TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 Scope of Work 3

1.1 General Description 3
1.2 Survey Equipment 3
1.3 Materials 3
1.4 Manpower 4
1.5 Construction Procedures 4
1.5.1 Methodology & Detection Equipment 5
1.5.1.1 Equipment Used 5
1.5.1.2 Cable and Pipe Locator 5
1.5.1.3 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) 6
1.5.1.4 Mapping Works 7
1.5.1.5 Deliverables 8
1.5.1.6 Limitations 8
1.5.1.7 Coverage Area 9
1.6 Additional Services 9
1.7 As-built 10
Appendix 12

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 1.0 SCOPE OF WORK

1.1 General Description

The purpose of this work is to carry out utilities detection survey and mapping
works at the highlighted area in order to ascertain existing utilities that been laid
at the location of site to facilitate the earthwork and other associated works.

The attributes or types, depths and positions of underground utilities are

determined by means of Electromagnetic Locator (EML), Ground Penetrating
Radar (GPR), Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment and Total Station.

The details of underground utilities will be presented in a CAD drawing.

The methodologies, equipments and constraints are clearly explained in

construction procedure.

1.2 Survey Equipment

No. Equipment Name Usage Description Quantity

Electromagnetic
1 Pipe/Cable Locator Detection of utilities underground 1 no
Ground Penetrating
2 Detection of utilities underground 1 no
Radar
Global Positioning
3 Survey / Pickup Utilities Marking 1 no
System
4 Total Station Survey / Pickup Utilities Marking 1 no

1.3 Materials

Item Description Quantity

1 Spray Paint TBA

• The quantity of equipment to be mobilised to site is tentative. Hence, the actual

quantity will be changed whenever necessary according to the actual site
condition.

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 1.4 Manpower

Total
No. Position Title Job Description
Pax
To monitor project progress for the
Project relevant discipline and ensure its
1 1
Coordinator execution is in compliance with
project specifications
To execute and coordinate the
2 Field Surveyor 2-4
mapping work.
3 Field Assistant To assist Field Surveyor at site 2-3
To process field data and produce
4 Drafter 1
drawing
• The amount of manpower to be deployed to site is tentative; the actual manpower
will be changed whenever necessary according to actual site condition.

1.5 Construction Procedures

A visual inspection is done within each area to search for utility poles, utility vaults,
manholes, handholes, catch basins, drains, conduits, cleanouts, water valves, gas
valves, tank pads and basement of each building surrounding each area to search
for utilities exiting the basemen wall.

Active mode cable and pipe locating is performed within each area by directly
applying a radio signal to electrical conduits, telecommunication conduits, fire
hydrants, water shut off valves, ground wires and metallic drain lines.

Passive mode cable and pipe locating is performed to search for inaccessible high
voltage electrical lines and telecommunication lines. Lastly, Ground Penetrating
Radar (GPR) scans are performed to more accurately determine the location and
depth of each line and to search for non-metallic, unknown and abandoned utilities.

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 1.5.1 Methodology & Detection Equipment

1.5.1.1 Equipment Used

Cable and pipe locating for this project are performed using the following
equipment’s:

1. 1 unit of RD8100 receiver and TX-10 transmitter, both of which

were manufactured by the Radio detection Corp of Bridgton ME.
2. 1 unit Ground penetrating radar system (GPR): Mala Easy
Locator

Generally, the EM and GPR systems are capable of detecting up to a

depth of approximately 4 metres and 2 metres respectively with both
depth and positional accuracies of +/- 0.1m to 0.3 metres (Dependable
on method us in each Device).

1.5.1.2 Cable and Pipe Locator

The science of cable and pipe location is based on the principal that a
current flowing along a conductor creates a magnetic field, and that
magnetic field or signal, which is either passive or active in nature, can
be detected via receiver.

Passive Signal:

• Passive signal is one that is naturally occurring around a conductor

(e.g. current flowing in an electric supply cable)
• Passive sweep by survey grid traversing method is performed to
search for inaccessible, abandoned or unknown utilities using only a
receiver.
• Passive signals enable utilities to locate, but not identify, because the
same signal may appear on multiple utilities within the grid.

Active Signal:

• Active signal is one that is intentionally generated by a transmitter,

applied directly to the utility via direct connection or induction.
• Physical visualization or site recce must be performed before carry
out mapping work to spot any exposed utility cables, pipes and
manhole.
• Direct connection involves plugging a connection cable into a
transmitter output socket and connecting directly to the target line,
with the use of connection leads or transmitter clamp. Connection
leads are generally used to apply a signal to metallic conduits, sight
lighting structures and metallic pipes. In case of utility lines are
housed within plastic conduits or buried in to the ground without
protection, transmitter clamp is used to apply a signal to the cable
without interrupting service to the line.

