Unit-5.Vector Calculus

KG Reddy College of Engineering and Technology
5.1 VECTOR INTEGRATION

Vector integral calculus extends the concepts of (ordinary) integral calculus to vector functions. It
has applications in fluid flow design of under water transmission cables, heat flow in stars, study
of satellites. Line integrals are useful in the calculation of work done by variable forces along
paths in space and the rates at which fluids flow along curves (circulation) and across boundaries
(flux).
5.2 LINE INTEGRAL
ej
Let F r be a continuous vector point function. Then z
C
F ⋅ dr , is known as the line integral of
ej
F r along the curve C.
Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k where F1, F2, F3 are the components of F along the coordinate axes
and are the functions of x, y, z each.

Now, r = xi + yj + zk
∴
dr = dxi + dyj + dzk
∴ z F ⋅ dr = ze je
F1i + F2 j + F3 k ⋅ dxi + dyj + dzk j
zb
C C
=
C
F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz .g
Again, let the parameteric equations of the curve C be
x = x (t)
y = y (t)
z = z (t)
then we can write C z F ⋅ dr =

t1 z LMN a f
dx
t2
dt
+ F2 t
dy
F1 t
dt
+ F3 t
dz
dt
af
dt a f OPQ
were t1 and t2 are the suitable limits so as to cover the arc of the curve C.
Note: work done =
H
F ⋅ drz
z
C
H
Circulation: The line integral F ⋅ dr of a continuous vector point functional F along a
C
closed curve C is called the circulation of F round the closed curve C.
This fact can also be represented by the symbol Ü.
Irrotational vector field: A single valued vector point Function F (Vector Field F ) is called
irrotational in the region R, if its circulation round every closed curve C in that region is zero
that is
z F ⋅ dr = 0
z
C
or F ⋅ dr = 0.
Departmenent of Mathematics
2 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—II
5.3 SURFACE INTEGRAL

Any integral which is to be evaluated over a surface is called a surface integral.
bg
H
Let F r be a continuous vector point function. Let r = F (u, v) be a smooth surface such
that F (u, v) possesses continuous first order partial derivatives. Then the normal surface integral
ej
of F r over S is denoted by
H
S z ej
F r ⋅ da = F r ⋅ ndS
S
z ej
where da is the vector area of an element dS and n is a unit vector normal to the surface dS.
Let F1, F2, F3 which are the functions of x, y, z be the components of F along the coordinate
z
axes, then
Surface Integral =
F ⋅ ndS
z
S
= F ⋅ da
zz e
S
= je
F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ⋅ dydzi + dzdxj + dxdyk j
zz b
S
=
S
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy . g
5.3.1 Important Form of Surface IntegralLet
dS = dS cos e αi + cos βj + cos γ k j ...(i)
where α, β and γ are direction angles of dS. It shows that dS cos α, dS cos β, dS cos γ are
orthogonal projections of the elementary area dS on yz. plane, zx-plane and xy-plane respectively.
As the mode of sub-division of the surface S is arbitrary we have chosen a sub-division formed
by planes parallel to coordinate planes that is yz-plane, zx-plans and xy plane.
Clearly, projection on the coordinate planes will be rectangles with sides dy and dz on yz
plane, dz and dx on xz plane and dx and dy on xy plane.
Hence {
i ⋅ dS = dS cos αi + cos βj + cos γ kj
⋅ i
}
i ⋅ n dS= dS cos α = dy dz
dy dz
Hence dS = .
i. n
Similarly, multiplying both sides of (i) scalarly by j and k respectively, we have
dz dx
dS = ...(ii)
j ⋅ n
dx dy
and dS =
k ⋅ n
Hence z
F ⋅ ndS = F ⋅ n
S1
dy dz
zz
i ⋅ n
...(iii)
= F ⋅ n
S2
dz dx
zz
j ⋅ n ...(iv)
S3
dx dy
=
k ⋅ nzz F ⋅ n
where S1, S2, S3 are projections of S on yz, zx and xy plane respectively.
...(v)
VECTOR CALCULUS 3
5.4 VOLUME INTEGRAL
ej
Let F r is a continuous vector point function. Let volume V be enclosed by a surface S given by
r = f u, v a f ...(i)
sub-dividing the region V into n elements say of cubes having
volumes
∆V1, ∆V2, .... ∆Vn
Hence ∆Vk = ∆xk ∆yk ∆zk
k = 1, 2, 3, ... n P
where (xk, yk, zk) is a point say P on the cube. Considering the
sum
∑ Fbxk , yk , zk g∆Vk
n
k =1
Fig. 5.5
taken over all possible cubes in the region. The limits of sum when n → ∞ in such a manner that
the dimensions ∆Vk tends to zero, if it exists is denoted by the symbol
zV
ej
F r dV ⋅ or z
V
FdV or zzz
V
F dx dy dz
is called volume integral or space integral.
If F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k , then
z ej
V
F r dV = i zzz
V
F1 dx dy dz + j zzz
V
F2 dx dy dz + k zzz
V
F3 dx dy dz
where F1, F2, F3 which are function of x, y, z are the components of F along X, Y, Z axes
respectively.
Independence of path
If in a conservative field F
ÜC F ⋅ dr = 0
along any closed curve C.
Which is the condition of the independence of path.
Example 1. Evaluate
xy-plane from (0, 0) to (4, 4).
zC
F ⋅ dr where F = x 2 y 2 i + yj and the curve C, is y2 = 4x in the
Sol. We know that

r = xi + yj
∴ dr = dxi + dyj
∴ F ⋅ dr = ex y i + yjj ⋅ edxi + dyjj

2 2
= x2y2dx + ydy
∴ z
C
F ⋅ dr = ze
C
x 2 y 2 dx + ydy j
368 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS—I
=
But for the curve C, x and y both vary from 0 to 4.
z
C
x 2 y 2 dx + z C
y dy ⋅
∴
H H
z
F ⋅ dr =
4 2 4
x 4x dx + y dy z
0
a f z 0
[ y2 = 4x]
z z
C
4 4
= 4 x dx +
3
y dy
0 0
Fx I F y I
4G J +G J
4 4 2 4
=
H 4K H 2K 0 0
= 256 + 8 = 264.
Example 2. Evaluate zb g
x dy – y dx around the circle x2 + y2 = 1.
Sol. Let C denote the circle x2 + y2 = 1, i.e., x = cos t, y = sin t. In order to integrate around
C, t varies from 0 to 2π.
∴ zb
C
x dy − y dy g = z
0
2π FG x dy − y dx IJ dt
H dt dt K
= z
0
2π
ecos t + sin tj dt
2 2
=
= (t)2π
z
0
2π
dt
0
= 2π.
Example 3. Evaluate zC
H H H
F ⋅ dr , where F = (x2 + y2) i – 2xy j, the curve C is the rectangle in
the xy-plane bounded by y = 0, x = a, y = b, x = 0. Y
Sol. z
C
H H
F ⋅ dr = z {e
C
j
x 2 + y 2 i – 2xyj ⋅ dxi + dyj }m r
=
Now, C is the rectangle
C z {e
x 2 + y 2 dx − 2xy dy
OACB. j } ...(i) B
(0, b)
y=b
C (a, b)
On OA, y = 0 ⇒ dy = 0
x=0 x=a
On AC, x = a ⇒ dx = 0
On CB, y = b ⇒ dy = 0
On BO, x = 0 ⇒ dx = 0 O y=0 A X
(0, 0) (a, 0)
∴ From (i),
z z ex + 0jdx + z b–2aygdy + z ex + b jdx + z

Fig. 5.6
H H
F ⋅ dr = 2 2 2
0 dy
C OA AC CB BO
= x dx − 2 az y dy + z ex + b jdx + z 0 dy
za 2 b 0 2 2 0
0 0 a b
Fx I F y I Fx I
3 a
= G J − 2aG J + G + b xJ + 0
2 b
3 0
H 3K H 2K H 3 K
2
0 0 a
VECTOR CALCULUS 369
a3 a3
= − ab 2 − − ab 2
3 3
= – 2ab2.
Example 4. Evaluate z C
H H H
F ⋅ dr , where F = yz i + zx j + xy k and C is the portion of the curve
π
H
r = (a cos t) i + (b sin t) j + (ct) k from t = 0 to .
2
H
Sol. We have r = (a cos t) i + (b sin t) j + (ct) k.
Hence, the parametric equations of the given curve are
x = a cos t
y = b sin t
z = ct
H
dr
Also, = (– a sin t) i + (b cos t) j + ck
z
dt
Now,
H H
F ⋅ dr =
z H drH
F⋅ dt
zb
C C dt
= gb
yzi + zxj + xyk ⋅ − a sin ti + b cos t j + ck dt g
zb
C
= gb g
bct sin t i + act cos t j + ab sin t cos t k ⋅ − a sin ti + b cos t j + ck dt
ze
C
=
C
− abc t sin 2 t + abc t cos 2 t + abc sin t cos t dt j
= abc z e
C j
t cos 2 t − sin 2 t + sin t cos t dt
= abc
C z FGH
t cos 2 t +
sin 2 t I
2 K
J dt
z FGH sin 2 t I
π
= abc 2 t cos 2 t +
0 2 K
J dt
π
L
abc Mt
sin 2t cos 2t cos 2t O 2
=
N 2 + 4 − 4 PQ0
π
=
abc
2
bt sin 2tg0 = 0.2
Y C
z
(4,12)
Example 5. Evaluate F. dr where F = xyi + (x2 + y2)j and C

c
is the x-axis from x = 2 to x = 4 and the line x = 4 from y = 0 to
y = 12.
Sol. Here the curve C consist the line AB and BC.
Since r = xi + yj (as z = 0)
A B
dr = dxi + dyj
z
O X
so
C
F . dr = z{
ABC
e j} m
xyi + x 2 + y 2 j . dxi + dyj r
(2, 0)
Fig. 5.7
(4, 0)
= z{
AB
e
xy dx + x 2 + y 2 dy + z
j } {xy dx + ex
BC
2
j }
+ y 2 dy
= z
x=2
4
0 . dx + z 12
y=0
e
0 + 16 + y 2 dy =j z0
12
e16 + y jdy
2
L y OP
= M16 y +
3 12
MN 3 PQ
= [192 + 576] = 768.
0
Example 6. If F = (–2x + y)i + (3x + 2y)j, compute the circulation of F about a circle C in
the xy plane with centre at the origin and radius 1, if C is transversed in the positive direction.
Sol. Here the equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 1 2 2
x + y =1
Let x = cos θ, y = sin θ |As r = 1
C
F = (–2cos θ + sin θ)i + (3 cos θ + 2sin θ)j
r = xi + yj = (cos θ)i + (sin θ)i O
So dr = {(– sin θ)i + (cos θ)j}dθ
Thus, the circulation along circle C = z F . dr

Fig. 5.8
z
C
nb−2 cos θ + sin θgi + b3 cos θ + 2 sin θg js . nb− sin θgi + bcos θg jsdθ
2π
=
θ=0
= z 2π
e 2 sin θ cos θ − sin 2
θ + 3 cos 2 θ + 6 sin θ cos θ dθ j
z z
0
=
2π
0
e8 sin θ cos θ + 4 cos 2
j
θ − 1 dθ =
2π
0
b 4 sin 2θ + 2 cos 2θ + 1gdθ
2π 2π 2π
= −2 cos 2θ 0 + sin 2θ 0 + θ 0 = − 2 cos 4π − cos 0 + sin 4π − sin 0 + 2π
= 2π.
Example 7. Compute the work done in moving a particle in the force field F = 3x2 i +
(2xz – y)j + zk along.
(i) A straight line from P(0, 0, 0) to Q(2, 1, 3).
(ii) Curve C : defined by x2 = 4y, 3x3 = 8z from x = 0 to x = 2.
Sol. (i) We know that the equation of straight line passing through (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2)
is
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1
x−0 y−0 z−0 x y z
⇒ = = ⇒ = =
2−0 1−0 3−0 2 1 3
x y z
or = = = t (say), so x = 2t, y = t, z = 3t
2 1 3
VECTOR CALCULUS 371
∴ r = xi + yj + zk = 2ti + tj + 3tk
⇒ dr = (2i + j + 3k)dt
and F = (12t2)i + (12t2 – t)j + (3t)k
The work done =

zP
Q
F . dr = z
0
1
e12t ji + e12t − tj j + a3tfk . 2i + j + 3k dt
2 2
As t varies
from 0 to 1
=
ze
0
1
24t 2 + 12t 2 − t + 9t dt = j ze
1
0
j
36t 2 + 8t dt
LM 36t 3
+
8t 2 OP 1
N 3 Q
= = 12 + 4 = 16.
2 0
F 3x 3 x 2 I
3x 3 3x 4 x 2 3x 3 F I
(ii) F = 3x 2 i + 2x. GH 8
−
4
j+
8JK k = 3x 2 i +
4
−
4
j+
8
k GH JK
x2 3x 3
r = xi + yj + zk = xi + j+ k
4 8
F i + x j + 9x kI dx 2
dr = GH 2 8 JK
Work done =
z 2
x=0
F . dr = z0
LM3x i + F 3x − x I j + 3x kOP . Li + x j + 9x kOdx
MN GH 4 4 JK 8 PQ MN 2 8 PQ
2
2
4 2 3 2
= zF 3x + 3x − x + 27x I dx
GH
0
2
8 8
2
64 JK
5 3 5
= Mx +
L x − x + 27x OP
3
6 4 6 2
N 16 32 64 × 6 Q 0
64 16 27 × 64 1 9
= 8+ − + = 8+ 4− +
16 32 64 × 6 2 2
= 16.
Example 8. If V is the region in the first octant bounded by y2 + z2 = 9 and the plane
x = 2 and F = 2x2yi – y2j + 4xz2k. Then evaluate zzz e V

