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Australian Elder Law
viii Foreword

where we live; who has access to us; and what services or medical or dental
treatment we receive.
When we become vulnerable, dependent upon others to protect our inter-
ests, there is ample scope for there to be a conflict between: (a) the duty
another person has to act in our interests and (b) that person’s own interests.
A vulnerable person is also, generally, liable to be exploited by others who
may, unconscionably, take advantage of his or her vulnerability. Within rec-
ognised limits, the law (largely through an application of equitable princi-
ples or statutory analogues of those principles) endeavours –​often with but
mixed success, sadly –​to protect the weak, those in need of protection.
Because a person appointed to act as an attorney or financial manager, or as
a guardian of one sort or another, must act in the interests of his or her prin-
cipal (the vulnerable person), and not otherwise, his or her office is said to
be a “fiduciary” one. The duty of a “fiduciary” to act in the interests of his or
her principal, and not otherwise, is a “fiduciary” duty.
A breach of fiduciary duty can give rise to a range of remedies, including a
liability to account for property misapplied by the fiduciary. By its provision
of such remedies, the law seeks both to maintain standards of conduct and
to provide redress when standards are not observed.
At a high level of generality, the law can be stated in summary terms.
However, the devil is always in the detail and, in a real life setting, complex-
ity abounds.
In this book Richard McCullagh provides, as he says, a national “street direc-
tory” to help lawyers and lay people find a way through complexity. Much
of what is written applies to “vulnerable people” of all ages and descriptions.
However, the focus of the book is on problems (and potential solutions) com-
monly encountered by a person approaching retirement or already there.
“Elder law” is not a term readily defined, or able to be defined exhaustively,
but this is its constituency.
The book focuses on three broad issues of central concern for retirees and
those who advise retirees. First, what are the pros and cons of commonly
encountered accommodation options? Secondly, what are commonly encoun-
tered means for assisted, or substitute, decision-​making? Thirdly, what are
commonly encountered grounds for securing a legal remedy, or for defend-
ing a claim, in a case of financial “elder abuse”? These issues are approached
with an understanding of questions commonly asked by lay people and the
need, in answering them, to have regard to both legal and financial criteria,
including social security implications.
Australian Elder Law makes a worthy, practical contribution towards identi-
fication, and solution, of problems which have profound implications for an
increasing number of Australians. Richard McCullagh is to be commended
for his work. It brings Australian law closer to the community it serves.
16 April 2018
 Preface

This book is in large part due to, and in spite of, the College of Law, Sydney.
Shortly after the publication of Retirement Villages Law in NSW in 2013, the
College was seeking an adjunct lecturer in Elder Law and the topic of my
book must have seemed close enough. I believe my colleague Sarah Huscroft,
then studying the Masters of Applied Laws (Wills and Estates) program at
the College, and hearing of the need for such a lecturer, put my name for-
ward. I spoke with the head of the course, Jen McMillan, and took to the role
like a duck to water. When asked to re-​write the course for a national audi-
ence I did so with gusto but was told repeatedly that, for the purposes of the
course, my notes were too long and too detailed.
So, this work is the unabridged culmination of teaching and practicing in
elder law for the last five years. The Central Coast of NSW, where I have
lived and worked in law for over 30 years, boasts twice the national average
of those aged 65 years and over and the highest proportion of those 85 years
and older.
I wish to acknowledge the seminal work in this area, Elder Law in Australia
by Rodney Lewis, now in its second edition. His work is most impressive in
breadth and this volume is something of a companion by focusing on just
three areas in some detail.
My thanks to my practice colleagues Sarah Huscroft and Tanya Chapman,
and all students of the course, for their insightful discussions about “real
life problems” they have encountered in elder law. Fifteen of the best text-
books cannot adequately arm a solicitor to deal with every client’s problem
because they are as infinitely varied as life is. From that chaos are facts and
factors that may, or may not, engage the law set out in this book and others.
Discerning that engagement, and the best of the options available, is what
the legal practitioner can and should do for their client.
I wish to thank my late father who encouraged an enquiring and contem-
plative attitude and often said that you owe a debt to your profession. When
studying you have the great privilege of accessing and using a huge body
of knowledge that has been tried and tested over centuries. The rule of law,
procedural fairness, the separation of powers with legislators subject to
periodic elections and judicial officers not so, are civic treasures that should
never be taken for granted, even if occasionally exasperating or profoundly
disappointing. Far from perfect, they are nonetheless social institutions that
have more built-​in, but evolving, processes to expose, minimise and correct
human error than most amidst the difficult confluence of justice, order and
truth. Another such institution, science, need confine itself only to the latter
and largely in respect of matter.
x Preface

The School of Law at Macquarie University in the early 1980s had an unwrit-
ten but firm policy that one should never sally forth with a legal opinion
without judicial or statutory sources –​preferably both –​to support it. This
book is, I hope, faithful to that approach.
I wish to thank Patrick McHugh for the invitation to join his legal practice
and find myself immersed in the suburban crucible of this book. There is
nothing like gritty reality with which to road test lofty, yet necessary, juris-
prudential ideals.
Finally, and above all, I thank my wife Christine without whose love, support,
initial proofreading and (again) tolerance of the intense monastic seclusion
I seem to need to do these things, this book would not have been possible.
Richard McCullagh
1 May 2018
 Table of Contents
Foreword................................................................................................................. vii
Preface...................................................................................................................... ix
Table of Cases......................................................................................................... xiii
Table of Statutes.................................................................................................. xxvii
Bibliography.......................................................................................................... lxiii

Part 1: Introduction
Chapter 1: Australian Elder Law: Accommodation, Agency
and Remedies................................................................................................. 3

Part 2: Accommodation
Chapter 2: Introduction to Accommodation..................................................... 13
Chapter 3: Income Support Payments for Elders............................................. 19
Chapter 4: Why don’t I Stay in My Own Home?............................................. 53
Chapter 5: Should I Downsize to a Smaller Home?......................................... 65
Chapter 6: Should I Move into a Retirement Village?..................................... 75
Chapter 7: Manufactured Homes..................................................................... 109
Chapter 8: Granny Flats..................................................................................... 129
Chapter 9: Residential Aged Care..................................................................... 163

Part 3: Decision-​making Agency

Chapter 10: Who can speak for me if I no longer can or want to?............... 193
Chapter 11: Enduring Powers of Attorney (EPOAs)...................................... 205
Chapter 12: Financial Management Orders (FMOs)...................................... 249
Chapter 13: Enduring Guardian Instruments (EGIs)..................................... 275
Chapter 14: Guardianship Orders (GOs)......................................................... 297
Chapter 15: Advance Care Directives (ACDs)................................................ 315
Chapter 16: Assisted Decision-​Making (ADM).............................................. 331

Part 4: Remedies
Chapter 17: How can Financial Wrongs to Me be Righted?......................... 337
Chapter 18: Contractual Duties......................................................................... 353
Chapter 19: Fiduciary Duties............................................................................. 365
Chapter 20: Unconscionable Conduct.............................................................. 397
Chapter 21: Undue Influence............................................................................ 419
Chapter 22: Resulting Trusts.............................................................................. 435
xii Table of Contents

Chapter 23: Proprietary Estoppel..................................................................... 453

Chapter 24: Constructive Trusts........................................................................ 483
Chapter 25: Statutory Property Adjustment Orders...................................... 507

Part 5: Matrices
Chapter 26: Elder Law Matrices........................................................................ 523

Index...................................................................................................................... 545
 Table of Cases

Ability One Financial Management Pty Ltd v JB [2014] NSWSC 245.........12.30, 12.190
Aboody v Ryan [2012] NSWCA 395.......................................................2.80, 11.880, 20.70,
20.130, 20.150, 20.190, 20.320, 20.410
AHB v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2016] NSWCATAD 208...................................9.750
AHB v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2016] NSWCATAP 258..................................12.430
AHB v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAP 79....................................12.430
Ainsworth v Burden [2005] NSWCA 174...................................................................21.300
ALC, SDC and ALP [2011] NSWGT 25/​08/​2011.......................................................11.450
Alcazar-​Stevens v Stevens [2017] ACTCA 12................................................ 11.680, 11.850
Allen & Anderson & Byng v Tricare (Hastings) Ltd [2017] NSWCATCD 72..........7.190
Allen v Snyder [1977] 2 NSWLR 685...........................................................................24.220
Amit Laundry Pty Ltd v Jain [2017] NSWSC 1495....................................................22.180
Anderson v Anderson [2013] QSC 8.....................................21.20, 21.110, 21.120, 21.260,
21.300, 31.370
Anderson v Anderson [2016] NSWSC 1204....... 5.240, 8.890, 11.470, 11.700, 19.510, 260
Anderson v Anderson [2017] NSWCA 131...................................................11.470, 19.510
Anderson v Edwards [2009] NSWCA 7........................................................................6.190
Anderson v McPherson (No 2) [2012] WASC 19.................. 8.760, 22.40, 22.130, 22.150,
22.160, 22.190, 22.360
Anguis v Salier; Anguis v Anguis [2017] NSWSC 198..............................................10.180
Anson v Anson [2004] NSWSC 766.............................................................................24.230
Applied in Blackett v Barnett [2017] NSWSC 1032...................................................23.430
Aras v Schmutz Matter Ca 40481/​96 [1997] NSWSC 626..............19.760, 23.350, 23.360
Arinson Pty Ltd v City of Canada Bay Council [2015] NSWCA 199..........................1.70
AS [2018] WASAT 1........................................................................................................12.430
Ash v Ash [2016] VSC 577................................................................................19.160, 19.290
Australian Capital Territory v JT [2009] ACTSC 105................................................15.340
AWR [2014] NSWCATGD 42...............................................................................12.60, 12.80

