Plant Bioactives as Natural Panacea

against Age-Induced Diseases:

Nutraceuticals and Functional Lead
Compounds for Drug Development
Kanti Bhooshan Pandey
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Plant Bioactives as Natural Panacea
Against Age-induced Diseases
Nutraceuticals and Functional Lead Compounds for Drug
Development
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Drug Discovery Update

Plant Bioactives as
Natural Panacea
Against Age-induced
Diseases
Nutraceuticals and Functional Lead
Compounds for Drug Development

Edited by

Kanti Bhooshan Pandey

CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar,
Gujarat, India

Maitree Suttajit
Thai Vegetarian Association, Changpuak, Chiang Mai, Thailand

Series Editor

Chukwuebuka Egbuna
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Contents

List of contributors xv
Preface xix

1. Aging principles and interventional perspectives 1

Ewa Sikora
1.1 The message of geroscience 1
1.2 Rejuvenation by diet 3
1.3 Antiaging molecules mimicking diet restrictions 7
1.4 Cellular senescence and senotherapy 8
1.4.1 Senolytics 10
1.4.2 Senomorphics 11
1.5 More perspectives 12
Acknowledgment 13
References 14

2. Anti-aging strategies, plant bioactives, and drug

development: current insights 23
Bungorn Sripanidkulchai, Maitree Suttajit and Treetip Ratanavalachai
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Aging theories and mechanisms 24
2.3 Antioxidants and antiinflammatory compounds:
strategies for aging interventions 25
2.4 Bioactive compounds in medicinal herbs and their
anti-aging properties 27
2.4.1 Curcumin 27
2.4.2 Resveratrol 28
2.4.3 Epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin 28
2.4.4 Piperine 29
2.4.5 Piplartine 30
2.4.6 Terpenoids and carotenoids 30
2.4.7 Vitamins 31
2.4.8 Fatty acids 31
2.5 Plants rich in bioactives: strategic possibility to develop
anti-aging drugs 31
2.6 Plant bioactives reported to protect against skin photoaging 35
2.7 Future trends 36

v
vi Contents

2.8 Conclusion 36
References 37

3. Nutrigenomics, plant bioactives, and healthy aging 49

Uchenna Estella Odoh, Chukwuma Micheal Onyegbulam,
Theodora mba, Obinna Sabastine Onugwu, Ikenna Chikeokwu
and Longinus C. Odoh
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 The human genome project 50
3.3 Functional decline in aging 51
3.4 Plant bioactives and healthy aging 51
3.5 Mechanisms of action of plant bioactives in aging 52
3.6 Conclusion 56
References 57

4. Plant bioactives in balancing glucose homeostasis

during aging and related diseases 63
Suparna Mandal, Ravichandra Shivalingappa and Sambe Asha Devi
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Glucose homeostasis and the central nervous system 65
4.3 Natural polyphenols and glucose homeostasis 67
4.4 Bioactives in grape seeds and green tea 68
4.4.1 Grape seed bioactives and glucose homeostasis 68
4.4.2 Green tea bioactives and glucose homeostasis 71
4.5 Epigenetic-mediated protective mechanisms of grape seed
proanthocyanidin extract and green tea 74
4.6 Future prospective and conclusion 74
Acknowledgements 75
Conflict of interest 75
References 75

5. Plant bioactives in immune modulation and their role

in antiaging 85
Yasemin Aydin, Yasemin Ulku Dikbasan and Banu Orta-Yilmaz
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Immune changes with age 86
5.3 Immunosenescence 87
5.3.1 Molecular level 87
5.3.2 Cellular level 88
5.3.3 Systemic level 88
5.4 Inflammaging 88
5.4.1 Molecular level 89
5.4.2 Cellular level 90
5.4.3 Systemic level 90
 Contents vii

5.5 Immune cell skewing 91

5.5.1 Molecular level 91
5.5.2 Cellular level 92
5.5.3 Systemic level 92
5.6 Declining youth factors 92
5.7 Plant bioactive molecules 93
5.7.1 Mode of action of plant bioactive molecules 97
5.8 Modulation of immune function by plant bioactive
molecules and antiaging effects 98
5.9 Conclusion and future perspectives 101
References 101