j
∇ ⋅ F dV.
Sol. ∇ ⋅ F = 4 xy − 2 y + 8xz
The volume V of the solid region is covered by covering the plane region OAB while x varies
zzz e j
from 0 to 2. Thus,
∇ ⋅ F dV
V
= zzz
2 3
x =0 y =0 z=0
9− y 2
b4xy − 2y + 8xzgdz dy dx
= zz
2 3
0 0
4xyz − 2 yz + 4xz 2
0
9− y2
dy dx
= z z LMNb
2 3
0 0
g jOPQ dy dx
4xy − 2y 9 − y 2 + 4 x 9 − y 2 e
LM I F y IO
z MMNa
3
F 1
4x − 2fG − c 9 − y hJ + 4xG 9 y − J P
3
3
K H 3 K PPQ
2
H 3
2 2
= dx
0
z a
0
9 4 x − 2f + 72x dx
2
=
0
2
= 18x 2 − 18x + 36x 2
0
= 180.
zz e
Fig. 5.9
Example 9. Evaluate
S
j
yzi + zxj + xyk ⋅ dS , where S is the surface of the sphere x2 + y2 +
z2 = a2 in the first octant. (U.P.T.U., 2005)
Sol. zz e j
H
yzi + zxj + xyk ⋅ dS = zz e je
yzi + zxj + xyk ⋅ dy dz i + ⋅ dz dx j + dx dy k j
zz b
S S
=
S
yz dy dz + zx dz dx + xy dx dy g
= zz a
0 0
a2 − z2
yz dy dz + zz a
0 0
a2 − x 2
zx dz dx + zz
a
0 0
a2 − y 2
xy dx dy
z zFGH y2 IJK dz + z xFGH z2 IJK dx + z y FGH x2 IJK dy

2 a2 − z 2 2 a2 − x 2 2 a2 − y 2
a a a
= 0 0 0
z z z
0 0 0
ze a − z jdz + xea − x jdx + ye a j

1 a 1 1 a a
=
2 2 2 2 2
− y 2 dy
2 0 2 2 0 0
1Fa z z I 1Fa x x I 1Fa y y I

2 2 4 a 2 2 4 a 2 2 4 a
G − J + G − J + G − J
= 2H 2 4K 2H 2 4K 2H 2 4K
0 0 0
4 4 4 4
1a 1a 1a 3a
= + + = .
8
zz
2 4 2 4 2 4
Example 10. Evaluate F . n ds , where F = zi + xj – 3y2 zk and S is the surface of the

S
cylinder x2 + y2 = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5.
Sol. Since surface S : x2 + y2 = 16
Let f ≡ x2 + y2 – 16
Fi ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I
∇f = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK (x2 + y2 – 16)
= 2xi + 2yi
VECTOR CALCULUS 373
∇f 2xi + 2 yj Z
unit normal n = =
∇f 4x 2 + 4 y 2
E
C D
n =
b
2 xi + yj g =
xi + yj
=
xi + yi
/
2 x +y 2 2 16 4
Now F . n = (zi + xj – 3y2 zk).

FG xi + yj IJ =
1
(zx + xy)
H 4 K 4 A
O
B
Here the surface S is perpendicular to xy-plane so we will
take the projection of S on zx-plane. Let R be that projection. X Y
2 2
x +y =16
dx dz dx dz 4dx dz
∴ ds = = = Fig. 5.10
n . j y y
4
zzS
F . n ds =
z ze zi + xj − 3 y 2 zk . j bxi +4 yjg . y4 dx dz
R
I
= z z FGH
R
zx + xy
y
dx dz
JK
Since z varies from 0 to 5 and y = 16 − x 2 on S. x is also varies from 0 to 4.
F zx + xy I dx dz F I
∴ zzR
GH y JK = zz5
z=0 x=0
4
GG
H
xz
16 − x 2
JJ
+ x dx dz
K
4
=
z LMN
0
5
− z 16 − x 2 +
x2
2
OP dz = b 4z + 8g dz
Q
0
z
0
5
= (2z2 + 8z)05 = 50 + 40 = 90.
Example 11. Evaluate zzz V

φdV, where φ = 45x2 y and V is the closed region bounded by
the planes 4x + 2y + z = 8, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Sol. Putting y = 0, z = 0, we get 4x = 8 or x = 2
Here x varies from 0 to 2
y varies from 0 to 4 – 2x
and z varies from 0 to 8 – 4x – 2y
Thus zzz V
φdV = zzz V
45x 2 y dx dy dz
2 4 − 2x 8 − 4x − 2 y
= z z z
x=0 y=0 z=0
45x 2 y dx dy dz
2 4− 2x
= 45 zz 0 0
2 4 − 2x
x2y z
8 − 4x − 2 y
0
dx dy
= 45 zz b 0 0
x 2 y 8 − 4x − 2 y dx dy g
z 2
0
LM
N
= 45 x 2 4 y 2 − 2xy 2 −
2 O
3 PQ
y dx 3
4 − 2x
z
0
2
L 2 2 O
x M 4b 4 − 2xg − 2xb 4 − 2xg − b 4 − 2xg P dx
2 3
N Q
2
= 45
3
z
0
x b 4 − 2xg dx
45 2 3
2
=
ze
3 0
j
2
= 15 x 2 64 − 8x 3 − 96x + 48x 2 dx
0
LM 64x − 8x − 96x + 48x OP

3 6 4 5 2
N 3 6 4 5 Q
= 15
0
L 512 − 256 − 384 + 1536 OP

15M
=
N3 3 5 Q
= 128.
EXERCISE 5.4
1. Find the work done by a Force F = zi + xj + yk from t = 0 to 2π, where r = cos t i + sin
tj + tk.
LMHint: Work done = FH ⋅ drH OP.
MN z PQ Ans. 3π
z
C
2. Show that F ⋅ dr = –1, where F = (cos y) i – xj – (sin y) k and C is the curve y = 1 − x2

C
in xy-plane from (1, 0) to (0, 1).
3. Find the work done when a force F = (x2 – y2 + x) i – (2xy + y) j moves a particle from
2 LM OP
origin to (1, 1) along a parabola y2 = x. Ans.
3 N Q
4. zC
xy 3 dS where C is the segment of the line y = 2x in the xy plane from A(– 1, – 2, 0) to
LMAns. 16OP
B(1, 2, 0).
N 5Q
e j e j
5. F = 2xzi + x 2 − y j + 2z − x 2 k is conservative or not.
Ans. ∇ × F ≠ 0, so non - conservative
e j
6. If F = 2x − 3z i − 2xyj − 4xk , then evaluate
2
zzz H
∇FdV , where V is bounded by the plane
V
LMAns. 8 OP
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4.
N 3Q
VECTOR CALCULUS 375
7. Show that zzS

bounded by the planes;

F ⋅ ndS =
3
2
, where F = 4xzi – y2j + yzk and S is the surface of the cube
LMAns. 3 OP
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.
H
N 2Q
8. If F = 2yi − 3 j + x k and S is the surface of the parobolic cylinder y2 = 8x in the first
2
octant bounded by the planes y = 4, and z = 6 then evaluate zzS

.
F ⋅ ndS Ans. 132
9. If A = bx − ygi + bx + yg j evaluate Ü A ⋅ dr around the curve C consisting of y = x2 and

LMAns. 2 OP
y2 = x.
N 3Q
10. Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field A = 3xyi − 5zj + 10xk along
the curve x = t2 + t, y =2t2, z = t3 from t = 1 to t = 2. Ans. 303
11. Find the surface integral over the parallelopiped x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
H
when A = 2xyi + yz2j + xzk. Ans. 33
12. Evaluate zzz V
∇ × AdV , where A = (x + 2y) i – 3zj + x k and V is the closed region in the
LMAns. 8 b3i − j + 2kgOP

first octant bounded by the plane 2x + 2y + z = 4.
N 3 Q
13. Evaluate zzz V
fdV where f = 45x2y and V denotes the closed region bounded by the
planes 4x + 2y + z = 8, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. Ans. 128
e j
14. If A = 2x − 3z i − 2xyj − 4xk and V is the closed region bounded by the planes x = 0,
2
y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4, evaluate zzz e j

∇ × A dV.
LMAns. 8 b j − kgOP
N 3 Q
zzz e
V
e 3 3
j
15. If A = x − yz i − 2 x yj + 2 k evaluate
V
j
∇ ⋅ A dV over the volume of a cube of side b.
LMAns. 1 3 OP
N 3
b
Q
16. Show that the integral
zaa ffe
3, 4
1, 2
j e j
xy 2 + y 3 dx + x 2 y + 3xy 2 dy is independent of the path joining the points (1, 2) and
(3, 4). Hence, evaluate the integral. Ans. 254

17. If F = ∇ φ show that the work done in moving a particle in the force field F from (x1, y1,
z1) to B (x2, y2, z2) is independent of the path joining the two points.
18. If F = (y – 2x)i + (3x + 2y)j, find the circulation of F about a circle C in the xy-plane with
centre at the origin and radius 2, if C is transversed in the positive direction. [Ans. 8π]
z
3 dF
19. If F (2) = 2i – j + 2k, F (3) = 4i – 2j + 3k then evaluate F. dt . [Ans. 10]
dt
2
2 0 . Prove that F = (4xy – 3x2z2)i + 2x2 j – 2x3 zk is a conservative field.
2 1 . Evaluate z Sz F . n ds where F = xyi – x2 j + (x + z)k, S is the portion of plane 2x + 2y + z
= 6 included in the first octant.

LMAns. 27 OP
N 4Q
2 2 . Find the volume enclosed between the two surfaces S1 : z = 8 – x2 – y2 and S2 : z
= x2 + 3y2. [ Ans. 8π 2 ]
5.19 GREEN’S* THEOREM

If C be a regular closed curve in the xy-plane bounding a region S and P(x, y) and Q (x, y) be
continuously differentiable functions inside and on C then (U.P.T.U., 2007)
I
zz b
C
Pdx + Qdy = g zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy
JK Y
y = f2(x)
F
Proof: Let the equation of the curves AEB and AFB d
are y = f1(x) and y = f2 (x) respectively.
B
C
∂P b a f ∂P
f2 x S
Consider zz S ∂y
dx dy = zz
x = a y = f a x f ∂y
1
dy dx
c
A
E
y = f1(x)
b y = f axf
= az P bx , y g
2
y = f axf
1
dx
b
=
az b g b g
P x, f 2 − P x, f1 dx
O a b
X
a b
= − zb g zb g
b
P x, f 2 dx −
a
P x, f 1 dx Fig. 5.11
= − zb g zb g
BFA
P x, y dx −
AEB
P x, y dx
= − zb g
BFAEB
P x , y dx
∂P
⇒ zz S ∂y
dx dy = −
zb gC
P x, y dx ...(i)
Similarly, let the equations of the curve EAF and EBF be x = f1 (y) and x = f2 (y) respectively,
∂Q ∂Q
then zz
S ∂x z z b bg g
dx dy = z d f2 y
y = c x = f1 y ∂x
dx dy =
d
c
b g b g
Q f2 , y − Q f1 , y dy
d c
z b g zb g =
c
Q f 2 , y dy + Q f1 , y dy
d
∂Q
⇒ zz
S ∂x z b g
dx dy =
C
Q x, y dy ...(ii)
* George Green (1793–1841), English Mathematician.
VECTOR CALCULUS 377
Adding eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
I
zb
C
Pdx + Qdy g = zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y JK
dx dy
Vector form of Greens theorem:
z
C
F ⋅ dr = zz e S
j
∇ × F ⋅ kdS
Let F = Pi + Qj, then we have
F ∂Q − ∂P I k
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
= GH ∂x ∂y JK
P Q 0
e∇ × Fj ⋅ k F ∂Q − ∂P I
⇒ = GH ∂x ∂y JK
Thus, z
C
F ⋅ dr = zz e∇ × Fj ⋅ k dS
S
Corollary: Area of the plane region S bounded by closed curve C.
zz a
Let Q = x, P = – y, then
zb xdy − ydx g = S
1 + 1 dxdyf
z
C
= 2 S dx dy = 2 A
Thus, area A =
1
2Cz( xdy − ydx )
Example 1. Verify the Green’s theorem by evaluating ze

C
j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2 xy dy j where
C is the square having the vertices at the points (0, 0), (2, 0) (2, 2) and (0, 2). (U.P.T.U., 2007)
Sol. We have ze
C
j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2 xy dy j
By Green’s theorem, we have
zb
C
Pdx + Qdy g = zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy
I
JK ...(A)
Here P = (x3 – xy3), Q = (y3 – 2xy)

∂P ∂Q
∴ = – 3xy2, = – 2y
∂y ∂x
zz FGH ∂∂Qx − ∂∂Py IJK dx dy = z z

Y
So S
2
x =0 y = 0
2
e–2y + 3xy jdx dy 2
= –2 z z
2
x =0
dx
2
y= 0
ydy + 3 z z
2
x= 0
xdx
2
y= 0
y 2 dy
C B
2 LM y OP
2 2
+3
LM x OP LM y OP
2 2 3 2
= −8 + 16
(0, 2) (2, 2)
MN 2 PQ MN 2 PQ MN 3 PQ
= –2 x 0
0 0 0
⇒ zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy = 8
I
JK ...(i)
O
(0, 0) A
(2, 0)
X
Now, the line integral Fig. 5.12
zb Pdx + Qdy = g ze j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy j
ze ze
C C
= j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy + j j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy j
ze ze
OA AB
+ j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy + j j e
x 3 − xy 3 dx + y 3 − 2xy dy j
BC CO
But along OA, y =0 ⇒ dy = 0 and x = 0 to 2
along AB, x =2 ⇒ dx = 0 and y = 0 to 2
along BC, y =2 ⇒ dy = 0 and x = 2 to 0
along CO, x =0 ⇒ dx = 0 and y = 2 to 0
∴ zb
C
Pdx + Qdy = g z ze
0
2 3
x dx +
2
0
y 3 − 4y dy + j ze
0
2
j
x 3 − 8x dx + y 3 dy z
2
0
Lx O L y 2
O Lx O Ly O 2 0 4 0
= M 4 P + M 4 − 2 y P + M 4 − 4x P + M 4 P
4 4 4
2 2
N Q MN 0 PQ N Q MN PQ 0 2 2
= 4 – 4 + 12 – 4
⇒ zb
C
Pdx + Qdy = 8 g ...(ii)
Thus from eqns. (i) and (ii) relation (A) satisfies. Hence, the Green’s theorem is verified.
Hence proved.
Example 2. Verify Green’s theorem in plane for ze

C
j e j
x 2 − 2xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy , where C is the
boundary of the region defined by y2 = 8x and x = 2.

