FUZZY LOGIC

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

 I -Fuzzy Logic Basics
■ Propositional and predicate logic are crisp. They are 2 valued
logic because they are based on the law of excluded middle
according to which a statement can be either True or False and
nothing else.
■ Fuzzy logic extends crisp logic by accepting the possibility of the
infinite shades truth between absolute falsehood and absolute
truth.

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

a) Fuzzy truth values
■ Classical (crisp) logic – True or False (1
or 0). Linguistic Numeric
(Tentative)
Unlike this, there are various fuzzy truth
values including the crisp truth values. Absolute False 0.00
Partly False 0.25
■ Certain common fuzzy truth values are
shown in table. Neither False or 0.5
True
■ The numeric truth values are not
absolute. ( may vary depending on Both False and 0.5
requirement of context and True
interpretation) Partly True 0.75
■ There may be other linguistic truth Absolute True 1.00
values such as more-or-less false, very
true, almost true etc.
Megha V Gupta, NHITM
 b) Fuzzy Propositions
■ A proposition that can have a fuzzy truth value is known as a fuzzy proposition.
■ Let p be a fuzzy proposition.
Then the truth value of p is denoted by 𝜏 (p) where 0≤ 𝜏 (p) ≤1
Fuzzy Proposition and their possible truth values

𝜏 Fuzzy Truth Value 𝜏 (p)

Proposition (p) Linguistic Numeric
1 He is rich Partly False 0.40
2 The Earth is round Almost Absolutely true 0.97
3 She is very emotional Partly True 0.70
4 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 Absolutely False 0.00
5 The book is quite costly Partly False 0.30

Tentative (may vary)

Megha V Gupta, NHITM
 c) Fuzzy Logic Operation
Operation Symbol Usage Definition
Disjunction + P+Q max{𝜏 (P) , 𝜏 (Q) }
Conjunction min{𝜏 (P) , 𝜏 (Q) }
. .
P Q

Negation ¬ ¬P 1- 𝜏 (P)

Implication → P→ Q max{1- 𝜏 (P) , 𝜏 (Q) }

■ Let us consider the following 2 fuzzy propositions along with their fuzzy truth values.
p= Mr. Bakshi is handsome 𝜏 (p) =0.7
q= Mr. Bakshi is tall 𝜏 (q)= 0.4
Find Fuzzy AND, Fuzzy OR, Fuzzy NOT and Fuzzy Implication

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

II Fuzzy Rules
■ Constitute an integral part of the Fuzzy
Inference mechanisms.
■ The core of FIS (Fuzzy Inference system) is the
Fuzzy rule base which consists of a set of fuzzy
rules.

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

a) Fuzzy If-then

If P then Q - - - - - - - - - - -1
Where P and Q are atomic fuzzy propositions.
P = ‘x is A’ Fuzzy statement
A is the predicate of the statement
P is denoted as A(x) ( using formation of Predicate logic)
Fuzzy Rule R: If ‘x is A’ then ‘y is B’ -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - -2
is symbolically expressed as
R: A(x) ->B(y)- - - - - -- - - -- - - - - -- - -3
Hence the above fuzzy rule can be expressed as a fuzzy relation between A & B where
R(x,y)= 𝜏 [A(x)->B(y)]- - - - - - - - - - - - - -4

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

 Various interpretations of fuzzy rule
1) Mamdani’s interpretation of fuzzy rule:
R(x,y)= 𝜏 [A(x)->B(y)]
=min[𝜏 (A(x)), 𝜏(B(y))] = min [𝜇𝐴 𝑥 , 𝜇𝐵(𝑦)] - - - - - - - - - - - - -5
2) Zadeh’s interpretation of fuzzy rule:
R(x,y)= 𝜏 [A(x)->B(y)]
=max[min 𝜇𝐴 𝑥 , 𝜇𝐵 𝑦 , 1 − 𝜇𝐴 𝑥 ] - - --- - - - - - - - - -6
Assuming U and V be the Universes for the fuzzy sets A and B respectively.
Zadeh’s interpretation of fuzzy rule is equivalent to the relation
R= (A × B) U (A’ × V) - - - - - - - - - - - - - -7
Where V is used as a fuzzy set in which all the members have membership value 1

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

b. Fuzzy If-then-else
■ Has the form
If ‘x is A’ then ‘y is B’ else ‘y is C’- - - - - - - - - 8
A – fuzzy set on some Universe U
B & C – fuzzy sets on the Universe V
𝜏 (R(x,y))=𝜇 R(x,y)
=max[min 𝜇𝐴 𝑥 , 𝜇𝐵 𝑦 , min 1 − 𝜇𝐴 𝑥 , 𝜇𝐶 𝑦 ] - - - - - - - - - - - 9

This is nothing but the fuzzy relation

R= (A × B) U (A’ × C) - - - - - - - - - -10

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

Megha V Gupta, NHITM
III Fuzzy Reasoning
■ Reasoning is the process of finding new propositions from
old propositions,
■ It is accomplished by applying the rules of inference on the
proposition already known to be true.
■ Fuzzy reasoning refers to reasoning involving fuzzy
propositions, applying fuzzy rules of inference, producing
new fuzzy propositions.

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

a. Fuzzy Quantifiers
■ Two kinds:
a) Absolute b) Relative
A fuzzy quantifier that refers to some specific value is known as absolute
fuzzy quantifier.
A relative fuzzy quantifier do not refer to any specific value.
Absolute Quantifiers Relative Quantifiers
(Examples) (Examples)
Nearly 100 Almost
Far below 0 Most
Much greater than 50 About
Somewhere around 300 Few
Round about 1000 Nearly
Megha V Gupta, NHITM
 b. Generalized Modus Ponens:
■ It is generalization of crisp modus ponens but differs in 2 aspects:
1) It applies to statements that are fuzzy.
2) The conclusion need not be exactly the same as the consequent.
A typical fuzzy reasoning employing GMP may look like
Premise 1: If this car is expensive. Then it is comfortable.
Premise 2: This car is more or less expensive.
Conclusion: Therefore, This car is more or less comfortable.
Therefore the generalized modus ponens rule of inference may be presented as follows:
Premise 1: If ‘x is A’ then ‘y is B’
Premise 2: x is A1.
Conclusion: Therefore y is B1.
Where A, A1, B, B1 –fuzzy statements
A1 and B1 are modified versions of A & B respectively.

Megha V Gupta, NHITM

Generalized Modus Tollens
■ It is Generalization of crisp modus Tollens
■ A typical fuzzy reasoning employing GMT has the form
Premise 1: If this car is expensive. Then it is comfortable.
Premise 2: This car is more or less comfortable.
Conclusion: Therefore, This car is more or less expensive.
Hence the generalized modus Tollens rule of inference may be presented as follows:
Premise 1: If ‘x is A’ then ‘y is B’
Premise 2: x is B1.
Conclusion: Therefore y is A1.
Where A,A1,B,B1 –fuzzy statements
A1 and B1 are modified versions of A & B respectively.
Fuzzy reasoning with the help of GMT
Premise 1: If a man is honest. Then he is happy.
Premise 2: This man is most probably happy.
Megha V Gupta, NHITM
Conclusion: Therefore, This man is most probably honest