Badman v Drake [2008] NSWSC 1366......................................1.60, 21.120, 21.260, 21.380

Baker v David [2015] NSWCA 235................................................................................8.360
Baker v Towle [2008] NSWCA 73....................................................................25.120, 25.260
Banks v Goodfellow (1890) LR 5 QB 549....................................................................11.150
Banque Commerciale SA v Akhil Holdings Ltd [1990] HCA 11.............................20.240
Barkely v Barkley-​Brown [2009] NSWSC 76.................................. 19.180, 19.230, 19.290,
19.440, 21.150, 21.210
Barns v Barns [2003] HCA 9...........................................................................................5.310
Bathurst City Council v PWC Properties Pty Ltd [1998] HCA 59.............................24.80
Baumgartner v Baumgartner [1987] HCA 59..................................... 17.140, 24.30, 24.80,
24.160, 24.200, 25.240
xiv Table of Cases

BDN [2014] NSWCATGD 15........................................................................................11.440

Belfield v Belfield [2012] NSWCA 416..........................................................................11.70
Bendigo and Adelaide Bank Ltd v Karamihos [2014] NSWCA 17.........................20.420
Bennett v Horgan [1994] NSWSC (Unrep) BC9402569.....................24.90, 24.100, 24.130
Bennett v Strauss [2016] NSWCA 324...........................................................................18.40
Berghan v Berghan [2017] QCA 236..............................................................................18.80
Bhana v Bhana [2002] NSWSC 117..............................................................................22.270
Bird v Bird (No 4) [2012] NSWSC 648.........................................................................11.830
Bird v Bird [2013] NSWCA 262....................................................................................11.830
Birt v Public Trustee of Queensland [2013] QSC 13....................................................21.50
Birtchnell v Equity Trustees Executors & Agency Co Ltd [1929] HCA 24.............19.290
BLB v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2015] NSWCATAD 83.....................................12.440
BLB v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2016] NSWCATAP 25......................................12.440
Bloch v Bloch [1981] HCA 56........................................................................................22.180
BND v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2015] NSWCATAP 219..................................12.450
Bondi Beach Astra Retirement Village Pty Ltd v Gora [2011] NSWCA 396............6.530
Bovaird v Frost [2009] NSWSC 337...............................................................................18.90
Boyd v Catherine Margaret Thorn as Executrix of the Estate of the Late
Betty McAuley [2016] NSWSC 588........................................................ 20.270, 20.340
Boyd v DSS [1994] AATA 580.........................................................................................3.390
Boyd v Thorn [2017] NSWCA 210......................................................................1.70, 20.280
BPU v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2015] NSWCATAD 117.......................9.750, 12.440
BPY v BZQ [2015] NSWCATAP 33................................................................. 11.370, 11.800
Branding v Weir [2003] NSWSC 723..................................................................24.30, 24.54
Breen v Williams (“Medical Records Access Case”) [1996] HCA 57.............19.20, 19.30
Brennan v WA [2010] WASCA 19.................................................................................11.680
Bridgewater v Leahy [1998] HCA 66................................................. 20.70, 20.190, 20.230,
20.330, 23.130
Brightwater Care Group (Inc) v Rossiter [2009] WASC 229........................ 1.170, 15.290,
15.300, 15.310
Brine v Carter [2015] SASC 205.........................................................................19.20, 19.330
Briton v Kipritidis [2015] NSWSC 1499......................................................................11.150
Bronkhorst v Lloyd [2015] NSWSC 1618....................................................................19.420
Brooks v Young [2017] SASC 162...................................................................................5.310
Brown v NSW Trustee & Guardian [2011] NSWSC 1203..............................21.20, 22.190
Browne v Browne [No 2] [2017] WASC 375..................................................23.170, 23.600
Bryant v Bryant [2014] NSWSC 374............................................................................23.340
BTH v BTI, BTJ &Ors [2016] NSWSC 533......................................................12.130, 14.170
BTH v The Public Guardian [2017] NSWCATAP 10...................................................14.30
Buffrey v Buffrey [2006] NSWSC 1349........................................................................22.120
Buono v Mazzella [2016] NSWSC 659.........................................................................24.260
Burns v Corbett [2017] NSWCA 3................................................................................19.660
BZE v NSW Public Guardian [2015] NSWCATAP 64...............................................14.330

C v W [2015] NSWSC 1774...........................................................................................12.460

Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service v JT by JT’s Guardian
[2014] QSC 251............................................................................... 15.80, 15.320, 15.330
Callow v Rupchev [2009] NSWCA 148.......................................................................24.310
Calverley v Green [1984] HCA 81...............................8.760, 22.20, 22.110, 22.120, 22.140,
22.150, 22.160, 22.170, 22.180, 22.370
 Table of Cases xv

Capolingua v Da Silva (No 2) [2017] NSWSC 527.......................................................8.360

Carolyn Forsyth & Ors v Haraba Pty Ltd t/​as Brisbane Gateway Resort
[2013] QCAT 408...................................................................................................... 7.260
Catherine Margaret Thorn as Executrix of the Estate of the Late Betty
McAuley v Ian Geoffrey Boyd [2014] NSWSC 1159...............11.730, 11.870, 19.210,
20.70, 20.80, 20.260, 20.340
CCP v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2015] NSWCATAD 256..................................12.320
CCQ v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2016] NSWCATAD 23...................................12.420
CGF v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2016] NSWCATAD 130..................................12.440
Chan v Zacharia [1984] HCA 39.......................................................................19.230, 19320
Charles Marshall Pty Ltd v Grimsley [1956] HCA 28...............................................22.150
Chaudhary v Chaudhary [2017] NSWCA 222......................8.130, 22.160, 22.250, 22.260
Chen v Liu [2017] NSWSC 1767...................................................................................22.370
Christodoulou v Christodoulou [2009] VSC 583.................... 8.420, 20.60, 20.90, 20.100,
20.150, 20.190, 20.220, 21.270, 23.130
CHW v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 87..................................12.440
Cirillo v Mainieri [2013] VSC 399................................................................................24.330
CKL v Public Guardian [2016] NSWCATAD 216......................................................14.370
Clay v Clay [2001] HCA 9...............................................................................................19.60
CNQ v NSW Public Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 32.......................14.370
CNW v Public Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 15......................................................14.390
CNY v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 25...................................12.430
Cohen v Cohen [2016] NSWSC 336........................................8.680, 11.620, 19.140, 19.490
Collins v Urban [2014] NSWCATAP 17......................................................................12.460
Colquhoun v Dronpane Pty Limited [2011] NSWSC 1500.......................................10.190
Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd v Amadio [1983] HCA 14..........17.230, 20.20, 20.30,
20.60, 20.110, 20.120, 20.140, 20.190,
20.230, 20.320, 21.30, 21.40
Commercial Union Assurance Co of Australia Ltd v Ferrcom Pty Ltd (1991)
22 NSWLR 389........................................................................................................19.430
Commonwealth of Australia (as represented by the Department of Human
Setvices) v Mitchell [2014] NSWSC 1364..............................................................3.340
Commonwealth v Verwayen (“Voyager case”) [1990] HCA 39...............................23.470
Coore v Coore [2013] QSC 196.....................................................................................19.400
Corrin v Paton [1990] HCA 12......................................................................................19.810
Countess of Bective v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [1932] HCA 22............19.430
CPE v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 11.....................................12.430
Crossingham v Crossingham [2012] NSWSC 95..........................................19.190, 19.280
CTS v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 119.....................................12.50
CTS v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 217...................................12.450
Currie v Currie [No 2] [2017] WASC 312....................................................................23.600
Currie v Hamilton [1984] 1 NSWLR 687.......................................................................22.20
CVR v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 167..................................12.430
CVU v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 123.................................12.450

D07-​08030 [2007] SCTA 93..........................................................................................11.1000

D14-​15090 [2014] SCTA 233........................................................................................11.1020
Daher v Doulaveras [2008] NSWSC 583.......................................................................21.50
Daunt v Daunt [2015] VCA 58.........................................................................21.300, 21.470
xvi Table of Cases

DBO v GBA [2017] QCA 228.........................................................................................12.460

DBU [2015] QCAT 495...................................................................................... 11.600, 11.650
DCA v Public Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 364.....................................................14.360
Dean v Aylward [2017] NSWSC 972............................................................................18.290
Dean v Todber Pty Ltd [2011] NSWCTTT 420.............................................................6.790
DEM v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2018] NSWCATAD 16...................................12.410
Dennis v Department of Family and Community Services [2000] AATA 853........3.470
Department of Health & Community Services v JWB & SMB (“Marion’s Case”)
[1992] HCA 15.......................................................................................................... 12.30
Donis v Donis [2007] VSCA 89........................................................................20.170, 23.500
Doueihi v Construction Technologies Australia Pty Ltd [2016] NSWCA 105.......23.110
Downie v Langham [2017] NSWSC 113......................................................... 11.590, 11.630
Duic v Duic [2013] NSWCA 42........................................................................23.190, 23.420
DXC v Public Guardian [2017] NSWCATAD 377.....................................................14.220
Dynaski v Grant [2004] NSWSC 1187............................................................11.570, 19.570