Sol. By Green’s theorem
I
z
C
b Pdx + Qdyg = zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy JK
VECTOR CALCULUS 379
i.e., Line Integral (LI) = Double Integral (DI)

Here, P = x2 – 2xy, Q = x2y + 3
∂P∂Q
∂y
= 2 xy = −2x,
∂x
So the R.H.S. of the Green’s theorem is the double integral given by
I
DI = zz FGH
S
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy JK
= zz c S
a fh
2 xy − −2 x dx dy
The region S is covered with y varying from –2 2 x of the lower branch of the parabola
to its upper branch 2 2 x while x varies from 0 to 2. Thus
DI = zz 2
x = 0 y= − 8x
8x
b2xy + 2xgdy dx
= z0
2
xy 2 + 2xy 8x
− 8x
dx
z
3
1282
= 8 2 x 2 dx =
50
The L.H.S. of the Green’s theorem result is the line integral
LI = ze
C
j e
x 2 − 2 xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy ⋅ j
Here C consists of the curves OA, ADB. BO. so
LI = zz =
OA + ADB + BO
z z z
C
= + + = LI 1 + LI 2 + LI 3
OA ADB BO
Y x=2
2 B (2, 4)
Along OA: y = –2 2 x , so dy = – dx 8x
z
2
x y =
LI1 = ex 2
j e
− 2xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy j
z
OA
=
2
0
j
x 2 − 2x –2 2 x dxe O (0, 0)
D (2, 0)
X
F 2I
+ x e−2 2 x j + 3 G − J dx
H xK
2
z FGH 5x + 4 2 ⋅ x − 3 2x IJK dx
1
2 2 32 −
= 2 A (2, –4)
0
Fig. 5.13
LM 5x 3
2
+ 4 2 x2 − 3 2 ⋅ 2 x
5 OP 2
=
MN 3 5 PQ 0
40 64
= + − 12
3 5
Along ADB :
z
x = 2, dx = 0
LI2 = ex 2
j e
− 2xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy j
z
ADB
=
4
–4
b 4 y + 3 gd y = 2 4
Along BO : y = 2 2 x , with x : 2 to 0.
2
dy = dx
ze
x
LI3 = j e
x 2 − 2xy dx + x 2 y + 3 dy j
z FH
BO
= 2
0
5x 2 − 4 2 x 2 + 3 2 x
3
−
1
2
IK dx
40 64
= − + − 12
3 5
FG 40 + 64 − 12IJ + a24f +FG − 40 + 64 − 12IJ = 128
LI = LI1 + LI2 + LI3 =
H3 5 K H 3 5 K 5
⇒ Hence the Green’s theorem is verified.
Example 3. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate

boundary of the area enclosed by the x-axis and the upper half of the circle x2 + y2 = a2.
ze
C
j e j
2x 2 − y 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy where C is the
(U.P.T.U., 2005)
Sol. By Green’s theorem 2 2
zb zz F ∂Q − ∂P I dx dy
y= a –x
C
g
Pdx + Qdy =
S
GH ∂x ∂y JK
z z LM ∂ ex + y j − ∂ e2x − y jOPdx dy
S
a a2 −x2 2 2 2 2
N ∂x Q
=
x =− a y = 0 ∂y –a O a
Fig. 5.14
zz b2x + 2ygdx dy = LMN2xy + 2y2 OPQ dx. z

a 2 −x 2
a a 2 − x2 a 2
=
−a 0 −a
0
= z
a
−a
2x a − x + e a − x j dx = 0 + 2z e a − x jdx
2 2 2 2
a
0
2 2
[First integral vanishes as function is odd]
LM
= 2 a 2x −
x3 OP a
= 2 a3 −
LM a3 OP = 4 3
N Q N Q
a .
3 0
3 3
Let y = 3 sin θ in first and y = sin φ in second integral.
z z
π π
sin 4 θ cos θ sin 4 φ cos φ
L.H.S. = 4 × 81 2 dθ − 4 2 dφ
0 cos θ 0 cos φ
5 1 5 1
= 4 × 81 2 2 − 4 2 2 = 60 π
2 3 2 3
⇒ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example 5. Find the area of the loop of the folium of Descartes
x3 + y3 = 3axy, a > 0.
Sol. Let y = tx. ...(i) x
∴ 3 3 3
x + t x = 3ax.tx y=
t=1
3at
giving x = ...(ii)
1 + t3
z bx dy − y dxg
O t=0
x+
1
Hence, required area =
y
+
2 C
a
z
=
0
1 x dy − y dx
= x2 ⋅
2 C x2
=
1
2 z FGH IJK
C
x 2d
y
x
Fig. 5.16
=
1 2
2 C z
x dt , as y = tx
=
1
2 ze j
C
9a 2 t 2
1 + t3
2
dt using (ii)
= 3a
2
ze j 1
0
3t 2
1 + t3
2
dt, by summetry
= 3a2 −
LM 1 OP 1
=
3 2
N 1 + t3 Q 0 2
a .
Example 6. Using Green’s theorem, find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded
1 x
by the curves y = x, y = ,y= . (U.P.T.U., 2008)
x 4
Sol. By Green’s theorem the area of the region is given by
A =
1
2 C zb
xdy − ydx g
LM O
=
1
2 z
MMC
N
1
b
C C
z
xdy − ydx g + b xdy − ydxg + bxdy − ydxgP
2
PP
Q
z3
...(i)
VECTOR CALCULUS 383
)
1,1
B( y=1
x
C3
C2
x C1 A (2,1)
=
y 2
y=x
(0,0) 4
X
O
Fig. 5.17
x dx
Now along the curve C1 : y = or dy = and x varies from 0 to 2.
zb
4 4
C1
xdy − ydx g = z FGH
2
0
x
4
x
dx − dx
4
IJ
K = 0 ...(ii)
1 1
along, the curve C2 : y = , dy = − 2 dx and x varies from 2 to 1.
zb
x x
xdy − ydx g = z RST FGH

1
2
x.
1
−x 2
IJ
K
1
dx − dx
x
UV =
W z 1
2
−
2
x
dx
zb
C2
or
xdy − ydx g = − 2 log x
1
2
= – 2[log 1 – log 2] = 2 log 3 ...(iii)
C2
along, the curve C3 : y = x, dy = dx and x varies from 1 to 0.
zb
C3
xdy − ydx g = zb
0
1
xdx − xdx = 0 g ...(iv)
Using (ii), (iii) and (iv) in (i), we get the required area
1
A = [0 + 2 log 2 + 0] = log 2.
ze
2
Example 7. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy-plane for j e j
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy , where
C
C is the boundary of the region enclosed by y = x2 and y2 = x. Y
x=y
2
Sol. Here P(x, y) = 2xy – x2

Q(x, y) = x2 + y2 2
y=x
A
∂Q ∂P C2 (1, 1)
= 2x, = 2x
∂x ∂y
C1
By Green’s theorem, we have X
zb z z FGH I
O
Pdx + Qdy g =
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y
dx dy JK ...(i)
C S
Fig. 5.18
∴ R.H.S. = z zb g
2x − 2x dx dy = 0
ze
S
and L.H.S. = j e
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy j
ze ze
C
= j e
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy + j j
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy e j ...(ii)
C1 C2
ze
Along C1 : y = x2 i.e., dy = 2xdx and x varies from 0 to 1
C1
j e
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy j = ze
1
0
2x 3 − x 2 + 2x 3 + 2x 5 dx j
ze LMx OP 1
j x 3 x6
1
= 4x − x + 2x dx =
3 2 5 4
− + = 1
0
N 3 3 Q 0
dx
Along C2 : y2 = x, 2y dy = dx or dy = and x varies from 1 to 0.
2x1 2
ze
C2
j e
2xy − x 2 dx + x 2 + y 2 dy j = z LMNe
0
1
2x ⋅ x 1 2
j e
− x 2 dx + x 2 + x . j 2xdx OPQ
1 2
= z FGH
0
1
2x 3 2 − x 2 +
1 32 1 12
2
x + x
2
dx
IJ
K
= z FGH
0
1
5 32
2
1
2
IJ
K
x − x 2 + x1 2 dx
5 Lx O
M P − LMN x3 OPQ + 12 LMN x3 2 OPQ
52 0 3 0 32 0
=
2N5 2Q 1 1 1
1 1
= −1+ − = −1
3 3
Using the above values in (ii), we get
L.H.S. = 1 – 1 = 0
Thus L.H.S. = R.H.S.; Hence, the Green’s theorem is verified.
EXERCISE 5.5
1. Using Green’s theorem evaluate ze C

counter clockwise of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1).
j
x 2 y dx + x 2 dy , where C is the boundary described
(U.P.T.U., 2003)
5 LM OP
Ans.
N Q
z {e
12
2. Verify Green’s theorem in plane for xy + y 2 dx + x 2dy , where C is the closed curve ofj }
C
1 LM OP
the region bounded by y = x2 and y = x. Ans. –
20 N Q
VECTOR CALCULUS 385
3. Evaluate z
C
(cos x sin y − xy)dx + sin x ⋅ cos y dy by Green's theorem where C is the circle
x2 + y2 = 1.
zn
[Ans. 0]
4. Evaluate by Green's theorem s
e − x sin y dx + e − x cos y dy , where C is the rectangle with
C
F π, 1 πI F 0, 1 πI .
vertices (0, 0) (π, 0),
H 2 K H 2 K [Ans. 2(e–π–1)]
5. Find the area of the ellipse by applying the Green's theorem that for a closed curve C in
the xy-plane.
[Hint: Parametric eqn. of ellipse x = a cos φ, y = a sin φ and φ vary from φ1 = 0 to φ2 = 2π]
[Ans. π ab]
6. Verify the Green's theorem to evaluate the line integral z (2y 2 dx + 3x dy) , where C is the
C
LMAns. 27 OP
boundary of the closed region bounded by y = x and y = x2 .
N 4Q
7. Find the area bounded by the hypocycloid x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 with a > 0.
O
[Hint: x = a cos3 φ, y = a sin3 φ, φ varies from φ1 = 0 to φ1 = π/2 A]
LMAns. 3πa OP 2
N 8 Q
8. Verify Green's theorem z
C
( 3x + 4 y ) dx + (2 x − 3 y) dy with C; x2 + y2 = 4.
[Ans. Common value: – 8π]
LMAns. 3a OP 2
9. Find the area of the loop of the folium of descartes x3 + y3 = 3axy, a > 0.
N 2Q
[Hint: Put y = tx, t : 0 to ∞]
10. Evaluate the integral z

C
( x 2 − cos hy ) dx + ( y + sin x ) dy, where C: 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ l.
[Ans. π (cos h 1 – 1)]
11. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy-plane for

ze
C
j b g
3x 2 − 8 y 2 dx + 4 y − 6xy dy , where C is the
LMAns. 3 OP
region bounded by parabolas y = 2
x and y = x . N 2Q
LM 1
z r dθ = 98π OPQ
π 2 2
12. Find the area of a loop of the four - leafed rose r = 3 sin2θ. Hint : A =
N
ze
0
2
13. Verify the Green’s theorem for j
y 2 dx + x 2 dy , where C is the boundary of the square –
C
1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and –1 ≤ y ≤ 1.
14. Using Green’s theorem in the plane evaluate z

C
b g e j
2 tan −1 y x dx + log x 2 + y 2 dy , where C
is the boundary of the circle (x – 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4.
5.20 STOKE’S THEOREM

H
If F is any continuously differentiable vector function and S is a surface enclosed by a curve C,
z zz
then
F ⋅ dr = .
(∇ × F) ⋅ ndS
C S
where n is the unit normal vector at any point of S. (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Proof: Let S is surface such that its projection on the xy, yz and xz planes are regions
bounded by simple closed curves. Let equation of surface f(x, y, z) = 0, can be written as
z = f1 (x, y)
y = f2 (x, z)
x = f3 (y, z)
H
Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k
zz z
Then we have to show that
H H
=
∇ × { F1 i + F2 j + F3 k } ⋅ ndS F ⋅ dr
zz
S C
Considering integral , we have

