ASEAN Key Figures 2023

ISSN 2986-3619
VOL. 6, December 2023
ASEAN
KEY FIGURES 2023
ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 I
ASEANKey
ASEAN
ASEAN KeyFigures
Figures 2020
2020
2023
The ASEAN
TheASEAN
The Secretariat
ASEANSecretariat
Secretariat
Jakarta
Jakarta
Jakarta
ASEAN
ASEAN Key
Key Figures2020
Figures 2020 ii
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) was established on 8 August 1967.
The Member States are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam.
The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia.
For inquiries, contact:

The ASEAN Secretariat
Community Relations Division (CRD)
70A Jalan Sisingamangaraja
Jakarta 12110, Indonesia
Phone : (62 21) 724-3372, 726-2991
Fax : (62 21) 739-8234, 724-3504
E-mail : public@asean.org
Catalogue-in-Publication Data
ASEAN Key Figures 2023

Jakarta, ASEAN Secretariat, December 2023
315.95
1. ASEAN – Statistics
2. Population and Welfare – Economy – Connectivity – Energy and Environment
ISSN: 2986-3619
ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All
Illustration credits: www.shuterstock.com
The text of this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, provided proper
acknowledgement is given and a copy containing the reprinted material is sent to the
Community Relations Division (CRD) of the ASEAN Secretariat, Jakarta.
Map in this publication is only indicative and is not drawn to scale.
General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website: www.asean.org.
Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2023.

All rights reserved.
FOREWORD
The significance of relevance, timeliness, accuracy, reliability, accessibility,

and comparability in statistics cannot be overstated in a number of contexts,
including in informing robust policy design and facilitating effective
monitoring and evaluation of the ASEAN Community-building efforts.
This sixth edition of ASEAN Key Figures, the first of its kind after the
COVID-19 pandemic, showcases a comprehensive overview of the latest
developments within the ASEAN region. Through a selection of indicators
in the areas of Population and Welfare, Economy, Connectivity, and Energy
and Environment, this publication offers valuable information and insights.
Included within are a number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
indicators, this provides a means to track the region’s progress towards
the attainment of the goals. The data, presented through user-friendly
visualisations accompanied with concise text, are designed to enhance
users’ understanding of the nuances among the ASEAN Member States.
I hope this publication will serve as a useful resource and reference tool for
those navigating the ASEAN official statistics in their endeavours to better
understand the region in terms of numbers as well as for contributing to the
ongoing integration efforts of ASEAN.
DR. KAO KIM HOURN

Secretary-General of ASEAN
ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 iii

ISSN 2986-3619
VOL. 6, December 2023
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD . . .......................................................................................................... iii

INTRODUCTION . . ................................................................................................... xi
1. POPULATION AND WELFARE .................................................................. 1

1.1 POPULATION AND WELFARE ......................................................... 3
1.2. EDUCATION ......................................................................................... 12
1.3. HEALTH.................................................................................................. 16
1.4. LABOUR .. ............................................................................................... 19
1.5. POVERTY AND INEQUALITY . . .......................................................... 24
2. ECONOMY ...................................................................................................... 27
2.1 ECONOMY SIZE AND GROWTH ...................................................... 29
2.2 INTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE TRADE ..................................... 35
2.3. INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES . . ........................................ 41
2.4. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS . . .................................................. 44
3. CONNECTIVITY ............................................................................................. 49
3.1 TRANSPORT ......................................................................................... 51
3.2 VISITOR ARRIVALS ............................................................................. 55
3.3 INTERNET SUBSCRIBERS .................................................................. 57
4. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT .................................................................. 59

4.1 ENERGY ................................................................................................. 61
4.2 ENVIRONMENT . . .................................................................................. 65
REFERENCES .. ........................................................................................................ 70
ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 v

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1.1. Population size (million persons) and growth rate (%),
ASEAN total, 1980-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Figure 1.1.2. Population pyramid (% of total), ASEAN total,
2000 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 1.1.3. Population age structure (% of total) by ASEAN
Member States, 2000 and 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 1.1.4. Total fertility rates (TFR) by ASEAN Member States,
2013, 2017, and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 1.1.5. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2013,
2017 and 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 1.1.6. Under-five mortality rates (per 1,000 live births),
ASEAN total, 1985-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 1.1.7. Under-five mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by
ASEAN Member States, 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 1.1.8. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN total,
1980-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 1.1.9. Life expectancy at birth (years) by ASEAN Member
States, by sex, 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 1.2.1. Adult literacy rate (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2022 ...... 12
Figure 1.2.2. Net enrolment rate in primary education (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2013, 2018, and 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 1.2.3. Gender parity index (GPI) gross enrolment rate in
primary education, ASEAN Member States, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 1.2.4. Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education by ASEAN
Member States, 2013, 2018 and 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 1.3.1. Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) by
Figure 1.3.2. Coverage of immunisation against measles among
one-year children (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2013, 2017 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
vi ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

Figure 1.3.3. Coverage of immunisation against DPT among
one-year old children (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2013, 2017 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 1.4.1a. Labour force participation rates (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2013, 2017, and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Figure 1.4.1b. Labour force participation rates (%) by sex by
ASEAN Member States, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 1.4.2 Unemployment rates (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2013, 2017 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 1.4.3. Shares of employment by economic activity (%)
by ASEAN Member States, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 1.5.1. Population living below the national poverty lines (%)
by ASEAN Member States, 2016 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 1.5.2. Gini ratio by ASEAN Member States, 2005, 2010,
and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 2.1.1. GDP (US$ trillion) and growth rate (%) of the top ten
largest economies, 2021-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Figure 2.1.2. ASEAN GDP (US$ trillion) and GDP per capita (US$),
2000-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 2.1.3. Shares of ASEAN Member States GDP to total
ASEAN (%) 2005 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 2.1.4. GDP per capita (US$) by ASEAN Member States,
2005-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 2.1.5. ASEAN GDP at current prices (US$ billion) and growth
rate (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2021-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Figure 2.1.6. Quarterly GDP growth rate (%) of seven ASEAN
Member States, Q1-2022 to Q2-2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 2.1.7. Shares of main economic sectors to total GDP (%),
2015-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 2.1.8. Shares of main economic sectors to total GDP (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 vii

Figure 2.2.1. ASEAN merchandise exports and imports and trade
balance (US$ billion), 2005-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Figure 2.2.2. Merchandise trade growth rate (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2020-2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Figure 2.2.3. Shares of merchandise trade (%) by ASEAN ‘
Member States, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 2.2.4. Merchandise trade growth rate (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2021 – 2nd Quarter 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Figure 2.2.5. Shares of merchandise exports (%) by trading
partners, 2005-2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 2.2.6. Shares of merchandise imports (%) by trading
partners, 2005-2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 2.2.7. Top-10 ASEAN merchandise trade of agriculture
commodities (US$ million), 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 2.3.1. ASEAN exports and imports of services and trade
balance (US$ billion), 2013-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 2.3.2. Exports and imports of services (US$ billion) by
Figure 2.3.3a. Shares of ASEAN exports of services by broad
headings (%), 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figure 2.3.3b. Shares of ASEAN imports of services by broad
headings (%), 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figure 2.4.1. Inward FDI flows, extra and intra-ASEAN (US$ billion),
2013-2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 2.4.2 Inward FDI flows (US$ billion) by .ASEAN Member States,
2019-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 2.4.3. Shares of inward FDI flows by economic activity (%),
2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 2.4.4. ASEAN top-5 FDI sources, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 3.1.1. Road length (thousand kilometers) by ASEAN
Members States, 2010-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
viii ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

Figure 3.1.2. Number of registered motor vehicles per 1,000
population by ASEAN Member States, 2010-2022 . . . . . . . . . 53
Figure 3.1.3. Number of international and domestic air passengers ....
(thousand person) by ASEAN Member States,
2010-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Figure 3.1.4. International air cargo loaded and unloaded
(thousand tons) by ASEAN Member States,
2010-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Figure 3.2.1. Number of visitor arrivals in ASEAN (million persons),
2018-2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Figure 3.2.2. Top-5 origin countries of visitor arrivals from
non-ASEAN countries (million person), 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Figure 3.2.3. Number of visitor arrivals (thousand person) by
Figure 3.3.1. Number of internet subscribers per 100 persons by
ASEAN Member States, 2017 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Figure 4.1.1. Population with access to electricity (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2016 and 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Figure 4.1.2. Population with primary reliance on clean fuels and
technology for cooking (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2013, 2017, and 2021 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Figure 4.1.3. Renewable energy share in the total final energy
consumption (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2010,
2015, and 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 4.2.1. Number of deaths, missing persons and directly
affected persons attributed to climate-related
disasters per 100,000 population by ASEAN
Member States, 2016-2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Figure 4.2.2. Forest area as a proportion of total land area (%)
by ASEAN Member States, 2022 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Figure 4.2.3. Average proportion of marine, terrestrial and freshwater
key biodiversity areas (KBAs) covered by protected
areas (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 ix

INTRODUCTION
ASEAN Key Figures is published annually as part of the continuous efforts

to promote the use and visibility of ASEAN statistics, while also contributing
to the monitoring of economic and social development in the region. This
publication is designed to serve as a useful introduction to the ASEAN
official statistics, providing users with insights into the conditions of both
ASEAN as whole and its individual ASEAN Member States.
This 2023 edition specifically highlights recent developments across

diverse topics, incorporating key statistics related to people and welfare;
economy; connectivity; and energy and environment. With an improved
data visualisation and concise narrative, users will find it easier to digest the
wealth of information on statistical indicators presented and discussed in
this publication. The statistics presented in this publication focus on annual
data and are based on the information available in the ASEANstats database
as of 31 October 2023. More complete data and information about ASEAN
can be found on the ASEANstats website (www.aseanstats.org). This
publication, alongside with the ASEAN Statistical Yearbook and the ASEAN
Statistical Highlights, is also accessible on the ASEANstats website (www.
aseanstats.org), providing a consolidated platform for valuable insights into
ASEAN’s economic and social landscape.
ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 xi

xii ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023
POPULATION
AND WELFARE
ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 1
POPULATION AND WELFARE
1.1 POPULATION AND WELFARE

Population: size and structure
In 2022, the combined population of ten ASEAN Member States (AMS)
reached 671.7 million, maintaining the ASEAN’s position as the third-most
populous region in the world, following India and China. Meanwhile, the
rate of ASEAN population growth had gradually slowed down in recent
decades. The slowing growth rate is evident through the decline in the
average annual growth rate for the period of 1999-2010 and 2011–2022,
which were 1.3% and 1.1%, respectively. The trend in ASEAN population
growth rate is reflected in Figure 1.1.1.
Figure 1.1.1. Population size (million persons) and growth rate (%),
ASEAN total, 1980-2022
800 2.5
700 2.1 671.7
2.0
600
500
in million persons
1.5
400 1.2
355.2
1.0
300
200
0.5
100
0 0.0
1980
1990
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Population size Population growth rate
Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database