6. Plant bioactives, genes, and longevi 111

Manisekaran Hemagirri, Shanmugapriya, Yeng Chen,
Jagat R. Kanwar and Sreenivasan Sasidharan
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Aging and process of aging 112
6.3 Longevity and process of longevity 113
6.4 Longevity genes influencing longevity in humans 114
6.4.1 Longevity gene 114
6.4.2 Sir genes 114
6.4.3 Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene 115
6.4.4 DAF-16 gene 116
6.5 Plant extracts and their bioactives in regulation of longevity
genes 117
6.6 Plant bioactives and aging intervention 119
6.7 Conclusion 122
Conflict of interest statement 122
Funding 122
References 122

7. Hormetic effects of plant bioactives on healthy

aging and longevity 129
Pimpisid Koonyosying, Narisara Paradee and
Somdet Srichairatanakool
7.1 Introduction 129
7.1.1 Hormesis or adaptive stress responses 129
7.1.2 Hormetic versus antioxidant responses 130
7.1.3 Antiaging and hormesis 131
7.2 Hormetic effects of plant bioactives 132
7.2.1 Bioactives from green tea 132
7.2.2 Bioactives from coffee 135
7.2.3 Bioactives from Perilla fruits 138
7.3 Future prospects 140
7.4 Conclusion 140
viii Contents

7.5 Acknowledgements 141

References 141

8. Anti-aging effect of polyphenols: possibilities and

challenges 147
Wittaya Chaiwangyen, Orada Chumphukam,
Napapan Kangwan, Komsak Pintha and Maitree Suttajit
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Chemistry and classification 147
8.3 Anti-aging properties of polyphenols and mechanisms 148
8.3.1 Epigenetic modification 148
8.3.2 MicroRNA modulations and regulations 153
8.3.3 Antioxidant activity 155
8.3.4 Anti-inflammation activity 158
8.3.5 Anti-glycation activity 161
8.4 Future trends: possibilities and challenges 163
8.5 Conclusion 166
References 166

9. Plant polyphenols in balancing the redox state

during aging 181
Sandeep Singh, Geetika Garg and Syed Ibrahim Rizvi
9.1 Introduction 181
9.2 Redox imbalance, oxidative stress, and aging 182
9.3 Role of polyphenols in maintaining redox status 183
9.4 Role of polyphenols in age-related disorders due to
redox imbalance 186
9.4.1 Neurodegenerative diseases 186
9.4.2 Cardiovascular diseases 186
9.4.3 Diabetes 187
9.4.4 Obesity 187
9.4.5 Cancer 188
9.5 Future trends 188
9.6 Conclusion 189
Acknowledgments 189
Conflict of interest 189
References 189

10. Mechanisms involved in prevention of dementia and

promotion of healthy aging by resveratrol 197
Brahm Kumar Tiwari and Kanti Bhooshan Pandey
10.1 Introduction 197
10.2 Aging and dementia 198
 Contents ix

10.3 Resveratrol, French Paradox, aging, and dementia 200

10.4 Mechanisms involved in prevention of dementia by
resveratrol 201
10.5 Clinical trials of resveratrol on neurodegenerative diseases 204
10.6 Future prospective and conclusion 206
References 206

11. An insight into plant polyphenols in prevention of

brain aging 215
Padmanabh Singh, Arpita Konar and M.K. Thakur
11.1 Introduction 215
11.1.1 Anatomical, biochemical, and molecular triggers
of brain aging 216
11.2 Phytochemicals as nutraceuticals for healthy brain aging 218
11.2.1 Polyphenols 218
11.2.2 Polyphenols and epigenetic regulation of gene
expression 225
11.2.3 Bioavailability of polyphenols 225
11.3 Conclusion and future perspectives 227
Acknowledgments 227
References 227

12. Plant polyphenols in the regulation of ion

channels during aging and induced diseases 235
Banu Orta Yilmaz, Buse Yilmaz and Yasemin Aydin
12.1 Introduction 235
12.2 Polyphenols 236
12.2.1 Classification of polyphenols 237
12.2.2 Beneficial effects of polyphenols on human health 237
12.3 Aging process 240
12.4 The functions of ion channels 240
12.4.1 Main types and biological roles of ion channels 241
12.4.2 Effects of polyphenols on ion channels 244
12.5 Potential mechanisms of polyphenols in the regulation of
ion channels relevant to aging intervention 245
12.6 Conclusion and perspectives 247
References 248

13. Tea catechins as potent antioxidant and

anti-inflammatory agents: possibilities of drug
development to promote healthy aging 253
Prachee Dubey
13.1 Introduction 253
13.2 Structure and sources of tea catechins 254
x Contents