∇ × ( F1 i ) ⋅ ndS
S
[∇ × (F1 i)]· n dS =
LMRSi ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ UV × F iOP ⋅ ndS

NT ∂x ∂y ∂z W Q
...(i) 1
LM ∂F j − ∂F kOP ⋅ ndS
1 1
N ∂z ∂y Q
=
Fig. 5.19
LM ∂F n ⋅ j − ∂F n ⋅ kOP dS
1 1
H
=
N ∂z ∂y Q ...(ii)
r = xi + yj + zk
Also, = xi + yj + f1(x, y)k
H
∂r ∂f
So, = j+ 1k [As z = f(x, y)]
∂y ∂y
H
∂r
But is tangent to the surface S. Hence, it is perpendicular to n .
∂y
∂r ∂f1
So, n ⋅ = n ⋅ j + n ⋅ k = 0
∂y ∂y
VECTOR CALCULUS 387
∂f 1 ∂z
Hence, n ·j = − n ⋅ k = − n ⋅ k
∂y ∂y
Hence, (ii) becomes
[∇ × (F1 i)]· n dS = –
LM ∂F ∂z + ∂F OPn ⋅ k dS
1 1
N ∂z ∂y ∂y Q
...(iii)
But on surface S
F1 (x, y, z) = F1 [x, y, f1 (x, y)]
= F(x, y) ...(iv)
∂F1 ∂F1 ∂z ∂F
∴ + ⋅ = ...(v)
∂y ∂z ∂y ∂y
Hence, relation (iii) with the help of relation (v) gives
∂F ∂F
[∇ × (F1 i)]· n dS = – ( n ·k) dS = – dx dy
∂y ∂y
zz zz
H
∂F
( ∇ × F1 i) ⋅ n dS = − dx dy ...(vi)
S R ∂y
where R is projection of S on xy-plane.

Now, by Green’s theorem in plane, we have
z zz
H
H ∂F
Fdx = − dx dy,
C1 R ∂y
where C1 is the boundary of R.

As at each point (x, y) of the curve C1 the value of F is same as the value of F1 at each point
(x, y, z) on C and dx is same for both curves. Hence, we have
H
zC1
H
F dx = F1 dx .
zC
z zz
H
∂F
Hence, F1 dx = – dx dy ...(vii)
C R ∂y
From eqns. (vi) and (vii), we have
zz l S
q
∇ × F1 i ⋅ n dS = zC
H
F1 dx ...(viii)
zz l z
Similarly, taking projection on other planes, we have
H
∇ × F2 j ⋅ n dS = q F2 dy . ...(ix)
zz l z
S C
H
∇ × F3 k ⋅ n dS =
S
q F3 dz
C
...(x)
Adding eqns. (viii), (ix), (x), we get
zz S
∇ × { F1 i + F2 j + F3 k } ⋅ n dS = zC
{F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz}
⇒ zC
H
F ⋅ dr = zz S

( ∇ × F) ⋅ ndS .
5.21 CARTESIAN REPRESENTATION OF STOKE'S THEOREM

H
Let F = F1i + F2 j + F3 k
i j k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
F1 F2 F3
RS ∂F − ∂F UV i + RS ∂F − ∂F UV j + RS ∂F − ∂F UV k
T ∂y ∂z W T ∂z ∂x W T ∂x ∂y W
3 2 1 3 2 1
=
So the relation
zC
H H
F ⋅ dr = z S
H
curl F ⋅ n dS,
is transformed into the form
z
C
{F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz} = zz LMNFGH
S
∂F3 ∂F2
∂y
−
∂z
dy dz +
∂z
−
IJ
∂F1 ∂F3
∂xKdz dx +
∂x
−
FG
∂F2 ∂F1
H
∂y
dx dy .
IJ
K
FG
H
IJ
K
OP
Q
H
Example 1. Verify Stoke's theorem for F = (x2 + y2) i – 2xy j taken round the rectangle
bounded by x = ± a, y = 0, y = b. (U.P.T.U., 2002)
H
Sol. We have F ⋅ dr = {(x2 + y2) i – 2xy j}· {dx i + dy j}
= (x2 + y2) dx – 2xy dy
z z z z z
Y
H H H H H H H H H H
∴ F ⋅ dr = F ⋅ dr + F ⋅ dr + F ⋅ dr + F ⋅ dr
C C1 C2 C3 C4 (–a, b) D A (a, b)
zn
= I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 C1
∴ I1 =
C1
s
( x 2 + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy
zn LM 3 y = b OP
C2 C4
( x + b ) dx − 0s
−a
N∴ dy = 0Q
2 2
=
a
= FG x + b xIJ
−a C B
3
H3 K
2 X¢ (–a, 0) O C3 (a, 0) X
a
F 2 a + 2b aI Fig. 5.20
H3 K
3 2
= –
I2 = z
C2
n(x + y )dx − 2xy dys
2 2
= zn
b
0
( −a)2 + y 2 0 − 2(−a) y dy s LM3 x = − aOP
N∴ dx = 0Q
= 2a z
b
0
y dy
VECTOR CALCULUS 389
Fy I
2a G J
2 0
=
H2K = – ab2
z
b
I3 = ( x 2 + y 2 )dx − 2 xy dy
C3
= zC3
x 2 dx
LM 3 y = 0 OP
N∴ dy = 0Q
z FG x IJ
3 a
+a 2a3
=
−a
x 2 dx =
H3K −a
=
3
I4 = zC4
−2ay dy
LM 3 x = 0 OP
N∴ dx = 0Q
z Fy I b
y dy = −2 aG J
b 2
= –2a
0 H2K 0
2
= – ab
∴ z
C
H H
F ⋅ dr = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4
FG 2a 3 IJ 2 3
= –
H3 K
+ 2b 2 a − ab 2 +
3
a − ab 2
= – 4ab2 ...(i)
i j k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
Again, curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x2 + y2 −2xy 0
= – 4yk
n = k
H
∴ n · curl F = k·(– 4yk) = – 4y
∴ zz S
H
n ⋅ curl F dS =
a b
− 4y dx dy zz −a 0
z FGH IJ b
+a y2
=
−a
−4
2 K 0
dx
= – 2b 2 ( x) −a a
= – 4ab2. ...(ii)
From eqns. (i) and (ii), we verify Stoke’s theorem.
→
Example 2. Verify Stoke's theorem when F = yi + zj + xk and surface S is the part of the
sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, above the xy-plane.
Sol. Stoke’s theorem is
H H
F ⋅ dr = z H

(curl F ) ⋅ ndS
C zz S
Here, C is unit circle x2 + y2 = 1, z = 0

H H
Also, F ⋅ dr = (yi + zj + xk) · (dxi + dyj + dzk)
z z z
= ydx + zdy + xdz
∴
H H
z
F ⋅ dr =
Again, on the unit circle C, z
C
ydx + zdy + xdz
=0
C C C
dz = 0
Let x = cos φ, ∴ dx = – sin φ.dφ
sin φ, ∴ dy = cos φ.dφ
z
and y =
∴
H H
z
F ⋅ dr = y dx
z
C C
2π
= sin φ ( − sin φ) dφ
z
0
2π
= – sin 2 φ dφ
0
= –π ...(i)
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
H
Again, curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = – i – j – k
y z x
Using spherical polar coordinates
n = sin θ cos φ i + sin θ sin φ j + cos θ k
H
∴ curl F · n = – (sin θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ + cos θ).
Hence, zz H
( curl F) ⋅ n dS = –
π/ 2 2 π
z z
(sin θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ + cos θ) sin θ dθ dφ
θ= 0 φ = 0
z
S
π/2
= – [sin θ sin φ − sin θ cos φ + φ cos θ]20 π sin θ dθ
z
θ= 0
π/2
= – 2π sin θ cos θ dθ
z
0
π/ 2
= –π sin 2θ dθ
0
π
(cos 2θ) π0 /2
=
2
= –π ...(ii)
From eqns. (i) and (ii), we verify Stoke’s theorem.
H
Example 3. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = xzi − yj + x2yk, where S is the surface of the
region bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, 2x + y + 2z = 8 which is not included in the xz-plane.
(U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. Stoke’s theorem states that
z C
F ⋅ dr = zz e
S
j
∇ × F ⋅ ndS
VECTOR CALCULUS 391
Here C is curve consisting of the straight lines Z
z z
AO, OD and DA.
D (0, 0, 4)
L.H.S. = F ⋅ dr =
z z z
C AO + OD + DA
= + + = LI 1 + LI 2 + LI 3
AO OD DA
H
On the straight line AO : y = 0, z = 0, F = 0, so
LI1 = z
AO
F ⋅ dr = 0 O
B (0, 8, 0)
Y
On the straight line OD : x = 0, y = 0. F = 0, so
LI2 = z
OD
F ⋅ dr = 0
On the straight line DA: x + z = 4 and y = 0, so
X A (4, 0, 0)
Fig. 5.21
F = xzi = x (4 – x) i
LI3 = zDA
32
F ⋅ dr =
32
z
0
4
x( 4 − x) i ⋅ dxi = z
0
4
x( 4 − x) dx =
32
3
LI = 0 + 0 + =
3 3
Here the surface S consists of three surfaces (planes) S1 : OAB, S2 : OBD, S3 : ABD, so that
R.H.S. = zz zz ^
( ∇ × F ) ⋅ n dS =
zz zz zz
S S1 + S2 + S3
= + + = SI 1 + SI 2 + SI 3
S1 S2 S3
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× F = = x2i + x(1 – 2y) j
∂x ∂y ∂z
xz −y x2 y
On the surface S1: Plane OAB : z = 0, n = − k , so

(∇ × F ) ⋅ n = x 2 i + x (1 − 2 y ) j ⋅ ( − k ) = 0
SI1 = zz S1
=0
(∇ × F) ⋅ ndS
On surface S2: Plane OBD : Plane x = 0, n = – i, so
zz
∇×F = 0
SI2 =
=0
(∇× F) ⋅ ndS
S2
On surface S3: Plane ABD : 2x + y + 2z = 8.
∇(2x + y + 2 z)
Unit normal n to the surface S3 =
|∇(2x + y + 2 z)|
2i + j + 2k 2i + j + 2 k
n = =
4 +1+ 4 3
2 2 1
(∇ × F ) ⋅ n = x + x (1 − 2 y )
3 3
To evaluate the surface integral on the surface S3, project S3 on to say xz-plane i.e., projection
of ABD on xz-plane is AOD
dx dz dx dz
dS = = = 3dx dz
n⋅ j
zz
13
Thus SI3 =
(∇× F) ⋅ ndS
S3
= zz AOD
LM 2 x
N3
2
+
x
3
OP
Q
(1 − 2 y) 3 dx dz
= zz 4
x=0 z=0
4− x
2x2 + x (1 − 2y) dz dx
since the region AOD is covered by varying z from 0 to 4 – x, while x varies from 0 to 4. Using
the equation of the surface S3, 2x + y + 2z = 8, eliminate y, then
SI3 = zz
0 0
4 4 −x
n2x 2
+ x [1 − 2 (8 − 2x − 2z)] dz dx s
= zz
0 0
4 4− x
(6x2 − 15x + 4xz) dz dx
LM6x z − 15xz + 4xz OP

z 2 4− x
4 2
=
N 2 Q
dx
0
z
0
4 32
= (23x 2 − 4 x 3 − 28 x) dx =
0 3
Thus L.H.S. = L.I. = R.H.S. = S.I.
zz
Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.
Example 4. Evaluate over the surface of intersection of the cylinders x2 + y2

(∇× F) ⋅ ndS
S
= a2, x2 + z2 = a2 which is included in the first octant, given that F = 2yzi – (x + 3y – 2) j
+ (x2 + z)k.
Sol. By Stoke’s theorem the given surface integral can be converted to a line integral i.e.,
SI = zz S
=
( ∇ × F ) ⋅ ndS zC
F ⋅ dr = LI
Here C is the curve consisting of the four curves C1: x2 + z2 = a2, y = 0; C2: x2 + y2 = a2, z = 0,
C3: x = 0, y = a, 0 ≤ z ≤ a: C4: x = 0, z = a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a.
VECTOR CALCULUS 393
2 2 2
x +z =a
C4
C1 C3
Y
2 2 2
x +y =a
X
C2
Fig. 5.22
LI = zC
F ⋅ dr = z
C1 + C2 + C 3 + C 4
= z z z z
C1
+
C2
+
C3
+
C4
= LI1 + LI2 + LI3 + LI4

