PUBLIC HEALTH

1. John Snow took the "father of public health" deotation by examining..........disease in London.

A) Tetanus

B) Disentery

C) Measles

D) Cholers**

E) Rabies

2. Choose the incorrect answer for social medicine

A) A socially-oriented physician would take action to improve housing, nutrion, educational

opportunities and employment opportunities

B) Social medicine encourages preventive medicine

C) Social medicine advice stoin creasere sources for the promotion of socialwell-being

D) Governmental Health authorities should be strengthened

E) Unregulated market forces in medicine minimize sinequalities in society**

3. The prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population

groups in which they have not yet appeared is called...

A) Primordial Prevention**

B) Primary Prevention

C) Secondary Prevention

D) Tertiary Prevention

E) None

4. First quarantine in the world in Dubrovnik in 1377 goes on........

A) 20 Days

B) 30 Days

C) 40 Days**

D) 50 Days

E) 60 Days

5. Which of the following is INCORRECT for Primary Health Care?

A) Disease Treatment**

B) Intersectoral cooperation

C) Continuous service to everyone

D) Preventing and promoting health

E) Team approach
6. Healthcare is financed through private insurance plans- financed jointly by employers and

employees through payroll deduction in the.......

A) The Beveridge Model

B) The Bismarck Model**

C) Business Model

D) The Out-of-Pocket Model

E) The National Health Insurance Model

7. Healthcare is provided and financed by the government, through tax payments in.....

A) The Bismarck Model

B) The Beveridge Model**

C) Business Model

D) The Out-of-Pocket Model

E) The National Health Insurance Model

8. Who advised to ask the "occupation" of the patient?

A) J.Snow

B) F.Engels

C) E Chadwick

D) K.Wirchow

E) A.Ramazzini**

BIOSTATISTICS

9. What are named the values obtained from the sample?

A) Test selection

B) Inference

C) Universe

D) Statistic**

E) Parameter

10.

I. Summarizing the data

ll. Making inferences

III. Editing data

Which of the following is/are the purposes of statistics?

A) Only I

B) I-III
C) II-III

D) Only II

E) I-II-III**

11. Which of the following does the "o (sigma)" symbol represent?

A) Sample median

B) Population mean

C) Population standard deviation**

D) Sample mean

E) Sample standard deviation

12. Which of the following variable types is appropriate for "comorbidity (yes-no)"?

A) Dependent

B) Continuous

C) Nominal**

D) Ordinal

E) Discrete

13. Which of the following is an ordinal variable?

A) Gender

B) Cancer stage**

C) Treatment groups

D) Age

E) Pulse rate

14. Which of the following refers to the variance?

A) It is a measure that indicates the spread around the mean

B) Divides the data set into four equal parts

C) It is the difference between the maximum value and the minimum value in the data set**

D) It is the midpoint of the data set

E) It is the most repetitive value in the data set

15. How is a data set of categorical variables summarized?

A) Mean

B) Standard deviation

C) Frequency and percentage analysis**

D) Median

E) p value
16. Which of the following is NOT VISIBLE from the Box plot?

A) Mean**

B) Range

C) Extreme values

D) Median

E) First quartile

19. Which of the following DOES NOT AFFECT test selection in statistics?

A) Type of dependent variable

B) Number of people in the study

C) Duration of study**

D) Type of independent variable

E) Normal distribution of data

20. Which of the following results are given in parametric tests?

A) Median- Quartiles

B) Standard Deviation - Standard Error

C) Coefficient of variation-Mode

D) Mode-Mean

E) Mean-Standard Deviation**

MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

21. Choose FALSE answer:

A) Acids are proton donors/electron pair acceptors

B) Bases are able to increase the OH ion concentration in an aqueous solution

C) Acids have a pH value >7**

D) Bases turn red litmus paper into blue

E) Acids react with bases to form salts in aqueous medium

22. Which one of the following characteristic does not related with clinical importance of the water?

A) Transport of solutes

B) Dissociation of macromolecules

C) Pure water is acidic**

D) Regulation of body temperature

E) Dissociation of polar macromolecules

23. Which one of the following features does not associated with the hydrogen bonds responsibility
in water molecule?
A) Hydrogen bonds explain the surface tension

