Chapter 4 Functions

I. Functions

Q1
What do you mean by a function in Mathematics?
A relation f from set A to set B is called a function if every element of set A has one and only one
image in set B.

Q2
What do you mean by domain of a function?
The domain of a function is the set of all possible inputs for a function.

Q3
What do you mean by range of a function?
The range of a function is the set of all possible output values.

Q4
What do you mean by a constant function?
Constant function is a function whose output is the same for every input value. For example, f(x) = 3.
Here, for every value of x, output will be 3.

Pr.1. Check if the following relations are functions.

Pr.2. Which sets of ordered pairs represent functions from A ={1, 2, 3, 4} to B = {−1, 0, 1, 2, 3}? Justify.
(a) {(1,0), (3,3), (2,−1), (4,1), (2,2)}

(b) {(1,2), (2,−1), (3,1), (4,3)}

(c) {(1,3), (4,1), (2,2)}

(d) {(1,1), (2,1), (3,1), (4,1)}

Linear Function

The linear function is popular in economics.

It is attractive because it is simple and easy to handle mathematically. It has many important
applications.

Linear functions are those whose graph is a straight line.

A linear function has the following form

y = f(x) = a + bx

A linear function has one independent variable and one dependent variable.

The independent variable is x and the dependent variable is y.

a is the constant term or the y intercept. It is the value of the dependent variable when x = 0.

b is the coefficient of the independent variable. It is also known as the slope and gives the rate of
change of the dependent variable.

Pr.3 Find 3 points which satisfy the equation y = 25 + 5x

Pr.4. A company has fixed costs of Rs. 7,000 for plant and equipment and variable costs of Rs. 600
for each unit of output. Represent this relation in linear equation

Quadratic function

A quadratic function is one of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, and c are numbers with a not equal to zero.

The graph of a quadratic function is a curve called a parabola.

Parabolas may open upward or downward and vary in "width" or "steepness", but they all have the
same basic "U" shape.

2
Pr.5. Find the vertex of the parabola y=3x +12x−12

2
Pr.6 Solve 5x + 6x + 1 = 0

Polynomial Function

A polynomial function has only positive integers as exponents.

We can even perform different types of arithmetic operations for such functions like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division.

Some of the examples of polynomial functions are here:

2
x + 2x +1

3x - 7

3
7x + x2 -2

All three expressions above are polynomial since all of the variables have positive integer exponents.
But expressions like;

-1
5x +1

1/2
4x +3x+1

are not polynomials, we cannot consider negative integer exponents or fraction exponent or division here.

Types of Polynomial Functions

The name of a polynomial is determined by the number of terms in it. The three most common
polynomials we usually encounter are monomials, binomials, and trinomials.

Monomials are polynomials that contain only one term. Examples: 15x 2, 3b, and 12y4

Binomials are polynomials that contain only two terms. Examples: x + y, 4x – 7, and 9x + 2

Trinomials are polynomials that contain only three terms. Examples: x3 – 3 + 5x, z4 + 45 + 3z, and x2 – 12x + 15

Pr.7. Examine whether the following function is a polynomial function.

2
f(x)=−0.5y + πy - √2

2
Pr.8. Solve the following polynomial equation -2y + 9y - 8. find(4)
Indices

Index Definition A number or a variable may have an index.

Index of a variable (or a constant) is a value that is raised to the power of the variable.

The indices are also known as powers or exponents.

It shows the number of times a given number has to be multiplied.

It is represented in the form:

m
a = a × a × a ×……× a (m times)

Here, a is the base and m is the index.

A particular number (or base) is to be multiplied by itself, the number of times equal to the index raised to it.

It is a compressed method of writing big numbers and calculations.

3
Example: 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 In the example, 2 is the base and 3 is the index.
Laws of Indices

There are some fundamental rules or laws of indices which are necessary to understand before we
start dealing with indices.

These laws are used while performing algebraic operations on indices and while solving the algebraic
expressions, including it.

Rule 1: If a constant or variable has index as ‘0’, then the result will be equal to one, regardless of
any base value.

0
a =1

0 0 0
Example: 5 = 1, 12 = 1, y = 1

Rule 2: If the index is a negative value, then it can be shown as the reciprocal of the positive index
raised to the same variable.

-p p
a = 1/a

-1 -3 3
Example: 5 = ⅕, 8 =1/8

Rule 3: To multiply two variables with the same base, we need to add its powers and raise them to
that base.

p q p+q
a .a = a

2 3 2+3 5
Example: 5 .5 = 5 =5
Rule 4: To divide two variables with the same base, we need to subtract the power of denominator
from the power of numerator and raise it to that base.

p q p-q
a /a = a

4 2 4-2 2
Example: 10 /10 = 10 = 10

Rule 5: When a variable with some index is again raised with different index, then both the indices
are multiplied together raised to the power of the same base.

pq pq
(a ) = a

2 3 2.3 6
Example: (8 ) = 8 =8

Rule 6: When two variables with different bases, but same indices are multiplied together, we have
to multiply its base and raise the same index to multiplied variables.

p p p
a .b = (ab)

2 2 2 2
Example: 3 .5 = (3 x 5) = 15

Rule 7: When two variables with different bases, but same indices are divided, we are required to
divide the bases and raise the same index to it.

p p p
a /b = (a/b)

2 2 2
Example: 3 /5 = (⅗)

Rule 8: An index in the form of a fraction can be represented as the radical form.

p/q q p
a = √a

1/2
Example: 6 = √6

Pr.9 Solve the following

4 3 2 5 -1
A: Multiply x y z and xy z

2/3
B: Find the value of 27 .

Pr.10 Solve the following

7 5
A. Evaluate: 20 ÷ 20

(x-y) (x+y)
B. If 3 = 27 and 3 = 243, find the value of x and y.
Pr.11

3 0 1/2 4.
A. Simplify the expression: (p ) × (p )

2x+3 y
B. Write 8 in the form of 2 and express the relation between x and y.

Pr.12 Solve the following

2/3 3/4
A. Evaluate the expression: 125 × 625 .

5 2 3 2 2
B. Simplify: [5 a b × 3(a b ) ]/ (15 a b).

Pr.13 Solve the following

b b+1
A. If a and b are whole numbers such that a = 121, find the value of (a – 1) .

m (m – 2).
B. If 5 = 3125, find the value of 4

Pr.14 Solve the following

-2/3 -4/3.
A. Evaluate: (1/216) ÷ (1/27)

Pr.15. Solve the following

3 2 4
A. 3ab X 5a b

7 6
B. 8p ÷ 2p

Pr. 16. Solve the following

3 2 k
A. 1 / x = x X x Find K

-3 -2
B (2d ) ÷ d