IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST

BENEFICENT, THE MOST MERCIFUL.

Department of Civil Engineering,
U.E.T Peshawar
Hydropower Development Lecture # 4

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 12/23/2023 3

Water Passages Lecture # 4

Water Passages
 The system that allows the water to entre the
hydropower plant flowing through the various
water conveying structures up to the turbines
driving the generators and then allowing it to
discharge into the river downstream.

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 12/23/2023 4

Water Passages Lecture # 4

Types of Water Passages

Water Passages

Intake Water conducting Outflow

structure system structure
Power Draft Tube
Run-of-river
type canal/tunnel

Tailrace
Reservoir type Surge Tank Forebay

Penstock
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 12/23/2023 5
Water Passages Lecture # 4

• Intake structures
 The structure which divert the required amount of
water into water conducting system and prevent the
entry of such objects to power plant which cause local
damages is known as intake structures.

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Water Passages Lecture # 4

• Design Limitations
 Minimum head loss when water enters from the reservoir
behind a dam or the pool behind a barrage into the water
conducting system.

 No formation of vortices that could draw air into the water

conducting system.

 Minimum entry of sediment into the water conducting

system.

 No entry of floating material in the water conducting

system.
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 7
Intake structures Lecture # 4

 Run-of-river type intake

 Intakes adjacent to a diversion structure.

Intake for a tunnel

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 Lecture # 4

Run-of-river type intake

Canal Intake

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 Lecture # 4

Run-of-river type intake

Bank side Intake with weir

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 Lecture # 4

Run-of-river type intake

 Intakes away from diversion structure.

Bank-side without stream

structure:

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 Lecture # 4

Run-of-river type intake

Bank side Intake with-in stream structure:

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Intake structures Lecture # 4

 Reservoir type intakes

 Intakes for concrete dams

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 Lecture # 4

Reservoir type intakes

 Intakes for embankment dams (Sloping Intake)

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 Lecture # 4

Reservoir type intakes

 Intakes for embankment dams (Tower Type Intake)

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 Lecture # 4

Reservoir type intakes

Submerged intake

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 Lecture # 4

Reservoir type intakes

 Bed Intake:

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

• Components Of Intake Structures

1. Trash rake:

 Simply bar screens spaced 1.5in to 6in

 Installed to prevent entry of debris

 Screenings collected by the trash rack may be cleaned

manually or mechanically

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Components Of Intake Structures Lecture # 4

Trash rake

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Components Of Intake Structures Lecture # 4

2. Stop logs:
 Long rectangular wooden or steel board
 cut off or stop flow through a conduit

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Components Of Intake Structures Lecture # 4

3. Silt Basin:
 A rectangular steel box
 Trap the small size objects and sediments that's pass
from screens

12/23/2023
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf University Of Engineering
Department & Technology
of Civil Engineering Taxila
U.E.T 21
Components Of Intake Structures Lecture # 4

4. Flushing Sluice:
 A gate attached to silt basin
 Used to remove silt

Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T

12/23/2023
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf 22
Components Of Intake Structures Lecture # 4

5. Control gate :
 It is a simple sliding sluice
 Prevent water entry that exceed design flow

12/23/2023
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf University Of Engineering
Department & Technology
of Civil Engineering Taxila
U.E.T 23
Components Of Intake Structures Lecture # 4

6. Floating boom:
 It move ice balls and debris to aside and prevent entry to
intake screens

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Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf University Of Engineering
Department & Technology
of Civil Engineering Taxila
U.E.T 24
Components Of Intake Structures Lecture # 4

7. Electric heater:
 It keep temperature high to prevent the clogging of
screens due to freezing of water

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

 Factors affecting the selection of intake type

and location
a) Type of development : run-of-the-river or storage dam project;

b) Location of power house with respect to the dam: Water

conveyance distance and hydraulic considerations

c) Type of water conducting system: tunnel and penstock or canal

d) Areal Topography: topographical features, accessibility,

accessible sufficient water supply, stable ground for foundation.

e) Sediment concertation and transportation:

f) Locating of intake and reservoir filling :

Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 26
Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

 The intake structures are a matter for the design

engineers because the depth of the intake, the
horizontal location, the location of the various
structures relative to each other, and the approach
flow angle are site-specific .
 The choice and location of the intake structure
depends upon the following factors.
a) Type of development,
 whether the plant is a run-of-the-river type or a
storage dam project type. In the previous slides the
types of intake structures as per type of the
hydropower development plants have been discussed.

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

b) Location of power house with respect to the dam:

 the location of the powerhouse with regard to the
dam influences the choice and location of the intake
structure by impacting water conveyance distance and
hydraulic considerations.

 If the powerhouse is located close to the dam, the

water conveyance distance is minimized, reducing
transmission losses and optimizing efficiency.

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

 In such cases, the intake structure is typically

located near the dam to provide a direct and efficient
flow of water to the powerhouse.

 Similarly , if the powerhouse is adjacent to the dam,

the headrace can be designed with a relatively constant
slope, ensuring a steady and controlled flow of water,
thus reducing the design complexity of the intake
structure.

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

c) Type of water conducting system,

 When a Penstock or a tunnel is used as water
conducting system, the intake structure is placed directly in
the reservoir, and water is conveyed through diversion
systems to the forebay from where it passes through the
intake to the penstock or pressure tunnel.

 A vertical intake is commonly used where the penstock

or power tunnel is vertical for some distance to the level of
the powerhouse.
 Intake structures for canal-based hydropower projects
often include flow measurement devices to monitor the
amount of water being diverted into the canal.
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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

 This type of intake structure is typically located at

the beginning of the canal where water is diverted from
the river or reservoir.

 It consists of gates, screens, or other devices that

regulate and control the flow of water into the canal.
These structures ensure that the canal receives a steady
and controlled flow of water.

 Further, the type of water conducting system can

influence construction and maintenance requirements.

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

 Canals may require ongoing maintenance,

including sediment removal and vegetation control.

 Penstocks or tunnels, while typically requiring

less maintenance, may have specific inspection and
access requirements.

 The location of the intake structure needs to

consider these factors to ensure efficient construction
and maintenance operations.

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

d) Topographical features of the area:

 The intake should be situated in a location where
it can access a sufficient water supply and be
constructed on stable ground.

 Also the intake structure needs to be easily

accessible for construction, operation, and
maintenance activities. Considerations include
proximity to roads, availability of construction
equipment, and ease of transporting materials.

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

e) Sediment concertation and transportation:

 In cases where there is a considerable
movement of boulders, stones and sand in the
downstream direction, in respect of storage
reservoir intakes, the sill level of the intake should
be aimed to be kept above the sedimentation level
at or near the dam face, so that the effect of such
movement will not lead to a partial restriction or
blockage of the intake.

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Intakes Structures Lecture # 4

f) Locating of intake and reservoir filling :

 The intake structure can be located in a position that
allows for its construction before the reservoir level is raised.
 So, the location of the intake structure should take into
account the anticipated maximum level of the reservoir once
it is filled.
 It should be positioned at an elevation that guarantees
sufficient water supply to the turbines under normal
operating conditions, even at the highest expected reservoir
level.
 This ensures that the intake is ready to effectively
capture water once the hydropower project enters its
operational phase, without being hindered by rising water
levels or limitations in construction access.
Dr. Ateeq-ur-Rauf Department of Civil Engineering U.E.T 35
THE END