On the curve C1: y = 0; x2 + z2 = a2
LI1 = zC1
F ⋅ dr = z C1
( x 2 + z) dz
=
z
On the curve C2: z = 0, x2 + y2 = a2
0
a
( a 2 − z 2 ) + z dz = −
2 3 a2
3
a −
2
LI2 = zC2
F ⋅ dr = z C2
− ( x + 3 y − 2) dy
= – ze a
0
a 2 − y 2 + 3 y − 2 dy j
πa 2 3 2
= – − a + 2a
4 2
On the curve C3: x = 0, y = a, 0 ≤ z ≤ a
LI3 = zC3
F ⋅ dr = z a
0
zdz =
a2
2
On C4; x = 0, z = a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a
LI4 = z z F ⋅ dr =
a
0
( 2 − 3 y) dy = −2a +
3a 2
2
FG −2a − a IJ
SI = zz e j S
= LI =
∇ × F ⋅ ndS
H 3 2K
3 2
F πa − 3a
+ G−
2 2 IJ a2 FG 3 a2 IJ
H 4 2 + 2a +
K 2 H
+ −2 a +
2 K
− a2
SI = ( 3 π + 8 a).
12
Example 5. Evaluate z
S
F ⋅ dr by Stoke’s theorem, where F = y 2 i + x 2 j − ( x + z) k and C is
the boundary of the triangle with vertices at (0, 0, 0) (1, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 0) (U.P.T.U., 2001)
Sol. Since z-coordinates of each vertex of the triangle is zero, therefore, the triangle lies in
the xy-plane and n = k
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = = j + 2 ( x − y) k
∂x ∂y ∂z
y 2 x 2 −( x + z) Y
∴ curl F ⋅ n = j + 2 ( x − y ) k ⋅ k = 2 ( x − y ) B (1, 1)
The equation of line OB is y = x. x

y=
By Stoke’s theorem z
C
F ⋅ dr = zz
S
curl F ⋅ n dS S
1 x
= zz
0 0
2 ( x − y ) dy dx O
Fig. 5.23
A (1, 0) X
x
= z LMN
0
1
2 xy −
y2
2
OP
Q 0
dx = 2 z
0
1 FG x
H
2
−
x2
2
IJ
dx =
K
1 2
z
0
x dx
1
= .
3
Example 6. Apply Stoke’s theorem to prove that
z
( ydx + zdy + xdz) = −2 2 πa 2 , where C is the curve given by
C
x2 + y2 + z2 – 2ax – 2ay = 0, x + y = 2a and begins of the point (2a, 0, 0).
Sol. The given curve C is
x2 + y2 + z2 – 2ax – 2ay = 0
x + y = 2a
⇒ (x – a)2 + (y – a)2 + z2 = b a 2 g2
x + y = 2a
which is the curve of intersection of the sphere
2
(x – a)2 + (y – a)2 + z2 = ba 2 g
and the plane x + y = 2a .
Clearly, the centre of the sphere is (a, a, 0) and radius
is a 2 .
Also, the plane passes through (a, a, 0).
Hence, the circle C is a great circle.
∴ Radius of circle C = Radius of sphere = 2a Fig. 5.24
Now, zC
( ydx + zdy + xdz) = zC
( yi + zj + xk ) ⋅ ( dxi + dyj + dzk )
VECTOR CALCULUS 395
= zC
H
( yi + zj + xk ) ⋅ dr
= zC
.
curl ( yi + zj + xk ) ⋅ ndS [Using Stoke’s theorem]
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
But curl (yi + zj + xk) = = – i – j – k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
y z x
Since S is the surface of the plane x + y = 2a bounded by the circle C. Then
n =
b
∇ x + y − 2ag
∇bx + y − 2ag
i+ j
=
2
FG i + j IJ
∴ curl (yi + zj + xk) · n = (– i – j – k) ·
H 2K
1+1
= − =– 2.
z
2
Hence, the given line integral = − 2 dS
S
= – 2 (Area of the circle C).
= – 2π b 2 ag = −2 2πa .
2 2
Example 7. Evaluate ze xy dx + xy 2 dyj taken round the positively oriented square with
vertices (1, 0), (0, 1), (– 1, 0) and (0, – 1) by using Stoke’s theorem and verify the theorem.
Sol. We have
z ( xy dx + xy 2 dy)
Y
B (0, 1)
z
C
= ( xy i + xy 2 j ) ⋅ ( dx i + dy j ) y–x=1 x+y=1
C
= z
C
H
( xy i + xy 2 j ) ⋅ dr
C
X¢ (–1, 0) O
A (1, 0)
X
= zz S

curl ( xy i + xy 2 j) ⋅ ndS x + y = –1 x–y=1
by Stoke’s theorem, where S is the area of the square ABCD. (0, –1) D
i j k Y¢
∂ ∂ ∂
2
Now, curl (xy i + xy j) = Fig. 5.25
∂x ∂y ∂z
xy xy 2 0
= (y2 – x) k
∴ curl (xy i + xy2j ) · n^ = (y2 – x) k · k

= (y2 – x)
∴ zz
curl (xy i + xy 2 j) ⋅ ndS = zz ( y 2 − x) dS
zz
S S
= ( y 2 − x) dx dy
zz zz
S
= y 2 dx dy − x dx dy
S S
= 4 zz
0
1 1− x
0
y 2 dx dy − Sx [By symmetry]
= 4 zz 1
0
1− x
0
y 2 dx dy − S ⋅ 0 [3 x = x-coordinate of
the C.G. of ABCD = 0]
= 4 zz 1
0
1− x
0
y 2 dx dy
zH FG IJ 1− x
1 y3
= 4
0 3 K 0
dx
4 1
3 0
1
(1 − x) 3 dx = .
3
Verification of Stokes theorem: The given line integral
= z ...(i)
where C is the
= z C
( xy dx + xy 2 dy) ,
boundary of the square ABCD. Now C can be broken up into four parts namely:
(i) the line AB whose equation is x + y = 1,
(ii) the line BC whose equation is y – x = 1,
(iii) the line CD whose equation is x + y = – 1, and
(iv) the line DA whose equation is x – y = 1.
Hence, the given line integral
= z AB
( xy dx + xy 2 dy) + z
BC
( xy dx + xy 2 dy) + zCD
( xy dx + xy 2 dy) + zDA
( xy dx + xy 2 dy)
=
RS
T z
0
1
x (1 − x ) dx + z
0
1
(1 − y ) y 2 dy
UV + RS
W T z 0
−1
x (1 + x) dx + z1
0
(y − 1) y 2 dy UV
W
+ {z −1
0
x ( −x − 1) dx + z
0
1
− y 2 (1 + y) dy + } RST z0
1
x ( x − 1 ) dx + z
−1
0
y 2 ( 1 + y ) dy UV
W
= 2 z
0
1
z −1
x ( x − 1) dx + 2 x (1 + x) dx + 2
0
z 1
0
(1 − y) y 2 dy + 2 z−1
0
y 2 (1 + y) dy
VECTOR CALCULUS 397
F x − x IJ + 2 FG x + x IJ + 2FG y − y IJ + 2FG y + y IJ
= 2 G
2 2 1 3 2 −1 3 4 1 3 4 0
H3 2K H 3 2K H 3 4K H 3 4K
0 0 0 −1
F 1 1I F 1 1I F 1 1I F 1 1I
= 2 H − K + 2 H− + K + 2 H − K + 2 H − K
3 2 3 2 3 4 3 4
F 1 1I
= 4 H − K
3 4
1
= · ...(ii)
3
From eqns. (i) and (ii), it is evident that
z
H H
F ⋅ dr =
C
H
z
curl F ⋅ n dS
C
Hence, Stoke’s theorem is verified.
Example 8. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the function

H
F = (x + 2y) dx + (y + 3x) dy
where C is the unit circle in the xy-plane.
H
Sol. Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k
H
F · dr = (F1 i + F2 j + F3 k) · (dx i + dy j + dz k)
= F1dx + F2dy + F3dz
Here, F1 = x + 2y, F2 = y + 3x, F3 = 0
Unit circle in xy-plane is x2 + y2 = 1
or x = cos φ, dx = – sin φ dφ
y = sin φ, dy = cos φ dφ.
Hence, z
C
H H
z
F ⋅ dr = ( x + 2 y ) dx + ( y + 3 x) dy
= z0
2π
[ −(cos φ + 2 sin φ) sin φ dφ + (sin φ + 3 cos φ) cos φ dφ]
= z0
2π
m− sin φ cos φ − 2 sin 2
r
φ + sin φ cos φ + 3 cos 2 φ dφ
= z0
2π
( 3 cos2 φ − 2 sin 2 φ) dφ
= z0
2π
m(3 cos 2
φ − 2(1 − cos2 φ) dφ r
= z0
2π
m5 cos 2
φ − 2 dφ r
= z0
2π
LM 5(1 + cos 2φ) − 2OP dφ
N 2 Q
= z0
2π
RS 1 + 5 cos 2φUV dφ
T2 2 W
1L O 2π
2 NM
φ + sin 2 φ P
5
=
2 Q 0
1
= [2π + 0] = π.
2
i j k
H ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x + 2y y + 3x 0
RS ∂ ( y + 3 x) − ∂ (x + 2 y)UV
= i {0} – j {0} + k
T ∂x ∂y W
= k (3 – 2) = k.
Hence, zz H
curl F ⋅ n dS = z ( k ⋅ k ) dS
z
S
= dS
= zz dx dy
= z xdy
= z0
2π
cos2 φ dφ
=
1
2 z0
2π
(1 + cos 2φ) dφ
1 LM
sin 2 φ OP 2π
=
2
φ+
N 2 Q 0
= π.
So Stoke’s theorem is verified.
VECTOR CALCULUS 399
EXERCISE 5.6
1. Evaluate zz eS
j
∇ × A ⋅ ndS where S is the surface of the hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 16 above
the xy-plane and A = (x2 + y – 4) i + 3xyj + (2xz + z2) k. Ans. − 16 π
2. If F = (y2 + z2 + x2) i + (z2 + x2 – y2) j + (x2 + y2 – z2) k evaluate zz e

S
j
∇ × F ⋅ n dS taken over
the surface S = x2 + y2 – 2ax + az = 0, z ≥ 0. Ans. 2πa 3
3. Evaluate zz S
b g
∇ × yi + zj + xk ⋅ n dS over the surface of the paraboloid z = 1 – x2 – y2, z ≥ 0.
Ans. π
4. F = (2x – y) i – yz2j – y2zk, where S upper half surface of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.

Hint: Here C, x 2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0 Ans. π
5. Using Stoke’s theorem or otherwise, evaluate
zb
C
g
2 x − y dx – yz 2 dy − y 2 z dz .
where C is the circle x2 + y2 = 1, corresponding to the surface of sphere of unit radius.
Ans. π
6. Use the Stoke’s theorem to evaluate
zb
C
g a f b g
x + 2 y dx + x − z dy + y − z dz .
where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0) (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 6) oriented
in the anti-clockwise direction. Ans. 15
H
7. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the Function F = x2 i – xy j integrated round the square in the
plane z = 0 and bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = a.
LMAns. Common value –a3 OP
MN 2 PQ
8. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F = (x2 + y – 4)i + 3xy j + (2xz + z2)k over the surface of
hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 16 above the xy plane. Ans. Common value – 16π
9. Verify Stoke’s theorem for the function F = zi + xj + yk, where C is the unit circle in xy
plane bounding the hemisphere z = e1 − x 2

j
− y2 . (U.P.T.U., 2002)
Ans. Common value π
10. Evaluate zC
H
F ⋅ dr by Stoke’s theorem for F = yzi + zxj + xyk and C is the curve of inter-
section of x2 + y2 = 1 and y = z2. Ans. 0
5.22 GAUSS’S DIVERGENCE THEOREM
If F is a continuously differentiable vector point function in a region V and S is the closed surface
zz zzz
enclosing the region V, then
F ⋅ n dS = diV F dV ...(i)
S V
where n is the unit outward drawn normal vector to the surface S. (U.PT.U., 2006)
H
Proof: Let i, j, k are unit vectors along X, Y, Z axes respectively. Then F = F1i + F2j + F3k,
where F1, F2, F3, and their derivative in any direction are assumed to be uniform, finite and
continuous. Let S is a closed surface which is such that any line parallel to the coordinate axes
cuts S at the most on two points. Let z coordinates of these points be z = F1 (x, y) and z = F2
(x, y), we have assumed that the equations of lower and upper portions S2 and S1 of S are z = F2
(x, y) and z = F1 (x, y) respectively.
The result of Gauss divergence theorem (i) incomponent form is
zzz b
S
g
=
F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ⋅ nds z z z FGH
V
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
+
∂x ∂y
+
∂z
dV
I
JK
Z
...(ii)
Now, consider the integral
zzz
K
dS1
∂F3 n1
r1
I1 = dx dy dz
V ∂z S S1
zz LMNz OP r2 S2
F1 ∂F3 –K
=
Q
dz dx dy n2 dS2
R F2 ∂z
where R is projection of S on xy-plane.
zz
Y
O
I1 = F3 bx, y, zg
b g dx dy
F1 x , y
R F bx, yg 2
= zz R
b g b g dx dy
F3 x , y , F1 − F3 x , y , F2
X
R dx dy
zz R
F b x , y , F g dx dy − zz F b x , y , F g dx dy
3 1
R
3 2
Fig. 5.26
For the upper portion S1 of S,

dx dy = k ⋅ n 1 ⋅ dS1
where n 1 is unit normal vector to surface dS1 in outward direction.
For the lower portion S2 of S.
dx dy = – k ⋅ n 1 ⋅ dS2
where n 2 is unit normal vector to surface dS2 in outward direction.
Thus, we have
zz b g
F3 x, y, F1 dx dy = zz S1
F3 k ⋅ n 1 dS1
zz
R
and zzR
F bx, y, F g dx dy
3 2 = –
S2
F3 k ⋅ n 2 dS 2
VECTOR CALCULUS 401
So zz b g
F3 x , y , F1 dx dy − zz b g
F3 x , y , F2 dx dy
zz zz
R R
= b g
F3 k ⋅ n 1 dS1 + b g
F3 k ⋅ n 2 dS2
zz
S1 S2
= b
F3 k . n 1 dS1 + n 2 dS 2 g
= zz c h
S
F3 k ⋅ n dS = n 1 S1 + n 2 S2
3 nS
Hence, I1 = zzz ∂F3

