country
l Ireland l Belgium
Capital Capital
l Dublin l Brussels
Country Country
l Belarus l Germany
Capital Europe : Capital

l Minsk Major l Berlin
Countries
and
Country their Country
l Denmark capitals l Finland
Capital Capital
l Copenhagen l Helsinki
Country Country
l Norway l Portugal
Capital Capital
l Oslo l Lisbon

Country
l Canada
Capital
l Ottawa
Country Country
l Mexico l Nicaragua
Capital Capital
l Mexico City l Managua
Major countries and
their capitals of
North America and
Caribbean Sea
Country Country
l Cuba l Honduras
Capital Capital
l Havana Country l Tegucigalpa
l United States
of America (USA)
Capital
l Washington,
D.C.
Country
l Brazil
Capital
l Brasilia
Country
Country l Bolivia
l Peru Capital
l Sucre (Judicial)
Capital l La Paz (Executive
l Lima & Legislative)
South America :
Major countries
and
their capitals
Country Country
l Ecuador l Argentina
Capital Capital
l Quito l Buenos Aires

Country Country
l Kenya l Uganda
Capital Capital
l Nairobi l Kampala
Country Country
l Somalia l Ghana
Capital Capital
l Mogadishu l Accra
Africa
Country Major Country
l Tanzania l Egypt
countries
Capital and Capital
l Dodoma capitals l Cairo
Country Country
l Zambia l Seychelles
Capital Capital
l Lusaka l Victoria
Country
l South Africa Country
Capital l Botswana
l Cape Town (Legi.)
l Pretoria (Exec.) Capital
l Bloemfontein l Gaborone
(Judicial)
World Tour
Important Facts
Ø It is located in the North West province of Ø It is located on the bank of River Pedieos
South Africa between the Elands river and - Nicosia (Capital of Cyprus)
Pilanesberg mountains -Sun City
Ø Located on the bank of Lake Ontario
Ø It is situated on the bank of Arghandab river - Hamilton and Toronto cities of Canada
-Kandahar city (On the border of
Pakistan in South East of Afghanistan) Ø One of the highest elevation city in the world
- Lhasa (Tibet)

Geographical Sobriquets (Nickname)
There are many countries in the world which are often known by their geographical
sobriquets due to their geographical location and climate
The continent Mistress of

of Birds Eastern Sea
¯ ¯
South America Sri Lanka
City of Major Land of white

Canals Elephants
¯
Geographical ¯
Venice (Italy) Sobriquets Thailand
Land of The Garden

Morning Calm of lakes
¯ ¯
Korea Finland
Gateway City of
of India Seven
Islands

Mumbai Ahmedabad
Amritsar
¯ ¯
City of Golden Manchester of
Temple India

Geographical
Sobriquets of
major cities /
states of

Kerala Mussoorie
¯
India
¯
Spice Garden
Queens of
India Mountains
Cochin
¯
¯ ¯
Queen of Venice of
The Arabian Sea The East

Land of Canals :
Pakistan
Sobriquet of
Indian River

The Sorrow of Kosi

Bihar River
Important The Sorrow of Damodar

Bengal River
Sobriquets
Backbone of Ganga
Northern India River
Switzerland Land of five Economy
of India : Rivers :
Kashmir Punjab
Important Facts
Ø Land of Golden Pagodas -Myanmar Ø It is called “Pearl of Siberia” -Lake Baikal
Ø Holy Land -Palestine (Jerusalem) Ø It is called “Oil City of Europe” -Aberdeen
Ø Windy City -Chicago (USA) Ø It is known as “Queen of Chotanagpur”

-Netarhat (Jharkhand)
Ø City of Golden Gate -San Francisco
Ø It is known as “country of rivers”
-Bangladesh
The Hydrosphere
Pacific Ocean
¯
(165.2 million sq. Km.)
Antarctic Ocean Major Oceans Atlantic Ocean

¯ : ¯
(20.33 million sq. Km.) (106.4 million sq. Km.)
Area
Indian Ocean
¯
(70.56 Million Km2.)

