Unconditionally Valid Forms

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

AAA EAE IAI AEE
EAE AEE AII IAI
AII EIO OAO EIO
EIO AOO EIO

Major Term is the Predicate of the Conclusion

Minor Term is the subject of the Conclusion

1. Check if Drawing an Affirmative or Negative (Affirmative Conclusion from a negative premise)

2. Check if Two negative Premises (Exclusive Premises)
3. Check two Univ Premise = Particular Conclu (Existential Fallacy)
4. Check if Four Terms Fallacy (Four Terms Fallacy)
5. Check if undistributed Middle (Undistributed Middle)
6. Check if Illicit Major or Minor (Illicit Major/Illicit Minor)
A = Subject Distributed

E = Subj and Predicate Distributed

I = No Distributed

O = Predicate Distributed

2. All eccentrics are people who see new patterns in familiar things.
All inventors are people who see new patterns in familiar things,
So, all inventors are eccentrics. (Un. Mid.)

3. All snakes are reptiles.

Some snakes are not dangerous animals
Therefore some dangerous animals are not reptiles. (Il. Maj.)

4. All fish containing mercury are toxic substances.

All fish containing mercury are foods that contain iron.
Some foods that contain iron are toxic substances. (Ex. Fall.)

5. All right-wing extremists are opponents of basic economic and political changes.
All opponents of basic economic and political changes are outspoken critics of the liberal leaders of Congress.
Therefore, all outspoken critics of the liberal leaders of Congress are right-wing extremists. (Il. Min.)

6. No writers of lewd and sensational articles are honest and decent citizens.
Some journalists are not writers of lewd and sensational articles.
Consequently, some journalists are honest and decent citizens. (Ex. Prem.)

7. All Democrats are opponents of the Republican Party.

All supporters of popular government are democrats.
So, all supporters of popular government are opponents of the Republican Party. (4 terms: look at ‘democrat’ with
a small ‘d’ and the one with a capital ‘D’)

8. No artificial dyes are nourishing foods.

All artificial dyes are coal-tar derivatives.
No coal-tar derivatives are nourishing foods. (Il. Min.)

9. All natural grain products are nourishing foods.

No coal-tar derivatives are natural grain products.
No coal-tar derivatives are nourishing foods. (Il. Maj.)

10. All people who drink tea are people who like it.
All people who live in London are people who drink tea.
Therefore, all people who live in London are people who like it. (4 terms: The ‘it’ refers to different things)

1. Some reformers are fanatics,

All reformers are idealists.
So, some idealists are fanatics. (Valid)

2. Some philosophers are mathematicians;

All scientists are mathematicians.
Hence, some scientists are philosophers. (Un. Mid.)
3. No horses are centaurs.
All centaurs are mammals.
Therefore, some mammals are not horses. (Ex. Fall.)

4. All criminals are parasites.

Some neurotics are not parasites.
It follows that some neurotics are not criminals. (Ok)

5. No pleasure vessels are underwater craft.

All underwater craft are submarines.
Therefore no submarines are pleasure vessels. (Il. min.)

6. No pioneers were unsavory persons.

All criminals are unsavory persons.
Therefore, no criminals were pioneers. (Ok)

7. All musicians are baseball fans.

No musicians are astronauts.
Consequently, no astronauts are baseball fans. (Il. Maj.)

8. Some Protestants are not Methodists.

Some Christians are not Protestants.
Thus, some Christians are not Methodists. (Ex Prem.)

9. All active politicians are people whose primary interest is in winning elections.
No people whose primary interest is in winning elections are true liberals,
Thus, no true liberals are active politicians. (Ok)

10. All labor leaders are true liberals.

No weaklings are true liberals.
Thus, no weaklings are labor leaders. (Ok).

1. No Barça players is a Real Madrid player. Some Spaniard are not Real Madrid
Some Real Madrid players are Spaniard. player.
2. No Argentinian is a German.
 Some Bayern Munich are German
Some Bayern Munich stars are not
Germans.
3. All Atletico Bilbao players are Basques.
No Catalonian is a Basques
No Catalonian is an Atletico Bilbao
player.
4. Some Uruguayans are vegetarians.
All Uruguayans are football layers.
Some football players are vegetarians
5. No goalkeeper is a goal scorer.
All strikers are goal scorers.
No goalkeeper is a striker.
6. No boxer is a physicist.
Some boxers are pretty people.
Some pretty people are not physicist.
7. No ballerina is a fat person.
All sumo wrestlers are fat persons.
No ballerina is a sumo wrestler.
8. All volleyball players are high jumpers.
Some frogs are volleyball players.
Some frogs are high jumpers.
9. Some basketball players are not tall
people.
All basketball players are athletic
people.
Some athletic people are not tall
people.
10. Some Brazilians are not football fans.
All Brazilians are Portuguese speakers.
Some Portuguese speakers are not
football fans.
11. No robots are sentient entities.
All humans are sentient entities.
No robots are humans.
12. Some sentient entities are humans.
All humans are cats.
Some cats are sentient entities.
13. Some humans are not intelligent
entities.
Some humans are crickets.
No intelligent entities are crickets.???
14. Some crickets are edible things.
All crickets are insects.
Some insects are edible things.
15. Some candies are sweet things.
All candies are medicines.
Some medicines are sweet things.
16. Some mathematicians are illiterate
people.
All illiterate people are uneducated
people.
Some uneducated people are
mathematicians.
17. All billionaires are hopeless failures.
Some college dropouts are billionaires.
Some college dropouts are hopeless
failures.
18. All actors are handsome individuals.
Some cats are actors
Some cats are handsome individuals.
19. No cats is a vegetarian.
Some dogs are vegetarians
Some dogs are not cats.
20. All who flunk in Philo 1 are dumb
people.
Some UP students flunk in Philo 1.
Some Up Students are dump people