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 For George Tindall, teacher, scholar, writer—gentleman

01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 7 10/26/17 2:10 PM

 About the
Author
DAVID EMORY SHI is professor of history and the president emeritus of
Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina, an institution he led from
1994–2010. An Atlanta native, he earned degrees in history from Furman
University and the University of Virginia before starting his academic career
at Davidson College, where he won the Outstanding Teacher Award and
chaired the history department. He is the author of several books on Ameri-
can cultural history, including the award-winning The Simple Life: Plain
Living and High Thinking in American Culture and Facing Facts: Realism in
American Thought and Culture, 1850–1920. More recently, he published a
collection of speeches, newspaper columns, and essays titled The Belltower
and Beyond and co-edited with Holly Mayer a book of primary sources called
For the Record: Documents in American History. He lives in Brevard, North
Carolina.

01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 8 10/26/17 2:10 PM

 Contents
in Brief
CHAPTER 15 Reconstruction, 1865–1877 533

PART FIVE Growing Pains   571

CHAPTER 16 Big Business and Organized Labor, 1860–1900 575
CHAPTER 17 The South and the West Transformed, 1865–1900 611
CHAPTER 18 Society and Politics in the Gilded Age, 1865–1900 651
CHAPTER 19 Seizing an American Empire, 1865–1913 687

PART SIX Modern America   723

CHAPTER 20 The Progressive Era, 1890–1920 727
CHAPTER 21 America and the Great War, 1914–1920 769
CHAPTER 22 A Clash of Cultures, 1920–1929 807
CHAPTER 23 New Deal America, 1929–1939 851
CHAPTER 24 The Second World War, 1933–1945 893
PART SEVEN The American Age 945
CHAPTER 25 The Cold War and the Fair Deal, 1945–1952 951
CHAPTER 26 Affluence and Anxiety in the Atomic Age, 1950–1959 987
CHAPTER 27 New Frontiers, 1960–1968 1031
CHAPTER 28 Rebellion and Reaction, the 1960s and 1970s 1077
CHAPTER 29 Conservative Revival, 1977–1990 1125
CHAPTER 30 Twenty-First-Century America, 1993–present 1161

ix

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01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 10 10/26/17 2:10 PM
 Contents
List of Maps  xviii
List of THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN features  xx
List of WHAT’S IT ALL ABOUT? features  xxii
Preface  xxiii
Acknowledgments  xxx

CHAPTER 15 Reconstruction, 1865–1877  533

The War’s Aftermath in the South 534
The Battle over Political Reconstruction 535
Reconstruction in Practice 546
The Grant Years and Northern Disillusionment 555
Reconstruction’s Significance 563

REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 564

THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN: Debating

Reconstruction 566

PART FIVE | Growing Pains  571

Big Business and Organized Labor,
CHAPTER 16
1860–1900  575
The Elements of Industrial Growth 576
The Rise of Big Business 583
The Alliance of Business and Politics 590
A Changed Social Order 592
Organized Labor 597
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 608

xi

01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 11 10/26/17 2:10 PM

 The South and the West Transformed,
CHAPTER 17
1865–1900  611
The Myth of the New South 612
The Failings of the New South 615
Race Relations during the 1890s 618
The Settling of the New West 625
Life in the New West 629
The Fate of Western Indians 636
The End of the Frontier 646

REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 648

Society and Politics in the Gilded Age,

CHAPTER 18
1865–1900  651
America’s Move to Town 652
The New Immigration 655
Changes in Popular and Intellectual Culture 658
Gilded Age Politics 663
Corruption and Reform: Hayes to Harrison 666
Inadequate Currency and Unhappy Farmers 674
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 684

CHAPTER 19 Seizing an American Empire, 1865–1913  687

Toward the New Imperialism 688
Expansion in the Pacific 690
The Spanish-American War (War of 1898) 691
Consequences of Victory 698
Theodore Roosevelt and “Big-Stick” Diplomacy 706
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 716

THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN: Debating the Annexation of the

Philippines 718

xii

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 PART SIX | Modern America  723
CHAPTER 20 The Progressive Era, 1890–1920  727
The Progressive Impulse 728
The Varied Sources of Progressivism 729
Progressives’ Aims and Achievements 737
Progressivism under Roosevelt and Taft 745
Woodrow Wilson’s Progressivism 755
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 766

CHAPTER 21 America and the Great War, 1914–1920  769

An Uneasy Neutrality 770
Mobilizing a Nation 782
The American Role in Fighting the War 786
The Fight for the Peace 791
Lurching from War to Peace 799
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 804

