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TRUE/FALSE
1. The statement "nearly all Americans believe that individual liberty should be respected" is a normative
claim.
ANS: F
This is a statement about people's beliefs; hence, it's descriptive. "Individual liberty should be
respected" is, however, a normative claim.
PTS: 1
2. If public opinion polls show that same-sex marriage is opposed by 70% of people born prior to 1950,
but supported by 70% of people born since 1980, then we have good reason to believe that same-sex
marriage is morally desirable.
ANS: F
All by itself, public opinion does not demonstrate anything about what is morally right or morally
wrong. In order for this statistic to have any moral significance, we would need to know something
about the reasons that are driving the change in public opinion.
PTS: 1
3. It is possible to be tolerant and open-minded while also believing that there are some universal moral
principles that apply to everyone.
ANS: T PTS: 1
4. According to Immanuel Kant, the consequences of our actions are irrelevant in determining what is
morally right and wrong.
ANS: T PTS: 1
5. Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are both ethical objectivists.
ANS: T PTS: 1
6. It would be consistent for someone to accept both ethical relativism and ethical objectivism.
ANS: F
Ethical relativism is the view that there are no universally valid moral principles. Ethical objectivism is
the view that there are at least some universally valid moral principles. These two views cannot both
be true, so someone who believed both of them would clearly be inconsistent in her beliefs.
PTS: 1
7. Most philosophers agree: One of the principal strengths of utilitarianism is that it is always very easy
to apply.
ANS: F
PTS: 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is not one of aspects of good moral reasoning identified in the textbook?
a. apply clarity, precision, and consistency
b. build premises and clarify assumptions
c. formulate an empirically testable hypothesis
d. draw logical conclusions and avoid fallacies
ANS: C PTS: 1
2. Facts are "____," that is, facts describe what exists, what "is", while values are "____," that is, they
propose norms that should be adhered to.
a. descriptive, normative
b. normative, descriptive
c. utilitarian, Kantian
d. Kantian, utilitarian
ANS: A PTS: 1
4. Someone who is a(n) ____ would agree with the statement, "slavery is absolutely, always wrong; it
can never be morally justified."
a. ethical relativist
b. Kantian
c. utilitarian
d. none of these; ethical relativists, Kantians, and utilitarians all believe that slavery is
sometimes morally justifiable.
ANS: B
Kantians believe that a human being should never be treated as a mere thing, so they would reject
slavery as being inherently immoral. Ethical relativists would disagree, because they believe that there
are no moral principles that apply everywhere and always. Utilitarians would disagree, because there
might be circumstances in which slavery would be a way of producing the greatest amount of good for
the greatest number of people.
PTS: 1
6. Someone who believes that "we all enter into agreements, implicit or otherwise, for treating each other
in ethical ways to improve the lot of all of us" would embrace a ____ approach to ethics.
a. virtue-based
b. natural law
c. social contract
d. care-based
ANS: C PTS: 1
MULTIPLE RESPONSE
PTS: 1
COMPLETION
1. Good reasoning emphasizes ____________________ and precision in the use of key terms and
premises.
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improve the future, rather than to cast ill-natured censure upon the
past.” However, we cannot take exception to Mr. Bardwell’s
discharge of his duty. He has most appositely given these extracts
through a whole chapter, and placed them in admirable order for
study and profitable reflection. No one can read through this chapter
attentively without being impressed with a desire to contribute his
part to the rectification of such errors as are therein pointed out—it
will awaken many to an active investigation where other modes of
expression or remonstrance would probably fail.
In Chapter V. Mr. Bardwell enters into the great question that
awaits us at every approach to a comprehensive study in
architecture—the origin. Speculation on this point is in its nature
endless; but it is highly gratifying to feel occasionally that we are
thrown in the way of facts, and such it is the province of this chapter
to treat us to. With a little prefatory matter in the way of an assault
upon the hitherto deemed orthodox authorities on such subjects, and
upon the principle of adherence to rule and precedent, and upon the
little fables of an inventive tradition, assigning to this accident or that
the origin of this or that feature, plan, and style, we come to the
“burden of the book,”—Temples; and have a most interesting
dissertation on those of ancient character, or on what we may more
aptly term sacred edifices, memorials, or monuments.