Hypsometric Curve
High Mountain
Average Height
Sea Floor Km.
Area (Thousands Km2)
Relief of Ocean Floor

Mid
Continental Volcanic Ocean
¯ ¯
Shelf Island Ridge Sea Level
¯
¯ ¯ ¯
¯ ¯
Guyot ¯ ¯
Continental ¯
Slope
Ridge Fracture Zone
¯
Abyssal
Trench
Floor
Important Facts Continental Shelf
Ø Horizontal line used to measure height and

depths -Datum Line
Ø Area covered by water on the total surface Four
area of earth -About two-third Oceanic Major relief Continental

Ø Widest part of Ocean Floor is Trench of Ocean Slope

-Deep Ocean Plain
Ø ‘The Ninety east ridge’ is located in
Floor
-Indian Ocean
Ø In our satellite, it has highest amount of soft
water Abyssal Plain
-Continental and Mountainous Glaciers

World Important Seas
Ocean is a continuous body of salt water covering
more than 70% of Earth’s surface.
The ocean play an essential role in regulating
the climate on earth, providing food and oxygen maintaining
bio-diversity and also in transport sector.
Major Sea and Oceans
North Sea Baltic Sea

Gulf of Saint Gulf of Bothnia Laptev East Siberian
Lawrence Sea Sea
a
a Se
Bering Sea
Baffin Green
land Barents
Kar
Bay
Sea Sea
Gulf of Hudson Black Bay of

Labrador Adriatic Bengal Sea of
Alaska Bay Sea Sea
Sea Okhotsk
Pacific Bay of Caspian Sea Japan Sea
Ocean Biscay Dead Sea Pit Sea
Sargasso Persian Gulf East China Sea
Gulf of
Mexico Sea Red Sea South China Sea
Caribbean Atlantic Philippine
Sea Ocean Sea
Gulf of Indian
Guinea Ocean Timor
Sea Arafura
Sea
Gulf of Tasman
Aden Sea
Java
Sea
l Ukraine Kazakhstan
l Russia ¯

Turkmenistan Russia
¯
Caspian
Black Sea : Sea :
Turkey Border Georgia Border

Sharing Sharing
Countries Countries

¯
Iran Azerbaijan
l Bulgaria
l Romania

Sicily
(Italy) Aral Sea

Location ® A Lake located in

Central Asia
Tyrrhenian
Sea : Border
Sharing region

Border Sharing l Kazakhstan
Corsica Sardinia Countries l Uzbekistan
(France) (Italy)
Important Facts Important Facts
Ø It is largest of all seas enclosed by Ø Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan

is located on
land -Mediterranean Sea -The shores of Caspian sea
Ø Sea that is also known as continental Ø Turkey is located between
Sea -Black Sea -The Black Sea and
the Mediterranean Sea
Ø It is the word largest salt water lake
-Caspian Sea Ø The sargasso Sea is
characterized by
Ø It is bounded by the gulf stream on - Typical marine vegetation
the west, the North Atlantic ocean on
the North, the canary current on the Ø Red Sea is an example of
-Axial trough
east and the North Atlantic equatorial
current on the South Ø OMT stands for
-Sargasso Sea -Ocean Mean Temperature
Covering
Major Part l China l Taiwan
of l Philippines
¯ l Malaysia
Pacific l Brunei
Ocean l Indonesia
l Vietnam
Location : Maximum
A marginal Sea Depth
located in the ¯
Southern part 5,016
of China Meters
South China
Sea :
Specific Facts

Salinity
Salt Salinity Percentage Van Lake (Turkey)
¯
Sodium Chloride 27.213 77.8 330‰
Caspian Dead
Sea Sea
Magnesium Chloride 3.807 10.9 ¯ ¯
35-36‰ Major 238‰
Magnesium Sulphate 1.658 4.7 Seas and Lakes
Calcium Sulphate 1.260 3.6
of World :
Salinity
Potassium Sulphate 0.863 2.5 Mediterranean Great Salt
Sea Lake
Calcium Carbonate 0.123 0.3 ¯ ¯
Red Sea
37-39‰ 220‰
¯
Magnesium Bromide 0.076 0.2 36-41‰
The Ocean Currents
An ocean current is a
continuous directed
movement of Sea-Water
The Earth’s
Rotation
Variation in
Precipitation Temperature
Origin of Ocean
current :
Causes
Air Pressure Variation in