EAD [2014] NSWCATGD 13...........................................................................................12.60

Ede v Ede [2006] QSC 378.............................................................................................11.650
Edith White v Judith Liane Wills [2014] NSWSC 1160..................................11.290, 21.50
Edwards v Anderson [2009] NSWSC 373..........................................................6.190, 6.550
EEA (Guardianship) [2017] VCAT 2038......................................................................12.250
Elddin v Hamed (No 2) [2015] NSWSC 654..................................................22.100, 22.180
Elias George Wakim v KarimeWakim [2017] NSWSC 1283.......................................18.70
Eric Roy Callaghan v Kerri-​Ann Callaghan [1995] SASC 5471...............................23.580
Ermogenous v Greek Orthodox Community of SA Inc [2002] HCA 8.....................18.70
Estate Cockell; Cole v Paisley [2016] NSWSC 349.....................................................12.220
Estephan v Estephan [2012] NSWSC 52............................ 23.180, 23.280, 23.290, 23.360,
23.410, 23.610
Evans v Marmont [1997] NSWSC 331.........................................................................25.240
Executors of the Estate of the Late Joan Beatrice Aubrey v Deepwater
Retirement Village Pty Ltd [2014] NSWCATCD 184......................................... 6.790

F v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2017] NSWSC 1319.....................12.100, 12.440, 12.480

FA v Protective Commissioner [2008] NSWSC 415.....................................................4.280
Farah Constructions Pty Limited v Say-​Dee Pty Limited [2007] HCA 22........... 19.520,
19.620, 23.450
Feldman v GNM Australia Ltd [2017] NSWCA 107...................................................10.50
FFJ [2014] NSWCATGD 22...........................................................................................11.680
FGS [2014] NSWCATGD 30..........................................................................................12.210
Field v Loh [2007] QSC 350.............................................................................................24.60
Fischer and Secretary, Department of Families, Housing, Community Services
and Indigenous Affairs [2012] AATA 633............................................................ 3.470
Fischer v Nemeske Pty Ltd [2015] NSWCA 6............................................................22.220
Fistar v Riverwood Legion and Community Club Ltd [2016] NSWCA 81.....17.240, 19.600
Fitchett v Bertram [2014] NSWSC 1462.......................................................................24.280
Fletcher v Furnance [2008] NSWSC 132.....................................................................25.240
Flinn v Flinn [1999] VSCA 109.................................23.160, 23.180, 23.260, 23.410, 23.600
 Table of Cases xvii

Forgeard v Shanahan (1994) 35 NSWLR 206..............................................................24.300

Fox v Percy [2003] HCA 22..............................................................................17.360, 24.350
Fulcher v Department of Family and Community Services [2005] AATA 332.......3.470
Fulton v Fulton [2014] NSWSC 619.............................................................................19.200
FX v The Public Guardian [2015] NSWCATAP 215..................................................14.180

G v G [2016] NSWSC 511..............................................................................................14.350

Galaxidis v Galaxidis [2001] NSWSC 1123......................................................20.170, 23.60
Gardner; re BWV [2003] VSC 173..........................................................14.30, 15.90, 15.210
Garnett v Jessop [2012] VCAT 156.................................................................................8.380
GC and PC [2014] WASAT 10.......................................................................................12.150
GDR v EKR [2012] NSWSC 1643....................................................................12.190, 12.250
Gerace v Auzhair Pty Ltd [2014] NSWCA 181...........................................................20.300
Ghosn v Principle Focus Pty Ltd (No 2) [2008] VSC 574...........11.200, 11.210, 11.270, 11.290
Gibbons v Wright [1954] HCA 17........................................................ 10.150, 11.80, 11.140
Gillespie v Gillespie [2012] QDC 212..........................................................................20.290
Gillespie v Gillespie [2013] QCA 99............................................................................20.290
Giumelli v Giumelli [1999] HCA 10...............................................................23.560, 23.570
Goyal v Chandra [2006] NSWSC 239.................................................................5.260, 8.890
Green v Green (1989) 17 NSWLR 343................................... 17.140, 24.30, 24.430, 24.450,
24.490, 24.510
Grundt v Greater Boulder Pty Gold Mines Ltd [1937] HCA 58
Guiseppe Bonefacio v NSW Trustee and Guardian acting as executor of the
Estate of the late Adam Frank Woitala [2015] NSWSC 124............................. 18.310
Guthrie v Spencer [2009] NSWCA 369
GYM [2017] WASAT 136....................................................................................12.230, 14.80

H Ltd v J [2010] SASC 176................................................................................15.270, 15.310

Haley v Perkins [2010] NSWSC 1091.............................................................25.240, 25.260
Hallani v Hallani [2013] NSWSC 91..........................................9.90, 11.580, 11.860, 19.10,
19.110, 19.350
Hallani v Hallani (No 2) [2013] NSWSC 790.................................................19.390, 19.580
Hamed v Elddin [2016] NSWCA 9..............................................................................22.180
Hardie v Milling [2013] NSWSC 310...........................................................................23.650
Hartley v Woods [2017] NSWSC 1420..............................................................19.30, 19.180
Harvy v Barton (No 2) [2014] NSWSC 1478...............................................................10.180
Hay v Aynsley [2013] NSWSC 1689
Hayes v Hayes [2015] QSC 88..................................................................................... 20.170
Hayes v Marquis [2008] NSWCA 10.....................................................25.30, 25.70, 25.190
Henderson v Miles (No 2) [2005] NSWSC 867......................23.580, 23.720, 24.50, 24.130
Hewitt v Court [1983] HCA 7.......................................................................................23.490
Hewitt v Gardner [2009] NSWSC 1107................................ 21.80, 21.120, 21.150, 21.170,
21.260, 21.370
Higgins v Wingfield [1987] VR 689................................................................24.440, 24.500
Hill v Hill [2005] NSWSC 863..........................................................................24.170, 24.270
Hillpalm Pty Ltd v Heaven’s Door Pty Ltd [2004] HCA 59.....................................19.520
HJW [2014] QCAT 576...................................................................................................12.170
xviii Table of Cases

HM [2016] WASAT 121........................................................................ 19.650, 11.960, 11.730

Hogan v Baseden [1996] NSWSC 533.........................................................................24.100
Hohol v Hohol [1981] VR 221.......................................................................................24.460
Holt v Protective Commissioner [NSWCA] (1993) NSWLR 227.................12.30, 12.160
Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation
[1984] HCA 64...........................................................11.620, 17.140, 19.10, 19.50, 19.60
House v R [1936] HCA 40................................................................................12.460, 17.360
Howlett v Neilsen [2005] NSWCA 149.......................................................................25.260
Huang v Zheng [2017] NSWSC 471.....................................22.130, 22.150, 22.200, 22.340
Hunter and New England Area Health Service v A [2009] NSWSC 761..........5.340, 11.150,
12.140, 13.290, 15.70, 15.160, 15.170, 15.400
Hurt v Freeman [2002] NSWSC 264............................................................................23.760
The Husband v The Public Guardian [2016] NSWSC..............................................12.470
Hyhonie Holdings Pty Ltd v Leroy [2003] NSWSC 624...........................................19.750

IA v TA [2016] NSWCA 179..........................................................................................11.150

IEI [2014] NSWCATGD 12....................................................... 9.750, 11.450, 11.590, 11.770
IR v AR [2015] NSWSC 1187............................................................................13.340, 14.230
Irvine v Irvine [2008] NSWSC 592...........................20.360, 20.400, 20.410, 20.420, 21.260
Isin v Ozen [2016] NSWSC 1480....................................................................................8.480
Isin v Ozen [2017] NSWCA 316....................................................................................19.810
Issa v Issa [2015] NSWSC 112.......................................................................................19.550
Italiano v Carbone [2005] NSWCA 177.......................................................................12.460

J v J [2015] NSWSC 1984................................................................................................12.430

Jacqueline Pobjoy v Prudence Anne Reynolds [2013] NSWSC 885........... 23.90, 23.100,
23.250, 23.280, 23.490
Janson v Janson [2007] NSWSC 1344................................................21.120, 21.250, 21.370
Jenise Kay Parij v Leo Michael Parij [1997] SASC 6771..............................................24.80
Jenyns v Public Curator (Qld) [1953] HCA 2..................................................21.30, 21.480
JMK v RDC and PTO v WDO [2013] NSWSC 1362.....................................12.250, 12.260
John Alexander’s Clubs Pty Ltd v White City Tennis Club Limited
[2010] HCA 19........................................................................................................ 20.270
John Prendergast & Vanessa Prendergast v Western Murray Irrigation Ltd
[2014] NSWCATAP 69.......................................................................................... 12.460
Johnson v Buttress [1936] HCA 41............................. 21.20, 21.90, 21.120, 21.140, 21.170,
21.190, 21.370
Johnson v Leader Computers Pty Ltd (No 2) [2017] SASCF 165............................19.720
Johnson v Smith [2010] NSWCA 306.......................21.120, 21.170, 21.230, 21.250, 21.370
Johnson v Synnex Australia Pty Ltd...........................................................................19.720
Jones v Greech [2001] NSWCA 208.....................................................25.50, 25.240, 25.260

Kardos v Sarbutt [2006] NSWCA 11...............................................................25.240, 25.260

KDP [2016] NSWCATGD 24.........................................................................................12.380
 Table of Cases xix

Kennon v Spry [2008] HCA 56.....................................................................................10.180

Kirk v PBP Accounting Solutions Pty Ltd [2015] VSC 173.......................................19.560
Klotz v Neubauer [2001] SASC 454.............................................................................19.160
KMC [2014] NSWCATGD 43................................................................ 11.70, 11.450, 11.850
Knox v Knox [1994] NSWSC BC9403572....................................................................24.420
KOI [2011] TASGAB 7....................................................................................................11.830
Krajovska v Krajovska [2011] NSW 903..............................................24.60, 24.170, 24.300
Kriezis v Kreizis [2004] NSWSC 167...........................................................................24.170
KS [2008] WASAT 29................................................................. 9.300, 11.680, 11.730, 11.850
KTC [2011] NSWGT 23.......................................................................................12.60, 12.110

L v L [2014] NSWSC 1686..............................................................................................12.170