The age structure of ASEAN population had also shifted in the last two
decades, as shown by the population pyramid 1 of ASEAN in 2000 and
2022 in Figure 1.1.2. In 2000, youth 2 dominated the ASEAN population,
accounting for 40.8% of the region’s total population. In 2022, although the
absolute number of youth population continued to increase, their share of
the total population dropped to 32.5%. Meanwhile, during the same period,
the share of productive working-age population and the elderly population
increased to 59.9% (from 53.9%) and 7.5% (from 5.3%), respectively.
Figure 1.1.2. Population pyramid, ASEAN total, 2000 and 2022
Figure 1.1.2. Population pyramid (% of total), ASEAN total, 2000 and 2022
2000 2022
75+ 75+
70-74 70-74
65-69 65-69
60-64 60-64
55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Male Female
Furthermore, the population pyramid also reveals that males tend to have
shorter lifespans compared to females. As of 2022, the proportion of elderly
women in the overall female population was 8.4%, whereas the proportion
of elderly men in the overall male population was 6.6%.
1 The population pyramid reveals the makeup of the population as a whole by age groups and sex.
2 Youth population comprises the following age groups: 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19
4 ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

Changes in population structure were likely influenced by the ongoing
demographic transition in AMS, which was concurrent with the changes in
fertility and mortality rates as discussed later in this chapter. However, due
to the diverse level of development in AMS, their demographic transition
phases will also vary.
From 2000 to 2022, the proportion of the population aged 65-years-old

and above increased in all AMS (Figure 1.1.3), with Singapore and Thailand
experiencing significant growth, from 7.2% and 9.1% in 2000 to 16.6% and
12.9% in 2022, respectively. On the other hand, all AMS experienced a
decline in the proportions of the youth population aged 0–19.
Figure 1.1.3. Population age structure (% of total) by ASEAN Member States,

2000
Figure 1.1.3. Population and 2022
age structure (% of total) by ASEAN Member States, 2000-2022
49.9 46.7 49.3

57.0 39.9 52.0 40.4 53.0
61.0 59.6
2000
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Darussalam
0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 >= 65
61.7 52.6 52.3

2022 57.2 57.2 51.9
53.6 56.3
56.9 58.0
Darussalam
Note : Singapore data refer to resident only

Source : ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database
Figure 1.1.3 also illustrates a rising proportion of the productive working-

age population (20–59 years old) across all AMS, except Singapore, with

increases ranging from 0.6 to 14.3 percentage points. A large proportion of
the productive population will potentially contribute to the expansion of the
economy and the alleviation of poverty.
Fertility
The total fertility rate (TFR) is one of the key elements of population growth,
along with mortality and migration. The TFR in a specific year is defined as
the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were
to live to the end of her child-bearing years and give birth to children in
agreement with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates. Assuming there are
no migration flows and that mortality rates remain unchanged, a total fertility
rate of 2.1 children per woman generates broad stability of population and is
also referred to as the “replacement fertility rate” (OECD, 2016).
As shown in Figure 1.1.4, TFR in AMS generally decreased during the last
decade. Significant decline in TFR was observed in the Philippines, with
a decline from 3.0 in 2013 to 1.9 in 2022. Similarly, the TFR in Lao PDR
decreased from 3.2 in 2013 to 2.5 in 2021, potentially leading to a reduction
in the rate of population growth in the country. Meanwhile, TFR in Brunei
Darussalam in 2022 and Myanmar in 2021 reached rates of 1.9 and 2.2,
respectively, which were similar to the rates observed in 2013. The lowest
TFR were recorded in Singapore and Thailand, at 1.0 and 1.2, respectively.
In 2022, TFRs in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,

Thailand, and Viet Nam fell below the replacement level. A decrease in
TFR, for a certain period of time, could foster economic growth because
it leads to a reduction in the proportion of children and an increase in
the proportion of the working-age population. However, in the long run,
especially if fertility continues to decline, the number of the working-age
population will decrease while the number of elderly people will increase,
resulting in an ageing population. This may increase the economic burdens
by, among other things, increasing health care and social security costs.

Figure 1.1.4. Total fertility rate, ASEAN Member States, 2013, 2017, and 2022
Figure 1.1.4. Total fertility rates (TFR) by ASEAN Member States, 2013, 2017,
and 2022
Brunei 1.9
Darussalam
2.4
Cambodia
Indonesia 2.2
2.5
Lao PDR
1.7
Malaysia
2.2
Myanmar
1.9
Philippines
1.0
Singapore
1.2
Thailand
2.0
Viet Nam
2013 2017 2022
Note : The latest available data for Lao PDR, Malaysia, and Myanmar is 2021
Mortality and Life Expectancy

As discussed in the preceding section, along with fertility and migration,
mortality also plays a significant role in population growth. Among various
mortality indicators, infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate are
commonly used to portray the socio-economic conditions of children as
well as to assess the performance of the health care system.
The infant mortality rate is defined as the probability of a child born in a

specific period dying before reaching the age of one, expressed per 1,000
live births. Figure 1.1.5 presents the infant mortality rate in AMS over the
past decade. Overall, AMS, apart from Myanmar, observed a decline in the
infant mortality rate. Cambodia experienced the most significant decline,
with the rate dropping from 36 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2013 to 12
deaths per 1,000 live births in 2021, followed by Indonesia, where the rate
declined from 27 to 17 deaths per 1,000 live births. In recent years, Lao PDR

had the highest infant mortality rate, with 48 deaths per 1,000 live births.
In contrast to other AMS, Myanmar reported an infant mortality rate at 37
deaths per 1,000 live births, which is slightly higher than 35 deaths per
1,000 live births recorded in 2013.
Figure 1.1.5. Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births), 2013, 2017 and 2022
48.9 48.1
36.3
27.2
16.9
12.0
7.8 8.3 6.3 6.1
Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia
2013 2017 2022
35.3 36.6
23.0 22.0
15.3
12.1
6.4 5.2
2.0 1.8
Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Note : The latest available data for Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, and Thailand is 2021
Under-five mortality rate is defined as the probability of a newborn would

die before reaching exactly 5 years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births.
On average, ASEAN succeeded in achieving the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) target of reducing under-5 mortality to at least as low as
25 per 1,000 live births by 2030. The under-five mortality rate in ASEAN
dropped significantly from 86 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1985 to 22
deaths per 1,000 live births in 2022, as depicted in Figure 1.1.6.

Figure 1.1.6. Under-five mortality rates (per 1,000 live births), ASEAN total,
1985-2022
100
90 86.3
80
70
per 1,000 live births
60
47.9
50
40
32.6
30
22.6 22.2
20
10
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Note : The latest available data for Malaysia is 2021, Indonesia and Thailand is 2020, the Philippines is 2017
Figure 1.1.7 indicates that the disparity in mortality rates for children under
five continued among AMS. Seven out of ten AMS have met the SDGs
target of reducing the mortality rate among children under the age of five.
Singapore reported the lowest rate at two deaths per 1,000 live births,
followed by Malaysia, Thailand, and Brunei Darussalam with 7, 7, and 10
deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively. In addition, Cambodia, Viet Nam
and Indonesia have also achieved the SDGs target with under-five mortality
rate at 16, 19 and 20 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively. With a rate
of 27 deaths per 1,000 live births, the Philippines is getting closer to the
SDGs’ target. On the other hand, there is still significant work to be done
to reduce the under-five mortality rate in Myanmar and Lao PDR, which
have higher rates of 51 and 61 deaths per 1,000 live births, respectively,
indicating that more than half of children died before the age of five.

Figure 1.1.7. Under-five mortality rates (per 1,000 live births) by ASEAN
Member States, 2022
Brunei
Darussalam 10.3
Cambodia 16.0
Indonesia 19.8
Lao PDR 61.3
Malaysia 7.4
Myanmar 50.6
Philippines 26.0
Singapore 2.2
Thailand 7.0
Viet Nam 18.9
per 1,000 live births
Note : The latest available data for Malaysia is 2021, Indonesia and Thailand is 2020
A decrease in child mortality rates indicates enhancement in overall health

and living conditions which consequently would lead to an improvement in
life expectancy. Life expectancy at birth is defined as the average number
of years that a newborn could expect to live if he or she were to pass
through life, subject to the age-specific mortality rates of a given period.
Figure 1.1.8. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN total, 1980-2022

74.9
75 75.0
72.1
72.2
69.9
70 70.0
Years
65 63.3
61.1
60 58.9
55
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Figure 1.1.8 demonstrates that the average life expectancy at birth in ASEAN
region in 2022 was recorded at 72.2 years, 11 years longer compared to the
life expectancy recorded in the year 1980. Additionally, Figure 1.1.8 also
indicates that in ASEAN, the average life expectancy of women was 75.0
years or five years longer than that of men.
Furthermore, Figure 1.1.9 illustrates that in 2022 women are expected to live
longer than men in all AMS. Singapore recorded the highest life expectancy
at birth, with women expected to live up to 85 years and men up to 81
years. Thailand follows closely with a life expectancy rate of 81 years for
women and 74 years for men. In Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia,
Malaysia, and the Philippines, the life expectancy for women ranges from
74 to 78 years, whereas for men it ranges from 70 to 75 years. Meanwhile,
Lao PDR and Myanmar had the lowest life expectancy rates with 66 and 63
years, respectively, for males and 69 and 71 years, respectively, for females.
Figure 1.1.9. Life expectancy at birth (years) by ASEAN Member States,

by sex, 2022
90.0 85.2
80.7 80.7
80.0 78.3 77.5 76.4
74.5 75.5 73.8 75.8 73.6
71.3 71.3
71.2 69.9 69.0 71.3 71.1
70.0 66.0 62.8
60.0
50.0
Years
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Darussalam
Male Female
Note : The latest available data for Lao PDR is 2021


1.2. EDUCATION
Goal 4 of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development is to ensure inclusive
and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities
for all. This goal underscores that inclusive and high-quality education is
one of the keys to achieve sustainable development. Adult literacy rate,
net enrolment rate in primary education, gender parity index (GPI) for gross
enrolment ratio in primary education, and pupil-teacher ratio in primary
education are among various education-related indicators that are important
to track the progress of education development in the ASEAN region.
Adult Literacy Rate

Adult literacy rate refers to the percentage of population aged 15 years
and over who can both read and write with understanding a short simple
statement on his/her everyday life. Adult literacy rate is one of the indicators
used to monitor the target of the sustainable development agenda to
ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and
women, achieve literacy and numeracy skills by 2030.
Figure 1.2.1. Adult literacy rate (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2022
Figure 1.2.1. Adult literacy rate (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2022
96.5 96.4 96.3 97.6 96.1

95.2 95.7
93.8
89.1
84.7
Brunei
Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
Male Female Total
Notes : 1. The latest available data for Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR, and Singapore is 2021, Myanmar and the
Philippines is 2019, Thailand is 2018
2. Brunei Darussalam’s data refer to literacy rate aged 10 years and above