B) Hydrogen bonding enables water to solvate hydrocarbons**

C) Hydrogen bonds explain viscosity

D) Hydrogen bonds explain liquid state at room temperature

E) Hydrogen bonds explain the solvent power of water

24. Which component transfers the electrons from Complex I and II to Complex III in the electron
transport chain?

A) Coenzym Q (Ubikinon)**

B) Succinate dehydrogenase

C) Cytochrome C

D) NADH

E) Cytochrome aa3

25. The component of electron transport chain in a eukaryotic cell are located in the;

A) Intermembrane space

B) Outer mitochondrial membrane

C) Cytosol

D) Mitochondrial matrix

E) Inner mitochondrial membrane**

26. Which of following prosthetic group is localize in the complex I?

A) FMN**

B) FAD

C) Cyt c1

D) Cyt b

E) Cyt a

27. Which of following scientist make use of chemical knowledge and techniques to solve any
biological problems associated with a living organism?

A) Microbiologist

B) Psychologist

C) Biochemist**

D) Urologist

E) Anatomist

28. Which of following is NOT a branch of biochemistry?

A) Molecular Biology

B) Zoology**
C) Cell Biology

D) Genetic

E) Metabolism

29. Which of following is gastric (stomach) acid?

A) Nitric acid (HNO3)

B) Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

C) Hydrochloric acid (HCI)**

D) Acetic acid (HC2H3O2)

E) Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

30. Which of following is a weak acid?

A) Nitric acid (HNO3)

B) Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

C) Hydrochloric acid (HCI)

D) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

E) Carbonic acid (H2CO3)**

31. Which of following term is means has the maximum concentration of solute dissolved?

A) Unsatureted

B) Satureted**

C) Supersatureted

D) Diluted

E) Concentrated

32. What is the molarity of a solution that has 3 moles of sodium chloride in 5 liters of solution?

A) 0.1

B) 0.6**

C) 1.0

D) 3

E) 6

33. Which of following is able to dissolve other substances?

A) Solute

B) Solution

C) Solvent**

D) Molar

E) Mass percent
34. Which of the following glass materials can NOT be measured?

A) Graduated cylinder

B) Burette

C) Behr**

D) Pipette

E) Balloon joje

35. Which of following is a strong base?

A) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)**

B) Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

C) Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)

D) Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH,)

E) Aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3)

36. Normal arterial blood pH is:

A) 6.45-6.75

B) 7.0-7.15

C) 7.35-7.45**

D) 7.85-8.0

E) 8.15-9.15

39. Which of the following is not one of the rules to be followed in the laboratory?

A) Samples and reagents should not be touched directly during the experiment, gloves should be

used.

B) Any specimen or reagent should be considered potentially infectious

C) When preparing an acid-containing solution, the acid should be added to the water slowly and
with frequent stirring; Never add water to concentrated acid

D) Mouth pipetting should be avoided as much as possible

E) It is not necessary to wear a lab coat in the laboratory.**

40. Choose CORRECT answer:

A) Decreased temperature causes solids to dissolve faster

B) Shaking (agitation) causes solids to dissolve slower

C) Increasing the amount of solute doesn't increase the rate of dissolving**

D) Larger particles dissolve faster because they have more surface area

E) Polar solutes tend to dissolve in non-polar solvents.

HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY

41. What does histology mean?

A) Histology is the study of the form of cell structures under a microscope

B) Histology is the study of the form of macroscopic cell structures**

C) Histology is the study of the form of cell structures without a microscope

D) Histology means science of abnormal tissues

E) Histology is the science that examines tissues without applying specific techniques and dyes.

42. What two branches of science does morphology include?

A) Histology-Physiology

B) Histology-Pathology

C) Histology-Anatomy**

D) Histology-Chemistry

E) Histology-Cytology

43. Which of the following is INCORRECT?

A) The development of the embryo is called embryogenesis.

B) The developing human is called a fetus.

C) Embryology refers to prenatal development of embryos and fetuses.

D) Special embryology: from the zygote to the beginning of organ development.**

E) Prenatal life (Intrauterine life), basically divided into two stages: Embryonal period and Fetal
period.