V ∂z
dx dy dz
= zz c h S1
F3 k ⋅ n dS ...(iii)
Similarly, projecting S on other coordinate planes, we have
zzz V
∂F3
∂y
dx dy dz =
zz c h S
F2 j ⋅ n dS ...(iv)
∂F1
∂x zzz
dx dy dz =
V zz c h S
F1 i ⋅ n dS ...(v)
Adding eqns. (iii), (iv), (v)
zzz RST
V
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z
dx dy dz =
UV
W zz n c hS
c h c hs
F1 i . n + F2 j . n + F3 k . n dS
⇒ zzz RST
V
i
∂
∂x
+j
∂
∂y
+k
∂
∂z
UV
⋅ {F1i + F2 j + F3k} dx dy dz
W
= zz m r
F1 i + F2 j + F3 k ⋅ n dS
zzz zz
S
H H
⇒ div F dV = F ⋅ n dS
zz
V S
H
= F ⋅ n dS
S
or zz S
H
F ⋅ n ds = zzz V
H
div F dV .
5.23 CARTESIAN REPRESENTATION OF GAUSS’S THEOREM

H
Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k
where F1, F2, F3 are functions of x, y, z.
and dS = dS (cos α i + cos β j + cos γ k)
where α, β, γ are direction angles of dS. Hence, dS cos α, dS cos β, dS cos γ are the orthogonal
projections of the elementary area dS on yz-plane, zx-plane and xy-plane respectively. As the
mode of sub-division of surface is arbitrary, we choose a sub-division formed by planes parallel
to yz-plane, zx-plane and xy-plane. Clearly, its projection on coordinate planes will be rectangle
with sides dy and dz on yz-plane, dz and dx on zx-plane, dx and dy on xy-plane.
Hence, projected surface elements are dy dz on yz-plane, dz dx on zx-plane and dx dy on

xy-plane.
∴
H
z
F ⋅ n dS =
S
By Gauss divergence theorem, we have
zz
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy
S
...(i)
In cartesian coordinates,
zz
F ⋅ n dS =
S
H
div F dV. zzz V
...(ii)
dV = dx dy dz.
H H
Also, div F = ∇ · F
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
= + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
Hence, z V
H
div F dV = zzz RST V
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z
dx dy dz
UV
W ...(iii)
Hence cartesian form of Gauss theorem is,
zz mS
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy r
= zzz RST
V
∂F1 ∂F2 ∂F3
∂x
+
∂y
+
∂z
UV
dx dy dz .
W
Example 1. Find S zz
F ⋅ n dS , where F =
surface of the sphere having centre at (3, – 1, 2) and radius 3.
2
b2 x + 3zg i – b xz + yg j + ey
+ 2 z k and S is the
(U.P.T.U., 2000, 2005)
j
Sol. Let V be the volume enclosed by the surface S. Then by Gauss divergence theorem, we
have
zzS
F ⋅ n dS = zzz V
div F dV
= zzz LMN
V
∂
∂x
b
2x + 3z +
∂
∂y
g
− xz − y + b
∂ 2
∂z
y + 2z dVg e jOPQ
But V is the volume of a sphere of radius 3.

= zzz a V
f
2 − 1 + 2 dV = 3 zzz
V
dV = 3V
∴ V =
4
π3 af 3
= 36π.
zz
3
Hence F ⋅ n dS = 3 × 36π = 108π .
zz e
S
Example 2. Evaluate
S
j
y 2 z 2i + z 2x 2 j + z 2 y 2 k ⋅ n dS , where S is the part of the sphere
2 2 2
x + y + z = 1 above the xy-plane and bounded by this plane.
Sol. Let V be the volume enclosed by the surface S. Then by divergence theorem, we have
zz eS
j
y 2 z 2 i + z 2 x 2 j + z 2 y 2 k ⋅ n dS = zzz V
e j
div y 2 z 2 i + z 2 x 2 j + z 2 y 2 k dV
= zzz LMN
V ∂x
e
∂ 2 2
y z +
∂ 2 2
∂y
j
z x +
∂ 2 2
∂z
e j
z y e jOPQ dV
VECTOR CALCULUS 403
= zzz V
2zy 2 dV = 2 zzz V
zy 2 dV
Changing to spherical polar coordinates by putting

x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ
dV = r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ
π
To cover V, the limits of r will be 0 to 1, those of θ will be 0 to and those of φ will be
2
zzz
0 to 2π.
∴ 2
V
zy 2 dV = 2 z z za
0
2π π 2 1
0 0
fe j
r cosθ r 2 sin 2 θ sin 2 φ r 2 sin θ dr dθ dφ
= 2 z z z
2π
0
π2
0
1
0
r 5 sin3 θ cos θ sin 2 φ dr dθ dφ
Lr O
= 2 z z
0
2π π 2
0
sin θ cos θ sin
3 2
φM P
N6Q
6 1
dθ dφ
z z
0
1 2π 1 2π π
= sin 2 φ ⋅ dφ = sin 2 φ dφ = .
12 12 12
zz
0 0
Example 3. Evaluate F ⋅ n dS over the entire surface of the region above the xy-plane
S
bounded by the cone z2 = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 4, if F = 4xzi + xyz 2 j + 3zk .

Sol. If V is the volume enclosed by S, then V is bounded by the surfaces z = 0, z = 4, z2 =
x2 + y2.
By divergence theorem, we have zz S
F ⋅ n dS = zzz V
div F dV
= zzz LMN a f
V
∂
∂x
4xz +
∂
∂y
xyz 2 +
∂
∂z
e j
3z dV = a fOP
Q zzz e V
4z + xz 2 + 3 dV j
= zz z e
4 z
0 − z − z2 − y2
z2 − y2
4 z + xz 2 + 3 dx dy dzj
= 2 zz z a
4 z
0 –z 0
z2 − y2
f
4z + 3 dx dy dz, since z z2 − y2
− z2 − y2
x dx = 0
= 2
zza f
0
4 z
−z
4z + 3 z 2 − y 2 dy dz = 4 zza 4
0 0
z
4z + 3 f z 2 − y 2 dy dz
LM OP
z MN
z
= 4
0
a
4
f4z + 3
y z2 − y2
2
z2
+ sin −1
2
y
z PQ dz
0
= 4 z a fLMN
0
4
4z + 3
z2
2
OP
sin −1 1 dz = 4 ×
Q
π
4 ze0
4
4z 3 + 3z 2 dz j
= π z +z
4 3 4
0
a
= π 256 + 64 = 320π . f
Example 4. By transforming to a triple integral evaluate
I = zz e
S
where S is the closed surface bounded by the planes z = 0, z = b and the cylinder x2 + y2 = a2.
x 3 dy dz + x 2 y dz dx + x 2 z dx dy j (U.P.T.U., 2006)
Sol. By divergence theorem, the required surface integral I is equal to the volume integral
zzz LMN
V ∂x
e j
∂ 3
x +
∂ 2
∂y
x y +
∂ 2
∂z
e j
x z dV e jOPQ
= zz zb a
z =0 y = – a x = –
ea − y
2
j 3x
e je
2
a2 − y2
2
+ x 2 + x 2 dx dy dzj
LM x OP e
z z ze zz
b a a2 − y2 j x 2 dx dy dz = 20 b a 3 a2 − y2 j
= 4×5
N3Q
dy dz
z = 0 y= 0 x = 0 z = 0 y= 0
x= 0
LM a − y zOP
zze z z
3 b
j
3 3
MNe j PQ e j
20 b a 20 a 20 a
= a − 2
y 2 2 dy dz = 2 2 2
dy = b a2 − y2 2 dy .
3 z = 0 y= 0 3 y=0 3 y=0
z=0
Put y = a sin t so that dy = a cos t dt.
z z
π π
∴ I=
20
3
b
0
2 a
a 3 cos 3 t a cos t dt = f 20 4
3
a b
0
2 cos 4 t dt =
20 4 3 π 5 4
3
a b = πa b .
4.2 2 4
H
Example 5. Verify divergence theorem for F = (x2 – yz) i + (y2 – zx) j + (z2 – xy) k taken over
the rectangular parallelopiped 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c. [U.P.T.U. (C.O.), 2006]
H H
Sol. We have div F = ∇ · F =
∂ 2
∂x
x − yz +
∂ 2
∂y
y − zx +
∂ 2
∂z
z − xy = 2x + 2 y + 2z .e j e j e j
∴ Volume integral =
H
∇ ⋅ F dV = 2 x + y + z dVzzz V zzz bV
g
LM x + yx + zxOP
zz zb zz
a
g
c b a c b 2
x + y + z dx dy dz = 2
N2 Q
= 2 dy dz
z =0 y = 0 x = 0 z= 0 y = 0
x =0
z z LMN OP
z LMMN O b
+ azyP
2
c b a2 c a 2
y
+ ay + az dy dz = 2 y+a
Q PQ
= 2 dz
z = 0 y= 0 2 z =0 2 2
y =0
= 2
z LMN
c
z= 0
a b ab
2
+
2
O
+ abz P dz
2
Q
2
= 2M
L a b z + ab z + ab z OP = [a bc + ab c + abc ] = abc (a + b + c).
2 2 2 c
N2 2 2Q
2 2 2
0
Surface integral: Now we shall calculate
H
F ⋅ n dS zz S
Over the six faces of the rectangular parallelopiped.
Over the face DEFG,
n = i, x = a.
VECTOR CALCULUS 405
Therefore, zz F ⋅ n dS
Z
zz
DEFG
=
c
z = 0 y= 0
b
ea 2
j e
− yz i + y 2 − 2a j + z 2 − ay k ⋅ i dy dz j e j C
B
LMa y − z y OP
zz z 2 b D E
=
c
z = 0 y= 0
b
e a 2 − yz dy dz = j c
z= 0 MN
2
2 PQ
dz
y =0
Y
LM a OP dz = LM a OP
z
c
O A
2 2 2 2
c zb z c b
2
b− 2
bz − b2 = a 2 bc –
= z= 0 MN 2 PQ MN 4 PQ 0
4 . G F
X
Over the face ABCO, n = – i, x = 0. Therefore
zz zz b
Fig. 5.27
=
ABCO
F ⋅ n dS = g
0 − yz i + y j + z k ⋅ −i dy dz2 2
a f
zz z LMMN y zO
z
b
P
2
c b c b2
c b2c 2
yz dy dz = dz = zdz =
2 PQ
=
z =0 y = 0 z=0 z=0 2 4
y=0
Over the face ABEF, n = j, y = b. Therefore
zz H
F ⋅ n dS =
ABEF
c a
zz
x 2 − bz i + b 2 − zx j + z 2 − bx k ⋅ j dx dz
z =0 x = 0
e j e j e j
= zz c
z = 0 x= 0
a
eb 2
j
− zx dx dz = b 2 ca −
a 2c2
4
.
Over the face OGDC, n = – j, y = 0. Therefore
zz OGDC
H
F ⋅ n dS = z z c
z= 0 x =0
a
zx dx dz =
c 2 a2
4
.
Over the face BCDE, n = k, z = c. Therefore
zz BCDE
H
F ⋅ n dS = zz b
y = 0 x =0
a
ec 2
j
− xy dx dy = c 2 ab −
a 2b 2
4
·
Over the face AFGO, n = – k, z = 0. Therefore
zz AFGO
H
F ⋅ n dS = z z b
y=0 x=0
a
xy dx dy =
a2 b 2
4
·
Adding the six surface integrals, we get

F a bc − c b I F I F I
zz S
H
F ⋅ n dS = GH 2
4
2 2
+
c 2b 2
4 JK GH
+ b 2 ca −
a2 c2 a2 c2
4
+
4
+ c 2 ab −
a 2b 2 a 2b 2
4
+
4 JK GH JK
= abc (a + b + c).
Hence, the theorem is verified.
H
Example 6. If F = 4xzi – y2j + yzk and S is the surface bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
x = 1, y = 1, z = 1, evaluate
H
F ⋅ n dS . zz S
Sol. By Gauss divergence theorem,
zz H
F ⋅ n dS =
S zzzH
∇ ⋅ F dV , where V is the volume enclosed by the surface S
V
= zzz LMN
V
∂
∂x
a f
4xz +
∂
∂y
b gOP
− y2 +
Q
∂
∂z
e j
yz dV = b 4z − 2y + yg dV zzz
V
= zzz b
4z − yg dx dy dz =
V zzz
b 4z − yg dx dy dz
1 1
x =0 y = 0 z= 0
1
= zz
1 1
2z − yz
x =0 y = 0
dx dy =
2 1
z=0 z z
b2 − yg dx dy 1
x=0
1
y= 0
= z LMMN
1
2y −
x =0
y O
P
2 PQ
dx = z M2 − P dx = z dx = .
L 1O 3
2 1
N 2Q 2
y =0
1
0
3
2
1
Example 7. Evaluate z e y z i + z x j + z y k j ⋅ n dS, where S is the part of the sphere

