Reviewer

Second Achievement Test

in STM 005
General Chemistry 1

1. **Limiting Reagent:** The note provides a clear definition of the limiting reagent in a
chemical reaction.

2. **Temperature:** The note succinctly defines temperature as the measure of particle kinetic
energy in an object.

3. **Pressure:** The definition of pressure as force per unit area is accurately described.

4. **Gas Characteristics (Exception):** The note mentions characteristics of gases with the
recognition of an exception, but it could specify the characteristics more explicitly.

5. **Collisions:** The note highlights the relationship between volume, pressure, and collisions
in gases effectively.

6. **Inflating an Inflated Balloon:** The note explains the phenomenon of inflating an already
inflated balloon in a concise manner.

7. **Heating an Aerosol Can:** Information about the outcomes of heating an aerosol can is not
included in the note.

8. **Container Volume and Pressure:** The note mentions container volume and its
relationship with gas pressure.

9. **Illustration of Charles' Law:** The note references Charles' Law but does not provide
specific examples illustrating it.

10. **Particles Occupying Smaller Volume:** The note mentions an example of particles that
can be drawn closer to occupy a smaller volume.

11. **Blown-out Tire Explanation:** The note mentions a probable explanation for a blown-out
tire during a long summer drive.

12. **Proving Negligible Mass of Gases:** The note suggests a method for proving the negligible
mass of gases.

13. **Compressed Gas Molecules:** The note addresses the concept of compressed gas
molecules within containers.

14. **Temperature and Kinetic Energy:** The note briefly discusses the relationship between
temperature and the average kinetic energy of gas molecules.

15. **Gas Pressure and Temperature:** The note refers to the effect of temperature change on
gas pressure under constant conditions.
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

1. **Combination (Synthesis) Reactions:**

- Description: Two or more substances combine to form a single, more complex compound.
- Example:
- 2H₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2H₂O(l) (Formation of water)

2. **Decomposition Reactions:**
- Description: A single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances.
- Example:
- 2H₂O(l) → 2H₂(g) + O₂(g) (Decomposition of water)

3. **Single Replacement (Displacement) Reactions:**

- Description: One element replaces another element in a compound, leading to the formation
of a new compound and a different element.
- Example:
- Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g) (Zinc displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid)

4. **Double Replacement (Displacement) Reactions:**

- Description: Involves the exchange of ions between two compounds, leading to the
formation of two new compounds.
- Example:
- AgNO₃(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO₃(aq) (Formation of insoluble silver chloride)

5. **Acid-Base (Neutralization) Reactions:**

- Description: An acid reacts with a base to produce water and a salt.
- Example:
- HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H₂O(l) + NaCl(aq) (Neutralization of hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide)

6. **Redox (Oxidation-Reduction) Reactions:**

- Description: Involve the transfer of electrons between reactants. One substance is oxidized
(loses electrons), and another is reduced (gains electrons).
- Example:
- 2Mg(s) + O₂(g) → 2MgO(s) (Oxidation of magnesium and reduction of oxygen)

7. **Precipitation Reactions:**
- Description: Two soluble compounds in a solution react to form an insoluble product
(precipitate).
- Example:
- Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI₂(s) + 2KNO₃(aq) (Formation of lead iodide precipitate)

8. **Combustion Reactions:**
- Description: A substance (usually a hydrocarbon or carbon-based compound) reacts with
oxygen to produce heat, light, and carbon dioxide and water.
- Example:
- C₆H₁₂O₆(s) + 6O₂(g) → 6CO₂(g) + 6H₂O(l) (Combustion of glucose)
GAS LAW