Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Meiosis I Meiosis II
Telophase Prophase I Prophase II
Metaphase I Metaphase Il
single cell large organisms No discrete elements refor

C
spindle pole
m Anaphase I Anaphase II
Chromosomes cluster Nucleolus
Cell cycle & Division golgi
Telophase I Telophase II
Nuclear envelope

10.1 Cell Cycle

ER

..
Growth spindle pole
Chromosomes cluster
forming
2 daughter nuclei Meiosis I
cell characteristics Prophase I Leptotene
reproduction 10.2 M Phase cytoplasm division
Cytokinesis
2 daughter ce!s
longer
subdivided
based on
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene

10.3 Significance of Mitosis

more complex than mitosis chromosomal
10.1 Cell Cycle Animal cytokinesis behaviour Diakinesis
furrow plasma membrane -
Centromere
Ce! constituents
synthesises two daughter leptotene
10.4 Meiosis
plasma membrane
cell
divides
Ce! genome Ce!
duplicates deepens joins centre
visible light microscope
I dividing chromosomes

10.5 Significance of Meiosis

ce! division
ce! growth DNA synthesis coordinated 2 cell cytoplasm compaction continues
DNA replication
(cytoplasmic increase) genetic
ce! growth
For
control
correct cell
continuous process Only ce! division cycle,division
Plant cytokinesis
10.1.1 Phases of Cell Cycle Di#erent bcz of ce! wa!

new ce! wa!

human ce!s Yeast duration vary formation ice!-plate (middle lame!a )

90 min
organism to organism
24 hours cell to cell mitochondria
distributed 2 daughter
A plastids ce!s

cell cycle
V

interphase M Phase
↓ ↓
multinucleate [ only karyokinesis]
95% 5%
Interphase
·

syncytium formation
23 hr 1 hr M Phase (Mitosis phase) two adjacent ce!s (e.g., liquid endosperm in coconut).

M Phase Significance of Mitosis

cell division or mitosis most dramatic period Mitosis Mitosis
- equational division
' interphase ( resting phase) Subdivided
starts(karyokinesis) 7 ends (cytokinesis)
reorganisation a! ce! components
diploid daughter ce!s ↓ ↓
haploid ce!
nuclear division cytoplasm division diploid ce!s only
G1 phase (Gap 1)
l parent Csome lower plants,
S phase (Synthesis) equational division chromosomes same
genetica!y same insectsS
Preparation progeny ce!s
v W G2 phase (Gap 2)
Karyokinesis involves 4 stages
ce! growth DNA replication
Prophase cell repair restore nucleo-
G1 phase S or synthesis phase Metaphase Prophase cytoplasmic ratio
do not
↑ ↑
interval -"
mitosis DNA synthesis or replication
Anaphase show multicellular
organisms Mitosis Significance cell replace
epidermis upper layer Zygotene ⑤
DNA replication initiation Telophase golgi growth -
↓ -
-
gut lining chromosomes pairing (synapsis) bivalent or tetrad
ER
metabolica!y active DNA doubles no increase in chromosome nucleolus meristematic tissues blood cells
apical H lateral cambium
continuously grows nuclear envelope
homologous chromosomes
no DNA replication If 2C then 4C If 2n then also 2n Electron micrographs synaptonemal complex
·

All life
initiation of chromosomal condensation
Leads to
compact mitotic chromosomes !]).

I
Meiosis
.
G2 phase replicate DNA In nucleus 2 chromatids with centromere

proteins synthesised
In animal
cells E duplicate centriole In cytoplasm
chromosome untangled
During
chromatin condensation centrosome
move
ce! opposite poles
2 asters with spindle "bres
Pachytene
ce! growth continues gametogenesis in plants and animals
forms
G1 S G2 mitotic apparatus
Male ce! (2n) ↳ Sperm (n)
Fertization
Chromosome 2n 2n 2n
Female ce! (2n) 7
Egg (n) Zygote (2n)
DNA 4C
Metaphase
2C 4C Chromosome half
Diploid Haploid Diploid
spindle "bres
-

Centromere
-

7 one pole ⑪
synaptonemal
complex
Some No ce! division Both meiosis1 4 chromatids( bivalent
adult animals r

chromatid nuclear & Ce! division

chromosomes ) clearly as tetrads recombination nodules
(e.g heart ce!s) kinetochore meiosis 2
inactive stage Disc shapeC -
sister chromatid
·

only once enzyme {recombinase}

no proliferate
1x
cell division DNA replication
injury or cell death replace ce!s S phase
opposite pole

↑
metabolically active Attach identical sister b4 meiosis I
quiescent stage (GO) If needed then cell division spindle "bres chromatids
Some exit G1 phase metaphase plate Diplotene dissolution separation
a! chromosomes at equator
disintegration
complete
nuclear envelope
Cell
·

In animals plants
condensation chromosomes synaptonemal recombined homologous
homologous chromosomes +
mitotic ce! division mitotic ce! division mitotic ce! division
chromosomes morphology easily studied - Germ cell non-sister chromatids
complex chromosomes bivalents
Somatic cell except at crossovers sites
Only But some N Both =2 haploid cells X-shaped

Anaphase Meiosis
Mitosis some vertebrates(oocytes ) diplotene for months/ yrs
haploid ce!s
diploid somatic ce!s eg.male honey bees haploid & diploid ce!s Equational division 46 M 1 Reductional division
46

Centromeres split and chromatids separate 46

-

46 ↳
23 M2 Equational division
Diakinesis
23
Chromatids move to opposite poles 2 diploid ce!s xLd7
23 23 23 23 like mitoti division equal chromosome chiasmata terminalisation
If 2n then 4n
-
- >

nucleolus disappears
4 haploid ce!s nuclear envelope broken
chromosomes separation
 Metaphase I Anaphase 2

homologous chromosomes
Centromeres split & chromatids separate
+ bivalent chromosomes at equatorial plate Chromatids move to opposite poles

kinetochores by
attached microtubules
- kinetochore microtubules shortening
Attach
spindle( microtubules)
Telophase 2
Anaphase I
Reforms nuclear envelope
cytokinesis
homologous chromosomes separate Results
Sti! sister chromatids with centromeres
tetrad ce!s
4 haploid daughter ce!s

Telophase I

nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappear

cytokinesis
dyad ce!s

many chromosomes cant reach interphase nucleus

short lived
stage b/w 2 meiotic divisions interkinesis
7 no DNA replication

*
Meiosis!II
*

resembles mitosis( equal chromosome)

* Significance of Meiosis *
after cytokinesis
initiated increases genetic variations
b4 chromosomes fu!y elongated

very important for evolution

Prophase 2

nuclear membrane disappears

chromosomes again compact

Metaphase 2
chromosomes align at equator
microtubules( opposite poles) spindle

attached
kinetochores( sister chromatids)