CHAPTER 22 A Clash of Cultures, 1920–1929  807

A “New Era” of Consumption 808
The “Jazz Age” 815
The Modernist Revolt 821
The Reactionary Twenties 826
Republican Resurgence 835
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 848

xiii

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 CHAPTER 23 New Deal America, 1929–1939  851
The Causes of the Great Depression 852
The Human Toll of the Depression 857
From Hooverism to the New Deal 861
Roosevelt’s New Deal 867
The New Deal under Fire 875
The Second New Deal 881
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 890

CHAPTER 24 The Second World War, 1933–1945  893

The Rise of Fascism in Europe 894
The United States: From Isolationism to Intervention 901
Mobilization at Home 910
The Allied Drive toward Berlin 918
Fighting in the Pacific 927
A New Age Is Born 933

REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 936

THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN: Debating the United States’

Response to the Holocaust 938

PART SEVEN | The American Age  945

The Cold War and the Fair Deal,
CHAPTER 25
1945–1952  951
The Cold War 952
The Containment Policy 955
Expanding the New Deal 962
The Cold War Heats Up 971
Another Red Scare 978
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 984

xiv

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 Affluence and Anxiety in the Atomic Age,
CHAPTER 26
1950–1959  987
Moderate Republicanism—The Eisenhower Years 988
A People of Plenty 992
Cracks in the Picture Window 1002
The Early Years of the Civil Rights Movement 1006
Foreign Policy in the 1950s 1014
REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 1028

CHAPTER 27 New Frontiers, 1960–1968  1031

The New Frontier 1032
Expansion of the Civil Rights Movement 1042
Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great Society 1054
The Tragedy of Vietnam 1064
Sixties Crescendo 1070

REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 1074

CHAPTER 28 Rebellion and Reaction, the 1960s

and 1970s  1077
“Forever Young”: The Youth Revolt 1078
Social Activism Spreads 1086
Nixon and the Revival of Conservatism 1095
“Peace with Honor”: Ending the Vietnam War 1102
The Nixon Doctrine and a Thawing Cold War 1108
Watergate 1112

REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 1122

xv

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 CHAPTER 29 Conservative Revival, 1977–1990  1125
The Carter Presidency 1126
The Rise of Ronald Reagan 1133
The Reagan Revolution 1137
An Anti-Communist Foreign Policy 1142
The Changing Economic and Social Landscape 1146
The Presidency of George H. W. Bush 1149

REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 1158

Twenty-First-Century America,
CHAPTER 30
1993–present  1161
America’s Changing Population 1162
The Clinton Presidency 1163
A New Century 1172
A Resurgent Democratic Party 1180
New Priorities at Home and Abroad 1184
The Rise of Populism 1196

REVIEWING THE CORE OBJECTIVES 1214

THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN: Debating Contemporary

Immigration and the Uses of History 1216

xvi

01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 16 10/26/17 2:10 PM

 Glossary  G-1
Appendix  A-1
The Declaration of Independence  A-1
Articles of Confederation  A-5
The Constitution of The United States  A-11
Amendments to the Constitution  A-20
Presidential Elections  A-30
Admission of States  A-36
Population of The United States  A-37
Immigration to The United States, Fiscal Years 1820–2011  A-38
Immigration by Region and Selected Country of Last Residence,
Fiscal Years 1820–2011  A-40
Presidents, Vice Presidents, and Secretaries of State  A-49
Further Readings   R-1
Credits  C-1
Index  I-1

xvii

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 Maps
CHAPTER 15
Reconstruction, 1865–1877 554
The Election of 1876 562
CHAPTER 16
Transcontinental Railroad Lines, 1880s 581
CHAPTER 17
Sharecropping and Tenancy, 1880–1900 617
The New West 626
Indian Wars 645
CHAPTER 18
The Emergence of Cities, 1880 654
The Emergence of Cities, 1920 655
The Election of 1896 683
CHAPTER 19
The Spanish-American War in the Pacific 695
The Spanish-American War in the Caribbean 698
U.S. Interests in the Pacific 703
U.S. Interests in the Caribbean 710
CHAPTER 20
Women’s Suffrage, 1869–1914 737
The Election of 1912 757
CHAPTER 21
The Great War in Europe, 1914 772
The Great War, the Western Front, 1918 789
Europe after the Treaty of Versailles, 1919 795
CHAPTER 23
The Election of 1932 866
CHAPTER 24
Aggression in Europe, 1935–1939 900
World War II Military Alliances, 1942 906
Japanese Expansion before the Attack on Pearl Harbor 907
World War II in Europe and Africa, 1942–1945 924
World War II in the Pacific, 1942–1945 930