44. Identify the parts of the light microscope marked by the black arrows in order of (1)-(2)-(3)?

A) (1) Condenser (2) Objectives (3) Ocular

B) (1) Ocular (2) Objectives (3) Fine Focus Knob**

C) (1) Condenser (2) Stage control (3) Brightness Adjustment

45. Which statement regarding fixation is NOT true?

A) Autolysis will be occur within the tissues after death because of the catabolic enzymes that they
contain which is prevented with by fixation
B) After fixation, tissue enzymes are inactivated; proteins, salts, carbohydrates and lipids are
precipitated, thus main structural elements of the tissues are solidified.

C) Main purpose of the fixation is to preserve the morphological, structural and molecular properties
of the tissues most resembled to the living state.

D) Sterilization is also achieved by fixation because microorganisms living within the tissues are also

killed.

E) Fixation must be done to prevent ice crystals that destroy the tissue.**

46. In order to make tissues to be examined under the microscobe tissue samples must be processed
through a series of procedures. Which statement regarding histology processing is NOT true?

A) Histological processing begins with the collection of tissue samples to be studied.

B) For light microscopy studies, paraffin is the most common embedding substance.

C) For electron microscopy, epoxy and acrylic resins are the most used embedding medium.

D) The periyodic acid schiff (PAS) routine histological technique is probably the most used staining
procedure for paraffin sections.**

E) The most favourite and the mostly used fixative worldwide is 10% formalin solution.

47. Which of the below is NOT a tissue stage to be prepared for classical light microscopy?

A) Fixation

B) Cryo-fracture**

C) Clearing

D) Dehydratation

E) Paraffin embedding

48. Which of the following is FALSE regarding Hematoxylin-Eosin compound stain, which is used in
histology laboratories?

A) Cell nuclei are stained blue-purple with hematoxylin.

B) Muscle tissue are stained blue.**

C) Cartilage and calcified tissue are stained in blue.

D) Eosin stains the cytoplasm red.

E) Collagen fibrils are stained pink with eosin.

49. Which microscope has a strong UV (Ultraviolet) light source and special filters?

A) Confocal microscopes

B) Dark-field microscopes

C) Phase-contrast microscopes

D) Fluorescent microscopes**

E) Electron microscope

50. Select the INCORRECT statement describing the terms about microscopy?
A) Resolution is the smallest distance between two objects in order to identify them as two separate
objects.

B) Immersion oil when the 10x objective is used. a small drop of a specific type of oil. is placed**

between the objective and the coverslip (or the sample). C) Condenser collects the light beam from
the light source and intensifies through the tissue sample.

D) Ocular magnifies the image produced by objective lenses and directs this image to the eye of the
observer or to an photographic sensor.

E) Objectives are one of the most important part of the microscope because they are the first lenses
that gather the light that passed through the tissue.

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

51. Which enzyme unzipping the DNA helix in the DNA replication?

A) DNA Polymerase I

B) DNA Polymerase III

C) Ligase

D) Helicase**

E) Gyrase

52. Which one is FALSE about transposons?

A) Complex transposons carry other genes

B) Contain insertion sequences for cutting and resealing DNA

C) They never encoding antibiotic resistance**

D) Can move genes between the chromosome and plasmids or between different plasmids

E) Transposons are mobile segments of DNA

53. Which genetic exchange transfer of gene via plasmid by a direct contact between donor and
recipient cells?

A) Conjugation**

B) Transformation

C) Transduction

D) Translation

E) Transcription

54. Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor?

A) Flagella

B) Adhesin molecules

C) Fimbria

D) Capsules

E) Peptidoglycan**
55. Which of the following is FALSE about exotoxins and endotoxins?

