1. Define the term "network" and explain its importance in today's digital world.

A network is a collection of interconnected devices that exchange data and

resources.
Importance of Networks in Today's Digital World:
• Connectivity: Networks establish connections between devices, enabling
global communication and collaboration.
• Internet: The internet is a vast network that provides access to information
and services worldwide.
• Communication: Networks support various forms of communication,
fostering real-time interaction.
• Data Sharing and Collaboration: Networks facilitate data exchange and
collaboration among users.
• Resource Sharing: Networks allow sharing of hardware resources, optimizing
utilization and efficiency.
• Internet of Things (IoT): Networks support the interconnection of devices for
data exchange and automation.
• Cloud Computing: Networks enable the delivery of on-demand computing
resources and services.
• E-commerce and Online Services: Networks ensure secure transmission of
sensitive data in digital services.

2. Compare and contrast a LAN and a WAN in terms of their scope and usage.

A LAN covers a small geographical area that are commonly used in homes,
small businesses, schools, and organizations to facilitate local communication, data
sharing, and resource sharing. They provide high-speed connections and are typically
privately owned and managed by the organization or individual.
A WAN covers a large geographical area. They enable data exchange,
communication, and resource sharing across wide distances. WANs are typically
established and maintained by service providers, such as Internet Service Providers
(ISPs).

3. List and briefly explain the components of a typical computer network.

Network Devices:
• Routers: Responsible for directing network traffic between different
networks and connecting LANs to WANs.
• Switches: Used to create connections within a LAN, allowing devices to
communicate with each other.
• Modems: Enable communication between the network and an internet
service provider (ISP), typically for WAN connectivity.

Network Interfaces:
 • Network Interface Cards (NICs): Hardware components that provide the
physical connection between a device (e.g., computer) and the network.
• Wireless Network Adapters, known as wireless NICs: Enable wireless
connectivity by transmitting and receiving data via radio waves

Network Protocols:
• TCP/IP: The fundamental protocol suite for data transmission over networks,
including the internet.
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Assigns IP addresses
dynamically to devices on a network.
• DNS (Domain Name System): Translates human-readable domain names into
IP addresses.
Network Security:
• Firewalls: Protect the network by monitoring and controlling incoming and
outgoing network traffic.
• Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): Create secure connections over public
networks, allowing remote access to a private network.

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using wireless networks compared to

wired networks?

Advantages of Wireless Networks:

• Mobility: Wireless networks provide freedom of movement, allowing users to

connect and access network resources without being physically tethered to a
specific location. This flexibility is particularly beneficial for mobile devices like
laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
• Convenience and Easy Installation: Wireless networks eliminate the need for
complex wiring infrastructure, making them easier and quicker to set up and
modify compared to wired networks.
• Scalability: Wireless networks can be easily expanded to accommodate
additional devices or cover larger areas. Adding new devices to the network or
extending coverage generally involves minimal effort and cost compared to
rewiring or reconfiguring a wired network.
• Cost Savings: Wireless networks can provide cost savings by eliminating the need
for extensive cabling infrastructure.
• Flexibility and Adaptability: Wireless networks allow for flexible device
placement, enabling users to connect from different locations within the
network coverage area. They can also adapt to changing environments or layouts
without requiring major network reconfigurations.

Disadvantages of Wireless Networks:

• Limited Bandwidth and Speed: Wireless networks typically have lower

bandwidth and speed compared to wired networks. Factors such as signal
 interference, distance from the access point, and the number of connected
devices can impact the network performance.
• Vulnerability to Interference and Security Risks: Wireless signals are susceptible
to interference from various sources, such as other electronic devices or physical
obstacles. Additionally, wireless networks may present potential security risks,
such as unauthorized access or data interception if not properly secured.
• Signal Range and Coverage: Wireless networks have limited signal range and
coverage, especially in larger areas or buildings with thick walls.
• Reliability and Stability: Wireless networks can be more prone to connection
disruptions, signal fluctuations, or intermittent performance issues due to
environmental factors, signal interference, or network congestion. Wired
networks generally offer more stable and reliable connections.
• Compatibility and Device Limitations: Not all devices have built-in wireless
capabilities, necessitating the use of additional adapters or equipment to
connect to a wireless network. Some specialized devices may only support wired
connections, limiting their compatibility with wireless networks.