Lafferty v Waterson [2017] WASC 302...........................................................23.260, 23.400
Lawrence v Branch [2002] WASC 292.........................................................................24.210
Leonard Gordon Ryan v Jennifer Anne Aboody [2012] NSWSC 136..................... 20.70,
20.190, 20.410
Leybourne v Permanent Custodians Ltd [2010] NSWCA 78...................................19.290
Lieschke v Lieschke [2003] NSWSC 743.....................................................................23.170
Lifeplan Australia Friendly Society Ltd v Ancient Order of Foresters
in Victoria Friendly Society Limited [2017] FCAFC 74.................................... 19.470
Lifestyle Communities Ltd (No 3) (Anti-​discrimination) [2009] VCAT 1869............7.60
Lincolne v Williams [2008] TASSC 41.........................................................................10.110
Lindsay v Arnison [2017] NSWSC 41.............................................................11.590, 19.220
Loumbos v Ward [2016] NSWSC 885..........................................................................20.240
Louth v Disprose [1992] HCA 61............................................20.70, 20.210, 20.240, 20.320
Lucke v Cleary [2011] SASCFC 118...............................................................................10.50

M v M [2013] NSWSC 1495..............................................................................12.110, 12.170

Macedonian Church v Eminence Petar [2008] HCA 42............................................19.400
Maguire & Tansey v Makaronis [1997] HCA 23.....................19.20, 19.30, 19.150, 19.170
Mainieri v Cirillo [2014] VSCA 227......................................................24.60, 24.330, 24.350
Manning v Hughes –​Estate of Ludewig [2010] NSWSC 226..................................11.290
Manning v Matsen [2015] NSWSC 1801.................................................8.410, 8.480, 8.870
Manno v Manno [2016] NSWSC 493.................................................23.170, 23.380, 23.420
Mao v AMP Superannuation Ltd [NSWCA] 252......................................................11.150
Marguerita Strauss v Ian Bennett [2016] NSW 262.....................................................18.40
Maria Saravinovksa v Chris Saravinovksa (No 6) [2016] NSWSC 964......... 25.90, 25.190,
25.200, 25.220
Martin v Martin [1959] 62.............................................................................................22.110
Mary Alice Hughes by her Tutor NSW Trustee & Guardian v Hughes
[2011] NSWSC 702...................................................................................... 19.80, 19.540
Maryska v Mason [2007] NSWSC 1222.......................................................................24.170
Matouk v Matouk (No 2) [2015] NSWSC 748..................... 20.70, 20.120, 20.140, 20.150,
20.170, 20.190, 20.320
McCooe as Administrator of the Estate of Michael Lawrence Molloy v Pande
[2017] NSWSC 219................................................................................................ 10.170
MCG [2016] QCAT 188..................................................................................................11.850
xx Table of Cases

McGlade v Native Title Registrar [2017] FCAFC 10.....................................................1.60

McIvor v Westpac Banking Corporation [2012] QSC 404...........................21.270, 21.480
McKay v McKay [2008] NSWSC 117...................................................24.60, 24.300, 24.310
McKenzie v Storer [2007] ACTSC 88.............................................................................25.10
McNab (as executors of the estate of the Late Colin Wilbur Turner) v
Graham [2017] VSCA 352.............................................. 23.170, 23.410, 23.460, 24.430
MCQ [2014] NSWCATGD 29.............................................................11.630, 12.180, 12.220
McRae v Surtees [1991] TASSC 186.............................................................................23.220
Mezzapica v Mezzapica [2017] NSWSC 1533............................................................19.430
Michaletos v Stivactas [1991] NSWSC BC9101807........................ 20.370, 21.100, 21.120,
21.200, 21.250
Milling v Hardie [2014] NSWCA 163..................................18.320, 23.110, 23.240, 23.310,
23.320, 23.400, 23.410
MIS Funding No 1 Pty Limited v N W Truskett........................................................11.510
Misek v McBride [2017] NSWSC 406..................................................11.620, 19.80, 19.270
Mitchell and Secretary, Department of Social Services [2016]
AATA 1036 at [47]......................................................................................... 3.340, 3.440
Monty and Secretary, Department of Social Services [2015] AATA 856...................3.490
Mordecai v Mordecai [1988] 12 NSWLR 58.................................................................19.20
Morris v Morris (1982) 1 NSWLR 61................................................................24.20, 24.170
Murphy v Doman [2003] NSWCA 249........................................................... 11.150, 11.160
Muschinski v Dodds [1985] HCA 78............................17.140, 22.100, 24.30, 24.50, 24.60,
24.70, 24.80, 24.90, 24.100, 24.130,
24.160, 24.220
Musgrave v Musgrave [2001] NSWSC 134................................................................24.150
Mydomaine Pty Ltd v Shelley Clack [2015] WASC 428...........................................20.300

NDT [2014] NSWCATGD 33........................................................................................12.180

Nelson v Nelson [1995] HCA 25.....................................................................22.190, 22.230
Nicholls v Michael Wilson & Partners Ltd [2012] NSWCA 383..............................19.350
Nicholson v Knaggs [2009] VSC 64...............................................................................21.50
Nolan v Nolan [2014] QSC 218..........................................................24.120, 24.130, 24.170
Noonan v Martin [1987] NSWLR 402..........................................................................11.680
Norberg v Wynrib [1992] SCR 226...............................................................................10.140
NPG [2011] TASGAB 22................................................................................................11.850
Nuthall v Nuthall [2011] NSWSC 950.........................................................................19.250

Ogilvie v Ryan [1976] 2 NSWLR 504.................................................24.460, 24.480, 24.490

O’Halloran v RT Thomas & Family Pty Ltd (1998) 45 NSWLR 262.......................19.350
O’Neill v Robertson-​Staton [2015] NSWSC 1949.......................................................24.260
Orr v Ford [1989] HCA 4.....................................................................20.290, 22.300, 22.310
Orr v Orr [2005] NSWSC 1175......................................................................................19.340
Ozaltay v Atilla [2017] VSC 664, .................................................................................24.540

P v NSW Trustee and Guardian (No 2) [2015] NSW 676..........................................12.130

 Table of Cases xxi

P v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2015] NSWSC 579....... 12.30, 12.80, 12.150, 12.170, 12.220
P v R [2003] NSWSC 819...............................................................................................12.150
Pakis v Pakis [2011] NSWSC 1073...............................................................................11.950
Pearson v Pearson [1961] VR 693...................................................................................22.20
Pennie v Pennie [2010] NSWSC 565............................................................................24.420
Penshurst Street Holdings Pty Ltd v Robert Barker and Joan Barker
[2014] NSWCATCD 209......................................................................................... 6.340
Permanent Mortgagees Pty Ltd v Fadale Pty Ltd [2011] NSWSC 975.....................6.270
Perochinsky v Kirschner [2013] NSWSC 400................................................11.660, 19.270
Perpetual Trustee Co Ltd v Koshaba [2006] NSWCA 41..........................................20.400
Perpetual Trustee Company Limited (ACN 000 001 007) v Smith [2010]
FCAFC 91...................................................................................................... 4.340, 4.360
Perpetual Trustee Company Ltd v Gavin Bruce Gibson
[2013] NSWSC 276.......................................................................11.620, 19.130, 19.590
Peterson v Hottes [2012] QCA 292....................................................................24.60, 24.320
Petronijevic v Milojkovic [2014] NSWSC 1337.................................18.140, 18.230, 23.540
PGB [2014] NSWCATGD 32............................................................................11.850, 19.450
Pilmer v Duke Group Ltd (In Liq) [2001] HCA 31.........................................10.140, 19.30
Pinter v Pinter [2016] QSV 314.....................................................................................21.480
Pirina v Pirina Holdings Pty Ltd [2015] NSWSC 1899.............................................23.420
Placer Developments Ltd v Commonwealth [1969] HCA 29....................................18.70
Powell v Powell (1900) 1 Ch 243..................................................................................11.880
Power Rental Op Co Australia, LLC v Forge Group Power Pty Ltd (in liq)
(receivers and managers appointed) [2017] NSWCA 8..................................... 8.100
Power v Power [2011] NSWSC 288..............................................................................11.500
PP [2016] WASAT 133....................................................................................................13.250
Priestley v Priestley [2016] NSWSC 1096............................23.130, 23.260, 23.300, 23.410
Priestley v Priestley [2017] NSWCA 155.............................23.110, 23.130, 23.140, 23.180,
23.300, 23.390, 23.410
The Public Trustee v Kukula (1990) 14 Fam LR 97.........................................24.20, 24.510
Pupo v Pupo [2015] NSWSC 1633...............................................................................25.260
PV v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2016] NSWCATAD 259.....................................13.340

QBL [2014] NSWCATGD 8...........................................................................................11.970

QP v RP [2014] NSWCATGD 59..................................................................................11.430
QQM [2011] NSWGT 2..................................................................................................11.770
QR v RP [2014] NSWCATAP 59.....................................................................................12.10
Quek v Beggs (1990) 5 BPR 97,405..................................................................21.260, 21.350
Quinn v Bryant [2012] NSWCA 377........................23.280, 23.290, 23.410, 23.480, 23.550

Ranclaud v Cabban [1988] NSWSC.............................................................................11.250

Raoul (by his tutor Karamihas) v Hanna [2017] NSWSC 728........20.190, 20.320, 20.410
Rayner v NJ Sheaffe Pty Limited [2010] NSWSC 810......................................11.70, 19.20
Re a Patient Fay [2016] NSWSC 624............................................................................11.150
Re C [2012] WASAT 50..................................................................................................11.280
Re D [2012] NSWSC 1006..............................................................................................12.400
Re D (No 2) [2014] NSWSC 724....................................................................................12.400
xxii Table of Cases