2 2 2 2 2 2
S
x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, above the xy-plane and bounded by this plane.
H
Sol. We have F = y2z2 i + z2x2 j + z2y2 k
H
div F =
∂ 2 2
∂x
y z +
∂ 2 2
∂y
z x + e
∂ 2 2
∂z
z y j e j e j
= 2zy2
∴ Given integral = zzz V
2 zy 2 dV
where V is the volume enclosed by the surface S, i.e., it is the hemisphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1, above
[By Gauss’s divergence theorem]
the xy-plane.
Z
Y
2 2
z= 1–x –y y= 1–x
2
dx dy dz
dx dy
X¢ O X
Z=0 O
dx dy X
2
y=–1–x
Y Y¢
(i) (ii)
Fig. 5.28
From the above Figure 5.28 (i) and (ii), it is evident that
limits of z are from 0 to 1 − x2 − y2
limits of y are from – 1 − x 2 to 1 − x2

and limits of x are from –1 to + 1.
VECTOR CALCULUS 407
∴ Given integral
= 2 z z 1 1− x 2
x = –1 y = – 1 − x 2 z = 0 z 1 −x 2 − y 2
zy 2 dx dy dz
Fz I
z z 2 1− x 2 − y 2
1− x 2
GH 2 JK
1
= 2 y 2 dx dy
x = –1 y = – 1 − x 2
0
= z z
1
x = –1 y = – 1− x 2
1− x 2
e1 − x 2
j
− y 2 y 2 dx dy
z LMMNe OP dx 1− x 2
1− x j
1 y 3 y5
2
−
PQ
=
x = –1 3 5
– 1− x 2
R| 1 1 − x − 1 1 − x U| dx
z
5 5
= 2
1
S| 3 e j 5 e j V|
2 2 2 2
x =−1
T W
R| b1 − x g e1 − x j U| dx
= 4 z 1
0
S|
T 3 − 5 |W
2 5/2
V
2 5/2
=
8
15 z
1
0
e1 − x j dx
5
2 2
ze
π 5
=
8
15 0
2 1 − sin 2 θ j 2 cos θ dθ [Putting x = sin θ]
z
π
8 2
= cos 2 θ dθ
15 0
8 5π π
= ⋅ = ·
15 32 12
H
z H
Example 8. Evaluate F ⋅ n dS where F = (x + y2) i – 2x j + 2yz k where S is surface bounded
S
by coordinate planes and plane 2x + y + 2z = 6.
Sol. We know from Gauss divergence theorem,
zz
S
H
F ⋅ n dS =
H
V
H
zzz
div F dV
F = (x + y2) i – 2x j + 2yz k
H F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I ⋅ {ex + y j i − 2x j + 2yz k}
div F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK 2
=
∂
∂x
ex + y j + ∂∂y a–2xf + ∂∂z b2yzg
2
zzz zzz
= 1 + 2y
H H
Let I = F ⋅ n dS = div F dV
zzz b
S V
= 1 + 2 y dV g
zzz b
V
= g
1 + 2 y dx dy dz
6 − 2x − y
Limit of z is 0 to
2
Limit of y is 0 to 6 – 2x
zzz b
Limit of x is 0 to 3
Hence, I = g
1 + 2 y dx dy dz
= zz b 1 + 2 y g kzpb 0
g dx dy
6 − 2 x − y /2
=
1
2 zz b 1 + 2 ygb 6 − 2x − yg dx dy
=
1
2 zz o 6 − 2x + 11y − 4xy − 2 y 2 dx dy t
=
1
2 z RST 6 y − 2xy +
11 2
2
2
y − 2xy 2 − y 3
3
UV
W
6 − 2x
dx
z LMN b
0
=
1
2
g
6 6 − 2 x − 2 x 6 − 2x + b g 11
2
6 − 2x b g 2
b
− 2 x 6 − 2x g 2
−
2
3
b6 − 2x g OPQ dx
3
=
1
2 z RST −
8 3
3
x + 26x 2 − 84x + 90 dx
UV
W
1 2 LM 26 3 OP 3
=
2 3 N
− x4 +
3
x − 42x 2 + 90x
Q 0
1
= − 54 + 234 − 378 + 270
2
1
= 72 = 36 .
2
Example 9. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for
zz {e
S
j
x 3 − yz dy dz − 2 x 2 y dz dx + z dx dy
over the surface of cube bounded by coordinate planes and the planes x = y = z = a
}
H
Sol. Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k.
zz zz zzz
From Gauss divergence theorem, we know
H H
F ⋅ n dS = F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy = div F dV ...(i)
S S V
Here, F1 = x3 – yz, F2 = – 2x2y, F3 = z
H
So, F = (x3 – yz) i – 2x2y j + z k
H F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I ⋅ {ex − yzj i − 2x y j + z k}
div F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK 3 2
ex − yzj + e – 2x yj + azf
∂ ∂
3 ∂ 2
=
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 3x2 − 2x2 + 1 = x2 + 1
Hence, zz S
H
F ⋅ n dS = zzz e V
j
x 2 + 1 dV
VECTOR CALCULUS 409
= zzze
a a a
j x 2 + 1 dx dy dz
zze
0 0 0
x + 1j kzp dx dy
a a a
2
= 0
zze
0 0
x + 1j dx dy
a a 2
= a
ze
0 0
a x + 1j myr dx
a a
2
=
ze
0 0
x + 1j dx
a
2 2
= a
0
Ra U
a S + xV
2
3 a
T3 W
=
0
2|R a + a|UV = a + a
a S
3 5
3
=
|T 3 |W 3 ...(ii)
Verification by direct integral: Outward drawn unit vector normal to face OEFG is – i and
dS is dy dz.
z zz b g
If I1 is integral along this face,
H H
I1 = F ⋅ n dS = F ⋅ − i dy dz
zz e j
S S
= x − yz dy dz
3
[As x = 0 for this face]
zz
S
a a
= yz dy dz
0 0
z R|S|T U|V|W
a
a z2
= y dy
0 2
0
z LMMN OPPQ 2 a
a2 a a2 y a4
= y dy = =
2 0 2 2 4
0
For face ABCD, its equation is x = a and n dS = i dy dz ,
zz
If I2 is integral along this face
H Z
I2 = F ⋅ i dy dz k
zz e
S
= x 3 − yz dy dz j G F
zze
S
j
a a D C
= a 3 − yz dy dz –i
0 0 j
z R|S|T U|V dy
a
a –j
a z2
=
0
a3 z − y
|W z
0
a O a E
Y
a U
z RST
A
a a − y V dy
a 2 B
= 3
0 2W X
i –k
Fig. 5.29
LMa y − a y OP
4
2 2 a
MN 2 2 PQ
=
0
4
a
= a5 −
4
If I3 is integral along face OGDA whose equation is
y = 0
n dS = – j dxdz
Hence, I3 = zzH
F ⋅ − j dx dz b g
zz
S
= – – 2x 2 y dx dz
S
= 0, as y = 0.
If I4 is integral along face BEFC whose equation is
y = a
n dS =
zz
j dx dz
Then I4 = – 2 x 2 y dx dz
zz
S
a a
= – 2a x 2 dx dz
z kp
0 0
a a
= – 2a x 2 z 0
dx
z
0
a
= – 2a 2 x 2 dx
0
2 LM x OP 3 a
= –
2 5
N3Q
= – 2a a .
0
3
If I5 is integral along face OABE whose equation is
z = 0
n dS = – k dx dy
I5 = zzH
F ⋅ – k dx dy b g
zz
S
= – z dx dy = 0 as z = 0.
S
If I6 is integral along face CFGD whose equation is
z = a
n dS = k dx dy
I6 = zz z dx dy = zz a a
a dx dy
z z
S 0 0
a a a
= a y 0
dx = a 2 dx = a 3
0 0
Total surface I = I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6
VECTOR CALCULUS 411
a4 a4 2
= + a5 – + 0 – a5 + 0 + a3
4 4 3
a5
+ a3 = ...(iii)
3
which is equal to volume integral. Hence Gauss theorem is verified.
Example 10. Evaluate by Gauss divergence theorem
zz {
S
e j
xz 2 dy dz + x 2 y − z 3 dz dx + 2 xy + y 2 z dx dy e j }
where S is surface bounded by z = 0 and z = a 2 − x 2 − y 2 .
H
Sol. Let F = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k.
Cartesian form of Gauss divergence theorem is
Here,
zzS
H
F ⋅ n dS = zz
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy =
S
F1 = xz2 ; F2 = x2y – z3, F3 = 2xy + y2z.
zzz V
H
div F dV
H
Hence, F = xz2 i + (x2y – z3) j + (2xy – y2z) k
H F ∂ i + ∂ j + ∂ kI
div F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK {xz i + (x y – z ) j + (2xy + y z) k} 2 2 3 2
=
∂
∂x
exz j + ∂∂y ex y – z j + ∂∂z e2xy + y zj
2 2 3 2
zz zzz
= z2 + x2 + y2.
H H
Let I = F ⋅ n ds = div F dV
zzz e
S V
= x + y + z 2 dx dy dz
2 2
j
Limit of z is 0 to a2 − x2 − y 2
Limit of y is − a 2 − x 2 to a2 − x2
zzz e
Limit of x is – a to a
I = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dx dy dzj
zz LMMNe OP a2 − x 2 − y2
= x +y
2 2
j z+
z3
3 PQ dx dy
0
LM O
j PP dx dy
3
e
= zz MMMex 2
+ y2 j a2 − x 2 − y 2 +
a2 − x 2 − y 2
3
2
PP
N Q
zz |RS a2 − x 2 − y 2 U| dx dy
V|
=
|T
a2 − x 2 − y 2 x 2 + y 2 +
3 W
=
1
3 zz o
a 2 − x 2 − y 2 3x 2 + 3y 2 + a 2 − x 2 − y 2 dx dy t
=
1
3 zz a2 − x2 − y 2 o2x 2
t
+ 2 y 2 + a 2 dx dy
=
1
3 zz a
− a − a2 −x2
a2 −x2
{e2x 2
+ a2 j a2 − x 2 − y 2 + 2y 2 }
a 2 − x 2 − y 2 dx dy
=
2
3 zz a
−a 0
a2 − x 2 RSe2x
T
2
+ a2 j a2 − x 2 − y 2 + 2 y 2 a 2 − x 2 −y U
VW dx dy
2
Let y = a 2 − x 2 sin θ
dy = a 2 − x 2 cosθ dθ
z z LNMe OP
π
I =
2
3
a
−a 0
2 2x 2 + a 2 jea 2
j
− x 2 cos 2 θ + 2 a 2 − x 2e j 2
Q
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ dx dθ
LM OP
z MMNe
3 1 3 3
2
PP
a
=
3 −a 2x + a 2
j2
jea 2
−x 2
j 2 2
e
2 2 + 2 a2 − x2 2
2 2 dx
2 3 Q
=
2
3 z LMNe
2x + a je a − x j + 2e a − x j
−a
a π
4
2 πO
16 PQ
2
dx 2 2 2 2 2
=
4 π
×
3 8 z LMN e 0
a O
2 2x + a je a − x j + e a − x j P dx
Q
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
π
3×2 z
2 e2x a − 2x + a − a x j + a + x − 2 x
0
a 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2
dx
=
π
6 ze
0
a
3a 4 − 3x 4 dx j
=
π
2 ze
0
a
j a 4 − x 4 dx
πL x O
a
M P
5
a x− 4
2N 5Q
=
0
π 4 5 2π 5
= × a = a .
2 5 5
z zb
Example 11. Using the divergence theorem, evaluate the surface integral
g
yz dy dz + zx dz dx + xy dy dx , where S : x2 + y2 + z2 = 4. (U.P.T.U., 2008)
S
Sol. Let F = F1i + F2j + F3k
zz zzz
From Gauss divergence theorem, we have
zzS
F . n dS =
S
F1 dy dz + F2 dz dx + F3 dx dy =
V
div F dV ...(i)
VECTOR CALCULUS 413
Comparing L.H.S. of (i) with given integral, we get

F1 = yz, F2 = zx, F3 = xy
So F = F1i + F2 j + F3k ⇒ F = (yz)i + (zx)j + (xy)k
F i ∂ + j ∂ + k ∂ I .{(yz)i + (zx)j + (xy)k}
div F = GH ∂x ∂y ∂z JK
=
∂
∂x
b yzg +
∂
∂y
a zxf + b xyg = 0
∂
∂z
z zb zzz
Thus
yz dy dz + zx dz dx + xy dy dx = g 0. dV = 0.
S V
EXERCISE 5.7
1. Use divergence theorem to evaluate

zz
S
H
F ⋅ dS where F = x i + y j + z k and S is the surface
3 3 3
LMAns. 12πa 5 OP
of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2.
N 5 Q
2. Use divergence theorem to show that zzS
e j
∇ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dS = 6V Where S is any closed
zz
surface enclosing volume V.
3. Apply divergence theorem to evaluate SFn dS , where F = 4x 3 i − x2 yj + x2 zk and S is

the surface of the cylinder x2 + y2 = a2 bounded by the planes z = 0 and z = b.
Ans. 3ba 4 π
4. Use the divergence theorem to evaluate zz b

S
portion of the plane x + 2y + 3z = 6 which lies in the first octant.
g
x dy dz + y dz dx + z dx dy , where S is the
(U.P.T.U., 2003)
Ans. 18
zz
5. The vector field F = x i + zj + yzk is defined over the volume of the cuboid given by 0
2
≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c enclosing the surface S. Evaluate the surface integral F ⋅ dS.