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 • If an active signal cannot be applied to a line due to inaccessibility,
Induction Sweep must be performed by placing transmitter on the
ground directly on the top of a utility line.
• In presence of non-conductive (non-metallic) utility lines, a
Detectable Duct Rod Or Self-Contained Transmitting Sonde must
be inserted into the line via a manhole, handhole, cleanout or catch
basin. The disadvantages are that some non-metallic utility lines do
not have access points or might be obstructed by detritus.

1.5.1.3 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

• Use in case of the non-metallic, inaccessible, unknown or abandoned

utilities cannot be located with traditional cable and pipe locators.
• A scanning is performed by moving the antenna across the surface
linearly to create a series of electromagnetic pulses over a given area.
• During the scanning, the control unit produces and regulates a pulse
of radar energy, which is amplified and transmitted into the
subsurface at a specific frequency by the antenna.
• An Antenna frequency is inversely proportional to penetration depth,
which make an antenna selection the most important step in survey
design process.
• When the antenna scans perpendicular to a pipe, energy emits from
the antenna is in a 3-dimensional cone shape, not in a straight line as
one might think.
• The two-way travel time for energy at the leading edge of the cone is
longer than the energy directly below the antenna due to longer time
for the energy at the leading edge to capture. Once the antenna
approaches the pipe, it will appear low in the data screen profile. Once
the antenna moves closer to the pipe and the distance between them
decreases, the reflections will appear higher in the profile.
• At the point where the antenna is located directly above the pipe, the
minimum distance of separation is reached and the reflections reach
their zenith. As the antenna moves away from the pipe and the
distance between them increases, the reflections appear lower in the
profile once again. After the scanning is completed, the centre of the
pipe will appear in the data screen profile as an upside-down U, which
is referred to as hyperbola.

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 • To gather, organize and present the data, a series of scans are
performed within an orthogonal survey grid. At the end of each
scanning, the data screen profile is reviewed for the presence of
hyperbolic targets. If present, the antenna is moved backward to place
a cursor (which depicts the centre of the antenna) on the centre of the
targets; the location and depth of the targets are then marked on the
surface with chalk, paint and/or flags.
• Once the entire survey grid has been scanned, the marks are reviewed
to search for patterns similar to that of the desired targets (pipes). Any
marks that run in straight line and whose hyperbolas appear to be
highly conductive metal targets are then connected, thereby
displaying the location and depth of the pipe.

1.5.1.4 Mapping Works

• The detected utilities shall be denoted by spray paint on both the hard
surface and soil ground. All services will be differentiated using
different colour as following in the UDM DWG format;

Services Marker Colour

Electrical Cable 33KV Red
Electrical Cable 11KV Brown
Electrical Cable 0.4KV Cyan
Instrument Cable Purple
Earth Cable Green
Water Pipe Blue
Gas Pipe Magenta

• The position of utilities and survey reference mark are determined by

means of Topcon ES-106 Series (Total Station) or GPS CHC i80 or
its equivalents. The survey will be tied to the Temporary Bench Marks
(TBM) established by topographical surveyor.
• Data processing will be carried out upon completion of the survey and
the detected underground services shall be incorporated onto the base
map provided.

1.5.1.5 Deliverables

The submission will include Three (3) sets of the plans (paper prints) and
its corresponding drawing file in AutoCAD format. Underground Utility
Mapping will be prepared at a scale of 1:500 & Index Drawing Will the
follow the scale which fit.

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 1.5.1.6 Limitations

Radio detection RD receivers and other similar equipment detect almost

all buried cables and most conductors, but there are some which do not
radiate signals and therefore cannot be detected or are very difficult to
detect (i.e. oil filled power cable, utilities made from ductile / cast iron,
aluminium and other materials which are not good electromagnetic
conductors).

These receivers also do not indicate whether a signal is from a single cable,
several buried side by side or one above another. They will detect any
linear metal which is the best conductor for electromagnetic signal. Hence,
should there be a guard-rail, metal hoarding or wire mash, this will impair
the finding of nearby utilities.

Note that with existing techniques (Ground Penetrating Radar), it's almost
impossible to detect non-metallic materials such as asbestos cement, fibre
optic and plastic efficiently. However, with access to the fibre optic
manhole, the ducts can be traced by inserting a tracer wire.

Asbestos Cement, PVC, HOP water pipes are almost impossible to trace.
Information obtained from Utility Owner personnel and also survey of
visible valves on site, we can estimate the position of these water lines
between existing valves on the computer but this information is not
guaranteed. In effect, locations of non-metallic utilities are not guaranteed.

