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USTHB/FEI/3ELNA Electronic functions

Series 3: Frequency Modulation and Demodulation

Exercise 1

Consider a sinusoidal signal whose mathematical expression is :

x(t) = 5cos( 2π1000t + π/2 )
Knowing that: "2π1000t + π/2" is the phase of the signal, often noted θ(t) and "π/2" is the
phase at the origin of time (or at t=0).

1) What mathematical operation is used to obtain the pulsation of this signal? Derive the
general formula giving the frequency f(t) of a sinusoidal signal from its phase θ(t).
2) Using this result, determine the frequency f(t) of the following signals:

a) e1 (t) = 10cos[ 6283200t - 10cos(3141t) ]

b) e2 (t) = 30sin[ π ( 1 + 2000t + 50t2 ) ]

3) Give the expression for a sinusoidal signal whose instantaneous frequency is written as :

a) f1 (t) = 5000 + 10.e5t

b) f2 (t) = 106 + 10.t

Exercise 2

Consider the frequency-modulated signal whose expression is :

e(t) = 10 cos[6283200t - 5cos(3141t) ]

Determine :

• The expression for its instantaneous frequency f(t)

• The carrier's fo frequency
• The Frequency F of the Modulating Signal
• Frequency excursion Δf
• The Modulation index m
• The Spectrum of the Modulated Signal
• Its spectral band B
• Its Power On an Antenna R = 50 Ω

Exercise 3:

To generate a frequency-modulated signal, we use a VCO with the following characteristic:

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USTHB/FEI/3ELNA Electronic functions

The signal x(t) = 5 + 0.5cos(2πFt) with F = 10 kHz is applied to the input of this VCO.
1) Calculate the centre frequency fo of the output signal and its frequency excursion Δf.
2) Derive the modulation index m.
3) Given that the VCO outputs a voltage of amplitude 5V, plot the spectrum of the
signal y(t) produced by the VCO and deduce the bandwidth B occupied by this signal.
4) This signal is sent to the antenna with resistance R = 50Ω after passing through an
amplifier with gain G = 40 dB. Calculate the total transmitted power P.

Exercise 4
The frequency of an oscillator is determined by the resonance frequency of a tuned circuit:

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At the operating frequency, L is assumed to have a very high impedance and C' a very low impedance.

The capacitance C of the varicap diode is related to its reverse bias voltage by

1) Draw the equivalent circuit diagram at the operating frequency and derive the
expression for the oscillation frequency f as a function of L0 , C0 and C.
2) Given that C = 50 pF if u(t) = 10 V, calculate the frequency f0 of the signal
produced by the oscillator when the control voltage is u(t) = 10 V.
3) If the voltage u(t) is the superposition of a DC component and an LF signal: u(t) =
10 + 1cos(2π1000t), calculate the maximum value fmax and minimum fmin of the
oscillation frequency.
4) Deduce the characteristics of the signal produced by this oscillator.
5) Explain the role of components L and C' and suggest values.

Exercise 5

Consider a VFM frequency-modulated signal

1. Write the expression defining this signal in general terms

2. The modulating signal s(t) is a DC component with a value equal to 'b' (b is a real
constant).
2.1. In this case, write down the expression for the modulated signal
2.2. What is the frequency of the modulated signal and what is the modulation index?
3. Calculate the spectrum of the modulated signal and give its representation for the
following cases b=0, b= 0.5

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Exercise 6

Consider the following modulation circuit:

Multiplier
Integrator
V1 Vs
S(t) V2
fro
fp oscillator Phase m
shifter
π/2
1. Inthe casewhere s(t) and Vp(t) are two sinusoidal signals s(t) =scosΩt, Vp=Acos
(2πfpt), give the expression for the signal V2(t)
2. Give the expression for the signal Vs(t), give the expression for the modulation index
3. Under what condition is there frequency modulation at voltage V2(t)?
Exercise 7

Consider the circuit shown in the following diagram

C1 C s
Compare A B Low-pass
filter
VFM R2 Vs
R1

The input voltage is a frequency-modulated signal and the modulating signal is s(t)= a (a is a
real constant).

The time constant is R1C1<<T where T is the shortest period of the frequency modulated
signal. Similarly fc<<f FM ( fc is the cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter, f FM is the
frequency of the frequency-modulated signal). The diode is considered ideal. The Low and

High at the comparator output are 0v and 5v respectively.

1. Give the shape of the signals at bridges A, B, C and S

2. Express the relations defining the voltages at points B and C and give the expression
for Vs(t) as a function of the parameters of the VFM signal.

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3. In the case where a = 0, deduce the carrier frequency given that the voltage measured
at the output is 0.5v , R1= 100Ω, C=10 pF
4. The value of the constant a is unknown for this question and the voltage measured at
the output = 0.6 V. Determine the frequency of the modulated signal and the frequency
and amplitude of the modulating signal. The relationship between the signal amplitude
s(t) and the frequency deviation is defined by Δf = S/ER1C1
5. If s(t) = s cos Ωt in this case, how will the output voltage Vs(t) change?

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