The level of adult literacy rate in AMS in 2022 for both men and women
is presented in Figure 1.2.1. The majority of AMS had achieved a relatively
high adult literacy rate in recent years, with more than 95% of their adult
population are able to read and write. Singapore recorded the highest rate
at 97.6%, while Cambodia recorded the lowest at 84.7%.
Net Enrolment Rate in Primary Education

The net enrolment rate (NER) in primary education measures the proportion
of children of official primary school age who participate in primary education.
Figure 1.2.2 indicates that NER in primary education in eight AMS exceeded
90% in 2022. The highest rate was recorded in Thailand where it nearly
reached 100%, followed by Singapore with NER at 99.4%. The rates in Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Viet Nam ranged
from 93.2% to 98.8%. Meanwhile, the Philippines and Cambodia reported
NER in primary education rates of 87.7% and 86.8%, respectively. While NER
in primary education has increased in Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand
and Viet Nam over the past decade, it has decreased in the remaining AMS.
Figure 1.2.2. Net enrolment rate in primary education (%) by ASEAN

Member States, 2013, 2018, and 2022
98.8 99.6 99.4 100.0 99.1

97.9 98.1 97.1 97.2
95.6 96.8 96.6
95.6 95.1
93.5 93.2
87.7
86.8 86.8
Darussalam
2013 2018 2022
Notes : 1. The latest available data for Brunei Darussalam is 2018, Myanmar is 2020, Singapore is 2021
2. Singapore’s data refer to total net enrolment rate in primary education

Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment
Ratio in Primary Education
Target 4.5 of SDGs aims to eliminate gender disparities in education and
to ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for
the vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and
children in vulnerable situations by 2030. The gender parity index (GPI) in
education enrollment is one of indicators to monitor this target, it measures
the ratio of the number of female students enrolled at certain level of
education to the number of male students.
The GPI for gross enrolment ratio in primary education serves as a valuable
indicator of gender equality in acquiring learning opportunities at primary
education. A GPI of less than 1 reflects a higher level of disadvantage for
girls in accessing educational opportunities, whereas a GPI greater than
1 indicates the opposite situation. Indonesia and Singapore had reached
gender parity in gross enrolment in primary education as depicted in Figure
1.2.3. With GPIs at 0.98 and 0.97, Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar are
close to gender parity on enrolment ratio in primary education. Meanwhile,
the parity index in Brunei Darussalam, Thailand and Viet Nam was recorded
at 1.01, indicating a slight disadvantage for boys.
Figure 1.2.3. Gender parity index (GPI) gross enrolment rate in primary
education, ASEAN Member States, 2022
1.01 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.00
0.97 0.90 1.00 1.01 1.01
Notes : The latest available data for Malaysia and Singapore is 2021, Cambodia is 2020, Myanmar and
Thailand is 2019, and Brunei Darussalam is 2018

Pupil-Teacher Ratio in Primary Education
The pupil-teacher ratio, computed as the average number of pupils per
teacher, is an indicator used to compare the quality of schooling across
countries. It could also indicate the teacher’s workload and human resource
allocation in education. The lower pupil-teacher ratio, the more teachers
are able to focus on the specific needs of each student, which may improve
student performance.
The pupil-teacher ratio in primary education in AMS in 2022 is presented

in Figure 1.2.4. Brunei Darussalam had the lowest pupil-teacher ratio in
primary education at 10.1, while Cambodia had the greatest ratio at 45.1.
In the remaining AMS, the pupil-teacher ratio in primary education ranged
from 12.3 to 27.0. Pupil-teacher ratio in Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar,
and Thailand decreased over a decade, despite a rise in NER at primary
education. Malaysia, on the other hand, posted a decrease in NER in
primary education but an increase in pupil-teacher ratio.
Figure 1.2.4. Pupil-teacher ratio in primary education by ASEAN Member

States, 2013, 2018 and 2022
46.2 45.1
25.7
22.0
17.5
15.0
10.3 10.1 11.9 12.3

2013 2018 2022
38.0
28.0 27.0
24.1
21.0 19.2
16.5 16.9 14.6
13.8
Note : The latest available data for Indonesia and Singapore is 2021, Myanmar is 2020

1.3. HEALTH
The third goal of the SDGs is to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being
for all at all ages. To achieve this goal by 2030, 13 targets have been set
which are measured through a number of indicators. This section focuses
on the indicators related to the provisions of health care facilities, namely
births attended by skilled health personnel and vaccination coverage among
the one-year-old population, while some statistics related to mortality were
previously addressed in Section 1.1.
Births attended by skilled health personnel

One of the targets under Goal 3 of SDGs is to reduce the global maternal
mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births. The proportion of births
attended by skilled health personnel, defined as the number of births attended
by doctor, nurse, midwife or other health professionals providing childbirth
care as a percentage of total number of live births in the same period, is one
of the indicators used to measure the progress of achieving this target. This
indicator evaluates the effectiveness of the health care system in providing
adequate childbirth care as well as the utilisation of health services provided.
As the time of childbirth is a period with high risk of morbidity and mortality,
the presence of skilled health personnel is important for the survival of both
mother and newborn. Achieving the target of this indicator will lead to lower
maternal and infant mortality and morbidity.
The latest available data on the births attended by skilled health personnel in
AMS are presented in Figure 1.3.1. Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, and Thailand
recorded the highest rate with 99.6% of childbirths were attended by skilled
health personnel, followed by Singapore (99.5%) and Cambodia (98.7%). In
addition, 95.8% of births in Indonesia and 94.7% in Viet Nam were attended
by skilled health personnel. In Myanmar, skilled health personnel attended
85.3% of births, while in the Philippines the rate was 89.6%. However, only
64.4% of childbirths in Lao PDR were attended by skilled health personnel.

Figure 1.3.1. Births attended by skilled health personnel (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2022
Brunei Darussalam 99.6

Cambodia 98.7
Indonesia 95.8
Lao PDR 64.4
Malaysia 99.6
Myanmar 85.3
Philippines 89.6
Singapore 99.5
Thailand 99.1
Viet Nam 96.0
Note : The latest available data for Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, and Myanmar is 2021, Lao PDR is 2018
Immunisation Against Measles

The proportion of targeted population covered by all vaccines included in
the national program is one of the indicators used to measure the progress
toward achieving the Goal 3 of SDGs. Vaccination of one-year-old children
is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions for reducing
child mortality and morbidity associated with infectious diseases such as
diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles.
The coverage of immunisation against measles among children aged one is

defined as the percentage of children aged one-year who have received at
least one dose of measles-containing vaccine in a given year. Figure 1.3.2
illustrates the disparity in measles vaccination coverage among AMS over
the past decade. Cambodia has achieved the target to provide measles
vaccination to all children aged one year in 2020. Brunei Darussalam
managed well with 99.4% of children aged one year have received their
measles vaccines, while in Malaysia and Singapore the rates reached 96.3%

and 96.0%, respectively. Figure 1.3.2 also indicates that declines in coverage
were observed in some AMS, with Viet Nam witnessing the biggest decline
from 97.7% in 2013 to 82.3% in 2020, followed by Indonesia from 77.9% in
2013 to 70.1% in 2022. Lao PDR recorded the lowest immunisation level,
with only 56.1% of one-year old children receiving measles vaccination.
Figure 1.3.2. Coverage of immunisation against measles among one-year

old children (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2013, 2017 and 2022
Figure 1.3.2. Coverage of immunisation against measles among one year old children (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2013, 2017
and 2022
99.4 100.0
96.3
70.1
56.1
2013 2017 2022
96.0
84.6 83.1 82.3
79.2
Note : The latest available data for Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR is 2021, Cambodia and
Viet Nam is 2020, Myanmar is 2019
Immunisation Against DPT

Figure 1.3.3 demonstrates that over the last decade all AMS have performed
well and recorded high coverage of immunisation against diphtheria, pertussis,
and tetanus (DPT) among one-year old children. The highest coverage was
recorded in Brunei Darussalam and Cambodia where all children have received
DPT immunisation. Malaysia and Singapore are steadily progressing towards
meeting the target, with a current rate of 97.2% for Malaysia and 97.0% for
Singapore. Similar to measles vaccination, lower DPT immunisation coverage
has been observed in some AMS in the recent years compared to the coverage
reported in 2013.

Figure 1.3.3. Coverage of immunisation against DPT among one-year old
children (%), ASEAN countries, 2013, 2017 and 2022
Figure 1.3.3. Coverage of immunisation against DPT among one year old children (%), ASEAN countries, 2013, 2017, and 2022
100.0 100.0 97.2

86.5 86.6
Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia

Darussalam
2013 2017 2022
97.0
90.9 90.8
85.7
78.9
Note : The latest available data for Brunei Darussalam and Lao PDR is 2021, Cambodia and Viet Nam is
2020, Myanmar is 2019
1.4. LABOUR
A growing population with a significant and continued decline in the
fertility rate would lead to an increase in the concentration of population in
working-age. Provided that jobs are available, the increasing working-age
population is expected to support economic growth and productivity. By
2030, the global sustainable development agenda aims to achieve full and
productive employment and decent work for all. Labour statistics are crucial
for policy formulation and evaluation, as well as monitoring progress towards
this goal. This section discusses the overview of selected labour statistics
in ASEAN, namely labour force participation rate, unemployment rate, and
employment by economic activity.
Labour Force Participation Rate

Labour force participation rate (LFPR) is commonly used to monitor the
active workforce of countries. The LFPR measures the share of a country’s

working-age population who are engaged actively in labour market, either
by working or looking for work. It indicates the size of supply of labour
available to be utilised in the production of goods and services, relative to
population at working age (ILO, 2016).
Figure 1.4.1 a presents the latest available data on the LFPRs of AMS in the
last ten years. Cambodia had the highest LFPR rate in the region at 83.7%,
followed by Singapore at 70.0%. In 2022, Lao PDR had the lowest rate at
47.1%, but it was higher than their rate in 2017. Four out of ten AMS observed
a decline in their LPPRs, with Brunei Darussalam and Viet Nam experienced
the largest decreases, from 72.2% in 2012 to 62.7% in 2022 and from 77.6%
in 2013 to 68.5% in 2022, respectively. Similarly, Myanmar and Thailand also
experienced a decline, but at a slower rate, with Myanmar decreasing by
7.5 percentage points and Thailand by 3.0 percentage points.
Figure 1.4.1a. Labour force participation rates (%) by ASEAN Member

States, 2013, 2017, and 2022
83.7
68.6 69.3
62.7
47.1

Darussalam
2013 2017 2022
64.7 70.0 68.1 68.5

59.4
Note : The latest available data for Myanmar is 2019

Figure 1.4.1b depicts the LFPRs of AMS in 2022 and indicates that the
participation rate of females was lower than that of males across all AMS.