xviii

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 Maps xix

CHAPTER 25
The Occupation of Germany and Austria 960
The Election of 1948 970
The Korean War, 1950 and 1950–1953 976
CHAPTER 26
The Election of 1952 989
Postwar Alliances: The Far East 1019
Postwar Alliances: Europe, North Africa, the Middle East 1023
CHAPTER 27
The Election of 1960 1034
Vietnam, 1966 1068
The Election of 1968 1072
CHAPTER 29
The Election of 1980 1136
The Election of 1988 1150
CHAPTER 30
The Election of 2000 1174
The Election of 2004 1179
The Election of 2008 1184

01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 19 10/26/17 2:10 PM

 Thinking Like A Historian
PART FOUR

Debating Reconstruction 566

Secondary Sources
■ William Dunning, from Reconstruction, Political and Economic, 1865–1877 (1907)
■ Eric Foner, from The Story of American Freedom (1998)
Primary Sources
■ Union Army General Carl Schurz, from Report on the Condition of the South (1865)
■ Mississippi Vagrant Law (1865)
■ Civil Rights Act (1866)

■ 
Radical Republican Thaddeus Stevens, from “The Advantages of Negro Suffrage”
(1867)

PART FIVE

Debating the Annexation of the Philippines 718

Secondary Sources
■ Nell Irvin Painter, “The White Man’s Burden” (1989)
■ Kritsen L. Hoganson, “The National Manhood Metaphor” (1998)
Primary Sources
■ William McKinley, “Annual Message of the President to Congress” (1899)
■ Henry Cabot Lodge, “The Retention of the Philippine Islands,” Speech in the U.S.

Senate (1900)
■ Albert Beveridge, “Our Philippine Policy,” Speech in the U.S. Senate (1900)

■ Theodore Roosevelt, “National Duties,” Speech at Minnesota State Fair (1901)

xx

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 Thinking Like a Historian xxi

PART SIX

Debating the United States’ Response

to the Holocaust 938
Secondary Sources
■ David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews (1985)
■ Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman, FDR and the Jews (2013)
Primary Sources
■ Representatives of the Jewish Community of the United States, “Letter to the President” (1942)
■ U.S. Department of State, “Response to the British Embassy on Assisting Jewish Refugees” (1943)
■ Secretary of State and the President’s Correspondence, Abstract (1943)

■ U.S. State Department’s Efforts to Rescue European Jews, Memorandum (1944)

■ Franklin D. Roosevelt, “The Blackest Crimes of All History” (1944)

■ U.S. War Department to Treasury Department, “On Bombing Death Camp Railways” (1944)

PART SEVEN

Debating Contemporary Immigration and the Uses

of History 1216
Secondary Sources
■ Jason Richwine, “The Congealing Pot” (2009)
■ Leo Chavez, The Latino Threat (2008)
Primary Sources
■ Benjamin Franklin, Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. (1755)
■ Senate of California to the Congress, “Memorial of the Senate of California to the Congress of the United
States” (1878)
■ Henry Cabot Lodge, “The Restriction of Immigration” (1891)

■ Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot (1963)

01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 21 10/26/17 2:10 PM

 What’s It All About?
(In the Norton Coursepack)

CHAPTER 15 From Slave to Citizen

CHAPTER 16 The Growth of Big Business and Its Impact on Late-19th-Century
America
CHAPTER 17 Small Farmers and Independence in the Coming of the Modern Age
CHAPTER 18 National Issues of the Gilded Age
CHAPTER 19 The American Empire: Power and Consequences
CHAPTER 20 The Expanding Role of the Federal Government
CHAPTER 21 The Great War
CHAPTER 22 Cultural Clash in the 1920s
CHAPTER 23 Combating the Great Depression
CHAPTER 24 Contributions and Impacts of World War II
CHAPTER 25 The Cold War and the Rise of the National Security State
CHAPTER 26 Political Consensus after World War II
CHAPTER 27 Presidential Elections in the Sixties
CHAPTER 28 The Movements of the 1960s and 1970s
CHAPTER 29 The Reagan Revolution
CHAPTER 30 Post-Cold War U.S. Foreign Policy