“An altar of turf or of stones, stones of memorial, such as that set
up at the grave of Jacob’s beloved Rachel, the great stone near the
oak at Shechem, Absalom’s Pillar, Jacob’s Bethel, Samuel’s
Ebenezer, the Gilgal, or circle of stones, of Joshua; a heap of
unhewn stones, the Pandoo Koolies, of Hindostan, the numerous
pillars set up by the Phœnician merchants, on the shores of the
Mediterranean, in France, in Sweden; and in Great Britain, circles
and rows of huge stones, like those of Stonehenge, Abury, &c.;
cromlechs and logan stones, a portable ark, or tabernacle, were the
first sacred monuments. Next came the pyramid, a cylinder, whether
a cippus or a column; a cubical block, with a particular member
superadded to the regularity of mathematical proportions. A sphere
and a tetrahedron; and last succeeded a vase covered with a flat lid,
and adorned with various sculptures from the vegetable and marine
world.”
Thus Mr. Bardwell connects with religion the first memorable and
permanent efforts of Building Art—sacrifice he shows to have been
associated with, and to have guided the workings of, the first
builders, from the “primeval altar of little more than a raised hearth,
built generally of unhewn stones,” to the “column or stone pillar of
mystic character—‘And Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took
the stone that he had put for his pillow, and set it up for a pillar, and
poured oil upon the top of it; and he called the name of that place
Beth-El.’” “The Greeks also erected pillars which they called
‘Baitulia,’ evidently derived from Beth-El, involving the same mystery,
and both supposed to be symbols of the Divine Presence.”
Chapter VI. increases in interest, and is devoted to the Temple of
Ammon.
“The Temple of Ammon, the remains of which archæologists, for
many powerful reasons, agree are extant in the enormous pile
known as the Temple of Karnac, is by far the most extensive, as well
as the most ancient, of the Theban edifices; properly belonging to
the whole period of the monarchy, and may with propriety be termed
the Temple of the Pharaohs, the majority of whom, in succession,
more particularly such as are celebrated in history, contributed their
efforts to its enlargement and magnificence. From numerous
authorities it seems clear that Ham, the son of Noah, the Amun,
Ammon, or Osiris of the Egyptians, must be considered as the
original founder of Thebes, or the city of Ammon, as his son
Mizraim, Misor, or Menes, was by common consent the founder of
Memphis; so that the temple of Ammon or Ham was, in all
probability, originally named from its founder, like the Temple of
Solomon at Jerusalem.”
We cannot take our readers along with us as we would by quoting
largely from this interesting chapter, nor will we presume to dispose
of the work by this brief and imperfect notice; it deserves much more
at our hands; it is written with an enlarged feeling, and a genuine
spirit of devotion to the sublime art upon which it treats; it is erudite,
and occasionally profound; but we must take our leave of it for the
present, concluding with another extract from the same chapter.
“The remains of Karnac are about 2,500 feet from the banks of the
Nile, on an artificial elevation, surrounded by a brick wall, about
6,300 yards in circuit. The chief front of the temple (the western) is
turned towards the river, with which it was connected by an alley of
colossal crio-sphinxes, leading down to the bank of the river. Here
the devotee would land who came from a distance to the shrine of
Ammon, and with amazement and a feeling of religious awe would
he slowly walk along between the majestic and tranquil sphinxes to
the still more magnificent propylæ of the building. This colossal
entrance is about 360 feet long and 148 high; the great door in the
middle is 64 feet high. Passing through this door-way, he would enter
a long court, occupied by a row of pillars on the north and south
sides, and a double row of taller pillars running down the middle.