The highest disparity in LFPR was observed in Indonesia at 83.9% for
males compared to 53.4% for females, followed by Myanmar at 75.4%
and 46.1% for males and females, respectively. In addition, high disparities
were also found in Malaysia and the Philippines, with the LFPRs for males
at 81.9% and 75.8% and for females at to 55.8% and 53.5%, respectively.
Cambodia recorded the highest LFPRs for both males and females at
88.7% and 78.9%, respectively, whereas the lowest rates were observed
in Lao PDR at 52.6% and 41.9%, respectively.
Figure 1.4.1b. Labour force participation rates (%) by sex by ASEAN

Member States, 2022
88.7 83.9
78.9 81.9
71.5
52.8 53.4 52.6 55.8
41.9

Darussalam
Male Female
75.4 75.8 77.0 76.6 74.9

63.4 60.3 62.4
53.5
46.1
Note : The latest available data for Myanmar is 2019

Unemployment Rate
Unemployment rate is a key economic indicator commonly used by
policymakers to assess the economic condition of the country. This
indicator indicates the under-utilisation of labour supply and inability of
working age population to find employment. Unemployment rate is defined
as the number of unemployed people as a percentage of the labour force,
reflecting the proportion of the labour force that does not have a job but is
available and actively looking for work.

Figure 1.4.2 demonstrates that unemployment rates in AMS were relatively
low but tended to fluctuate over the last decade. Some AMS succeeded
in reducing the unemployment rate after experiencing an increase due to
the disruption of the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022,
Cambodia recorded the lowest unemployment rate at 1.0%, followed by
Thailand at 1.3%, while Indonesia had the highest unemployment rate at 5.9%,
followed by the Philippines and Brunei Darussalam with unemployment
rate of 5.4% and 5.2%, respectively. Unemployment rate in the remaining
AMS ranged from 2.1% to 3.9%.
Figure 1.4.2 Unemployment rates (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2013,

2017 and 2022
9.6
6.2 5.9
5.2
3.9
3.1
2.4
1.0
0.3
Darussalam
2013 2017 2022
7.1
5.4
4.0
2.5 2.8 2.9 2.1
1.9
0.7 1.3
Employment by Economic Activity

The classification of economic activity is based on the International Standard
of Industrial Classification (ISIC) and refers to the primary activity of the
establishment in which an individual is involved during the reference period. In
this section, economic activity is aggregated into three (3) broad categories
namely agriculture, industry, and services. Agriculture includes crops, animal

production, forestry and fishing. Industry covers manufacturing, construction,
mining and quarrying, electricity, gas and water supply. Services comprise
market services (trade, transportation, accommodation and food, and
business and administrative services) as well as non-market services (public
administration, community, social and other services and activities).
Figure 1.4.3 describes that the largest sector in term of employment in the
majority of AMS was services, except in Lao PDR and Myanmar. Agriculture
activity still dominated employment structure in Myanmar (48.9%) and Lao
PDR (57.5%). Singapore recorded the highest share of employment in services
activities at 86.3%, followed by Brunei Darussalam (77.0%) and Malaysia
(63.9%). Cambodia reported a relatively similar share among these 3 economic
activities with 33.1% in agriculture, 33.4% in industry, and 33.5% in services.
Brunei Darussalam reported the share of employment in agriculture at 1.5%,
indicating minimal activities in this sector. Lao PDR had the lowest rate of
employment in industrial activities at 10.0%, followed by Singapore at 13.7%.
Figure 1.4.3. Shares of employment by economic activity (%) by ASEAN

Member States, 2022
33.5 32.5
49.2
10.0 63.9
77.0
33.4
22.2
57.5
26.1
21.5 33.1 28.6
1.5 10.0
Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Indonesia Lao PDR
Darussalam
Services Industry Agriculture
34.3 39.0
58.7 47.4
16.8 86.3
22.2 33.4
18.2
48.9
23.1 30.4 27.5
13.7
Note : The latest available data for Cambodia and Myanmar is 2019

1.5. POVERTY AND INEQUALITY
The 2030 agenda for sustainable development aims to end poverty in all
its forms everywhere (Goal 1) and to reduce inequality within and among
countries (Goal 10). Progress towards these goals can be monitored, among
others, by examining the extent to which AMS reduces the incidence of
poverty as well as income inequality. Poverty is defined as the inability to
meet a minimum standard of living, whereas inequality refers to disparities
in a broad range of areas, which include not only income and wealth, but
also education, health and nutrition, among others. This section discusses
national poverty as measured by proportion of population living below the
national poverty line and inequality as measured by gini ratio in AMS.
Poverty
The national poverty rate is defined as the percentage of total population
living below the national poverty line. A national poverty line is the minimum
level of income considered adequate to live in a particular country. The
national poverty line is used to better estimate poverty rates by taking into
account the economic and social conditions of each country.
The latest available data indicates that the majority of AMS experienced a
decline in their poverty incidence (Figure 1.5.1). Lao PDR and the Philippines
witnessed a significant decrease in their poverty rates, dropping from
24.0% to 18.3% in 2018, and from 23.5% in 2016 to 18.1% in 2021, respectively.
Significant decline was also recorded by Viet Nam with the poverty rate
stood at 4.2% in 2022. Likewise, Indonesia and Thailand also recorded
a decline in their poverty rates, reaching 9.5% (2022) and 6.8% (2020),
respectively. On the other hand, the national poverty rate in Cambodia
increased from 13.5% in 2016 to 21.5% in 2021. Myanmar had the highest
poverty rate among AMS, reported at 24.8% in 2017.

Figure 1.5.1. Population living below the national poverty lines (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2016 and 2022
Figure 1.5.1. Population living below the national poverty line (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2016 and 2022
24.0
21.5
18.3
13.5
10.9 9.5
7.6
6.2
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia
2016 2022
24.8 23.5
18.1
8.6 9.2
6.8
4.2
Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam
Notes : 1. The indicator is not applicable to Brunei Darussalam and Singapore

2. The latest available data for Cambodia and the Philippines is 2021, Thailand is 2020, Lao PDR is
2018, Myanmar is 2017
3. The data for Malaysia refer to proportion of households living below the national poverty line, while
for Viet Nam, the data refer to proportion of households living below the national multidimensional
poverty rate
Income inequality
Income inequality refers to the uneven distribution of income between
individuals or households in a given country. The gini coefficient (ratio) is
commonly used to measure the degree of income inequality. A gini ratio of
0 represents perfect equality, while a ratio of 1 implies perfect inequality.
Figure 1.5.2 presents the gini ratio of AMS from 2005 to 2021, highlighting
the improvement of income equality in the majority of AMS. Thailand
successfully reduced its gini ratio down from 0.49 in 2010 to 0.43 in 2021.
Similarly, Viet Nam and Cambodia also made significant progress, with a

decrease in their gini ratio from 0.43 in 2010 to 0.38 in 2022 and from 0.34
in 2010 to 0.29 in 2017, respectively. Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore also
recorded a reduction in their income inequality, albeit at a slower pace.
Furthermore, the Philippines and Singapore reported the highest level of
income inequality, as indicated by their gini ratio of 0.44 in recent years,
which, however, was lower compared to the previous period.
Figure 1.5.2. Gini ratio by ASEAN Member States, 2005, 2010, and 2022
0.44
0.40
0.38 0.38
0.36
0.34 0.35
0.29
$ $ $ $
2010 2015 2022

0.49
0.46 0.47
0.44 0.44 0.43 0.43
0.38
0.30
$ $ $ $ $
Notes : 1. The latest available data for the Philippines and Thailand is 2021, Cambodia and Myanmar is 2017,
Lao PDR is 2013
2. The data for Myanmar prior to 2015 is not available
3. The data for Brunei Darussalam is not available

ECONOMY
ECONOMY
2.1 ECONOMIC SIZE AND GROWTH
In 2022 the world’s economy was gradually recovering from COVID-19 with
an increase of 3.5% in real terms, following a significant rebound of 6.3%
the previous year 3. In the case of ASEAN, its growth accelerated from 3.4%
in 2021 to 5.6% in 2022. The world nominal GDP reached around US$100
trillion in 2022, marking a twofold increase from 2006 (US$51 trillion). With
the combined nominal GDP of ten AMS reaching US$3.6 trillion in 2022,
ASEAN was the fifth largest economy in the world following the United
States (US$25.5 trillion), China (US$17.9 trillion), Japan (US$4.2 trillion), and
Germany (US$4.1 trillion). Collectively, ASEAN and the aforementioned four
countries represented more than half of the global economy, with ASEAN’s
contributing around 3.6% of the world GDP.
Figure 2.1.1. GDP (US$ trillion) and growth rate (%) of the top ten largest
economies, 2021-2022
GDP Growth Rate (%) GDP (US$ trillion)
2.1 United States 25.46

5.9 23.32
3.0 China 17.89
8.4 17.76
1.0 Japan 4.24
2.2 5.01
1.8 Germany 4.09
3.2 4.28
5.6 ASEAN 3.62
3.8 3.38
7.2 India 3.39
9.1 3.15
4.1 United Kingdom 3.08
7.6 3.12
2.5 France 2.78
6.4 2.96
(2.1) Russia 2.24
5.6 1.84
3.4 Canada 2.14
5.0 2.00
(4.0) (2.0) - 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 - 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
2022 2021 2022 2021
3 IMF World Economic Outlook October 2023

Figure 2.1.2 shows that both ASEAN’s GDP and GDP per capita recorded a
positive trend upward throughout the period of 2005–2022, with the 2021–
2022 figures exceeding the pre-pandemic level.
Figure 2.1.2. ASEAN GDP (US$ trillion) and GDP per capita (US$), 2000-2022
4.0 6,000
5.392
3.5 3.62 5,500
5,000
GDP per capita (US$)

3.0 4,500
4,000
2.5
US$trillion
3,500
2.0 3,000
2,500
1.5
2,000
1.0 1,200.3 1,500
0.62 1,000
0.5
500
0.0 0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
GDP (in US$trillion) GDP per capita (in US$)
Figure 2.1.3. Shares of ASEAN Member States GDP to total ASEAN (%),
2005 and 2022
6.1 11.3
0.3 0.4
1.2 1.7
Viet Nam 11.4 11.2
Lao PDR 0.7 0.8

20.1 13.7
Myanmar
Philippines
Thailand
Cambodia 1.0 0.5
15.3 11.2
13.6 12.9
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia
Singapore
30.3 36.4
2005 2022 Indonesia

The ASEAN GDP comprises the ten AMS with varied economic size (Figure
2.1.3). In 2022, Indonesia maintained the largest share of the region’s
GDP at 36.4%, followed by Thailand (13.7%), Singapore (12.9%), Viet Nam
(11.3%), Malaysia and the Philippines (both at 11.2%), while the remaining
AMS contributed 3.4% to the GDP, resulting in a total of US$3.6 trillion of
ASEAN GDP. Indonesia and Viet Nam had shown significant increases in
their contributions to the ASEAN GDP since 2005.
Figure 2.1.4. GDP per capita (US$) by ASEAN Member States, 2005-2022
37,445.9
12,448.0
1,758.0 4,777.5 2,022.0
2005 2010 2015 2022
82,793.6
7,494.4 4,109.1
1,161.2 3,623.5
GDP per capita (GDP of an economy divided by its total population) is

often used as a proxy of living standard. In 2022, Singapore and Brunei
Darussalam recorded the highest GDP per capita among AMS at US$82,794
and US$37,446, respectively which was 6.6% and 15.6% higher compared
to the previous year (Figure 2.1.4).