and Winds density
Evaporation

Shape Seasonal
of Coast Variation
Direction and Factors The Earth’s

size of coast Responsible for Rotation
change in direction
of Ocean currents
North
Equatorial Canaries
current current
South
Equatorial Labrador
current current
Currents
Florida Warm of Cold Falkland
current Ü Atlantic Þ current
Ocean
South
Gulf Atlantic
stream current
Benguela
Norway current
current

t
r ren
Cu Kuroshio Oyashio
Co
ld
rm rth
No d Current Current K
a Cu urile
Cu
an th
W
u l rre
nt
rr
So toria
en
u a t
Eq urren
t
C
Aleutian Californian
Current Current
Current of
Pacific Ocean
East Peruvian/
Australian Humboldt
Current Current
West - Australian
Current Indian
Equatorial
Current

Current of
Cold Indian Warm
Ocean
¯ ¯ ¯
Mozambique Agulhas
West Wind Drift Current Current
The Oceanic Trenches

Oceanic Trenches are the deepest parts of the Oceans.
Trenches accounts for approximately 7% of Ocean’s relief
They are more often found along the coast in front of the mountain ranges.
North Pacific Ocean : South Pacific Ocean :

Major Trenches Major Trenches
The The The

Japan Kuril Aleutian
Kermadec Tonga Atacama

Puerto Rico Trench Sunda Trench or Java Trench
(North Atlantic Ocean)

Indian
Atlantic Ocean
Ocean

Ob Trench Diamantina
Sandwich Trench Romanche Trench
(South Atlantic Trench
Ocean) (Equatorial
Atlantic Ocean)
Exam Facts
Important Facts Ø Average Salinity of Oceans -3.5%
Ø It has maximum Contribution to the salinity
Ø Deepest trench in the world of ocean -Sodium Chloride
-Mariana Trench Ø Salinity is denoted by -Halocline
Ø Deepest trench in Indian Ocean
Ø Lake with maximum salinity
-Java Trench
-Lake Assal (398%)
Rivers
Important Rivers of Asian Continent
Rivers are known as ‘cradle of civilization’ and Asia is known as birthplace of every religion.
Mesopotamia civilization nurtured in the region enclosed by Dajla-Farat
(Tigris - Euphrates) river system and Harappa
Civilization prospered in Indus River system.
Characteristics
¯
Longest river in
Asia
Drainage Area
Yangtze River : ¯
China,
Specific Facts Length :
apx. 6300 km
Estuary
¯
Pacific
Ocean

Breg river (Germany)
Salween River

Ø Origin Origin
l Tibet
Ø Estuary
l Gulf of
Martaban
(Andaman Sea)
Danube
River

Amur River Characteristic Drains into

Ø Characteristics ¯ ¯
l It flows through the Second Largest Black Sea
border of China and Russia River of Europe
Ø Estuary
l Strait of Tartary
(Pacific Ocean) Rhine River
Ø Origin
Taurus Mountains l Confluence of
Rein Anteriur/Vorderrhein and Rein
Origin Posteriur/Hinterrhein

Ø Estuary
l North Sea
Tigris
River Ø Coastal City
¯ ¯ l Bonn (Germany)
Estuary Drainage Area
¯ l Turkey Ø Characteristic
Persian Gulf l Syria
l Busiest inland
l Iraq
waterway of Europe
Major Rivers of European Continent

Major Rivers of African Continent
Characteristics Congo River
Longest river
of Europe
Specific Facts
Volga River :
Ø Other Name
Specific
Origin
Facts
Valdai l Zaire
Hills Ø Length
l apx. 4700 km.
Ø Characteristics
Estuary
Caspian l Crosses the equator twice
Sea Ø Drainage Area
l more than 40 Lakh Sq. Km.