These pillars terminated opposite to two colossal statues in front of a
second propylon, through which, after ascending a flight o’ twenty-
seven steps, we enter the great hypostyle hall, which had a flat stone
roof, supported by one hundred and thirty-four colossal pillars, some
of which are twenty-six feet in circumference, and others thirty-four.
The width of this magnificent hall (for the entrance is in the centre of
the longest side) is about 338 feet, and the length or depth 170 feet.
The centre column supported a clere-story, in which were small
windows. Four beautiful obelisks mark the entrance to the adytum,
which consists of three apartments entirely of granite. The centre or
principal room is 20 feet long, 16 wide, and 13 feet high. Three
blocks of granite form the roof, which is painted with clusters of gilt
stars on a blue ground. Beyond this are other porticos and galleries,
which have been continued to another propylon at the distance of
2,000 feet from that at the western extremity of the temple.”
Now ready, 8vo., cloth lettered, with 315 Woodcuts, price 15s.,
The First Volume of
TURNING AND MECHANICAL MANIPULATION. By CHARLES
HOLTZAPFFEL, Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The
work, which will be completed in Five Vols., is intended as a work of
General Reference and Practical Instruction on the Lathe and the
various Mechanical pursuits followed by Amateurs.
Each volume may be purchased separately, and will form a distinct
treatise on the branch to which it is appropriated. Vol. I. treats of
materials from the vegetable, animal, and mineral kingdoms; their
uses in the mechanical arts; modes of severally preparing, working,
and joining the materials; with the practical description of a variety of
processes, which do not generally require the use of tools with
cutting edges.—Vol. II. (to be published in April, 1843) will treat of
cutting tools and abrasive processes.—Vol. III., the complete
practice of hand or simple turning.—Vol. IV., practice of ornamental
or complex turning.—Vol. V., practice of amateur engineering.
Published by Holtzapffel & Co., 64, Charing Cross, and 127, Long
Acre, London, and to be had of all booksellers.
Prospectuses free by post.
Just published, complete in 1 vol. price 2l. 10s. and in Parts at 5s.
each,
AN ENCYCLOPÆDIA of TREES and SHRUBS; being the
Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum abridged, for the use of
Nurserymen, Gardeners, and Foresters.
The abridgment of the Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum
contains:—
1. Characters and short popular descriptions of all the species and
varieties of hardy trees and shrubs now in British gardens, with
directions for their culture; including the soil most suitable for them,
their propagation, and their uses in the arts, and more especially in
landscape-gardening and profitable planting.
2. Engravings of all the species which are described, to one and
the same scale, of which a figure, 1, a beautiful new species of
Cytisus (Cytisus Weldenii), and fig. 2, a species of pine from Mexico
(Pinus Teocotes), are here given as specimens.
3. The scientific names and scientific synonymes of all the
species, and their popular names in the languages of the different
countries where they are indigenous or cultivated.
4. An alphabetical index to all the species and varieties, with their
synonymes.
5. A tabular analysis of the leaves, by which the name of any
species of tree or shrub described in the work may, in general, be
discovered, from a small portion of a shoot with the leaves on.
6. Specific characters, descriptions, and figures of some species,
more particularly of pines, firs, and oaks, which were not in the
country in 1838, when the large work was completed.
7. An analysis of the commoner trees and shrubs of Britain, with
reference to their uses in plantations, useful or ornamental, their
adaptation for particular soils and situations, their flowers and time of
flowering, &c. &c.
In a word, though this abridgment does not include all the
interesting and useful information on the natural history of trees
which will be found in the larger work, or any of the portraits of entire
trees which constitute so distinguished a feature in it, yet it contains
all that is necessary to enable the reader to discover the names of
the different species, and to ascertain their culture, propagation, and
uses in Britain; in short, all that is essential for the nurseryman,
gardener, and forester.