A) Exotoxins secreted from cell

B) Exotoxins stable at 100°C**

C) Exotoxins' structure is polypeptide

D) Endotoxin's toxicity is low

E) Endotoxins are cell wall of gram negative bacteria

56. What in order the stages of bacterial pathogenesis l. Colonization ll.Disease lll.Transmission
lV. Evasion of primary host defenses V. Adherence

A) V-III-II-IV-I

B) I-V-III-IV-II

C) III-II-IV-V-I

D) I-III-I-IV-V

E) III-IV-V- l -ll**

57. What in order are the dyes used in Gram staining? l. lodine solution ll. Safranin lll. Crystal Violet
IV. Water V. Decolorizer (ethanol)

A) II-I-III-V-IV

B) III-l-V-II-lV**

C) V-II-I-III-IV

D) I-II-III-V-IV

E) III-IV-I-II-V

58. Which of the following FALSE about media?

A) The dye methylene blue in the medium inhibits the growth of gram negative bacteria**

B) Chocolate agar contains red blood cells.

C) Lowenstein Jensen medium is used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

D) Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar is used for recovery Salmonella and Shigella species

E) Semisolid media that allows the motile bacteria

59. Which of the following is FALSE regarding Gram negative bacteria?

A) They have thin cell wall

B) They have Lipopolysaccharide content

C) They have outer membrane

D) Gram-negative cell wall is heterogenous multilayer

E) Gram negatives have teichoic acids in wall**

60. Find FALSE statement regarding the bacterial CAPSULE

A) It is a gelatinous layer outside the cell wall of some species.

B) It is composed of polysaccharides.

C) Capsules are perfect targets for gram staining.**

D) It increases the pathogenicity of bacteria

E) Capsulated bacteria prevent phagocytosis and are not easy to be destroyed

61. What is the job of clinical microbiology laboratory in the hospital?

A) To diagnose methobolical diseases

B) To diagnose cancer diseases

C) To diagnose genetical diseases

D) To diagnose infectious diseases**

E) To diagnose surgical anomalies

62. A culture broth tube was very turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube
indicating that the.....

A) organisms are microaerophils

B) organisms are aerobes**

C) organisms should be grown in an anaerobic chamber

D) organisms cannot tolerate oxygen

E) organisms are anaerobes

63. Which of the following act by modification of nucleic acids?

A) H202

B) Crystal violet**

C) lodine

D) Mercury

E) Ethanole

64. The genus predominate in the vagina, this bacterial species lower the pH to around 4-5 which is
inhibitory for the growth of many other bacteria. Please find the bacterium that should be in the
blanks.

A) Mycoplasma

B) Lactobacillus**

C) Bacteroides

D) Staphylococcus

E) Proteus

65. Which organ does NOT contain bacterial flora?

A) Anterior urethra

B) Vagina
C) Skin

D) Nasopharynx

E) Cervix**

66. Find the CORRECT protocol for sterilization via steam under pressure (autoclave)

A) 110 °C, 10 minutes

B) 115 °C, 10 minutes

C) 115 °C, 15 minutes

D) 121 °C, 10 minutes

E) 121 °C. 15 minutes

BIOPHYSICS

67. Please calculate the biceps muscle tension (T) using the parameters given in the figure. (Take cos
60 = 0.5 and sin 60 = 0.866)

A) -86.67 kg**

B) -130.37 kg

C) -75.06 kg

D) ~145.5 kg

E) -65.19 kg

68. Which of the following scientists describe the "Blood Circulation Theory" for the first time?

A) Thomas YOUNG

B) William HARVEY**

C) Giovanni ALDINI

D) Hermann LF. von HELMHOLTZ

E) Claude BERNARD

69. Which of the following subfields of biophysics involves studies in gene regulation, single protein
dynamics, bioenergetics, patch clamping, and biomechanics?

A) Molecular Biology**

B) Structural Biology

C) Medical Biophysics
D) Clinical Biophysics

E) Quantum Biophysics

70............. is the scientist who discovered the relationship between blood flow, pressure and
resistance in capillaries and veins. (Please fill in the blank)

A) Erwin NEHER

B) Julius R. von MAYER

C) Georg von BÉKÉSY

D) Jean L.M. POISEUILLE**

E) Raymond V. DAMADIAN

71. Which of the following is one of the trace elements found in the human body?

A) Magnesium

B) Chlorine

C) Phosphorus

D) Fluorine**

E) Sulphur

72. It is known that the "Quantum Mechanical Model" is based on the Quantum Theory. According to
this theory, it's impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron at the same
time. This phenomenon is known as:

A) Octet Rule

B) Uncertainty Principle**

C) Pauling Principle

D) Lennard-Jones Principle

E) Lewis Principle

73. According to the given Periodic Table, which of the following chemical compounds IS NOT
FORMED as a consequence of ionic bond?