13.3 Tea catechins and anti-aging effects: mechanisms of action 254

13.3.1 Antioxidant activity of tea catechins 255
13.3.2 Anti-inflammatory activity of tea catechins 258
13.4 Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of
tea catechins in preventing aging and age-related diseases 258
13.4.1 Cognitive decline and dementia 258
13.4.2 Cardiovascular diseases 260
13.4.3 Cancer 261
13.4.4 Other age-dependent diseases 262
13.5 Future trends and conclusion 263
References 263

14. Functional foods, bioactives, and cognitive

impairments during aging 271
Prabhakar Singh and Mohammad Murtaza Mehdi
14.1 Introduction 271
14.2 Cellular biomolecules, oxidative stress, aging, and
cognitive dysfunction 273
14.3 Functional foods 274
14.4 Bioactives from functional foods, cognitive impairments,
and aging 274
14.5 Dietary polyphenols, cognitive impairments, and aging 275
14.5.1 Resveratrol 276
14.5.2 Curcumin 277
14.5.3 (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate 279
14.5.4 Caffeine 280
14.6 Vitamins in cognitive impairments during aging 280
14.7 Other bioactives in functional foods during aging 281
14.8 Conclusion and future remarks 281
References 282

15. Functional foods in improving bone health

during aging 287
Suphachai Charoensin, Peraphan Pothacharoen,
Orawan Wanachewin, Prachya Kongtawelert and Maitree Suttajit
15.1 Introduction: common bone and joint changes during aging 287
15.2 Bones and their associated components 288
15.3 Nutrition for bone and joint health 289
15.3.1 Essential bone-building minerals 289
15.4 Childhood and adolescence: the age to starting strong
bone health 294
15.5 Age-related bone and joint degeneration in aging people 295
15.5.1 Hormonal regulation of calcium 295
15.5.2 Alterations in connective tissue 296
15.5.3 Osteoporosis 297
 Contents xi

15.5.4 Joint, inflammation, and osteoarthritis 297

15.5.5 Maintaining bone and joint health with functional
foods 298
15.5.6 Sesame 298
15.5.7 Phytochemicals 299
15.6 Future prospects 300
15.7 Conclusion 300
References 300

16. Dietary restriction, vegetarian diet, and aging

intervention 307
Maitree Suttajit, Subramanian Thangaleela, Bhagavathi Sundaram
Sivamaruthi and Suphachai Charoensin
16.1 Introduction 307
16.2 Calories, balanced energy, overweight, and obesity 309
16.3 Dietary restriction, calorie restriction, and intermittent fasting 309
16.3.1 Diet restriction mechanism and health benefits 310
16.3.2 Caloric restriction mechanism and health benefits 311
16.3.3 Intermittent fasting mechanism and health benefits 313
16.3.4 Religious dietary restriction 315
16.4 The role and new insights of vegetarian and vegan diets 316
16.5 Future trends 318
16.6 Conclusion 319
References 320

17. Plant bioactives as promising therapeutic agents in

Parkinson’s disease targeting oxidative stress during
aging 329
Nidhi Sachan, Brijesh Singh Chauhan and Saripella Srikrishna
17.1 Introduction 329
17.2 Aging: an important contributory factor for Parkinson’s
disease 330
17.2.1 Early onset Parkinson’s disease 330
17.2.2 Late onset Parkinson’s disease 334
17.3 Treatment strategies for Parkinson’s disease 335
17.4 Flavonoids: promising anti-Parkinson’s disease compounds 336
17.4.1 Baicalein 337
17.4.2 Curcumin 339
17.4.3 Epigallocatechin-3-gallate 342
17.4.4 Naringenin 343
17.4.5 Quercetin 343
17.5 Conclusion and future prospective 345
Conflict of interest 345
Funding 345
References 346
xii Contents

18. Novel plant bioactives, their antiaging potencies:

reality and promises 359
Umah Rani Kuppusamy and Bavani Arumugam
18.1 Introduction 359
18.2 The hallmarks of aging 360
18.2.1 Oxidative stress and aging 360
18.2.2 Links between reactive oxygen species and the
hallmarks of aging 361
18.3 Plant bioactives and their classification 363
18.4 Novel bioactive compounds as antiaging agents 365
18.4.1 Novel bioactives as caloric restriction mimetics 370
18.4.2 Novel bioactives as mitochondria-localized
antioxidants 370
18.4.3 Gut microbiota as the antiaging target of novel
bioactives 371
18.4.4 Novel Golgi β-galactosidase as potential target of
novel bioactives in antiaging therapy 371
18.5 Promising antiaging bioactives that have made it to
human clinical trials 371
18.6 Plant bioactives as antiaging/geroprotective nutraceuticals:
reality and challenges and future perspectives 374
18.6.1 Bioavailability of the bioactives and their metabolites 374
18.6.2 Influence on the gut microbiota 376
18.6.3 Toxicity, dosage, safety, and short and long-terms
adverse effects 376
18.6.4 Compliance and control in clinical trials and lack of
appropriate panel of antiaging markers 377
18.7 Conclusion 377
References 378