GDP Growth
Economic growth is defined by the growth of real GDP or GDP at constant

prices, which is a year-on-year comparison of the value of all goods and
services produced in an economy expressed in base-year prices. Malaysia,
Viet Nam and the Philippines experienced the highest GDP growth rates
in 2022 with 8.7%, 8.0%, and 7.6%, respectively, continuing the rebound in
2021, with growth rates of 3.3%, 2.6%, and 5.7%, respectively (Figure 2.1.5).
Meanwhile, Brunei Darussalam still experienced a contraction by 1.6% in
2022 due to the dropped in oil and gas mining (-6.0%) and manufacturing of
LNG and petroleum (-3.8%). These industries contributed to more than half
of the economy 4. While some economies were gradually recovering, the
majority of them experienced higher growth rate in 2022 than the previous
year, except for Singapore which experience slower growth in 2022.
Figure 2.1.5. ASEAN GDP at current prices (US$ billion) and growth rate (%),
2021-2022 by ASEAN Member States, 2021-2022
GDP Growth Rate (percent) GDP (US$ billion)
5.3 Indonesia 1,317

3.7 1,186
2.6 Thailand
495
1.5 506
3.6 467
Singapore 424
8.9
7.6 Philippines 404
5.7 394
8.7 Malaysia 407
3.3 374
8.0 Viet Nam 409
2.6 366
2.8 Myanmar 73
-5.9 61
4.8 Cambodia 30
3.0 27
4.4 Lao PDR 15
3.5 19
-1.6 Brunei Darussalam 17
-1.6 14
-10.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 - 300 600 900 1,200
2022 2021 2022 2021
4 Department of Economic and Statistics Brunei Darussalam

Figure 2.1.6. Quarterly GDP growth rate (%) of seven ASEAN Member
States, Q1-2022 to Q2-2023
14.1
13.7
8.8
8.0
7.8
7.7
7.5
7.1
7.1
6.4
5.9
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.1
4.8
4.6
4.3
4.5
4.1
4.0
4.0
3.3
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.1
2.2
1.9
1.8
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.4
(1.3)
(1.6)
(3.2)
(3.5)
Brunei Darussalam Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
2022 Q1 2022 Q2 2022 Q3 2022 Q4 2023 Q1 2023 Q2
Figure 2.1.6 presents the latest quarterly GDP growth rate of seven AMS.
Most AMS recorded relatively high growth starting in the second quarter of
2022. Afterwards, the rate of growth was relatively stable.
GDP by Main Economic Sectors

The economy, in general, could be divided into three main sectors, namely
primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary sector includes agriculture
industry and mining & quarrying industry, secondary sector includes
manufacturing industry, electricity, gas and water supply industry, and
construction industry, while tertiary sector includes services industries. The
decomposition of GDP by these main sectors could indicate the economic
structure of the country and the contribution of each sector to the economy.
Figure 2.1.7. Shares of main economic sectors to total GDP (%), 2015-2022
50.9 51.3 51.3 51.5 52.3 52.3 50.9 50.5
30.2 30.1 30.2 30.5 30.3 30.2 30.3 29.8
15.7 15.1 15.0 14.7 14.1 14.3 15.3 16.4

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Primary Sector Secondary Sector Ter�ary Sector

In the last decade, tertiary sector consistently became the leading sector in
ASEAN’s economy (Figure 2.1.7). The share of primary sector to the region’s
GDP increased from 15.7% in 2015 to 16.4% in 2022. On the contrary, the
shares of the other two sectors decreased during the same period. The
share of secondary sector decreased from 30.2% in 2015 to 29.8% in 2022.
Meanwhile, tertiary sector contributed 50.5% of total GDP in 2022, a slight
decrease from 50.9% in 2015. Economic structures also differed across AMS
although in 2022 tertiary sector remained as the leading sector in all AMS
(Figure 2.1.8). The share of the tertiary sector was found to be the largest
in the Philippines and Singapore reaching 70.9% and 61.2%, respectively,
of the country’s total GDP, followed by Thailand (56.2%), Malaysia (50.9%),
Indonesia (41.8%), and Viet Nam (41.3%). Meanwhile, primary sector was
the leading sector in Brunei Darussalam, contributing 44.1% to total GDP of
the country. Primary sector is also considered as an important sector for
Myanmar (27.4%), Cambodia (25.9%), Indonesia (24.6%), Lao PDR (21.8%),
Malaysia (18.6%) and Viet Nam (14.7%).
Figure 2.1.8. Shares of main economic sectors to total GDP (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2022
32.5
39.7
33.9
41.8 50.9 56.2
61.2 41.3
37.0
24.9 70.9
34.2 32.9
29.2
30.1
30.5 35.4
32.8
44.1 28.0
25.9 27.4 24.2

24.6 21.8 18.6
10.8 11.0 14.7
0.0
Darussalam
Primary Sector Secondary Sector Tertiary Sector

2.2 INTERNATIONAL MERCHANDISE TRADE
The total value of ASEAN international merchandise trade in 2022 increased

by 14.9% reaching US$3,846 billion, consisting of US$1,962 billion of exports
and US$1,884 billion of imports (Figure 2.2.1). It indicates a continuing steady
recovery beginning with a rebound of 25.4% in 2021. However, the shares
of trade among AMS (intra-ASEAN) to total ASEAN trade has not returned
to the pre-pandemic level in 2019 (22.5%).
Since 2005, ASEAN has consistently maintained a surplus in its

merchandise trade balances, including in 2022, with a trade balance of
US$78.1 billion, which was lower than in 2020 and 2021. Malaysia recorded
the highest trade balance with US$58.9 billion, followed by Indonesia with
US$54.5 billion.
Figure 2.2.1. ASEAN merchandise exports and imports and trade balance
(US$ billion), 2005-2022
1,962.1
2000 Trade balance Export Import 300
1800
1,884.0
1600
1400
Exports/Imports (US billion)
200
Trade Balance (US billion)
1200
1000
800 648.8
100
600 577.4 78.1
71.4
400
200
0 0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Figure 2.2.2. Merchandise trade growth rate (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2020-2022
60.0
50.0 2020 2021 2022
40.0
30.0 26.5
24.9 23.7 21.8 21.2
20.0 19.6
14.8
9.6 9.5
10.0 7.4
0.0
-1.6 5.2 4.8
-4.0 -4.5
-10.0
-6.1
-10.1 -9.2
-13.0
-14.8
-20.0
Darussalam
-30.0
Figure 2.2.2 shows that ASEAN imports grew by 15.8% in 2022, exceeding
the growth rate of its exports that increased only by 14.1%. Lao PDR had
the highest growth rate at 26.5%, followed by Indonesia, Malaysia, and
Myanmar at 23.7%, 21.8%, and 21.2%, respectively. The remaining AMS also
experienced growth in total trade, ranging from 7.4% to 19.6%.
Singapore maintained its role as the largest contributor to ASEAN

merchandise trade in 2022, with shares of exports and imports recorded
at 26.2% and 25.2%, respectively (Figure 2.2.3). The next five largest
contributors in the region, namely Viet Nam, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia,
and the Philippines, collectively accounted for 71.0% of total ASEAN trade.
The remaining 3.3% was contributed by Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,
Myanmar, and Lao PDR.

Figure 2.2.3. Shares of merchandise trade (%) by ASEAN Member
States, 2022
19.0 18.9
0.4 0.5
0.9 0.9
Viet Nam
7.7 4.0
Lao PDR 1.6 1.1

16.2 14.6
Myanmar
Philippines
Thailand
Cambodia
0.5 0.7
15.8 18.2
25.2 26.2
Brunei
Darussalam
Malaysia
Singapore
12.6 14.9
Import Export
Indonesia
The positive story of 2022 does not seems to be repeated in 2023. In the
first half of 2023, ASEAN merchandise trade declined by 8.7%, in contrast
to significant 20.9% increase recorded in the same period of 2022 (Figure
2.2.4). The breakdown of the 1st quarter and 2nd quarter of 2023 shows that
ASEAN trade declined in both quarters, by 2.1% and 14.7%, respectively.
The majority of ASEAN Member States experienced contraction in total
trade in both quarters, except for Singapore with 8.2% growth rate in
1st quarter and Myanmar which recorded positive growth of 0.9% in the
2nd quarter following a 5.7% decline in the 1st quarter. Although ASEAN
exports maintained positive growth at 2.0% in the 1st quarter of 2023, they
declined by 13.7% in the 2nd quarter. Meanwhile, ASEAN imports contracted
in both quarters at 6.4% and 15.6%, respectively. However, the ASEAN
trade balance maintained a surplus in both quarters and surpassed the
corresponding period of last year.

Figure 2.2.4. Merchandise trade growth rate (%) by ASEAN Member States,
2022 – 2nd Quarter 2023
0.9
-7.3
-9.9
-12.3
-14.1
-16.3
-17.0
-17.7
-18.7
-44.0
Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Viet Nam
2022 Q1 2022 Q2 2022 Q3 2022 Q4 2023 Q1 2023 Q2
In 2022, intra-ASEAN trade continued to hold the largest share of ASEAN

total trade, contributing 22.4% to the region’s total merchandise trade.
The contribution of intra-ASEAN exports and imports were 22.9% and
21.6%, respectively (Figure 2.2.5 and 2.2.6). This figure was slightly higher
compared to 2020 where intra-ASEAN’s share to the region’s total trade
was 21.2% but lower than the pre-pandemic level (22.5%) in 2019. The shares
of ASEAN’s main trading partners slightly declined in 2022 compared to the
previous year, except for Australia (from 2.5% in 2021 to 2.6% in 2022) and
Republic of Korea (from 5.7% in 2021 to 5.8% in 2022).
China and the United States were the two largest external markets for
ASEAN exports, each with a 14.8%, followed by EU-27 (9%) and Japan
(6.8%). As for imports (Figure 2.2.6.), China was also the region’s most
important partner with a share of 22.9%, followed by Republic of Korea
(7.5%) and Japan (7.2%).