S
LM FG b IJ OP
(U.P.T.U., 2001) Ans. abc a +
N H 2 KQ
6. Evaluate
first octant.
zz e
S
j
yzi + zxj + xyk dS where S is the surface of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 in the
(U.P.T.U., 2004) Ans. 0
7. Evaluate zz e
S
j
e x dy dz – ye x dz dx + 3z dx dy , where S is the surface of the cylinder x2 + y2
= c2, 0 ≤ z ≤ h. Ans. 3π hc 2
8. Evaluate zz S
F ⋅ n ds , where F = 2xyi + yz2j + xzk, and S is the surface of the region
LMAns. 351 OP
bounded by x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, y = 3 and x + 2z = 6.
N 2 Q
9. F = 4xi – 2y2j + z2k taken over the region bounded by x2 + y2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.
Ans. Common value 8 π
e j
10. F = x 3 − yz i – 2x 2 yj + zk taken over the entire surface of the cube 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a,
LMAns. Common value a + a OP
5
3
0 ≤ z ≤ a.
N 3 Q
11. F = 2xyi + yz2j + xzk and S is the total surface of the rectangular parallelopiped bounded
by the coordinate planes and x = 1, y = 2, z = 3. Ans. Common value 33
12. F = x 2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k taken over the surface of the ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2
+ + = 1. Ans. Common value 0
a 2 b2 c 2
13. F = xi + yj taken over the upper half on the unit sphere
LMAns. Common value 4π OP
x2 + y2 + z2 = 1.
N 3 Q
14. Prove that zzz zz dV

r 2
=
r. n
r2
ds .
zz
V S
15. Evaluate r. n ds , where S : surface of cube bounded by the planes x = –1, y = –1,
S
z = –1, x = 1, y = 1, z = 1. [Ans. 24]
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

A. Pick the correct answer of the choices given below:
1. If r = xi + yj + zk is position vector, then value of ∇(log r) is
r r
(i) (ii)
r r2
r
(iii) − (iv) None of these [U.P.T.U., 2008]
r3
2. The unit vector normal to the surface x2y + 2xz = 4 at (2, –2, 3) is
1 1
(i) (i – 2j + 2k) (ii) (i – 2j – 2k)
3 3
1
(iii) (i + 2j – 2k) (iv) None of these
3
VECTOR CALCULUS 415
3. If r is a position vector then the value of ∇rn is

(i) nrn–2 r (ii) nrn–2
2
(iii) nr (iv) nrn–3
4. If f(x, y, z) = 3x2y – y3z2, then |∇f| at (1, –2, –1) is
(i) 481 (ii) 381
(iii) 581 (iv) 481
e j
5. If a is a constant vector, then grad r . a is equal to
(i) r (ii) − a
(iii) 0 (iv) a
6. The vector rn r is solenoidal if n equals

(i) 3 (ii) – 3
(iii) 2 (iv) 0
7. If r is a position vector then div r is equal to

(i) 3 (ii) 0
(iii) 5 (iv) –1
8. If r is a position vector then curl r is equal to

(i) – 5 (ii) 0
zz
(iii) 3 (iv) –1
9. If F = ∇φ, ∇2φ = – 4πρ where P is a constant, then the value of F. n dS is:

S
(i) 4π (ii) – 4πρ
zzz
(iii) – 4πρV (iv) V
10. If n is the unit outward drawn normal to any closed surface S, the value of div F dV
V
is
(i) V (ii) S
(iii) 0 (iv) 2S
zz
11. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and F = xi + 2yj + 3zk then the value
of the integral F. n dS is
S
(i) 3V (ii) 6V
zz
(iii) 2V (iv) 6S
12. The integral r 5 n dS is equal
zzz
S
(i) 0 (ii) 5r 3 . r dV
V
(iii) zzz V
5r −3 . r dV (iv) None of these
zzz
13. A vector F is always normal to a given closed surface S in closing V the value of the
integral curl F dV is :
V
(i) 0 (ii) 0
(iii) V (iv) S
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. If f = (bxy – z3)i + (b – 2)x2 j + (1 – b)xz2 k has its curl identically equal to zero then
b = ..........
FG 1IJ
2. ∇ 2
H rK = ..........
3. div grad f = ..........

4. curl grad f = ..........
5. grad r = ..........
1
6. grad = ..........
r
7. If A = 3x yz2 i + 2x y3 j – x2 yz k and f = 3x2 – yz then A . ∇f = ..........
8. If r = r, then ∇f(r) × r = ..........
9. If r = r, then
∇f r af
= ..........
∇r
10. The directional derivative of φ = xy + yz + zx in the direction of the vector i + 2j + k
zb
at (1, 2, 0) is = ..........
11. The value of g

xdy − ydx around the circle x2 + y2 = 1 is ..........
12. If ∇2φ = 0, ∇2ψ = 0, then z z FGH φ

∂ψ
∂n
−ψ
∂φ
∂n
IJ
K
dS = ..........
zz
S
13. F . n dS is called the .......... dF over S.
14. If S is a closed surface, then zz r . n dS = ..........
zzz zz
S
15. ∇. F dV = A dS , then A is equal to ..........

V S
C. Indicate True or False for the following statements:
1. (i) If v is a solenoidal vector then div v = 0.
VECTOR CALCULUS 417
(ii) div v represents the rate of loss of fluid per unit volume.
(iii) If f is irrotational then curl f ≠ 0.
(iv) The gradient of scalar field f(x, y, z) at any point P represents vector normal to the
surface f = const.
2. (i) The gradient of a scalar is a scalar.
(ii) Curl of a vector is a scalar.
(iii) Divergence of a vector is a scalar.
(iv) ∇f is a vector along the tangent to the surface f = 0.
3. (i) The directional derivative of f along a is f. a .
(ii) The divergence of a constant vector is zero vector.
(iii) The family of surfaces f(x, y, z) = c are called level surfaces.
(iv) If a and b are irrotational then div ea × bj = 0.

4. (i) Any integral which is evaluated along a curve is called surface integral.
(ii) Green’s theorem in a plane is a special case of stoke theorem.
(iii) If the surface S has a unique normal at each of its points and the direction of this
normal depends continuously on the points of S, then the surface is called smooth
surface.
(iv) The integral z F . dr is called circulation.
z ze z
S
5. (i) The formula j

curl F . n ds = F . dr is governed by Stoke’s theorem.
S C
(ii) If the initial and terminal points of a curve coincide, the curve is called closed
zzz
curve.
(iii) If n is the unit outward drawn normal to any closed surface S, then ∇. n dv ≠ S .
zb
V
(iv) The integral

1
2
g
xdy − ydx represents the area.
C
D. Match the Following:
e
1. (i) ∇. ∇ × a j (a) dφ
(ii) curl (φ grad φ) (b) 0
e j
(iii) div a × r (c) 0
(iv) ∇φ . d r (d) r curl a
2. (i) ∇2 r2 (a) a . (∇f)

(ii) df/ds (b) grad f ± grad g
e j F aI
(iii) a . ∇ f (c) ∇f . GH a JK
(iv) ∇(f ± g) (d) 6
3. (i) grad of φ along n (a) a (acceleration)
d2r ∂φ
(ii) (b) n
dt 2 ∂n
(iii) curl v (c) curl f = 0
(iv) irrotational (d) 2 ω
ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
A. Pick the correct answer:

1. (ii) 2. (ii) 3. (i) 4. (iv)
5. (iv) 6. (ii) 7. (i) 8. (ii)
9. (iii) 10. (ii) 11. (ii) 12. (ii)
13. (i)
B. Fill in the blanks:
1. 4 2. 0 3. ∇2 f 4. 0
r r
5. 6. 7. –15 8. 0
r r3
10
9. f ′(r) 10. 11. 2π 12. 0
3
13. flux 14. 3V 15. F . n
C. True or False:
1. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F (iv) F
2. (i) F (ii) T (iii) T (iv) F
3. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T
4. (i) F (ii) F (iii) T (iv) T
5. (i) T (ii) T (iii) F (iv) T
C. Match the following:
1. (i) ® (b) (ii) ® (c) (iii) ® (d) (iv) ® (a)
2. (i) ® (d) (ii) ® (c) (iii) ® (a) (iv) ® (b)
3. (i) ® (b) (ii) ® (a) (iii) ® (d) (iv) ® (c)
GGG

Unit-5.Vector Calculus

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Unit-5.Vector Calculus

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KG Reddy College of Engineering and Technology

5.1 VECTOR INTEGRATION

5.2 LINE INTEGRAL

then we can write C z F ⋅ dr =

5.3 SURFACE INTEGRAL

5.4 VOLUME INTEGRAL

Sol. We know that

∴ F ⋅ dr = ex y i + yjj ⋅ edxi + dyjj

z z ex + 0jdx + z b–2aygdy + z ex + b jdx + z

Example 5. Evaluate F. dr where F = xyi + (x2 + y2)j and C

So dr = {(– sin θ)i + (cos θ)j}dθ

Thus, the circulation along circle C = z F . dr

The work done =

x = 2 and F = 2x2yi – y2j + 4xz2k. Then evaluate zzz e V

z zFGH y2 IJK dz + z xFGH z2 IJK dx + z y FGH x2 IJK dy

ze a − z jdz + xea − x jdx + ye a j

1Fa z z I 1Fa x x I 1Fa y y I

Example 10. Evaluate F . n ds , where F = zi + xj – 3y2 zk and S is the surface of the

Now F . n = (zi + xj – 3y2 zk).

= (2z2 + 8z)05 = 50 + 40 = 90.

Example 11. Evaluate zzz V

LM 64x − 8x − 96x + 48x OP

L 512 − 256 − 384 + 1536 OP

2. Show that F ⋅ dr = –1, where F = (cos y) i – xj – (sin y) k and C is the curve y = 1 − x2

Ans. ∇ × F ≠ 0, so non - conservative

7. Show that zzS

octant bounded by the planes y = 4, and z = 6 then evaluate zzS

9. If A = bx − ygi + bx + yg j evaluate Ü A ⋅ dr around the curve C consisting of y = x2 and

LMAns. 8 b3i − j + 2kgOP

y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4, evaluate zzz e j

(3, 4). Hence, evaluate the integral. Ans. 254

2 0 . Prove that F = (4xy – 3x2z2)i + 2x2 j – 2x3 zk is a conservative field.

2 1 . Evaluate z Sz F . n ds where F = xyi – x2 j + (x + z)k, S is the portion of plane 2x + 2y + z

= 6 included in the first octant.

5.19 GREEN’S* THEOREM

* George Green (1793–1841), English Mathematician.

Adding eqns. (i) and (ii), we get

Vector form of Greens theorem:

Let F = Pi + Qj, then we have

Corollary: Area of the plane region S bounded by closed curve C.

Example 1. Verify the Green’s theorem by evaluating ze

Here P = (x3 – xy3), Q = (y3 – 2xy)

zz FGH ∂∂Qx − ∂∂Py IJK dx dy = z z

Now, the line integral Fig. 5.12

Example 2. Verify Green’s theorem in plane for ze

boundary of the region defined by y2 = 8x and x = 2.

i.e., Line Integral (LI) = Double Integral (DI)

The L.H.S. of the Green’s theorem result is the line integral

Example 3. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate

zz b2x + 2ygdx dy = LMN2xy + 2y2 OPQ dx. z

[First integral vanishes as function is odd]

Let y = 3 sin θ in first and y = sin φ in second integral.

xdy − ydx g = z RST FGH

Sol. Here P(x, y) = 2xy – x2

1. Using Green’s theorem evaluate ze C

[Ans. Common value: – 8π]

10. Evaluate the integral z

[Ans. π (cos h 1 – 1)]

11. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy-plane for

14. Using Green’s theorem in the plane evaluate z

is the boundary of the circle (x – 1)2 + (y + 1)2 = 4.

5.20 STOKE’S THEOREM

Considering integral  , we have

∴ F ⋅ dr = ex y i + yjj ⋅ edxi + dyjj

Example 10. Evaluate F . n ds , where F = zi + xj – 3y2 zk and S is the surface of the

9. If A = bx − ygi + bx + yg j evaluate Ü A ⋅ dr around the curve C consisting of y = x2 and

Vector form of Greens theorem:

Considering integral , we have

On the surface S1: Plane OAB : z = 0, n = − k , so

On surface S2: Plane OBD : Plane x = 0, n = – i, so

Example 4. Evaluate over the surface of intersection of the cylinders x2 + y2

bounded by the cone z2 = x2 + y2 and the plane z = 4, if F = 4xzi + xyz 2 j + 3zk .

Over the face ABEF, n = j, y = b. Therefore

Over the face OGDC, n = – j, y = 0. Therefore

Over the face BCDE, n = k, z = c. Therefore

Over the face AFGO, n = – k, z = 0. Therefore

Example 7. Evaluate z e y z i + z x j + z y k j ⋅ n dS, where S is the part of the sphere

For face ABCD, its equation is x = a and n dS = i dy dz ,

3. Apply divergence theorem to evaluate SFn dS , where F = 4x 3 i − x2 yj + x2 zk and S is

12. F = x 2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k taken over the surface of the ellipsoid

9. If F = ∇φ, ∇2φ = – 4πρ where P is a constant, then the value of F. n dS is:

12. The integral r 5 n dS is equal

13. F . n dS is called the .......... dF over S.

14. If S is a closed surface, then zz r . n dS = ..........