19. Uses of nanotechnology in refining the anti-aging

activities of plant bioactives 387
Bishnu Kumar Pandey, Kanti Bhooshan Pandey and
Shailendra Kumar Srivastava
19.1 Introduction 387
19.2 Nanotechnology in the therapeutic applications 388
19.3 Nano-delivery systems 389
19.3.1 Nano-emulsion 389
19.3.2 Nano-liposomes 390
19.3.3 Nano-polymersomes 390
19.3.4 Solid-lipid nanoparticles 390
19.3.5 Micelles 390
19.4 Nanotechnology and plant bioactives: promise in
anti-aging research 390
19.4.1 Nano-resveratrol 391
 Contents xiii

19.4.2 Nano-curcumin 391

19.4.3 Nano-quercetin 392
19.4.4 Nano-epigallocatechingallate 393
19.4.5 Nano-genistein 393
19.5 Nanotechnology in refining the effect of bioactives used
in skin care 393
19.6 Conclusion and future outlook 396
References 397

20. Trends in the plant-based anti-aging diet in different

continents of the world 405
Ratana Banjerdpongchai, Maitree Suttajit and
Treetip Ratanavalachai
20.1 Introduction 405
20.2 Importance of plant-based diets in healthy aging 406
20.3 Active phytochemicals versus whole plant-based diets 406
20.4 The reduced risk of obesity and others chronic diseases
during aging by adoption of plant-based dietary pattern 408
20.5 Plant-based diets as prebiotics promoting probiotics 409
20.6 The world’s aging populations versus plant-based
different dietary patterns 411
20.7 The strategies of plant-based diets and healthy aging
establishment globally 412
20.8 Trending dietary patterns and effectiveness of
plant-based diets as anti-aging diets 414
20.9 Limitations 416
20.10 Future perspectives 417
20.11 Conclusion 418
References 419

21. Functional foods in clinical trials in aging intervention 429

Pinar Atukeren
21.1 Introduction 429
21.1.1 Defining functional foods 429
21.1.2 Cellular senescence in aging 430
21.2 Oxidative stress in aging 431
21.2.1 Functional foods which have antioxidant properties 432
21.3 Impact of functional foods in the management of
age-related diseases 433
21.3.1 Neurodegenerative diseases 434
21.3.2 Cancer 434
21.3.3 Eye macular degeneration and cataract 435
21.3.4 Cardiovascular diseases 435
21.3.5 Osteoporosis 436
21.3.6 Immunological diseases 437
xiv Contents

21.4 Future prospects 437

21.5 Conclusion 437
References 438

22. Plant bioactives, aging research, and drug industry:

procedures and challenges 447
Chalermpong Saenjum, Thanawat Pattananandecha and
Sutasinee Apichai
22.1 Introduction 447
22.2 Aging research and interventional properties of plant
bioactives 448
22.3 Challenges in drug discovery and development of a
platform for plant bioactives 450
22.3.1 Molecular modeling 457
22.3.2 Extraction, separation, and standardization 458
22.3.3 Organic cultivation of medicinal plants 459
22.4 Conclusion and future perspective 462
References 462

Index 469
List of contributors

Sutasinee Apichai Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy,

Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence for
Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-based
Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University,
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Bavani Arumugam Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine,
Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Sambe Asha Devi Laboratory of Gerontology, Department of Zoology, Bangalore
University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Pinar Atukeren Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cerrahpasa
Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
Yasemin Aydin Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Ratana Banjerdpongchai Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Wittaya Chaiwangyen Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences,
University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
Suphachai Charoensin Division of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical
Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
Yeng Chen Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry,
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Ikenna Chikeokwu Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Agbani,
Enugu State, Nigeria
Orada Chumphukam Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences,
University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
Yasemin Ulku Dikbasan Department of Biology, Institute of Graduate Studies in
Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Prachee Dubey Government G.I. College, Malwan, Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Uchenna Estella Odoh Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicines,
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Scences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Geetika Garg Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune,
Maharashtra, India