Re Gouder [2005] NSWSC 1116....................................................................................11.390

Re H [2013] NSWSC 1384..............................................................................................13.490
Re IEI [2014] NSWCATGD 12........................................................................................4.280
Re JCA; Ex parte RD [2012] WASAT 123............................................11.730, 12.60, 13.130
Re JS [2014] NSWSC 302...............................................................................................15.320
Re Jupiter Holdings Pty Ltd and Commissioner for Equal Opportunity
[2005] WASAT 202..................................................................................................... 7.60
Re Lauer; Corby v Lyttleton [2017] VSC 728..............................................................19.750
Re LSC and GC [2016] NSWSC 1896...........................................................................10.180
Re LSC and GC [2016] NSWSC 1986.............................................................................12.30
Re Mahoney [2015] VSC 600......................................................3.980, 20.60, 21.120, 23.170
Re Managed Estates Remuneration Report [2016] NSWSC 1416...........................12.250
Re Managed Estates Remuneration Report [2017] NSWSC 1818...........................12.250
Re R [2000] NSWSC 886..................................................................................................19.80
Re R [2014] NSWSC 1810..............................................................................................12.400
Re TLH, a protected person [2017] NSWSC 737........................................................12.400
Re UF [2017] NSWSC 437.................................................................................12.390, 13.500
The Recyclers (NSW) Pty Ltd v Ayoub [2016] NSWSC 144.....................................11.150
Regent v Millett [1976] HCA 40...................................................................................18.260
Reilly v Reilly [2017] NSWSC 1419....................................... 8.330, 17.230, 18.300, 19.100,
19.110, 19.520, 19.690
Reliance Financial Services Pty Ltd v Pineiro [2017] NSWSC 1739..........................8.470
Rex Phillip Tory v SarjitKuar Tory [2007] NSWSC 1078.............................................19.60
Richard v Hogben (1985) 1 Qd R 292............................................................................18.80
Riches v Hogben [1985] 1 Qd R 292.............................................................................18.100
Riches v Hogben [1985] 2 Qd R 292...................................... 23.70, 23.150, 23.180, 23.280,
23.290, 23.410, 23.620
Richtoll Pty Ltd v WW Lawyers (in Liquidation) Pty Ltd [2016]
NSWSC 438............................................................................................... 17.180, 19.150
RL v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2012] NSWCA 39...............................................11.950
Rodda v Ian Rodda Pty Ltd [2015] SASC 95
Rose v Richards [2004] NSWSC 315............................................................................25.240
Russo v Russo [2015] NSWSC 17......................................................................19.60, 20.300
Ryan v Aboody [2012] NSWSC 136.............................................................................11.880
Ryan v Dalton; Estate of Ryan [2017] NSWSC 1007..................................................11.260
Ryan v Dries [2002] NSWCA 3.....................................................................................24.310
Ryan v Ryan [2016] TASSC 4........................................................................................23.170

Saad v Doumeny Holdings Pty Limited [2005] NSWSC 893........... 11.70, 19.110, 19.500
SAB v SEM &Ors [2013] NSWSC 253...............................................................12.130, 14.90
The Salvation Army (South Australia Property Trust) v Graham Rundle
[2008] NSWCA 347................................................................................................ 19.250
Sandi v O’Driscoll [2014] VSCA 88..............................................................................18.120
Scheps v Cobb [2005] NSWSC 455.......................................................18.80, 18.110, 25.150
Schmutz v Aras [1996] NSWSC 340.............................................................................19.770
Scott v Scott [2012] NSWSC 1541.......................................................11.150, 12.190, 17.380
Secretary, Department of Family & Community Services v Draper
[2003] FCA 1409................................................................................... 3.50, 3.320, 3.340
Secretary, Department of Social Security v Carapeta [2013] FCA 1369......................3.30
 Table of Cases xxiii

Selmore v Bull [2005] NSWCA 365..............................................................................25.130

Settlement Agents Supervisory Board v Property Settlement Services Pty Ltd
[2009] WASCA 143................................................................................................ 19.230
SFKD (review Enduring Powers) [2014] TASGAB 12.................................... 11.30, 11.220
Sharpless v McKibbin [2007] NSWSC 1498..........................................25.30, 25.70, 25.260
Shepherd v Doolan [2005] NSWSC 42....................22.170, 22.180, 24.430, 24.450, 24.520
Shorthall v White [2007] NSWCA 372...........................................................................18.80
Siahos v JP Morgan Trust Australia Limited [2009] NSWCA 20................11.640, 19.310
Sidhu v Van Dyke [2014] HCA 19...........................23.200, 23.210, 23.260, 23.270, 23.300,
23.340, 23.410, 23.430, 23.480,
23.500, 23.530
Simmons v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2014] NSWCA 405..................................18.300
Singh v Singh [2004] NSWSC 109...................................................................22.280, 25.130
Sion v NSW Trustee & Guardian [2013] NSWCA 337.................... 18.80, 18.160, 23.230,
23.370, 23.420
Sirtes v Pryer [2005] NSWSC 1082...............................................................................24.420
Siu v Li [2012] NSWSC 609...........................................................................................25.190
SKC [2014] NSWCATGD 39.........................................................................................11.850
Sleboda v Sleboda [2008] NSWCA 122.......................................................................20.190
Smilevska v Smilevska (No 2) [2016] NSWSC 397........................ 18.150, 18.240, 18.260,
23.260, 23.400, 23.450, 23.630
Smith v Clegg [2004] QSC 443.........................................................................11.650, 19.650
Smith v Pearson [2011] NSWSC 600............................................................................25.130
Smith v Smith [2017] NSWSC 408................................ 11.20, 11.590, 11.830, 19.50, 19.70,
19.160, 19.240, 19.290, 19.400, 19.600,
19.610, 19.620, 19.670
Sommerville v Sommerville [2015] NSWSC 1247........................................23.170, 23.240
Spong v Spong [1914] HCA 52..........................................................................21.30, 21.370
Stanbouli v Department of Family & Community Services [2006] AATA 76..........3.350
Stanford v Stanford [2012] HCA 52.................................................................................4.50
Stoklasa v Stoklasa [2004] NSWSC 518....................................20.190, 24.40, 24.60, 24.420
Stone v Stone [2014] NSWSC 1655...............................................................................23.130
Stowe v Stowe [1996] WASC BC9603304....................................................................17.140
Sullivan v Sullivan [2006] NSWCA 312.........................................................23.280, 23.570
Susan Elizabeth Parker v Margaret Catherine Higgins [2012]
NSWSC 1516..............................................................................................11.590, 19.440
Susann Simpson-​Cook v William John Martin Delaforce [2009] NSWSC 357.........23.330
Suzanne Marie Ryan and Mary Agnes Briggs as executrices of the estate
of the late Patrick Joseph Donoghue v PrenthiaSrimath
Wikramanayake [2013] NSWSC 1150................................................................... 9.640
Sweeney v Howard [2007] NSWSC 852......................................................................19.310
Swettenham v Wild [2005] QCA 264...................................................22.210, 24.60, 24.180
Szeto v Situ [2017] NSWCA 136......................................................................17.360, 24.350
Szeto v Situ [2017] NSWSC 1554..................................................................................22.190
Szozda v Szozda [2010] NSWSC 804..............11.30, 11.80, 11.150, 11.170, 11.180, 11.290,
11.790, 19.480

Taheri v Vitek [2014] NSWCA 209...........................................11.550, 11.620, 19.50, 19.80,

19.140, 19.310
xxiv Table of Cases

Tamer v Official Trustee in Bankruptcy [2016] NSWSC 680.........................24.30, 24.470

Tatbill Pty Ltd v Creswick [2011] QCA 381......................................21.130, 21.330, 21.370
Terry v O’Connell [2010] NSWSC 255............................................................23.490, 24.420
Thorne v Kennedy [2017] HCA 49..................................................................12.310, 12.480
Thornton v Hyde [2004] NSWSC 125..........................................................................18.280
Thwaites v Ryan [1984] VR 65 .....................................................................................24.430
Thwaites v Ryan [1994] VR 65 .....................................................................................18.260
Tietyens v Cox [1916] NSWStRp 85...............................................................................8.410
Tillet v Varnell Holdings Pty Ltd [2009] NSWSC 1040.............................................20.100
Tjen v Bilic [2017] NSWSC 364......................................................... 22.130, 22.160, 22.170,
22.190, 22.250
TKX [2010] NSWGT 10..................................................................................................11.770
TOB [2017] NSWCATGD 22..............................................................................14.50, 14.160
Torlonia v Wright [2016] NSWSC................................................................................19.160
Torlonia v Wright (No 2) [2017] NSWSC 951.............................................................19.160
Trevenar v Ussfeller [2005] NSWSC 582..............................21.190, 21.200, 21.250, 21.370
Trosse v Howard [2009] NSWCA 346..........................................................................25.260
Tulloch (deceased) v Braybon (No 2) [2010] NSWSC 650............ 21.150, 21.170, 21.240,
21.290, 21.480
Turner v Windever [2003] NSWSC 1147..................... 20.60, 20.70, 20.90, 20.130, 20.150,
20.190, 20.220, 31.320
Turner v Windever [2005] NSWCA 73..................................................20.60, 20.90, 20.130

Unicomb v Secretary, Department of Social Security [1998] FCA 204......................3.340

UQH [2014] NSWCATGD 37........................................................................................11.850
Urane v Whipper [2001] NSWSC 796..............................................................21.70, 21.480

Van Dyke v Sidhu [2014] NSWSC 1341......................................................................23.530