A) Lithium bromide (LiBr)

B) Magnesium Sulfide (MGS)

C) Sodium Selenide (Na₂Se)

D) Beryllium Fluoride (BeF2)

E) Hydrogen Chloride (HCI)**

74. Which of the following heat transfer mechanisms IS NOT one mode of waste heat transfer?

A) Polarization**

B) Evaporation

C) Thermal radiation
D) Conduction

E) Convection

75. A solution was desired to be prepared by dissolving 35 gr of hemoglobin in enough water to make
up 1 L in volume. Since the osmotic pressure of the solution was found to be 10 mmHg at 25 °C,
please calculate the molar mass of hemoglobin. (Please take general gas constant as 0.08206 L atm
mol¹ K¹, and for a safe assumption with hemoglobin take van't Hoff factor as "1".)

A) -64 gr mol-1**

B) ~128 gr mol¹

C) -16 gr mot¹

D) -32 gr mol-1

E) ~8 gr mol-1

76. Which of the following factor(s) affect(s) the interindividual variance in total body water per
weight?

A) Ethnicity

B) Gender

C) Age

D) Body size

E) All the above**

77. Bio-impedance signals work based on the:

A) Ohm's Law**

B) Beer-Lambert Law

C) Coulomb's Law

D) Boyle's Law

E) Hooke's Law

78. In a laboratory set-up, which of the followings is unnecessary to use for an electrocardiogram
(ECG) recording?

A) Ag/AgCl electrodes

B) Analog Filter

C) Stimulator**

D) Operational Amplifiers

E) Analog/Digital Converter

79. To build an experimental setup for recording a muscle contraction (muscle twitch; as shown in
the figure), which of the following arrangements is given in the correct order?

Doğru Cevap: Stimulator-Muscle-Transducer-Analog filter-Amplifier-A/D Converter-(Digital filter)-

Monitoring
80. According to the radiograph, what type of force(s) that act(s) on the bone would cause such a
fracture to occur?

Dogru Cevap: Bending. Bending forces

81. A Morse curve shows (Please complete the sentence)

Doğru Cevap: how the energy of a two atomic systems change as a function of

distance.

82. Is the law in physics that states that the tension in the walls of a hollow sphere or cylinder
depends on the pressure of its contents and its radius.

Doğru Cevap: Laplace's Law, law of Laplace

MEDICAL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

83. Which hypothesis regarding the origin of life was disproved by the experiments of Redi and
Pasteur?

A) The autotrophic hypothesis

B) The heterotrophic hypothesis

C) The cosmic panspermia hypothesis

D) The RNA world hypothesis

E) The spontaneous generation hypothesis**

84. In 1953, Stanley Miller arranged an experimental apparatus that simulated the atmospheric
conditions of primitive earth. The experiment contained a mixture of ...................... and Which of the
following does not fit in the blanks above?

A) Ammonia

B) Hydrogen

C) Oxygen**

D) Methane

E) Water vapor
85. Which of the following is found only in eukaryotes and not in prokaryotes? I-Ribosomes II-Mitotic
spindle III-DNA IV-Mitochondria V-Cell membrane VI- Nucleus

A) I, II, IV

B) I, III, V, VI

C) II, III, IV, VI

D) II. IV. VI**

E) III, IV, V, VI

86. The three-domain classification (Eukarya. Bacteria, and Archaea) was proposed by Carl Woese in
1990. Woese compared the sequences of .............. to reveal a universal tree of life. Which of the
following should fit in the blank above?

A) cDNA

B) rRNA**

C) Proteins

D) dsDNA

E) Mitochondrial genes

87. Which of the following organelles contain double membranes?I-Golgi apparatus II Mitochondria
III-Lysosomes IV-Endoplasmic Reticulum V-Nucleus

A) I and II

B) II and III

C) II and V**

D) I, III and IV

E) I, II and V

88. The membranes of the........ is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope.
Which of the following organelles would best fit the space above?