International Boundaries formed by Rivers
Niger River
River Countries
Ø Origin The Shatt-al-Arab Iraq and Iran
l Fouta Djallon
Plateau Yalu North Korea and China
Ø Drains into
l Gulf of Guinea Mahakali India and Nepal
Kaladan India and Myanmar
Dnieper Belarus and Ukraine
St. Lawrence Orange Namibia and South Africa

Congo Republic of Congo and Democratic
Republic of Congo
Colorado Mackenzie
Douro Portugal and Spain
¯
Important

river of
North
Important Facts
America

¯
Ø The largest area of world in terms of

Mississippi ¯ Nelson drainage area
and
Missouri - Amazon (70 Lakh Sq. Km.)
Hudson Ø River of Africa, which crosses the

Tropic of Capricorn twice
- Limpopo River
Ø The Itasca Lake is the source of river
The Nile
River -Mississippi
(6650 Km.) Ø It is known as lifeline of the country
Myanmar - River Irrawaddy
Yenisei- Amazon
Angara River Ø It is know as ‘Ganga of Italy’-River Po
¯
Selenge (6400 Ø It rises from the western Russian city

River Five
Longest Km.) of Tula and drains into the sea of Azov.
(5539
Rivers - River Don
Km.)
Length Ø Name Two rivers that meet and the
collective water body is known as the River

¯
Nile - White Nile and Blue Nile

Mississippi- Yangtze
Missouri River Ø River that connects the great lakes to
Jafferson (6300 Atlantic Ocean -St. Lawrence river
River
Km.) Ø It determines the border of Brazil and
(6275 Paraguay - Parana River
Km.)

Towns and cities along the Banks of Rivers
Cities on the banks of European Rivers
Rome Rotterdam
(Netherlands)
¯
River Tiber ¯
Berlin Kiev River Rhine
¯ ¯
River Spree Paris River Dnieper
¯
River Seine
Hanoi Yangon New York

¯ ¯ ¯
Red River Irrawaddy Hudson River
Quebec city
Major cities on the
¯
banks of North
Cities Saint Lawrence

American
on the Chatgaon River

Rivers
New Delhi
¯ ¯
banks of Karnaphuli
Yamuna
River
Asian River
Rivers New Orleans
¯
Mississippi
River
Shanghai
Tokyo Ottawa
¯
¯ ¯
Yangtze (Chang
Arakawa Ottawa River
Jiang) River
River
Exam Facts
Important Facts
Ø Fiji Island is located in - the Pacific Ocean
Ø Perth city of Australia is located
Ø Balearic Islands is located in
-On the bank of Swan River
- the Mediterranean Sea Ø Lahore city of Pakistan is located
Ø Majuli, the world’s largest river island belongs to -On the banks of River Ravi
- the Brahmaputra River Ø Washington (D.C.) city of America
Ø The Largest number of islands (U.S.A.) is located on
- In the Indonesia -the bank of Potomac River
Ø An island located between the Caribbean sea and the Ø Diego Garcia is located in
Atlantic Ocean that is known for its salt-plate -the Indian Ocean
resources -St. Martin’s Island

The Islands
An island is a piece of land surrounded on all sides by water.
Major Islands of World
Severnaya Zemlya
Svalbard
Green- Pacific
land Faroe Ocean
Islands
Kamchatka
Iceland
Ireland Malta Hokkaido
Bermuda Honshu
Shikoku
Azores Island Cyprus Majuli Kyushu
Bahamas Balearic Taiwan
Puerto
Hawaii Islands Philippines
Cuba Rico Cape Palau
Jamaica Socotra Borneo
Verde New Guinea
Dominican Trinidad and Diego
Republic Garcia Java Solomon
Pacific Tobago Seychelles Vanuatu
Ocean Atlantic Mauritius Sumtra Fifi
Ocean Madagascar New Zealand
Indian North Islands
Falkland Ocean
New Zealand
Islands South Islands
Geographical Location Islands of Japan : Specific Facts

North America continent
Ø Northernmost Island of Japan
Autonomous World l Hokkaido
Constituent Largest
¯
Country in Island

Greenland : Ø Island located in center of Japan

Kingdom of l Honshu
Denmark Specific (Largest island of Japan)
Facts

¯
® Kyushu
Capital Area Ø Island located in South West ®
‘Nuuk’ (21,66,086 Sq. Km.) ® Shikoku
Indonesia
Important Facts

Ø The Kalimantan region of Indonesia is a
part of -Borneo Islands
Borneo Ø Second and third largest islands of the
Islands : world
is divided among -New Guinea and Borneo respectively.