Vickery v Jjp Custodians [2002] NSWSC 782.............................................................11.550
VL v Mead Centre, Armadale Mental Health Service [2011] WASCA 214............14.340
Vlahos Pty Ltd v Vlahos [2017] VSCA 166..........................22.100, 22.130, 22.190, 22.330
Vlahos v Vlahos Pty Ltd [2017] VSCA 166.................................................................18.260
VMH [2018] QCAT 14....................................................................................................19.650

Waaka v Francois [2017] NSWSC 744.........................................................................23.320

Walsh v Walsh [2012] NSWCA 57................................................................................23.170
Walton v Walton [2015] NSWSC 218..............................................................21.270, 21.480
Waltons Stores (International) Ltd v Maher [1988] HCA 7..............23.60, 23.390, 23.750
Wantagong Farms Pty Ltd as Trustee for the Bulle Family Trust v Bulle
[2015] NSWSC 1603.............................................................................................. 23.170
Warman International Ltd v Dwyer [1995] HCA 18....................................19.230, 19.470
Water Board v Moustakas [1988] HCA 12..................................................................21.330
Watkins v Combes [1922] HCA 3.................................................................................21.370
Watson v Watson [2002] NSWSC 919..................................................11.560, 19.20, 19.540
 Table of Cases xxv

Whereat v Duff [1972] 2 NSWLR 147................................... 19.180, 21.20, 21.150, 21.210,

21.240, 21.340
White v O’Neill [2010] NSWSC 1193...........................................................................25.220
Wilcox v Wilcox [2012] NSWSC 1138.............................................................23.170, 23.210
William Bkassini v Sonya Sarkis [2017] NSWSC 1487......................8.470, 22.220, 24.450
Williams v Legg [1993] 29 NSWLR 687..............................................................5.260, 8.360
Willmott Forests Limited, In the matter of, [2017] NSWSC 1002............................11.510
Willmott Growers Group Inc v Willmott Forests Limited (Receivers
and Managers Appointed) (In Liquidation) [2013] HCA 51............................. 6.290
Winch and Secretary, Department of Social Services [2016] AATA 286........3.430, 3.440
Winefield v Clarke [2008] NSWSC 882..........................................................18.280, 21.120
Woodland v Rodriguez [2004] NSWSC 1167..................................................19.240, 21.70
Woodward v Woodward [2015] NSWSC 1793..............................................12.200, 12.240
Wright v Gibbons [1949] HCA 3.........................................................................3.390, 3.570

X v The Sydney Children’s Hospital Network [2013] NSWCA 320............15.60, 20.110

Ye Fung [2006] NSWSC 243..........................................................................................25.180

Yoshino v Niddrie [2003] NSWSC 57................................................22.130, 22.190, 22.340
Young v Lalic [2006] NSWSC 18..................................................................................24.420

ZAH v ZAI [2016] NSWCATAP 242............................................................................14.380

ZAR v NSW Trustee and Guardian [2016] NSWCATAP 88....................................12.110
ZAW v ZAX & ZAY & ZAZ & NSW Trustee and Guardian [2016]
NSWCATAP 163.................................................................................................... 12.400
ZBC v ZBD [2016] NSWCATAP 264............................................................................12.460
ZBR v ZBS [2016] NSWCATAP 209.............................................................................14.400
ZBT v ZBU [2016] NSWCATAP 214............................................................................12.170
ZCD v ZCE [2016] NSWCATAP 265...........................................................................12.160
ZCI v ZCJ [2017] NSWCATAP 131..............................................................................12.460
ZCV v ZCW [2017] NSWCATAP 34..............................................................................12.80
ZCY v ZCZ [2017] NSWCATAP 49..............................................................................14.120
ZDU v ZDV [2017] NSWCATAP 197...............................................................12.80, 12.100
ZEO v ZEP [2017] NSWCATAP 166............................................................................12.380
Zettling v Muller [2017] NSWSC 659................................................22.130, 22.150, 22.340
ZGA v ZFS [2017] NSWCATAP 231............................................................................12.400
Another random document with
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like articles of Porto Rican manufacture: Provided, That on
and after the date when this Act shall take effect, all
merchandise and articles, except coffee, not dutiable under
the tariff laws of the United States, and all merchandise and
articles entered in Porto Rico free of duty under' orders
heretofore made by the Secretary of War, shall be admitted
into the several ports thereof, when imported from the United
States, free of duty, all laws or parts of laws to the
contrary notwithstanding; and whenever the legislative
assembly of Porto Rico shall have enacted and put into
operation a system of local taxation to meet the necessities
of the government of Porto Rico, by this Act established, and
shall by resolution duly passed so notify the President, he
shall make proclamation thereof, and thereupon all tariff
duties on merchandise and articles going into Porto Rico from
the United States or coming into the United States from Porto
Rico shall cease, and from and after such date all such
merchandise and articles shall be entered at the several ports
of entry free of duty; and in no event shall any duties be
collected after the first day of March, nineteen hundred and
two, on merchandise and articles going into Porto Rico from
the United States or coming into the United States from Porto
Rico.

"SECTION 4.
That the duties and taxes collected in Porto Rico in pursuance
of this Act, less the cost of collecting the same, and the
gross amount of all collections of duties and taxes in the
United States upon articles of merchandise coming from Porto
Rico, shall not be covered into the general fund of the
Treasury, but shall be held as a separate fund, and shall be
placed at the disposal of the President to be used for the
government and benefit of Porto Rico until the government of
Porto Rico herein provided for shall have been organized, when
all moneys theretofore collected under the provisions hereof,
then unexpended, shall be transferred to the local treasury of
Porto Rico, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall designate
 the several ports and sub-ports of entry in Porto Rico, and
shall make such rules and regulations and appoint such agents
as may be necessary to collect the duties and taxes authorized
to be levied, collected, and paid in Porto Rico by the
provisions of this Act, and he shall fix the compensation and
provide for the payment thereof of all such officers, agents,
and assistants as he may find it necessary to employ to carry
out the provisions hereof: Provided, however, That as soon as
a civil government for Porto Rico shall have been organized in
accordance with the provisions of this Act and notice thereof
shall have been given to the President he shall make
proclamation thereof, and thereafter all collections of duties
and taxes in Porto Rico under the provisions of this Act shall
be paid into the treasury of Porto Rico, to be expended as
required by law for the government and benefit thereof instead
of being paid into the Treasury of the United States."

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1900 (April).

Act to provide temporarily for the civil government
of the Island.

The fundamental provisions of the act of the Congress of the

United States to provide temporarily for the civil government
of Porto Rico, which the President approved April 12, 1900,
are the following:

"SECTION 6.
That the capital of Porto Rico shall be at the city of San
Juan and the seat of government shall be maintained there.

"SECTION 7.
That all inhabitants continuing to reside therein who were
Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April, eighteen
hundred and ninety-nine, and then resided in Porto Rico, and
their children born subsequent thereto, shall be deemed and
held to be citizens of Porto Rico, and as such entitled to the
protection of the United States, except such as shall have
 elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain on
or before the eleventh day of April, nineteen hundred, in
accordance with the provisions of the treaty of peace between
the United States and Spain entered into on the eleventh day
of April, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine; and they, together
with such citizens of the United States as may reside in Porto
Rico, shall constitute a body politic under the name of The
People of Porto Rico, with governmental powers as hereinafter
conferred, and with power to sue and be sued as such.

{416}

"SECTION 8.
That the laws and ordinances of Porto Rico now in force shall
continue in full force and effect, except as altered, amended,
or modified hereinafter, or as altered or modified by military
orders and decrees in force when this Act shall take effect,
and so far as the same are not inconsistent or in conflict
with the statutory laws of the United States not locally
inapplicable, or the provisions hereof, until altered,
amended, or repealed by the legislative authority hereinafter
provided for Porto Rico or by Act of Congress of the United
States: Provided, That so much of the law which was in force
at the time of cession, April eleventh, eighteen hundred and
ninety-nine, forbidding the marriage of priests, ministers, or
followers of any faith because of vows they may have taken,
being paragraph four, article eighty-three, chapter three,
civil code, and which was continued by the order of the
secretary of justice of Porto Rico, dated March seventeenth,
eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, and promulgated by
Major-General Guy V. Henry, United States Volunteers, is
hereby repealed and annulled, and all persons lawfully married
in Porto Rico shall have all the rights and remedies conferred
by law upon parties to either civil or religious marriages:
And provided further, That paragraph one, article one hundred
and five, section four, divorce, civil code, and paragraph
two, section nineteen, of the order of the minister of justice
of Porto Rico, dated March seventeenth, eighteen hundred and
ninety-nine, and promulgated by Major-General Guy V. Henry,
United States Volunteers, be, and the same hereby are, so
amended as to read: 'Adultery on the part of either the
husband or the wife.' …

"SECTION 14.
That the statutory laws of the United States not locally
inapplicable, except as hereinbefore or hereinafter otherwise
provided, shall have the same force and effect in Porto Rico
as in the United States, except the internal-revenue laws,
which, in view of the provisions of section three, shall not
have force and effect in Porto Rico.

"SECTION 15.
That the legislative authority hereinafter provided shall have
power by due enactment to amend, alter, modify, or repeal any
law or ordinance, civil or criminal, continued in force by
this Act, as it may from time to time see fit.

"SECTION 16.
That all judicial process shall run in the name of 'United
States of America, ss: the President of the United States,'
and all criminal or penal prosecutions in the local courts
shall be conducted in the name and by the authority of 'The
People of Porto Rico'; and all officials authorized by this
Act shall before entering upon the duties of their respective
offices take an oath to support the Constitution of the United
States and the laws of Porto Rico.