xv
xvi List of contributors

Manisekaran Hemagirri Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine

(INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Napapan Kangwan Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University
of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
Jagat R. Kanwar Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences (AIIMS), Bilaspur, Himachel Pradesh, India
Arpita Konar CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, Delhi,
India
Prachya Kongtawelert Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Pimpisid Koonyosying Oxidative Stress Research Cluster, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand; Cluster of High Value Product from Thai Rice and Plant for Health,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Umah Rani Kuppusamy Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine,
Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Suparna Mandal Laboratory of Gerontology, Department of Zoology, Bangalore
University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Theodora mba Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Agbani, Enugu State,
Nigeria
Mohammad Murtaza Mehdi Department of Biochemistry, School of
Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara,
Punjab, India
Chukwuma Micheal Onyegbulam Department of Pharmacognosy and
Environmental Medicines, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Scences, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
Longinus C. Odoh Department of Accountancy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Nigeria
Banu Orta Yilmaz Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University,
Istanbul, Turkey
Bishnu Kumar Pandey Department of Physics, SPM College, University of
Allahabad, Prayagraj, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Kanti Bhooshan Pandey CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute,
Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
Narisara Paradee Oxidative Stress Research Cluster, Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Thanawat Pattananandecha Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-based
Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University,
Chiang Mai, Thailand
 List of contributors xvii

Komsak Pintha Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University

of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
Peraphan Pothacharoen Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Treetip Ratanavalachai Department of Preclinical Sciences (Biochemistry), Faculty
of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
Syed Ibrahim Rizvi Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad,
Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Obinna Sabastine Onugwu Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology
(ESUT), Agbani, Enugu State, Nigeria
Nidhi Sachan Cell and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry,
Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India;
Toxicogenomics and Predictive Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and
Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
(CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Chalermpong Saenjum Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand; Center of Excellence
for Innovation in Analytical Science and Technology for Biodiversity-based
Economic and Society (I-ANALY-S-T_B.BES-CMU), Chiang Mai University,
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Sreenivasan Sasidharan Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM),
Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Shanmugapriya Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM),
Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Ravichandra Shivalingappa Division of Biology, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Ewa Sikora Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of
Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Padmanabh Singh Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of
Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of
Zoology, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya
Pradesh, India
Prabhakar Singh Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Veer Bahadur
Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sandeep Singh Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad,
Uttar Pradesh, India; Hadassah Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Hadassah -
Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Brijesh Singh Chauhan Cell and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of
Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,
Uttar Pradesh, India
xviii List of contributors

Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi Innovation Center for Holistic Health,

Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University,
Chiang Mai, Thailand
Somdet Srichairatanakool Oxidative Stress Research Cluster, Department of
Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai,
Thailand; Cluster of High Value Product from Thai Rice and Plant for Health,
Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Saripella Srikrishna Cell and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of
Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Bungorn Sripanidkulchai Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen
University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
Shailendra Kumar Srivastava Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture,
Technology & Sciences, Prayagraj, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Maitree Suttajit Division of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical Sciences,
University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand; Thai Vegetarian Association,
Changpuak, Chiang Mai, Thailand
M.K. Thakur Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Zoology, Institute of
Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Subramanian Thangaleela Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of
Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
Brahm Kumar Tiwari Department of Paramedical Sciences, SGT University,
Gurugram, Haryana, India
Orawan Wanachewin Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Buse Yilmaz Department of Biology, Institute of Graduate Studies in Sciences,
Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
Preface

Extending lifespan/healthy aging has been the greatest wish of humans since
evolution. In the past few decades, significant advances have been seen in
the exploration of the aging process, its cellular biology, and biomarkers of
aging, which have provided specific targets that can be leveraged for possi-
ble aging interventions. There is no doubt that aging intervention is more
complicated than finding the cure for other diseases, since the aging process
is highly heterochronic. In addition, variations in theories explaining the
aging process, the strategies being exercised for an aging cure, or/and the
promotion of healthy aging are also highly diverse. However, intervening in
aging is always the next frontier in contemporary cure and will remain to be
of higher importance since aging not only affects the lifestyle of the indivi-
duals adversely but also brings dependency on others and costly medical
expenses.
Although the availability of advanced age care facilities has delayed the
development and progression of aging complications, still it is not feasible for
a large group of the population due to high costs. In addition, side effects asso-
ciated with these synthetic remedies have restricted their frequent and safe
use. In such a scenario, a sustainable cure with no/least side effects is the need
of the hour to combat the anticipated future burden of age-dependent
complications.
Bioactives from plants offer remarkable features in comparison with
traditional synthetic medicines which endow both advantages and chal-
lenges for drug discovery. Enormous scaffold diversity, structural com-
plexity, and higher numbers of H-bond acceptors/donors provide higher
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xix
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 New-York, 6 décembre.