Figure 2.2.5. Shares of merchandise exports (%) by trading partners,
2005-2022
100
Russian Federation
90 New Zealand
Canada
80
United Kingdom
70 9.3 9.0 Australia
9.4 India
60 23.7 12.2 13.0 Korea, Republic of
23.5
14.3 Hong Kong
50
14.8 Japan
8.1 15.7
40 10.7 12.4 EU-27
Other
14.3 14.8
30 9.5 10.7 15.1 China (People's Republic of)
United states
20
Intra ASEAN
25.3 25.2 24.5 21.3 22.9
10
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2022
Figure 2.2.6. Shares of merchandise imports (%) by trading partners,

2005-2022
100 New Zealand
Canada
90
10.6 8.5 Russian Federation
80 7.7 7.7 6.9 United Kingdom
14.0 12.2 7.2 Hong Kong
9.2 8.0
70 India
4.1 6.0 7.5
6.8 7.6
Australia
60
19.6 EU-27
26.6 17.8 16.7
50 28.6 United states
Japan
40
Korea, Republic of
21.1 21.6
30 22.5 Other
24.5 25.0 Intra ASEAN
24.5
20 China (People's Republic of)
10 19.8 23.5 22.9
10.6 12.9
0
2005 2010 2015 2020 2022

The agriculture 5 sector plays a significant role in merchandise trade of some
AMS. In 2022, trade in agricultural products increased by 11.3%, slower
than the growth in previous year (22.4%). In 2020, amidst the COVID-19
outbreak, the total agriculture trade recorded a positive growth of 2.6%,
while other commodity groups experienced contraction.
In 2022, the ASEAN agriculture trade was recorded at US$341 billion.

Animal and vegetable fat [HS15] amounted to US$77.3 billion, followed
by cereals [HS10] at US$28.2 billion. Their contributions to total ASEAN
agriculture trade were 22.7% and 8.3%, respectively (Figure 2.2.7).
Figure 2.2.7. Top-10 ASEAN merchandise trade of agriculture commodities

(US$ million), 2022
77,316.9
[15] Animal or vegetable fats and
oils and their cleavage products; 23,139.6
01 prepared animal fats; animal or
vegetable waxes.
06 [08] Fruit and nuts, edible; peel of
citrus fruit or melons
13,823.6
02 28,237.1 [16] Meat, fish or crustaceans,
[10] Cereals 07 molluscs or other aquatic invertebrates;
preparations thereof
26,788.9
13,157.0
03 [23] Food industries, residues and 08 [22] Beverages, spirits and vinegar
wastes thereof; prepared animal fodder
25,681.5
12,924.5
04 03] Fish and crustaceans, molluscs and
other aquatic invertebrates
09 [17] Sugars and sugar confectionery
12,340.0
05 23,789.5 10 [19] Preparations of cereals, flour, starch
[21] Miscellaneous edible preparations or milk; pastrycooks' products
5 FAO classifies agriculture commodities by referring to Harmonized System [HS] codes 01 to 24

2.3. INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN SERVICES
Over the past decade, the growth of trade in services in the ASEAN region
has shown significant progress (Figure 2.3.1). The value of trade in services
had witnessed a significant rise, reaching its peak in 2019 with a total value
of US$865.8 billion. ASEAN’s total trade in services contracted by 18.2%
at the onset of the pandemic in 2020, but rebounded, showing a positive
trajectory in the last two years. It grew by 13.5% in 2021, amounting to
US$803.6 billion, and further increased by 16.4% in 2022, reaching US$935.6
billion, surpassing the pre-pandemic level in 2019.
After a few years as a net exporter, ASEAN returned to be a net importer

in 2020, as depicted in Figure 2.3.1. The services trade deficit widened in
2021 as imports increased by 14.9% while exports rose by only 12.1%. In
2022, the exports of services increased significantly, with a growth rate
of 19.8%, reaching US$466.6 billion. On the other hand, the imports of
services also recorded an increase, albeit at a slightly lower rate of 13.2%,
reaching US$469.0 billion. As a result, the services trade deficit declined
from US$24.9 billion in 2021 to US$2.4 billion in 2022.
Figure 2.3.1. ASEAN exports and imports of services and trade balance
(US$ billion), 2013-2022
500 Total Trade Balance Total Exports Total Imports Intra-ASEAN Trade 60
469,0
466,6
400 40
Total Trade in Services (US$billion)
315,3
Trade Balance (US$ billion)
300 20
303,5
200 0
100 -20
57,3 65,1
0 -40
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Figure 2.3.1 also shows a similar trend in the value of services traded
among AMS from 2013 to 2022. After experiencing significant growth, with
a threefold increase and a peak in 2019, the intra-ASEAN trade in services
experienced a downturn in 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2022, the value of intra-ASEAN services trade increased significantly,
reaching around US$65 billion, but remained below the pre-pandemic level
observed in 2019, which was around US$70 billion. Intra-ASEAN services
trade in 2022 accounted for around 13% of ASEAN’s total trade in services,
an increase from around 11% in 2021.
Figure 2.3.2 presents the value of services exported and imported by AMS
in 2022, with all AMS showing a strong recovery indicated by a significant
growth in total trade in services. Singapore continued to have the largest
total trade in services with US$549.8 billion, accounting for 58.8% of the
region total, followed by Thailand (US$101.8 billion, 10.9%) and Malaysia
(US$76.6 billion, 8.2%). Meanwhile, Indonesia and the Philippines both had
total trade in services of US$66.8 billion and US$66.5 billion, respectively,
contributing about 7.1% each of the ASEAN trade in services. Furthermore,
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, and Viet Nam had a positive trade
balance, whereas the rest of AMS experienced negative trade balances.
Figure 2.3.2. Exports and imports of services (US$ billion) by ASEAN

Member States, 2022
43.4 31.9 44.7

23.4
0.3 1.1 2.3 2.8 0.4 0.5
Export Import
291.2
258.6
62.9
41.1 25.4 38.9 34.3 27.5
2.8 2.1

In 2022, the top three categories for ASEAN trade in services were other
business services, transport services, and travel services. These three service
categories accounted for 67.1% of ASEAN’s export of services (Figure 2.3.3a)
and 74.0% of ASEAN’s import of services (Figure 2.3.3b). With the reopening
of the border and the recovery of the tourism industry, travel had re-emerged
as one of the major services traded in ASEAN. Similar trend was observed in
intra-ASEAN services trade, with other business services, transport services,
and travel services accounted for 66.8% of the total.
Figure 2.3.3a. Shares of ASEAN exports of services by broad headings (%),

2022
Manufacturing services on 7.2% ASEAN total export of services 466.6 US$ billion
physical inputs owned by others
8.2% Telecommunicaons, computer,

and informaon services
Financial Services 9.1%
10.5% Travel
Transport 27.4%
29.1% Other business services
Figure 2.3.3b. Shares of ASEAN imports of services by broad headings (%),

2022
Financial Services 3.7% ASEAN total import of services 469.0 US$ billion
6.1% Charges for the use of intellectual

property n.i.e
Telecommunicaons, computer, 8.8%
and informaon services
10.2% Travel
Other business services 27.8%
36.0% Transport

2.4. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS
The inward foreign direct investment (FDI) flows into the ASEAN region had
increased steadily over the past decade, despite a decline in 2016 due to
the financial crisis and another fall in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic
as presented in Figure 2.4.1. Following a robust rebound in 2021, ASEAN
remained an attractive hub for investment in 2022, attracting US$225.8
billion in FDI, a 6.0% increase compared to 2021. This growth underscores
the resilience of the region despite the 12% decline of global FDI in 2022.
The value of intra-ASEAN inward FDI flows has also remained relatively
steady over the past decade, even in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic,
with significant increases over the past three years. In 2021, intra-ASEAN
FDI rose by 11.6% to US$25.6 billion from US$22.9 billion in 2020 and further
increased by 9.8% to US$28.1 billion in 2022. However, the share of intra-
ASEAN FDI to total ASEAN inward FDI flows fell from 19.1% in 2020 to 12.0%
in 2021 and slightly increased to 12.4% in 2022.
Figure 2.4.1. Inward FDI flows, extra and intra-ASEAN (US$ billion),
2013-2022
250 Intra-ASEAN Extra-ASEAN Total

225.8
197.7
200
150
US$billion
121.0
102.5
100
50
28.1
18.5
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Figure 2.4.2. Inward FDI flows (US$ billion) by ASEAN Member States,
2019-2022
141.2
2019 2020 2021 2022
22.1
17.1 17.9
9.4 11.2
- 0.3 3.6 3.0
0.6
Darussalam
Figure 2.4.2. shows that Singapore has been the top recipient of inward FDI
flows in the region throughout the period of 2013-2022. In 2022, Singapore
attracted US$141.2 billion of FDI, accounting for more than half of total FDI
inward flows to ASEAN, followed by Indonesia (9.8%), Viet Nam (7.9%) and
Malaysia (7.6%). In terms of growth, Myanmar recorded the highest growth
with almost threefold increase in 2022, followed by Malaysia (40.8%) and
Viet Nam (14.3%). Additionally, Singapore, Indonesia, and Cambodia grew
by 7.7%, 4.7%, and 2.7%, respectively. In contrast, Brunei Darussalam
experienced the biggest drop, with a decline of over 200%, followed by
Lao PDR (40.7%), Thailand (26.0%), and the Philippines (21.8%).
Figure 2.4.3. depicts the region’s inward FDI flows by economic activity in 2022
where services activities had the largest share, which accounted for 67.1% of
total inward FDI flows in the region. Among the services economic activities,
the financial and insurance industry was the main recipient, contributing
US$63.3 billion or 28.0% of total inward FDI flows, followed by wholesale

and retail trade and transportation and storage, with a share of 14.8%, and
9.8%, respectively. Manufacturing was also one of the major recipients with
a share of 29.2%. In terms of growth, inward FDI in manufacturing grew by
18.9%, while FDI in services increased by 4.9% in 2022.
Figure 2.4.3. Shares of inward FDI flows by economic activity, 2022
67.1% 29.2% 0.4% 3.4%
Services Manufacturing Primary Others

14.8%
28.0% 9.8%
Financial and Insurance activities

Wholesale and retail trade; repair
of motor vehicles and motor cycles
Transportation and storage
In 2022, the United States, ASEAN, Japan, the European Union (EU), and
China, were the top-5 sources of FDI in the region, with a combined share of
58.5% (Figure 2.4.4). The United States was the top investor with US$36.9
billion, representing 16.4% of total ASEAN inward FDI flows. Inward FDI
originating from the region was the second largest with the share of 12.4%,
followed by Japan with an amount of US$27.2 billion, representing a share
of 12.1%. EU and China were also significant sources of FDI to ASEAN,
contributing 10.8% and 6.9%, respectively.