"SECTION 17.
That the official title of the chief executive officer shall
be 'The Governor of Porto Rico.' He shall be appointed by the
President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate;
he shall hold his office for a term of four years and until
his successor is chosen and qualified unless sooner removed by
the President; he shall reside in Porto Rico during his
official incumbency, and shall maintain his office at the seat
of government; he may grant pardons and reprieves, and remit
fines and forfeitures for offenses against the laws of Porto
Rico, and respites for offenses against the laws of the United
States, until the decision of the President can be
ascertained; he shall commission all officers that he may be
authorized to appoint, and may veto any legislation enacted,
as hereinafter provided; he shall be the commander in chief of
the militia, and shall at all times faithfully execute the
laws, and he shall in that behalf have all the powers of
governors of the Territories of the United States that are not
locally inapplicable; and he shall annually, and at such other
times as he may be required, make official report of the
transactions of the government in Porto Rico, through the
Secretary of State, to the President of the United States:
Provided, That the President may, in his discretion, delegate
and assign to him such executive duties and functions as may
in pursuance with law be so delegated and assigned.

"SECTION 18.
That there shall be appointed by the President, by and with
the advice and consent of the Senate, for the period of four
years, unless sooner removed by the President, a secretary, an
attorney-general, a treasurer, an auditor, a commissioner of
the interior, and a commissioner of education, each of whom
shall reside in Porto Rico during his official incumbency and
have the powers and duties hereinafter provided for them,
respectively, and who, together with five other persons of
good repute, to be also appointed by the President for a like
term of four years, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, shall constitute an executive council, at least five
of whom shall be native inhabitants of Porto Rico, and, in
addition to the legislative duties hereinafter imposed upon
them as a body, shall exercise such powers and perform such
duties as are hereinafter provided for them, respectively, and
who shall have power to employ all necessary deputies and
assistants for the proper discharge of their duties as such
 officials and as such executive council. …

"SECTION 27.
That all local legislative powers hereby granted shall be
vested in a legislative assembly which shall consist of two
houses; one the executive council, as hereinbefore
constituted, and the other a house of delegates, to consist of
thirty-five members elected biennially by the qualified voters
as hereinafter provided; and the two houses thus constituted
shall be designated 'The legislative assembly of Porto Rico.'

"SECTION 28.
That for the purposes of such elections Porto Rico shall be
divided by the executive council into seven districts,
composed of contiguous territory and as nearly equal as may be
in population, and each district shall be entitled to five
members of the house of delegates.

SECTION 29.
That the first election for delegates shall be held on such
date and under such regulations as to ballots and voting as
the executive council may prescribe. … At such elections all
citizens of Porto Rico shall be allowed to vote who have been
bona fide residents for one year and who possess the other
qualifications of voters under the laws and military orders in
force on the first day of March, 1900, subject to such
modifications and additional qualifications and such
regulations and restrictions as to registration as may be
prescribed by the executive council. …

{417}

"SECTION 32.
That the legislative authority herein provided shall extend to
all matters of a legislative character not locally inapplicable,
including power to create, consolidate, and reorganize the
municipalities, so far as may be necessary, and to provide and
repeal laws and ordinances therefor; and also the power to
alter, amend, modify, and repeal any and all laws and
ordinances of every character now in force in Porto Rico, or
any municipality or district thereof, not inconsistent with
the provisions hereof: Provided, however, That all grants of
franchises, rights, and privileges or concessions of a public
or quasi-public nature shall be made by the executive council,
with the approval of the governor, and all franchises granted
in Porto Rico shall be reported to Congress, which hereby
reserves the power to annul or modify the same.

"SECTION 33.
That the judicial power shall be vested in the courts and
tribunals of Porto Rico as already established and now in
operation, including municipal courts. …

"SECTION 34.
That Porto Rico shall constitute a judicial district to be
called 'the district of Porto Rico.' The President, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint a
district judge, a district attorney, and a marshal for said
district, each for a term of four years, unless sooner removed
by the President. The district court for said district shall
be called the district court of the United States for Porto
Rico.

"SECTION 35.
That writs of error and appeals from the final decisions of
the supreme court of Porto Rico and the district court of the
United States shall be allowed and may be taken to the Supreme
Court of the United States in the same manner and under the
same regulations and in the same cases as from the supreme
courts of the Territories of the United States. …

"SECTION 39.
That the qualified voters of Porto Rico shall, on the first
Tuesday after the first Monday of November, anno Domini
 nineteen hundred, and every two years thereafter, choose a
resident commissioner to the United States, who shall be
entitled to official recognition as such by all Departments,
upon presentation to the Department of State of a certificate
of election of the governor of Porto Rico, and who shall be
entitled to a salary, payable monthly by the United States, at
the rate of five thousand dollars per annum: Provided, That no
person shall be eligible to such election who is not a bona
fide citizen of Porto Rico, who is not thirty years of age,
and who does not read and write the English language.

"SECTION 40.
That a commission, to consist of three members, at least one
of whom shall be a native citizen of Porto Rico, shall be
appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, to compile and revise the laws of Porto Rico; also
the various codes of procedure and systems of municipal
government now in force, and to frame and report such
legislation as may be necessary to make a simple, harmonious,
and economical government, establish justice and secure its
prompt and efficient administration, inaugurate a general
system of education and public instruction, provide buildings
and funds therefor, equalize and simplify taxation and all the
methods of raising revenue, and make all other provisions that
may be necessary to secure and extend the benefits of a
republican form of government to all the inhabitants of Porto
Rico."

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1900 (May).

Organization of civil government.
Appointment of Governor Allen.

Under the Act to establish civil government in Porto Rico,

Honorable. Charles H. Allen, formerly a representative in
Congress from Massachusetts, and lately Assistant-Secretary of
the Navy, was appointed to the governorship of the island. Mr.
J. H. Hollander, of Maryland, was appointed Treasurer, and Mr.
 John R. Garrison, of the District of Columbia, Auditor.
Governor Allen was inducted into office with considerable
ceremony, at San Juan, on the 1st of May.

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1900 (August-October).

First steps in the creation of a public school system.

"The report of M. G. Brumbaugh, commissioner of education, on

education in Porto Rico, dated October 15, 1900, shows what
has been accomplished in the short time that elapsed after the
commissioner entered upon his duties on August 4, 1900. … The
people want schools … and the pupils will attend them. In
1899, 616 schools were opened in Porto Rico. In 1900 the
department will maintain at least 800 schools, an increase of
30 per cent, which will provide for nearly 9,000 additional
pupils.

"In 1899 there were 67 Americans in the teaching force of the

island. Since October 1, 1900, the number has increased to
100. The commissioner criticises one class of teachers who are
'seekers after novelty and new experiences, who imposed upon the
administration and the children, and who used the salary and
position of teacher solely to see a new country for a year and
then return. … The people of Porto Rico have patiently borne
with these adventurers, and quietly longed for their
departure.' This class of teachers is now gone and the newly
selected American teachers have some knowledge of Spanish and
are graduates of universities, colleges, and normal schools in
the States, and are for the most part young men and women of
ability and discretion. The salaries of American teachers were
fixed by law at $40 per month for nine months in cities of
less than 5,000 population. In cities of larger population the
salary was $50 per month for nine months and both are
inadequate, although at the time the salaries were fixed the
War Department provided free transportation from and to the
United States. This transportation may now be withdrawn at any
time, and the small inducement held out by the meager salary
 offered to teachers is not calculated to invite the best class
of them to the island.

"The new normal and industrial school at Fajardo, which was to

have been established by the joint efforts of the local
municipality and the American Government, was only so far
advanced that the land had been purchased by the end of
September, 1900. The normal department was opened October 1,
in a rented building, while the industrial department cannot
be opened until suitable quarters are provided. The
commissioner recommends that the United States make this place
the site of an agricultural experiment station for which it is
pre-eminently fitted. On account of the industries of the
country—coffee, sugar, tobacco, and fruit—agriculture could be
well studied here, and free boarding, lodging, and tuition would
be given the students, who would be for the most part poor
boys and girls.

"As to the school accommodation, the commissioner states that

there are no public school buildings in Porto Rico. The
schools are conducted in rented houses or rooms which are
often unfit for the purpose, and the hygienic conditions are
bad. There is a wide field, or rather a demand, for
improvement in this direction, as well as in the school
equipment and material.

{418}

In 1899, $33,000 was expended for school-books, and in 1900,

$20,000 will be expended for books and supplies, which shall
be free. In the United States 'free books' means usually their
purchase by local boards and free use by the pupils. In Porto
Rico the books and supplies will be free to the pupils without
expense to the local boards. A pedagogical museum and library
has been established for the benefit of teachers and others.
About 300 volumes have been contributed to the library from
friends in the States, and the Department will make the number
 up to 500 by purchase. A library of 5,000 volumes of standard
Spanish and American literature was found in a building in San
Juan, which has been installed in suitable rooms as a public
library.

"Many of the leading institutions of the United States have

responded cordially to the application of the Department of
Education on behalf of young Porto Ricans who wish to
prosecute their studies in colleges and universities. Some
have offered free tuition, some have added free lodging, while
others have offered even free living to all such students as
wish to avail themselves of their instruction. Many young
Porto Ricans have availed themselves of these generous offers.

"There are now 800 schools in Porto Rico, and 38,000 pupils
attending them, while there are 300,000 children of school age
for whom there are no accommodations. But the commissioner
expresses the hope that gradually the great illiteracy in
Porto Rico will be reduced, and the people prepared for the
duties of citizenship in a democracy by means of the schools
that shall be established. … The total expenditure for
education in Porto Rico from the 1st of May to the end of
September was $91,057.32."

United States, Secretary of the Interior,

Annual Report, November 28, 1900, page 116.

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1900 (November-December).

The first election under U. S. law.
Meeting of the Legislative Assembly.