Ø Fourth largest islands in the world
-Madagascar (African continent)
Brunei Malaysia

Lakes and Water Falls
Generally these are wide pits on the surface of the lake, which are filled with water.
Thus, lakes are water-filled troughs located in the interior of the land.
Asia ® Caspian Sea (371,000 sq. km.)
Africa ® Victoria Lake (69,484 sq. km.)
Australia ® Lake Eyre (9,690 sq. km.)

Largest Lakes
of different
continents :
Europe ® Ladoga Lake (16,400 sq. km.)
(Based on the
total surface
area covered N. America ® Superior Lake (82,097 sq. km.)
S. America ® Titicaca Lake (8,300 sq. km.)
Antarctica ® Vostok Lake (15,690 sq. km.)
Five Largest lakes of world in terms of surface area

¯
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Caspian Sea Superior Victoria Huron Michigan
Thunder Bay (Canada) ¬ Superior ® Duluth (USA)
Toronto Hamilton
(Canada) (Canada) Chicago

Ontario Michigan

North
America

Erie Huron

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Toledo Cleveland Buffalo Lavas Caseville
(USA) (USA) (USA) (USA) (USA)

Five Deepest Lakes of World
San Martin
Baikal (O’ Higgins)
Tanganyika Vostok
1 Caspian Sea
5
2 4
3
Important Lakes of World
Saimaa Ladoga
Great Bear (Finland)
Onega Baikal
Great Slave Uvs(Mongolia)
Reindeer Black Sea
Huron Balkhash
Winnipeg Ara Sea
Ontario
Superior Caspian Sea
Erie Dead Sea Five Flower
Michigan
Boiling Lake Chad
Urmia
Titicaca Tanganyika
Victoria
Red Lagoon
Mar Chiquita Nyasa Eyre
(Argentina) Frome
Five Largest Lakes in the World based on volume
1 2 3 4 5
Caspian Sea Baikal Tanganyika Superior Malawi

Water Fall
When the water of river falls from a height to steep slope i.e.
at the top of cliff with high velocity then it is called a waterfall
Exam Facts
Characteristic :
Highest waterall Ø The famous ‘Finger Lake’ is located in
-USA
in the world Ø Garden of lake
-Finland
Ø Victoria Falls is related to
-Zambezi River
Salto angel Ø Niagara Falls is located on
-The Niagara River
Waterfall :
Specific Location-
Height :
On the Rio
979 Facts Kerepacupai
Meters The Canals
Meru river in
Venezuela
Specific Facts :
Largest man-made
canal in the world
Ribbon Niagara
Water Water
Falls : Falls :
California on the border Location :
(USA) of USA and Sinai Peninsula
Canada Egypt, Africa
Tugela Browne
Suez Canal :
Water Falls : Important Water Falls :

Specific
South Water Falls New Characteristic :

Facts
Africa Zealand Connects the

of World Red Sea to
Mediterranean
Sea.
Important Facts Nationalization :

26 July,
Ø The Highest navigable lake in the world 1956
-Titicaca (Peru and Bolivia)
Ø Deepest and oldest lake of world
-Baikal Lake Advantage :
Ø Lake out of Michigan Superior, Ontario and Reduce the
Erie, which is completely located in America distance between
Europe and
Michigan Lake
India by
Ø Largest fresh water lake in the world 7000 km.
-Lake Superior

Kiel Canal
Location - Germany
(Between
North Sea and
Baltic Sea)
North Sea
Welland Canal
Canal
Location - Canada
Location - Germany
(Between
(Between
Lake Erie and
Amsterdam and
Lake Ontario)
North Sea)
Important Canals
of World and
Country :
Specific Facts
Soo Canal
Volga- Don
(Soo Locks)
Canal
Location - U.S.A.
Location - Russia
(Between Lake
(Between Stalingrad
Superior and
and Rostov)
Lake Huron)
Albet Canal
Location - Belgium
(Between
Antwerp and
Liege)
Important Facts
Panama
Canal l New Water Way Canal
¯ Ø Country ® Germany
Location :
Central Ø Location ® Between North Sea &
America Rotterdam
Authority
¯
Country Important Dams of the World
of
Speciality Panama
¯ Important Facts
Connect
Pacific Ø A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the
Ocean to the flow of surface water create a reservoir.
Atlantic Reservoir is used for supply of irrigation,
Ocean hydroelectricity generation, drinking water
etc.