Toujours ici en expectative. J’ai déjà vu la plus grande partie des

monuments, établissements publics et privés de New-York et
recueilli une foule de renseignements sur toutes choses ; mais je n’ai
ni le temps ni le désir de décrire une cité tant de fois décrite.
Je dirai seulement quelques mots du monde américain, sur
lequel, soit dit en passant, on a généralement des idées assez
fausses chez nous, et que le grand succès de l’Oncle Sam de
Victorien Sardou a été loin de redresser.
Le moment actuel est la pleine saison des bals, soirées,
réunions, réceptions, et tout autant, sinon plus qu’à Paris, l’hiver à
New-York est mondain à l’extrême. Mais ici n’est pas mondain qui
veut.
Nous nous imaginons volontiers que, dans cette société ultra-
démocratique par ses principes avoués, ce qu’on nomme en France
« le monde » est un mélange confus de tout ce qui a de l’argent ou
une situation, que les salons sont des caravansérails, où l’on entre
et d’où l’on sort à son gré, que chacun se meut à la seule règle de
sa fantaisie, ainsi que la foule sur une place publique un jour de fête.
Jamais préjugé ne fut aussi peu fondé, car, plus que dans tout
autre pays, les castes aux États-Unis sont tranchées, les détails des
origines de chaque famille étudiés et commentés, et nulle part,
j’entends au point de vue des relations, les nuances ne sont plus
sensibles et la fusion des groupes difficile, lors même que la
puissance incontestable du « dieu dollar » veut établir l’égalité
sociale entre les gens « comme il faut » et ceux qui ne le sont pas.
Le critérium le plus important de ces degrés d’aristocratie
mondaine est l’ancienneté des familles. On tient compte,
assurément, des traditions qui s’y sont perpétuées ou éteintes, du
rôle que ses membres ont joué, des situations qu’ils ont occupées ;
mais, en principe, les descendants des signataires de la déclaration
d’indépendance sont du « grand monde », comme diraient nos
bourgeois, et les descendants d’un émigré de la veille, s’il ne s’est
allié à l’une de ces familles qui prennent rang au-dessus des autres,
ne sont pas du monde du tout.
En un mot, politiquement et civilement, tous les Américains sont
égaux, mais socialement ils ne le sont pas ; aussi faut-il le tremplin
de bien des millions pour franchir les barrières qui marquent les
différents niveaux de castes très jalouses de leurs théoriques
privilèges.
On s’est beaucoup émerveillé chez nous, — et beaucoup amusé,
— des coutumes américaines qui permettent tant de liberté aux
jeunes gens des deux sexes dans leurs rapports mutuels. Cette
liberté, assure-t-on ici, ne dépasse jamais les bornes de la plus
stricte convenance. « Jamais » est probablement beaucoup dire, les
exemples cependant ne prouvent rien, étant susceptibles de
confirmer les exceptions aussi bien que les règles, suivant la
manière dont on les choisit. Il est certain qu’à New-York, comme
dans toute l’Amérique, une jeune fille peut sortir seule, aller d’un
bout de la ville à l’autre, sans qu’un regard impertinent, une parole
offensante la fasse rougir.
C’est affaire d’habitude. Au Japon, les Européens se plaisent à
aller dans les bains publics regarder les dames qui se baignent
toutes nues ; ils en rient à gorge déployée, et pendant ce temps-là
les Japonais et les Japonaises rient d’aussi bon cœur de notre
étonnement, parce qu’ils ne le comprennent pas et qu’ils le trouvent
ridicule.
Les coutumes sociales, dans tous les pays, sont basées sur un
certain nombre de « telle chose ne se fait pas », qui deviennent bien
vite pour tout le monde, et à tous les degrés, la loi et les prophètes.
A New-York, on rencontre à chaque instant des jeunes femmes et
des jeunes filles seules, occupées à faire des emplettes ou des
visites ; on trouve cela tout naturel parce qu’on y est habitué, et on
se garde de les importuner parce que « cela ne se fait pas. » Et c’est
la meilleure des raisons. Cette liberté, qui nous semble
extraordinaire, a pour conséquences des usages bien éloignés des
nôtres. Telles sont les soirées données ailleurs que chez soi : les
maisons américaines étant petites et le nombre des amis étant