xxii

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 Preface
This second edition of The Essential Learning Edition continues to nurture
America’s long-established focus on history as a storytelling art. It features
colorful characters and anecdotes informed by balanced analysis and social
texture, all guided by the unfolding of key events and imperfect but often
fascinating human actors with an emphasis on the culture of everyday life.
The Essential Learning Edition continues to provide a unique package of
features to introduce students to the methods and tools used by historians to
study, revise, and debate efforts to explain and interpret the past.
As always, the first step in my preparing a new edition is to learn from
students and professors what can be improved, polished, added or deleted.
The results of dozens of survey instruments provided a strong consensus:
students want an inexpensive, visually interesting textbook written in lively
prose that focuses on the essential elements of American history while tell-
ing the dramatic stories about the ways that individuals responded to and
shaped events. Too many textbooks overwhelm them, students responded,
either by flooding them with too much information or by taking too much for
granted in terms of the knowledge that students bring to the introductory
course. Students stressed that textbooks need to help them more readily
identify the most important developments or issues to focus on (and re-
member) as they read.
To address these student concerns, I have continued to provide contex-
tual explanations for events or developments that too often are taken for
granted by authors. For example, this edition includes more material about
the Native American experience, the nature and significance of the Protes-
tant Reformation, the texture of daily life, the impact of the cotton culture
on the global economy, and the march of capitalism.
When asked what they most wanted in an introductory text, instructors
said much the same as their students, but they also asked for a textbook that
introduced students to the nature of historical research, analysis, and de-
bate. Many professors also mentioned the growing importance to them and
their institutions of assessing the success of their students in meeting the
learning goals established by their department. Accordingly, I have aligned
The Essential Learning Edition with specific learning outcomes for the intro-
ductory American history survey course approved by various state and na-
tional organizations, including the American Historical Association. These
learning outcomes also extend to the accompanying media package, en-
abling instructors to track students’ progress towards mastery of these im-
portant learning goals.
These and other suggestions from students and professors have shaped
this new version of The Essential Learning Edition. Each of the 30 chapters
begins with a handful of Core Objectives, carefully designed to help

xxiii

01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 23 10/26/17 2:10 PM

 xxiv Preface   

students understand—and remember—the major developments and issues

in each period. To make it easier for students to grasp the major develop-
ments, every chapter aligns the narrative with the learning objectives. Each
Core Objective is highlighted at the beginning of each major section in the
chapter for which it is relevant. Core Objective flags appear in the page
margins to reinforce key topics in the narrative that are essential to under-
standing the broader Core Objectives. Key terms, chosen to reinforce the
major concepts, are bolded in the text and defined in the margin, helping
reinforce their significance. At the end of each chapter, review features con-
tinue to reiterate and review the Core Objectives, including pithy chapter
summaries, lists of key terms, and chapter chronologies.
This book continues to be distinctive for its creative efforts to make every
component—maps, images, etc.— a learning opportunity and teaching point.
Maps, for example, include lists of questions to help students interpret the
data embedded in them.
Interactive maps are but just one example of the innovative elements in
this book designed to deepen student learning and get them more engaged in
the learning dynamic. Chapters in The Essential Learning Edition also in-
clude a What It’s All About feature, which visually summarizes in a graphi-
cal format major issues. These are now available exclusively in the Norton
Coursepack for instructors to use in ways that are best suited for their
courses. Some examples include:

■ 
Chapter 3: Comparative examination of how different regions of the
English colonies were settled and developed.
■ 
Chapter 9: Analyzes sectional conflicts and the role the economic
policies of Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson played in those conflicts.
■ 
Chapter 12: Abolitionist versus pro-slavery arguments on slavery.
■ 
Chapter 15: Tracing the legal and legislative road from slavery to
freedom for African Americans in the former Confederate States.
■ 
Chapter 23: The First New Deal compared to the Second New Deal.

Another unique new feature, called Thinking Like a Historian, helps

students better understand—and apply—the research techniques and inter-
pretive skills used by historians. Through carefully selected examples, the
Thinking Like a Historian segments highlight the foundational role of pri-
mary and secondary sources as the building blocks of history and illustrates
the ways in which historians have differed in their interpretations of the
past. There is one Thinking Like a Historian feature for each of the seven
major periods of American history; each feature takes on a major interpre-
tive issue in that era. In Part I of the activity, students first read excerpts
from two original secondary sources that offer competing interpretive views
framing that period. In Part II, students then read some of the original pri-
mary sources that those same historians used to develop their arguments.
Finally, students must answer a series of questions that guide their reading
and analysis of the sources.

01_SHI_64303_FM_Vol2_i-xxxi.indd 24 10/26/17 2:10 PM

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