A) Mitochondria

B) Ribosomes

C) Golgi apparatus

D) Endoplasmic reticulum**

E) Lysosomes

89. Which of the following is a common target (destination) for proteins translated by Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum membrane-bound ribosomes?

A) Lysosomes**

B) Cytosol

C) Peroxisome

D) Nucleus
E) Mitochondria

90. Below are five definitions about organelles. Choose the most appropriate option that fits each of
these definitions, respectively. I- It is the site of rRNA transcription and processing. and of initial
ribosome assembly. ll- It is the second largest organelle. III- O-linked glycosylation of secreted and
membrane bound proteins is a post-translational event that takes place in this organelle. IV- They
contain enzymes that produce large amounts of toxic H₂O₂ in the oxidation process, but they also
contain enzymes that convert H2O2 into water and oxygen. V- It is important for cell membrane
integrity and modulates membrane fluidity.

A) Nucleolus – Golgi - Lysosome-Peroxisomes - Cytoskeleton

B) Plasma membrane - Endoplasmic reticulum – Golgi - Lysosomes - Integral proteins

C) Nucleolus - Mitochondria – Golgi- Peroxisomes – Cholesterol**

D) Nuclear envelope -Endoplasmic reticulum -Golgi -Proteasomes- Water

E) Nucleolus - Mitochondria - Endoplasmic reticulum - Peroxisomes - Carbohydrates

91. Decide and choose whether each of these statements is true (T) or false (F), respectively. I
Ribosome is a single membrane organelle.ll-Erythrocytes have thousands of mitochondria.III
Mitochondria is a part of the endomembrane system.IV-The smallest units of chromatin structure are
called nucleosomes.

A) T-T-T-F

B) T-T-F-F

C) F-F-T-F

D) F-F-F-T**

E) F-F-F-F

92. Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function?

A) Nucleus...... RNA synthesis and processing**

B) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ....... Steroid and lipid synthesis

C) Proteasome.... Degradation of metabolic hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)

D) Peroxisomes…… Sorting, packaging, distribution and modification of proteins and lipids

E) Ribosome…… ATP synthesis

COMMUNICATION MODULE

93. Which of the following is not included in the Principles of medical ethics?

A) Respect for autonomy

B) Beneficence

C) Commercial discipline**

D) Justice

E) Noharmful, do no-harm
94. Which of the following does not fall within the scope of medical ethics?

A) Physician-Patient

B) Patient-Patient Relative**

C) Physician-Physician

D) Physician-Institution

E) Patient-Health Policy

95. One is not of the cultural difference spaces in the communication:

A) Language

B) Religion

C) Family structure.

D) Eye contact.

E) Humanity**

96. Which of the following is not one of the factors and strategies that should be considered during
communication?

A) age

B) eye contact**

C) culture

D) environment

E) job

97. Which form of interviewing techques given below is incorrect?

A) when interviewing a patient, consider using touch to Show caring and compassion

B) Try touching the Torso.chest and face**

C) tell patient truth

D) speak slowly.clearly

E) allow the patient time to answer or respond

98. Which of the following communication problems is not related to the communicator?

A) Ineffective environment

B) Unorganized effors to communicate

C) Physical Distraction**

D) poor standard of correctness

E) inaccurate symbols

99. According to research findings, in direct communication, meanings constituted by:

A) 7% words, 38% tone of voice. 55% body language**

B) 50% words, 15% tone of voice, 35% body language

C) 38% words, 7% tone of voice, 55% body language

D) 15% words, 35% tone of voice, 50% body language

E) 38% words, 55% tone of voice, 7% body language

100. Which of the aphorisms below DOES NOT reflect actual emphaty?

A) If one can feel pain he is a living being. If one can feel the pain of others he is a human beign.
(Tolstoy)

B) The greatest human is the one who puts himself into the greatest number of others' shoes (Jane

Adams)

C) Stick the needle to yourself, and the botkin to the others (Turkish Proverb)

D) Not the people who speak the same language but the people who share the same feelings can

understand each other. (Mevlana)

E) I like to make empathy. I put myself in the place of the people who fell in love with

look at myself: I think they really had a right choice. (Gore Vidal) **