parfois considérable, si on a cependant assez de fortune pour
pouvoir donner un bal, on invite son monde chez Delmonico, — le
Bignon de New-York ; — on y trouve un superbe appartement,
musique, souper, service, une entrée privée où, pour ce jour-là, vos
amis seuls ont accès. Quand on a bien dansé, causé et flirté, chacun
prend sa voiture, la maîtresse de la maison comme les autres, et on
rentre tranquillement chez soi.
Votre cercle de relations est-il très étendu, vous faites mieux
encore : la jeunesse seule est invitée ; les papas et les mamans,
débarrassés de l’insupportable corvée qu’ils font en France avec tant
de résignation, restent paisiblement au logis ; mademoiselle va au
bal avec son frère, si elle en a un ; sinon, une femme de chambre
l’accompagne jusqu’au vestiaire et elle trouve toujours là quelque
jeune femme de ses amies avec laquelle elle fait son entrée.
La saison des bals commence après le jour du « Thanks giving »,
qui est ordinairement le dernier jeudi du mois de novembre. L’ancien
usage, encore très suivi, veut qu’en ce jour chaque famille se
réunisse au complet, après avoir rendu grâce à Dieu pour les
bonnes récoltes et les bienfaits reçus pendant l’année. Alors se
succèdent les réceptions d’après-midi, les grands dîners et les bals,
et cela dure jusqu’au carême.
Un trait assez remarquable de la société de New-York est la
coutume des soirées « par abonnement. » Des invitations anonymes,
au moins dans la forme, sont adressées portant les mystiques
initiales F. C. D. C. (Family Circle Dancing Class), et la famille qui les
reçoit souscrit ou ne souscrit pas à quatre réunions dansantes, dans
lesquelles on est sûr de ne trouver que des gens du meilleur monde.
Un autre jour, c’est le Common sense qui envoie des cartes : encore
un bal par souscription. Quelquefois, c’est une réunion de skating,
toujours organisée d’après le même système.
Cela est bizarre, j’en conviens ; mais le premier résultat de ces
habitudes est d’amener les jeunes gens à aller davantage dans le
monde, de s’y faire plus facilement connaître et apprécier, de s’y
créer plus jeunes des relations et d’y tenir déjà une place à un âge
où nous ne les comptons pour rien, ce qui les ennuie et par
conséquent les éloigne.
Parmi les plus célèbres bals fondés à New-York, on cite ceux des
« Patriarches ». Ce sont trente pères de famille qui souscrivent une
certaine somme et ont chacun la disposition de sept billets à
distribuer entre leurs amis. Les bals des Patriarches sont donnés
chez Delmonico ; ce sont les plus élégants et les plus recherchés. Il
y en a trois par saison.
Inutile de parler des modes. On ne connaît ici que les nôtres. Les
belles Américaines y ajoutent un caractère de hardiesse fantaisiste,
qui fait de leurs toilettes des chefs-d’œuvre de grâce, quand une
mauvaise inspiration ne les amène pas au ridicule.
La vie des clubs à New-York est à peu près la même que dans
les grandes villes européennes. Le plus beau de tous est le Union
Club ; c’est le rendez-vous des fashionables et des knickerbockers,
fils des premiers colons de la ville, très fiers des droits qu’ils ont sur
le sol natal, et grands gastronomes, à en juger par la respectable
réputation culinaire du Union Club. Le Loyal League est un club
presque exclusivement politique, hanté par l’élément républicain, en
opposition avec le Manhattan, club des démocrates. Il faut citer
aussi le Century, qui a beaucoup d’analogie avec notre cercle des
Mirlitons ; c’est une réunion purement littéraire et artistique, dans
laquelle l’admission est fort difficile. J’en passe un grand nombre
plus ou moins importants, mais qui ne viennent qu’en seconde ligne
après ceux-ci.
La saison des bals est aussi celle des expositions ; j’en ai vu une
ces jours-ci dans laquelle les noms de Dupré, de Jacques, de Vibert,
de Bouguereau, de Cot tenaient la première place, et dont le produit
était destiné à subventionner une école d’art décoratif, qui, fondée
depuis deux ans seulement, paraît avoir donné d’assez beaux
résultats.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 A bord du Labrador, 10 janvier 1879.