FDI flows from major source economies were concentrated in relatively
similar economic activities. FDI from the United States and intra-ASEAN
primarily went to financial and insurance activities and manufacturing
activities. In addition, FDI from China was also significant in manufacturing
and real estate activities, while investors from the EU concentrated in
wholesale and retail trade as well as in manufacturing activities. Meanwhile,
Japan invested strongly in transportation and storage activities.
Figure 2.4.4. ASEAN top-5 FDI sources, 2022
36.9 24.4
billion billion 27.2
15.5
16.4% 10.8% billion billion
EU 6.9% 12.1%
USA
China Japan
28.1
billion
12.4%
ASEAN

CONNECTIVITY
CONNECTIVITY
INTRODUCTION
Following the adoption of the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity 2010
(MPAC 2010), ASEAN further solidify its commitment to strengthen and
improve connectivity within the region by adopting the MPAC 2025 in
2016. Recognising the critical role of connectivity in fostering growth
and productivity as well as facilitating access to markets and various
opportunities, these plans comprehensively address various aspects of
connectivity. This includes a focus on physical infrastructure, institutional,
and people-to-people linkages. This chapter delves into the physical
connectivity and people-to-people linkages of AMS, focusing on indicators
related to land and air transport, tourism, and communication.
3.1 TRANSPORT
High-quality and efficient transportation is crucial for facilitating trade,

reducing costs, and fostering economic integration. An integrated
transportation system will enhance the efficiency of transporting products
and people within the region. This section will describe the progress of
transportation development in ASEAN, particularly the road infrastructure,
the number of registered vehicles, air transport indicators related to the
number of international and domestic passengers, and international air cargo
during 2010–2022.
Land transport
The total road length, a key measure of land connectivity, is defined as the
total kilometer length of all roads in the country in a given year, including
all existing road types except dedicated cycle paths. The total road length

in ASEAN displayed significant improvement in 2022, registering a notable
76.4% increase compared to 2010, equivalent to a 5.4% growth per annum
(Figure 3.1.1). During the period of 2010-2022, substantial increase of road
length were observed in Thailand (206.7%), Viet Nam (116.9%), Malaysia
(105.0%), Lao PDR (50.7%) and Cambodia (50.7%). Conversely, Brunei
Darussalam, Indonesia, Philippines, and Singapore recorded more modest
increase ranging from 5% to 13%.
Figure 3.1.1. Road length (thousand kilometers) by ASEAN Members States,

2010-2022
Figure 3.1.1. Road length in thousand kilometer by ASEAN Member States, 2010-2022
549.2
281.3
67.7 59.6
3.1
2010 2015 2022

703.6
640.0
140.3
34.4 3.5
The latest available data for Viet Nam is 2020
Note : The latest available data for Viet Nam is 2020

In the same period, ASEAN also experienced a significant increase in the

number of motor vehicles (Figure 3.1.2). In 2022, the aggregate number of
motor vehicles in ASEAN reached 234.3 million units, representing a growth
of around 70% compared to the 2010 figure. Indonesia had the largest
number of motor vehicles, with 125.4 million units, represented around 54%
of the ASEAN total. Thailand followed with 43.4 million units, Malaysia with
35.1 million units, and the Philippines with 13.9 million units.

The total number of registered motor vehicles per 1,000 population
increased by over 84% during the period, or 4.5% annually. Malaysia had
the largest number of registered motor vehicles at 1,073.2 per 1,000
population. Brunei Darussalam and Thailand followed with 1,066.5 and
656.6 respectively.
Figure 3.1.2. Number of registered motor vehicles per 1,000 population by

ASEAN Member States, 2010-2022
Brunei
Darussalam 1,066
Cambodia
33
Indonesia
455
Lao PDR
419
Malaysia
1,073
Myanmar
129
Philippines
124
Singapore
177
Thailand 657
Viet Nam
 42
2010 2015 2022
Note: The latest available data for Viet Nam is 2020

Note : The latest available data for Viet Nam is 2020
Air transport
Figure 3.1.3 shows that in 2022, driven by the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions,
the number of international passengers in ASEAN grew significantly to
reach more than 500% of the figure recorded in previous year. The number
of international passangers in 2022 totaled 107.8 thousand, a significant
increase compared to 17.7 thousand in 2021. Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia,
Indonesia, and the Philippines contributed more than 90% of the number of
international passengers in ASEAN.

In the same year, domestic passengers traffic increased by 161.3%, reaching
238.6 thousand. Indonesia had the largest number of traffic with 56.4
thousand domestic passengers, representing around 23.6% of the ASEAN
total, followed by Thailand with 21.6%, Viet Nam with 18.2%, the Philippines
with 19.3%, and Malaysia with 16.0%.
Figure 3.1.3. Number of international and domestic air passengers (thousand

person) by ASEAN Member States, 2010-2022
International air passengers
31,902.0
24,269.9
16,532.5
12,564.0 11,949.0
7,232.7
554.0 2,278.0 192.5
288.9
Darussalam
2010 2015 2022

Domestic air passengers
56,415.0
51,545.6
46,092.6 43,513.4
38,203.6
104.0 469.2 2,242.6
Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam
Notes : 1. For domestic air passenger traffic, the latest available data for Myanmar is 2021
2. For international air passenger traffic, the latest available data for Myanmar is 2021; Viet Nam is 2020
3. Domestic air passengers are not applicable for Brunei Darussalam and Singapore
International air cargo loaded and unloaded

Compared to previous year, ASEAN’s international air cargo loaded in
2022 decreased by 1.6% while the unloaded increased by 4.0% (Figure
3.1.4). The Figure also highlights that Singapore, Thailand, and Indonesia’s
air cargo services kept their position as the major distribution hub of air
cargo delivery in the region. However, their international air cargo loaded
decreased by 4.3%, 1.2%, and 42.9%, respectively, compared to 2021.

Figure 3.1.4. International air cargo loaded and unloaded (thousand tons)
by ASEAN Member States, 2010-2022
International air cargo loaded 0.4 Brunei 4.2 International air cargo unloaded
Darussalam
28.0 27.0
Cambodia
198.0 177.0
Indonesia
0.7 0.5
Lao PDR
349.1 405.6
Malaysia
31.5 20.8
Myanmar
222.0 251.0
Philippines
895.0 958.0
Singapore
650.4 554.5
Thailand
485.6 191.8
Viet Nam
2010 2015 2022
Note : The latest available data for Viet Nam cargo loaded is 2018 and cargo unloaded is 2012; Myanmar is
2021 for both cargo loaded and unloaded
3.2 VISITOR ARRIVALS

The gradual improvement of the COVID-19 pandemic situation and the
reopening of borders has enabled the recovery of ASEAN tourism industry.
After experiencing a decrease in 2020 and 2021, with only 26.2 million and
2.9 million visitors, respectively, the region observed a significant increase
in international visitor arrivals in 2022, reaching a total of 43.2 million
(Figure 3.2.1).
While the number of visitors has not yet reached the pre-pandemic level
observed in 2019, a positive trend was observed during the first half of
2023. Approximately 46.5 million visitors arrived in the region, indicating
encouraging progress.

Figure 3.2.1. Number of visitor arrivals in ASEAN (million persons),
2018-2022
143.6 Total visitors Intra-ASEAN visitors

135.2
49.6 51.7
43.2
26.2
21.5
9.2
2.9
1.0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
In addition, Figure 3.2.1 shows that the number of intra-ASEAN visitors

increased in 2022 with almost half of the total visitors in ASEAN originating
from within the region. Meanwhile, Figure 3.2.2 illustrates that the European
Union was the largest source of non-ASEAN visitors to the region,
accounting for 7.2% of all arrivals (3.1 million), followed by the Republic of
Korea and India, contributing 5.8% and 5.5%, respectively. Australia and
USA were also among the five-leading source of visitors, each contributing
approximately 2 million visitors.
Figure 3.2.2. Top-5 origin countries of visitor arrivals from non-ASEAN

countries (million person), 2022
3.1
2.0 million
2.4 2.5
million
million million
2.0
million

The upward trend in international visitor arrivals was recorded in all AMS.
Figure 3.2.2 presents the number of visitors in each AMS in 2022. It shows
that Thailand hosted the highest number of visitor arrivals (11.2 million)
among AMS, followed by Malaysia (10.1 million). Singapore and Indonesia
received 6.3 million and 5.5 million visitors, respectively. Approximately 3.7
million tourists traveled to Viet Nam, 2.7 million to the Philippines, and 2.3
million to Cambodia. Meanwhile, Brunei Darussalam recorded the lowest
number with only about 36 thousand visitors.
Figure 3.2.3. Number of visitor arrivals (thousand person) by ASEAN

Member
Figure 3.2.3. Number of visitor States,
arrival (000) 2022
by ASEAN Member States, 2022
3,661
1,292
233 Viet Nam
Lao PDR 2,654
11,153
Myanmar
2,277 Philippines
Thailand
Cambodia
10,071 36
6,306
Malaysia Brunei
Darussalam
Singapore
5,471
Indonesia
3.3 INTERNET SUBSCRIBERS

Aligned with a significant improvement in technology adoption and
digitalization post-COVID-19 where telecommunication, video conferences,
online shopping, and online schooling continued to gain popularity, the total
number of internet subscribers in ASEAN witnessed significant increase

from 51.0 per 100 population in 2017 to 72.0 per 100 population in 2022
(Figure 3.3.1). Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, and Singapore recorded the
highest internet usage rates in 2022 with 98.1, 97.4, and 96.0 subscribers
per 100 population, respectively. On the other hand, Myanmar recorded
the lowest internet subscribers at 44.0 per 100 population in the same year.
Figure 3.3.1. Number of internet subscribers per 100 persons by ASEAN

Member States, 2017 and 2022
94.9 98.1 97.4

77.0 80.1
60.2 60.0
54.8
32.9 26.0
2017 2022
96.0
82.3 86.7
78.6
52.9 58.1
52.7
44.0 41.6
23.6
Note : The latest available data for Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Myanmar, and the Philippines is 2021
Source : ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database and ITU database for Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,
Myanmar, and the Philippines

ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
The SDGs encompass a wide range of interconnected issues including
energy and environmental concerns. Acknowledging the important role of
energy and environment, the seventh goal of SDGs aims to ensure access
to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, whereas
there are several goals directly addressing environmental issues and
some others are not directly related but have significant implications for
environmental sustainability. This section will discuss some energy and
environment-related indicators to gauge ASEAN’s progress in these areas.
4.1 ENERGY
Access to electricity
By 2030, one of the SDGs targets is to ensure universal access to affordable,
reliable and modern energy services. The proportion of population with
access to electricity is one of the indicators to track the progress of this
target. The level of access to electricity, which may vary across countries,
reflects the level of development since electricity is one of major sources of
enhancement and improvement of people’s living standards.
Figure 4.1.1 illustrates the progress made by AMS in achieving the target of
universal access to electricity. Both Brunei Darussalam and Singapore had
successfully achieved the target of providing access to electricity for all of
their population. According to the most recent data available, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Thailand, and Viet Nam are on track to reach nearly universal
access by 2030, with more than 99% of their populations having access

to electricity. Furthermore, Cambodia and Lao PDR have made significant
progress and reported electricity coverage rates of 97.5% and 93.7%,
respectively. Additionally, 96.2% of household in Philippines had access
to electricity. However, additional efforts are needed in Myanmar, as only
62.0% of the population had access to electricity.
Figure 4.1.1. Population with access to electricity (%) by ASEAN Member

States, 2016 and 2022
100.0 100.0 97.5 99.6 99.9 99.9
91.2 93.7
80.9
2016 2022
100.0 100.0 99.6 99.8 98.8 99.5

90.7 96.2
62.0
33.0
Note : 1. The latest available data for Cambodia is 2021, Malaysia and Thailand is 2019, Lao PDR is 2018
2. Data for the Philippines refer to household with access to electricity
Clean Fuels and Technologies