5. Describe the purpose and function of a firewall in network security.

It monitors and controls network traffic based on predetermined security

rules. The purpose of a firewall is to protect the internal network from unauthorized
access and potential threats. Firewalls can filter incoming and outgoing packets
based on attributes such as IP addresses, port numbers, and protocols.

6. Explain the client-server and peer-to-peer network models, highlighting their

differences.

Client-Server Network:
• Centralized architecture with a dedicated server.
• Server provides services and manages resources.
• Clients request and utilize resources.
• Communication occurs between clients and server.
• Scalability through server upgrades or additional servers.

Peer-to-Peer Network:
• Decentralized architecture without a central server.
• Peers have equal capabilities and can act as clients and servers.
• Peers directly communicate and share resources.
• Dynamic and self-organizing topology.
• Scalability through the addition of more peers.
• Resource sharing among peers without reliance on a central server.

Differences:
 • Centralization: Client-server networks have a centralized architecture with a
dedicated server, while P2P networks operate in a decentralized manner without
a central server.
• Resource Management: In client-server networks, the server manages and
controls resources, while in P2P networks, peers independently manage their
resources and directly share them with other peers.
• Role Distribution: In client-server networks, the server has a distinct role from
the clients, while in P2P networks, all peers have equal capabilities and can act as
both clients and servers.
• Scalability: Client-server networks can scale by upgrading server hardware or
adding more servers, while P2P networks can scale by adding more peers as each
peer contributes resources to the network.
• Dependency: In client-server networks, clients are dependent on the server for
accessing shared resources, while in P2P networks, peers can directly
communicate and share resources without relying on a central server.

7. Discuss the potential risks and challenges associated with data transmission over the

internet.

• Data transmitted over the internet is at risk of interception, unauthorized access,

and data breaches.
• Malware and viruses can be distributed through the internet, potentially
compromising data integrity and system functionality.
• Unencrypted data transmitted over the internet can be intercepted and
eavesdropped by attackers.
• Network congestion can lead to delays, packet loss, and degraded performance
during data transmission.
• Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks can disrupt data transmission by
overwhelming network resources.
• Social engineering techniques, such as phishing, are employed to deceive individuals
and acquire sensitive information.

8. Define the term "protocol" and provide examples of commonly used network protocols.

A protocol refers to a set of rules and procedures that govern how devices
communicate and exchange data over a network. The commonly used protocols are
TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS and so on.

9. How does a web browser differ from a search engine? Explain their respective roles.

A web browser is used to access and view web content, while a search engine helps
users discover relevant information on the internet by providing search results based on
user queries.

10. Outline the steps involved in designing and creating a website.

Steps:
 • Define goals and purpose.
• Plan and gather requirements.
• Design the user experience (UX) and user interface (UI).
• Develop and code the website.
• Create and organize content.
• Test and debug.
• Deploy and launch.
• Maintain and update.

11. Describe the concept of cloud computing and discuss its advantages for businesses.

Advantages of cloud computing for businesses include:

• Scalability and flexibility to meet changing needs.
• Cost efficiency by eliminating upfront infrastructure costs.
• Accessibility and remote work capabilities.
• Robust disaster recovery and data backup.
• Automatic updates and maintenance by the cloud provider.
• Enhanced collaboration and integration.
• Scalable data storage and analytics capabilities.

12. What measures can be taken to ensure data security when using online collaboration tools?

To ensure data security when using online collaboration tools:

• Implement strong user authentication.
• Encrypt data transmission.
• Use granular access controls.
• Keep software and tools up to date.
• Regularly backup data.
• Educate users on data security.
• Implement data loss prevention measures.
• Ensure compliance with data privacy regulations.
• Conduct regular security audits to identify vulnerabilities.

13. Explain the purpose and benefits of using virtual private networks (VPNs).

Purpose: VPNs enhance privacy, security, and anonymity when accessing the internet.
Benefits:
• Enhanced security by encrypting internet traffic.
• Privacy and anonymity by masking IP address and location.
• Bypassing geographic restrictions and censorship.
• Secure remote access to corporate networks.
• Protection on public Wi-Fi networks.
• Secure P2P file sharing.
• Secure VoIP and messaging.
 • Protection from ISP monitoring.
• Business confidentiality in sharing sensitive information.
14. Discuss the ethical considerations that individuals and organizations should keep in mind

when using collaborative technologies.

Ethical considerations for collaborative technologies include:

• Privacy and data protection.
• Respecting intellectual property rights.
• Fair use and attribution.
• Cybersecurity and information security.
• Respectful communication and digital etiquette.
• Transparency and honesty.
• Responsible resource use.
• Accessibility and inclusivity.
• Managing digital footprint and online reputation.
• Ethical use of AI and automation.