Important Dams of the World
Aswan Grand Kariba Oroville

Dam : Coulee Dam : Dam Location : Dam Location :
Location : Egypt Location : USA On the border of USA
Construction Construction Zambia and Construction
on : on : Zimbabwe on :
Nile River River Columbia Construction on : River Feather
River Zambezi
Itaipu Dam
¯
Construction on -
The Parana River
Hoover Dam
¯
Construction on -
River Colorado
Some Other Important
Dams of world
Xiaowan Dam
¯
Construction on -
The Mekong
River
Nurek Dam
¯
Construction on -
The River Vakhsh
Kurobe Dam
¯
Construction on -
River
Kurobe
Atmosphere
The Atmosphere is a mixture of different gases :
Among all these gases oxygen and carbon dioxide are
important for the existence of Humans and Plants respectively

Gases of Atmosphere and their presence in atmosphere (in percentage)
Nitrogen Oxygen Argon

(N ) 2 (O )
2 (Ar)
¯ ¯ ¯
78.08% 20.95% 0.93%
Carbon Dioxide Neon Krypton

(CO ) 2
(Ne) (Kr)
¯
¯ ¯
0.002%
0.036% 0.001%
Helium Hydrogen Xenon

(He) (H )
2 (Xe)
¯ ¯ ¯
0.0005% 0.00005% 0.00009%
Winds of World
Cyclones and their local names
Region Nature of Wind
l Alps Mountain Foehn (Warm)
Cyclone Country l Adriatic Coast Bora (Cold)
Willy-Willy Australia
Hurricanes USA l Spain and France Mistral (Cold)
Typhoons China l Egypt Khamsin
Baguio Philippines l USA(Rocky Mountain) Chinook (Warm)
Cyclone India
Tornados Caribbean Sea and l Sudan Haboob (Cold)
North America Region l Mediterranean Sirocco (Warm)
Sea to Sahara Desert (Blood rain in
Italy)

Stratification of Atmosphere Troposphere : Key Features
Exosphere
km.
Decrease of temperature 6.50C

with an increase of every
1000 mt. in altitude
Height
Layer related to
all weather phenomena
Temperature
Structure of Atmosphere Height of Troposphere

¯
¯ ¯
Te m p e r a t u r e More at Low at
Exosphere more than
640 km. Equator poles
10000C
Increase in
Ionosphere temperature
Reflects along with
altitude
Radio waves 800 km (-1000C)
80 km. Te m p e r a t u r e
(-1000C) Related to
Meteoroid decreases with
altitude
Cloud, Fog,
Mesosphere 50km (00C) Storm etc.
50 km. Te m p e r a t u r e
(00C) Meteoroid
Stratosphere increases with
altitude
Ozonosphere 15km (800 0 C)
Tropopause Te m p e r a t u r e
8 km. decreases with
(-450C) Tropopause altitude
Earth Mt. Everest
Important Facts
Troposphere : Specific Facts
Ø Atmospheric layer which is used for
telecommunication system
-Ionosphere
Definition :
The Lowest layer of Ø Ozone layer is mainly located in
atmosphere -Stratosphere
Height : Ø Example of permanent gases present in

apx. (8 - 15 km.) atmosphere is
-Mainly Nitrogen, Oxygen and Argon
Average Height :
12 km. Ø Lowest layer (vertically) of Atmosphere
-Troposphere

Ozone Layer
Location Characteristics Cirrus Cloud Stratopause

¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
In the lower part of absorbs ultra-violet Occasional clouds Upper
stratosphere radiation and shields life on the lower ceiling
¯ on the earth from an surface of of
At an altitude of intense and harmful stratosphere Stratosphere
15 - 35 km. form of energy
Stratosphere : Specific Facts