Universal access to energy also includes access to clean fuels and
technologies for cooking, heating, and lighting. The proportion of population
with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology is defined as the
number of people using clean fuels and technologies for cooking, heating
and lighting divided by total population reporting that any cooking, heating
or lighting, expressed as percentage. According to the WHO Guidelines for

Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion, it is recommended that all
primary energy consumption in households for various purposes should
employ efficient fuels and technology combinations to ensure health
benefits. The utilisation of inefficient energy sources for cooking, heating,
and lighting is correlated with elevated levels of indoor air pollution within
households.
Based on the recommendations included in the guidelines, the fuels and

technologies that are considered clean for cooking include electricity,
natural gas, liquified petroleum gas, biogas, ethanol, and solar 6. The data
presented in Figure 4.1.2 shows that the share of population with primary
reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking varies among AMS.
Similar to access to electricity, both Brunei Darussalam and Singapore have
successfully achieved the target of providing universal access to clean fuels
and technology for cooking. Furthermore, significant developments were
observed in Viet Nam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand, where a significant
proportion of the population, ranging from 85.1% to 96.1%, utilised clean
fuels and technologies for cooking in 2021.
Nevertheless, despite the progress made, the coverage of access to clean

fuels and technology for cooking remained low in other AMS. Only around
44% to 48% of population in Cambodia, Myanmar and the Philippines used
clean fuels and technology for cooking. Furthermore, coverage in Lao PDR
remained limited with only 9.3% of their population could rely primarily on
clean fuels and technology for cooking in 2021.
6 https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/population-with-primary-reliance-on-clean-
fuels-and-technologies-for-cooking-(millions)

Figure 4.1.2. Population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technology
for cooking (%) by ASEAN Member States, 2013, 2017, and 2021
100.0 100.0 96.9 93.8
86.9
57.2
44.5
16.4
4.7 9.3
2013 2017 2021
100.0 100.0 96.1

85.1
76.7
68.1
43.5 48.0
41.8
15.7
Source: WHO (https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/air-pollution/household-air-pollution)
Renewable energy
The sustainable development agenda aims to increase substantially the
share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030. The share of
renewable energy in the total final energy consumption is used to track the
progress towards this objective. Renewable energy consumption includes
consumption of energy derived from hydro, wind, solar, solid biofuels,
liquid biofuels, biogas, geothermal, marine and renewable waste.
Latest available data on the share of renewable energy in total final energy
consumption in AMS are presented in Figure 4.1.3. In 2020, Myanmar had
the highest share of renewable energy source, accounting for 59.8% of
its total energy mix, closely followed by Cambodia (51.4%) and Lao PDR
(49.9%). Moreover, share of renewable energy consumption ranged
from 19.1% to 29.1% in the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Viet Nam.

Meanwhile, only 5.8% of energy consumed in Malaysia was generated
from renewable sources. Singapore and Brunei Darussalam recorded the
lowest share, with 0.9% and 0.01%, respectively.
Figure 4.1.3. Renewable energy share in the total final energy consumption
(%) by ASEAN Member States, 2010, 2015, and 2020
64.8 64.9
51.4 49.9
36.0
22.0
2.0 5.8
0.01
2010 2015 2020
84.9
59.8
32.6 34.6
29.1
22.8 20.8 19.1
0.5 0.9
Source: UNstats - SDG Global Database
4.2 ENVIRONMENT
Climate-related disasters losses

The indicators on number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected
persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population serve as one of
the progress measures of some SDGs targets, particularly under Goal 1 -
end poverty in all its forms everywhere, Goal 11 - make cities and human
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, and Goal 13 - take
urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.

Figure 4.2.1. Number of deaths, missing persons and directly affected
persons attributed to climate-related disasters per 100,000
population by ASEAN Member States, 2016-2022
2,836.2
620.7 761.1
3.0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
14,768.0
11,304.6
990.0 0.5
Myanmar Philippines Thailand Viet Nam
Notes : 1. Brunei Darussalam and Singapore are not prone to climate-related disaster, hence the data is not
available
2. Data for Viet Nam only cover number of deaths, missing and injured
The number of climate-related disaster fatalities, missing persons, and

directly affected persons in AMS fluctuated from 2016 to 2022, as depicted
in Figure 4.2.1. In 2022, the Philippines reported the highest number of
casualties, where a total of 11,305 persons per 100,000 population died,
went missing, or were directly affected by climate-related disasters.
Thailand reported a twofold increase in 2020, with the number of casualties
reported was 14,768 persons per 100,000 population. Meanwhile, the
number of victims in Indonesia was 2,836 persons per 100,000 population
in 2021. Additionally, Myanmar and Malaysia reported 990 persons and
761 persons per 100,000 population had either died, went missing or
were directly affected by climate-related disasters in 2022 and 2021,
respectively.

Forest area
The proportion of forest area to total land area is a key indicator used to
measure progress towards SDGs Goal 15 - protect, restore and promote
sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt
biodiversity loss.
Figure 4.2.2. Forest area as a proportion of total land area (%) by ASEAN
Member States, 2022
Brunei Darussalam 72.1
Cambodia 48.2
Indonesia 50.8
Lao PDR 62.0
Malaysia 55.3
Myanmar 42.2
Philippines 24.1
Singapore 20.8
Thailand 31.6
Viet Nam 42.0
Note : The latest available data for Indonesia and Thailand is 2021, Philippines is 2020, Cambodia, Malaysia,
and Singapore is 2018
The latest available data in AMS on the proportion of forest area to

total land area is shown in Figure 4.2.2. Brunei Darussalam had the most
significant proportion of forest area, accounting for 72.1% of its total land

area, followed by Lao PDR, which had a forest area share of 62.0% of its
total land area. Furthermore, the proportion of land covered by forests
in Malaysia and Indonesia was 55.3% and 50.8% of their total land areas,
respectively. The proportion of total land area covered by forests in the
remaining AMS ranged from 20.8% to 48.2%.
Key Biodiversity Areas

Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) are sites contributing significantly to the
global persistence of biodiversity in terrestrial, freshwater and marine
ecosystems. Meanwhile protected areas, as defined by the International
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), are clearly defined as
geographical spaces, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal
or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature
with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. In addition, other
effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) are defined by the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as a geographically defined area
other than a protected area, which is governed and managed in ways
that achieve positive and sustained long-term outcomes for the in-situ
conservation of biodiversity, with associated ecosystem functions and
services and where applicable, cultural, spiritual, socio–economic, and
other locally relevant values.
The indicator, proportion of important sites for marine, terrestrial and

freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas, shows
trends in the mean percentage of each marine, terrestrial and freshwater
KBA that is covered by designated protected areas and/or OECMs. The
safeguard of important sites is vital for stemming the decline in biodiversity
and ensuring long term and sustainable use of marine, terrestrial and
freshwater natural resources. The establishment of protected areas is an
important mechanism for achieving this aim, and this indicator serves as
a means of measuring progress toward the conservation, restoration and
sustainable use of marine, terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and their

services, in line with obligations under international agreements (SDGs
target 14.5 and 15.1) 7.
Figure 4.2.3 shows the diversity of the average proportion of marine, terrestrial
and freshwater KBA covered by protected areas across AMS in 2022. In
term of terrestrial ecosystem, Thailand had the highest coverage of KBAs by
protected areas at 68.0%, followed by Cambodia with the coverage of 54.5%.
Meanwhile, the Philippines reported the highest coverage for the freshwater
ecosystem, with 56.1% of its KBAs covered by protected areas, followed by
Brunei Darussalam with the coverage of 50.0%. Cambodia also reported the
highest proportion of marine KBAs covered by protected areas, at 51.0%.
Figure 4.2.3. Average proportion of marine, terrestrial and freshwater key

biodiversity areas (KBAs) covered by protected areas (%) by
ASEAN Member States, 2022
54.5 51.0
50.0 48.6
41.7 45.0
39.0 37.0
30.1 32.5
25.9 25.7
19.7
5.4

Darussalam
Terrestrial Freshwater Marine

68.0
56.1
42.8 46.6 44.0
36.3 40.1 39.5
27.1 24.6
22.3 19.2 21.1
3.3
Note : The freshwater key biodiversity areas is not applicable for Singapore and marine key
biodiversity areas is not applicable for Lao PDR
Source : UNstats - SDG Global Database
7 https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/?Text=marine&Goal=14&Target=14.5 and https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metada

ta/?Text=&Goal=15&Target=15.1

REFERENCES
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2016). Key Indicators of the
Labour Market, Ninth Edition. International Labour Office, Geneva,
Switzerland.
OECD. (2016). Fertility. In OECD (Ed.). OECD Factbook 2015-2016: Economic,

Environmental and Social Statistics. Paris: OECD Publishing.


ASEAN Key Figures 2023

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ASEAN Key Figures 2023

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ISSN 2986-3619

VOL. 6, December 2023

The ASEAN Secretariat is based in Jakarta, Indonesia.

For inquiries, contact:

ASEAN Key Figures 2023

ASEAN: A Community of Opportunities for All

Illustration credits: www.shuterstock.com

Map in this publication is only indicative and is not drawn to scale.

General information on ASEAN appears online at the ASEAN Website: www.asean.org.

Copyright Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 2023.

The significance of relevance, timeliness, accuracy, reliability, accessibility,

DR. KAO KIM HOURN

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 iii

FOREWORD . . .......................................................................................................... iii

1. POPULATION AND WELFARE .................................................................. 1

4. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT .................................................................. 59

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 v

vi ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 vii

viii ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 ix

ASEAN Key Figures is published annually as part of the continuous efforts

This 2023 edition specifically highlights recent developments across

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 xi

1.1 POPULATION AND WELFARE

700 2.1 671.7

Population size Population growth rate

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 3

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database

4 ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

From 2000 to 2022, the proportion of the population aged 65-years-old

Figure 1.1.3. Population age structure (% of total) by ASEAN Member States,

49.9 46.7 49.3

0-14 15-19 20-59 60-64 >= 65

61.7 52.6 52.3

Note : Singapore data refer to resident only

Figure 1.1.3 also illustrates a rising proportion of the productive working-

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 5

In 2022, TFRs in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,

6 ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

2013 2017 2022

Mortality and Life Expectancy

The infant mortality rate is defined as the probability of a child born in a

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 7

Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia

2013 2017 2022

Under-five mortality rate is defined as the probability of a newborn would

8 ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 9

Lao PDR 61.3

Viet Nam 18.9

per 1,000 live births

A decrease in child mortality rates indicates enhancement in overall health

Figure 1.1.8. Life expectancy at birth (years), ASEAN total, 1980-2022

Source: ASEAN Secretariat, ASEANstats database

10 ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023

Figure 1.1.9. Life expectancy at birth (years) by ASEAN Member States,

Note : The latest available data for Lao PDR is 2021

ASEAN KEY FIGURES 2023 11

Adult Literacy Rate

96.5 96.4 96.3 97.6 96.1

Male Female Total