However, verification with Utilities personel helps to eliminate not

knowing that there are undetected utilities within the area.

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1.5.1.7 Coverage Area

Coverage area stated are as required by the applicant and approved by

PBM involved.

1.6 Additional Services

Additional services provided as mutual agreement discussed between Archway

Mapping Services with client. The item agreed to be included as additional services
and commitment in this project are as stated as below :-

• Assist on BKi approval and submission

The submission of final UDM plan from Archway Mapping Services shall
meet the specification regulated by BKI.
• Assist on site work
The assistance of our representative on site shall do much help on
monitoring and smoothing the progress on trenching work. Real-time
advise and UDM final plan knowledge presence shall assist the site work.
• Assist consultant to produce Propose Plan
Consultant/client engaged are required to produce propose plan in order to
meet the specification regulated by BKi. The propose plan shall be
completed in order for development to be proceded and approved. Our
assistance with consultant will ensure the competence of the work progress.
• Assist to prepare Technical Proposal
We shall assist client to prepare a Technical Proposal as shown in sample
to be submitted to TNB and local authorities.

1.7 As-built

1.7.1 Introduction to As-built Work

As-built drawing submitted by a Archway Mapping Services upon completion of

a utility detection mapping project.As-built drawing is a drawing plan indicates the
placement and depth of utility (X, Y & Z) after the utility has been buried
underground. As-built plan is the main component which is important to complete
such Utility database.

1.7.2 Importance of As-built Plan Completion

1. Indicator such utility cable/pipe buried on site on plan and site that the as-
built plan would be documented for future reference.
2. As a reference for PBT and BKI for inspection that the new utility is buried
in good manner which follows such specification regulated (placement,
method of overlaying, depth specified)

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 1.7.3 Techinal Procedure for As-built Completion

Upon completion of trenching work for the new TNB 11kV cable, As-built work
should be conducted in order to re-detect the new exisiting cable and overlay with
the existing UDM map. Basically, as-built work would be done by instrument as
shown below.

Pipe Cable Locator (PCL) Ground Penetrating Radar

(GPR)
Usage To detect metallic type of utility To detect non-metallic type of
overlayed underground utility overlayed underground
Work Connection of transmitter and GPR uses high frequency radio
Operation receiver on detection work signal to penetrate into the
Detection based on frequency ground
reflected from transmitter and Reflected signals returned to
receiver GPR receiver would produce
the parabola in the data screen
profile as an upside-down U
Utility Power cable, Gas Pipe, MS steel Telco cable, fibre cable,
Type pipe sewerage pipe
Detected
Limitation Limited of scanning and Signal penetration limited on
detection to <5 metres towards dryness of ground on site
underground (depends on
method used)

In the context of this project with Uni Asia Construction Engineering Sdn Bhd,
the method used mostly is Pipe Cable Locator (PCL) & Ground Panetrating Radar
(GPR). PCL instrument mostly meet the requirement as this project and both of this
instruments method would solve the detection for as-built work.

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 1.7.4 Other method
Apart from using PCL and GPR to conduct as-built project, there are few method
should be considered to obtain as-built plan. The method includes given are Roding,
Sonde and Gyroscope. Methods as stated can be proposed but not advised to be used
in this project which having such limitation and not meet the requirement needed.

1.7.3.1 Roding
Roding method widely used to detect fibre cable underground. The
operation of roding method is to put and roll the rod into the manhole. The
penetration of the rod into the route from manhole to manhole can give the
result for as-built work.

1.7.3.2 Sonde
Used to locate buried plastic Water Pipes, Gas Pipes and any other non-
magnetic utility. Sondes are self-contained transmitters that are used with
our cable and pipe locators.Sondes are typically attached to a Flexrod,
pushed along the pipe, and the position of the sonde detected from above
ground. The Flexitrace product allows the entire path of the pipe to be
located, rather than just the end. Blockages can be located by pushing until
the sonde stops, and then locating that position.

1.7.3.3 Gyroscope
Gyroscope is a new method which is rarely used in utility as-built work of
detection mapping industry. Gyroscope method use such device to operate
into the vacant cable (which is no fibre/power cable attached in the cable)
and trace the route of new cable from start and end of the utility
route.Gyroscope method is good for as-built work but the cost would limit
the applicant for producing such as-built plan.

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 APPENDIX

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 TOPOGRAPHY SURVEY USING TOTAL
STATION.

TOPOGRAPHY SURVEY USING

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
(GPS).

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 UTILITY DETECTION USING PIPE AND
CABLE LOCATOR (PCL).

UTILITY DETECTION USING GROUND

PENETRATING RADAR.

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