15. How does e-commerce contribute to the global economy? Discuss its impact on

traditional brick-and-mortar businesses.

E-commerce contributes to the global economy by expanding markets, increasing

efficiency, creating jobs, and providing consumer convenience. It impacts traditional
brick-and-mortar businesses by introducing competition, changing consumer behavior,
and requiring adaptation to the digital landscape.

16. Outline the steps involved in setting up an online banking account and explain the
security measures in place to protect user information.
Setting up an online banking account involves the following steps:
• Choose a bank offering online banking services.
• Visit the bank's website and initiate the registration process.
• Provide personal information and create login credentials.
• Verify your identity through additional steps if required.
• Read and accept the terms and conditions.
• Set up additional security features like two-factor authentication.
• Familiarize yourself with the online banking features.

Security measures in online banking include encryption of data transmission, secure

login with strong passwords and multi-factor authentication, fraud detection and
monitoring, account activity notifications, secure network infrastructure, regular
security updates, user education on best practices, and compliance with data privacy
regulations.
17. Describe the different forms of online entertainment and multimedia streaming services

available today.

• Video Streaming Platforms: Platforms that provide on-demand access to a wide

range of TV shows, movies, documentaries, and original content.
• Music Streaming Services: Services that offer vast libraries of music for
streaming, creating playlists, and discovering new artists.
• Live TV Streaming: Platforms that allow users to stream live TV channels over the
internet as an alternative to traditional cable or satellite TV subscriptions.
• Gaming and Esports: Platforms that provide online gaming experiences,
multiplayer interactions, and competitive esports events.
• Podcasts: Platforms that offer a diverse range of audio shows covering various
topics for users to listen to and subscribe to their favorite content.
• Virtual Reality (VR): Platforms and apps that provide immersive experiences
through virtual reality headsets, including gaming, simulations, and virtual tours.
• Web Series and Short Films: Platforms that host web series, short films, and user-
generated content, providing a platform for creators to showcase their work.
• Webinars and Online Courses: Platforms that offer online courses, webinars, and
educational content for users to learn and acquire new skills.
• Social Media Live Streaming: Platforms that enable users to broadcast live video
content, events, or personal moments to their followers.
• Online Radio and Podcasting Networks: Platforms that provide access to radio
stations and podcast networks, allowing users to listen to live broadcasts and on-
demand audio content.

18. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of mobile computing in terms of its impact on work-

life balance.

Benefits of mobile computing on work-life balance:

1. Flexibility to work from anywhere.
2. Remote work opportunities.
3. Increased productivity and efficiency.
4. Better time management.
Drawbacks of mobile computing on work-life balance:
1. Blurred boundaries between work and personal life.
2. Work overload and difficulty disconnecting.
3. Difficulty separating work and personal spaces.
4. Information overload and distraction.

19. Explain the concept of online storage and backup methods. Give examples of popular

online storage platforms.

 • Online storage involves storing digital data on remote servers accessed through the
internet. It provides users with the ability to store, manage, and access their files
from any device with an internet connection.
• Backup methods in online storage involve creating copies of data to ensure its
availability and protection against data loss.
• Examples of popular online storage platforms include Google Drive, Dropbox,
Microsoft OneDrive, iCloud, Amazon S3, Box, Mega, pCloud, Sync.com, and
Backblaze.

20. What measures can individuals and organizations take to protect their data and privacy

when using network applications?

• Strong Authentication: Use unique and strong passwords, consider using password
managers, and enable multi-factor authentication (MFA).
• Regular Updates: Keep applications and devices up to date with the latest security
patches.
• Data Encryption: Utilize encryption protocols for transmitting sensitive data over
networks.
• Secure Network Connections: Connect to trusted and secure networks, especially
for sensitive activities.
• Firewalls and Antivirus: Install and maintain firewalls and antivirus software for
protection against malware and unauthorized access.
• Privacy Settings: Review and adjust privacy settings for network applications to
control data sharing.
• Data Backup: Regularly back up important data to prevent loss in case of accidents
or cyberattacks.
• Secure Data Storage: Store sensitive data in encrypted and password-protected
containers or folders.
• Employee Training: Provide training on data protection, privacy, and safe online
behavior.
• Privacy Policies: Review the privacy policies and terms of service of network
applications.