Extension :
Ø Ideal layer for commercial jets
Between
Ø Negligible seasonal events apx.
Ø Speciality- Presence of very low amount of 80 to 640 km.
water vapor in the air
Ø Second layer of earth’s atmosphere
Ø Location - between troposphere and
Ø Different layers
Mesosphere
l D layer- Reflection of low
Ø Extension- Up to the height (altitude) of 50 km frequency radio waves
Ionosphere :
from the upper boundary of the troposphere

l E layer- Reflect and send
Specific
Facts
high frequency Radio

waves to earth
Mesosphere l F and G layer - Examples
Ø Extension of main layer of Ionosphere
l Upto 50 - 80 km above earth surface Ø Note - ‘F’ layer is also
Ø Characteristic called ‘Appleton layer’.
l Decrease in temperature with height
Ø Mesopause
l Upper ceiling of Mesosphere Characteristics :
Related to the phenomena
of Aurora Borealis
and
Thermosphere
Aurora Australis
Ø Extension
l Atmospheric part above the Mesosphere
Ø Characteristic
Exosphere
l A rapid increase in temperature
with Mesosphere Ø Extension
l Top most layer of the atmosphere
Ø Sub - Layer
l Ionosphere Ø Characteristic
l Exosphere l Communication Satellites are
placed in this layer

3 Ghatnachakra GS DRISHTI Geography Chitratmak Eng

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written permission of publisher. s Soil 52-58 accuracy. Undoubtedly, we are in a

Located in Asian It represents

Location Latitudinal Extension

Pictorial Presentation 3 GS Drishti General Geography

Northern lines of latitudes

The distance between

If parallel of latitudes are Total Number of Latitudes

Prime Meridian Line

Pictorial Presentation 4 GS Drishti General Geography

Pictorial Presentation 5 GS Drishti General Geography

Increase in the duration

Relation of Indian Standard

Pictorial Presentation 6 GS Drishti General Geography

® Going toward East ® Time ® Ahead of GMT

® International Date line (imaginary line) relationship.

Pictorial Presentation 7 GS Drishti General Geography

Northern Most Point

Guhar Moti ¬ Western Most ¬ India: ® Eastern Most ®

Southern Most Point

Two Type of Borders

India Terrestrial Boundary

*Pakistan: Border Partner Countries

Pictorial Presentation 8 GS Drishti General Geography

Natural Regions of India

Helpful in the study of ancient 1.

Coastal plains and Islands

Indian Land Mass

Mesozoic Era Area Under Gondwana Terrain

Pictorial Presentation 9 GS Drishti General Geography

Mount Everest: Great Himalaya : Specific Facts

Formation: In the Oligocene Epoch

Pictorial Presentation 10 GS Drishti General Geography

Khasi Naga Hills

Pictorial Presentation 11 GS Drishti General Geography

Mountain Ranges and Hills of South and Central India

Garo Khasi Jaintia Naga Hills

Pictorial Presentation 12 GS Drishti General Geography

® Average Height ® About 1200 meters

® From Basalt rocks

® India's oldest mountain ® Example of Block mountain

Note: Aravalli, Vindhyachal, Satpura etc. Nallamalai Hills

Pictorial Presentation 13 GS Drishti General Geography

Kanchenjunga Nanda Devi

Exam Facts - Himalayan Mountain Range

Pictorial Presentation 14 GS Drishti General Geography

Guru Shikhar Saramati

India Major Valleys : Specific Fact

Ø Kullu Valley Ø Dzukou Valley

Pictorial Presentation 15 GS Drishti General Geography

India : Major Passes

Pir Panjal Zoji-a

Pictorial Presentation 16 GS Drishti General Geography

Zojila Ladakh Chang-La Yangzi Himachal Sikkim

Bomdi-la Arunachal Yonggyap

Nama Ralam Diphu

Passes related to Sikkim State

Pictorial Presentation 17 GS Drishti General Geography

Major Passes of Western Ghat

Pictorial Presentation 18 GS Drishti General Geography

Important Facts Exam Facts

® Location Exam Facts

® Speciality - Bhagirathi and Mandakini Valley respectively

Major Glaciers of India (Trans-Himalaya)