The first election in the Island under the provisions of the

Act recited above occurred on the 6th of November
simultaneously with the elections in the United States. It
seems to have been almost entirely a one-sided vote. "About
two weeks before election day," says a despatch from San Juan,
November 7, "the Federal Party, which carried the island at
the election of less than a year ago by a majority of 6,500
votes, suddenly withdrew from the electoral contest. The
Federal leaders sent instruction to their followers not to
appear at the polls, but the Federal Election Judges were
instructed to appear and watch the proceedings until the
elections were concluded in order to gather evidence of any
unfairness in the registration and any irregularity in the
voting. The Federal Party intends to institute court
proceedings after the election in the hope of nullifying it,
claiming that gross irregularities in the registration and
voting will be shown, and alleging that the districting was
not done according to law." Only about 200 Federals voted, it
is stated, while some 60,000 votes were cast for the
candidates of the Republicans. Governor Allen cabled the
following announcement of the election to President McKinley:
"I am gratified and delighted. The outcome in Porto Rico is a
guarantee of the island's future. To bring people who had long
been under different rules and conditions to their first
general election, to have the election pass off as quietly and
orderly as in any State of the North conducted by the people
without let or hindrance, and without a soldier or armed force
of any sort, and to have nearly 60.000 men march to the polls
to deposit their first ballot for self-government in such a
manner, are good reasons for congratulation, not only to the
people of the island, but to the painstaking members of the
Administration, who had worked diligently and patiently to
this end. This overwhelming Republican victory also means
legislation for the good of the island in line with the
American Administration. It means stable government and the
protection of property interests, with which prospective
investors in Porto Rico are deeply concerned. It means
education, public works, and all the beneficent works which
follow legislation wisely and conscientiously undertaken. It
is an emphatic declaration of unqualified loyalty to the
United States."

The newly elected Legislative Assembly met and the House of

Delegates was organized December 3. A correspondent of the
"New York Tribune," writing a week later, said: "Already
nineteen bills have been introduced. To introduce nineteen
bills in six days after organizing, as well as forming the
regular committees, is not bad work when it is considered that
not one of the members had the slightest idea of parliamentary
procedure. During the session one of the members may be seen
making frequent trips to the Executive Mansion, where he
confers with Secretary Hunt in regard to some doubtful point.
It is said by some that in a short time the lower house will
be controlled entirely by the portfolio members of the
Council. It is known that the five Porto Rican members of the
Council, when considering the question of franchises, etc.,
often vote contrary to their own ideas in order that the
Council may continue harmonious. But it is not likely that the
heads of departments will be able to control the thirty-five
members of the House. The House, although regularly elected,
is not representative of the island; the Federals refraining
from voting kept over half the natives from the polls. The
Federal party, it is asserted, is made up of the richest and
best element of Porto Rico. The Republicans, though in power,
do not feel that they are able to run things alone, so the
majority is willing to be dictated to by the Council.
Nevertheless there is a certain element in the House which
will not be dictated to. So soon as any really important bill
comes up for debate it is predicted that the House will divide
against itself. And a little later, when the House passes some
pet bill and the Council rejects it, the House will probably
resign in a body. It is a natural trait of the people.'

After another fortnight had passed, the same correspondent

wrote very discouragingly of the disposition shown by a
majority of the members of the House of Delegates, and their
conduct of business, and stated: "The popular opinion among
the Americans, even among some of the higher officials, is
that if the House continues as it is Congress will abolish it
altogether, and govern the island through a Governor and
 Cabinet. Such irregular procedure has been followed that it is
a question here whether any business has been legally done."

{419}

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1901 (January),

Close of the first session of the Legislative Assembly.

The first session of the first Legislative Assembly of the

island came to a close on the 31st of January, 1901, and the
following remarks on its work were made in a newspaper
despatch of that date from San Juan: "Over one hundred bills
have been introduced in the House of Delegates, and dozens
have been passed by both houses, and are awaiting the
Governor's approval. … Committees have a hard day's work if
they get together and agree to pass the bills on hand before
midnight to-night. Ever since the House of Delegates resumed
business after the new year, eight or nine members have been
continually absent. There are only thirty-five members
altogether, and the island is small, yet twenty-six has been
the average attendance. A full attendance for even one day is
not recorded. It was predicted that a number of the members
would resign; they did not. They simply remained away, like
truant schoolboys. A bill has been passed providing for the
education of certain young Porto Rican men and women in the
United States, about two hundred of them having petitioned the
House of Delegates to be sent north at the island's expense.
It is not known on what ground these petitions have been made.
The island expends about $400,000 yearly on education, and
excellent educational facilities are offered. But the people,
in a way, seem to discredit the value of the opportunities at
hand."

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1901 (April).

Distress of the workingmen of the Island.
Their appeal to the President of the United States.
 The following petition, signed by 6,000 of the workingmen of
Porto Rico, was brought to the United States by a delegate
from the Federation of Labor in Porto Rico and presented to
President McKinley on the 15th of April:

"The undersigned, workers of Porto Rico, without distinction

of color, political or religious creed, have the honor to
bring to your attention the following facts: Misery, with all
its horrible consequences, is spreading in our homes with
wonderful rapidity. It has already reached such an extreme
that many workers are starving to death while others, that
have not the courage to see their mothers, wives, sisters and
children perish of hunger, commit suicide by drowning
themselves in the rivers or hanging themselves from branches
of trees. All this, honorable sir, is due to the scarcity of
work, which keeps us in enforced idleness, the mother of our
misery. Our beautiful estates are idle; our lands are not
being cultivated; our shops remain closed; and our Chambers do
absolutely nothing to prevent our misery on this once so rich
an island. The Government and municipality do not undertake
any public works to keep us out of idleness. The emigration of
workers, unknown in this island before, increases day by day,
in proportion as misery increases. Under these trying
conditions we are no longer a happy and contented people. We
therefore, beg of you, honorable sir, to interest yourself in
our cause, leading us, as the father of our country, in the
path that will bring us work, and with it the means of
subsistence. We want work; nothing but work. We want to earn
the means of subsistence by the sweat of our brows; and nobody
better than our Chief Magistrate can help us by lending ear to
our appeals. "

----------PORTO RICO: End--------

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1891-1900.
Delagoa Bay Arbitration.
 See (in this volume)
DELAGOA BAY ARBITRATION.

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1898.
Alleged Treaty with Great Britain.

There is said to be knowledge in diplomatic circles of a

treaty between Great Britain and Portugal, concluded in 1898,
which has never been made public, but which is understood to
engage the former to assist the latter financially and to
protect the kingdom as against dangers both external and
internal. In return it is believed that England received the
right to embark and disembark troops, stores and ammunitions
at any point on Portuguese territory in Africa, to keep them
there, or to convey them across Portuguese territory to any
point she might see fit, irrespective as to whether she was at
war with any third Power. Circumstances have given some
support to this rumor, but it has no positive confirmation.

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1899.
Reciprocity Treaty with the United States.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1899-1901.

PORTUGAL: A. D. 1899 (May-July).

Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)

PEACE CONFERENCE.

PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896.

War with Gungunhana.

See (in this volume)

AFRICA: A. D. 1895-1896 (PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA).
POSTAGE, British Imperial Penny.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (DECEMBER).

POWERS, Concert of the.

See (in this volume)

CONCERT OF EUROPE.

POWERS, The four great.

See (in this volume)

NINETEENTH CENTURY: EXPANSION.

PRATT, Consul:
Interviews with Aguinaldo at Singapore.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (APRIL-MAY: PHILIPPINES).

"PREDOMINANT MEMBER," Remarks of Lord Rosebery on the.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1894-1895.

PREHISTORIC DISCOVERIES.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH.

PREMPEH, Overthrow of King.

See (in this volume)

ASHANTI.
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES: Union in Scotland.

See (in this volume)

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1900.

PRESS, The:
Relaxation of restrictions in Poland.

See (in this volume)

RUSSIA: A. D. 1897.

PRESS, The:
Prosecutions in Germany.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER 9).

PRETORIA: A. D. 1894.
Demonstration of British residents.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE TRANSVAAL): A. D. 1894.

PRETORIA: A. D. 1900.
Taken by the British forces.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1900 (MAY-JUNE).

PRIMARY ELECTION LAW.

See (in this volume)

NEW YORK STATE: A. D. 1898.

PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.

 See (in this volume)
CANADA.

{420}

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY:
Celebration of 250th anniversary.
Assumption of new name.

See (in this volume)

EDUCATION (UNITED STATES): A. D. 1896.

PRINSLOO, Commandant: Surrender.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1900 (JUNE-DECEMBER).

PROCTOR, Senator Redfield:

Account of the condition of the Cuban Reconcentrados.

See (in this volume)

CUBA: A. D. 1897-1898 (DECEMBER-MARCH).

PROGRESSISTS,
PROGRESSIVES.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897;
JAPAN: A. D. 1890-1898, and after;
SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY): A. D. 1898,
and 1898 (MARCH-OCTOBER).

PROHIBITION PARTY, The.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
 A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PROHIBITION PLEBISCITE, Canadian.

See (in this volume)

CANADA: A. D. 1898 (SEPTEMBER).

PROTECTIVE TARIFFS.

See (in this volume)

TARIFF LEGISLATION.

PROTOCOL, for suspension of Spanish-American War.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (JULY-DECEMBER).

PRUSSIA: Census, 1895.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1895 (JUNE-DECEMBER).

PRUSSIA: A. D. 1899-1901.
Canal projects.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (AUGUST); and 1901 (JANUARY).

PRUSSIA: A. D. 1901.
Bicentenary celebration.

The bicentenary of the coronation of the first King of Prussia

was celebrated with much ceremony and festivity on the 18th of
January, 1901.