Nos craintes se sont, hélas ! réalisées. Notre voyage est

interrompu, et cette belle expédition, si intéressante et si heureuse
jusqu’à ce jour, ne se continue pas. La Junon, toujours à Panama,
alors que nous la croyions en route pour San-Francisco, où nous
devions l’y rejoindre, vient d’être rendue à ses propriétaires. Elle va
refaire, sans nous, le chemin que nos jeunes enthousiasmes avaient
tant égayé.
Les compagnons du tour du monde sont déjà dispersés ;
quelques-uns ont continué leur voyage par les voies ordinaires ;
d’autres ont déjà regagné la France, où le Labrador me ramène en
ce moment.
La Société des voyages d’études a été gravement atteinte par les
manœuvres de la compagnie à laquelle elle avait affrété la Junon.
Notre expédition avait été cependant organisée par des hommes de
haute valeur et d’une honorabilité indiscutable ; dans tous les pays
que nous avons traversés, elle avait recueilli les plus sincères et les
plus vifs témoignages de sympathie ; mais partout des annonces
ambiguës, insérées par les armateurs dans les journaux locaux, des
bruits malveillants répandus, des demandes d’arrêt du navire
expédiées en réponse aux protestations de la Société, devaient lui
porter un grand préjudice. Le dommage ne tarda pas à se traduire
par des pertes d’argent ; car, même dans les ports où le mouvement
commercial était le plus actif, la Junon ne put prendre de fret.
Nous l’avons vue, à Montevideo, par exemple, venant de se voir
retirer un chargement promis, obligée d’acheter des pierres pour
lester le navire, et perdant par cela même, avec les recettes
légitimement espérées, le crédit auquel elle avait droit.
Quand nous atteignîmes Panama, cette situation était devenue
trop grave pour pouvoir se prolonger. La Société des voyages, à
découvert d’une somme de plus de 200,000 francs remise aux
armateurs, se résolut à leur rendre le navire, en les déclarant
responsables des conséquences.
Quels motifs ont pu dicter la conduite des propriétaires de la
Junon ? N’y aurait-il donc là qu’un esprit de mercantilisme exagéré,
une appréciation étroite et fausse des éléments matériels et moraux
de l’entreprise ?… Il nous est impossible de trouver d’autres raisons.
Quelles qu’elles soient, il est triste de penser que c’est seulement de
notre pays que sont survenus les obstacles.
J’ai ici le droit et le devoir de constater les efforts loyaux et
énergiques de notre commandant pour faire cesser une persécution
à laquelle il n’a jamais fourni aucun prétexte et qui a commencé
avec le voyage lui-même. Je dois également rendre hommage à ses
solides qualités de marin, à celles du personnel qu’il avait choisi.
Nous leur devons d’avoir fait 5,000 lieues dans les parages les plus
variés, parfois les plus difficiles, sans une avarie, sans un accident et
sans perdre un seul homme.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Donc, lecteur, pardonnez-moi si je manque à ma promesse. Je
m’étais engagé à vous faire faire le tour du monde. Hélas ! nous n’en
avons fait qu’un peu plus du tiers, et parmi mes voyages à travers
trois autres continents, c’est le premier où il m’arrive de ne point
atteindre le port… Infidèle Junon !
En ce moment, le magnifique Labrador roule et bondit sur les
vagues du fougueux Atlantique. Sa mâture « chante » sous les
efforts de la tempête ; son large pont est balayé par les eaux, des
stalactites de glace pendent à tous les agrès, et de violentes rafales
de neige ajoutent encore à la difficulté des manœuvres… Mais, bah !
nous en avons vu bien d’autres.

Encore huit jours de patience et nous allons revoir la patrie, nos

familles, nos amis. — C’est égal, je n’en reviens pas encore… d’en
revenir sitôt !
 TABLE

Pages
De Marseille à Gibraltar 1
Gibraltar 17
Les îles Madère 29
De Madère à Rio-de-Janeiro 49
Rio-de-Janeiro 85
Rio-de-Janeiro. (Suite.) 107
Montevideo 133
Buenos-Ayres 159
Le détroit de Magellan 189
Les canaux latéraux des côtes de la Patagonie 215
Au Chili. Valparaiso et Santiago 239
Au Pérou. Le Callao et Lima 275
Au Pérou. Le Callao et Lima. (Suite.) 299
Panama 321
New-York 341

Paris. — Imp. Ve P. Larousse et Cie, rue Montparnasse, 19.

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A BORD DE LA
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