Parts of Speech

By: Abdul Malik Nazari

 The key parts of speech

Noun ‫اسم‬ Verb ‫فعل‬

Pronoun‫ضمیر‬ Adjective ‫صفت‬

Adverb ‫قید‬ Preposition ‫حرف اضافه‬

Conjunction Article Interjection

‫حرف ربط‬ ‫حرف تعریف‬ ‫حرف ندا‬
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 Adverbs:
• A. Salam is a careful driver. ( Careful is adjective)
• A. Salam drove carefully along the narrow road.
• (What about this sentence? Adjective?)

An adverb is a word that describes an adjective, a

verb, or another adverb, or even a sentence

• In other words
• adverbs are used to add more information about a verb,
an adjective, another adverb, a clause or a whole sentence
and, less commonly, about a noun phrase

• Adverb: ‫قید‬
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 Adverbs (2)
• Adverbs typically answer one of the following
questions about the parts of speech they modify:
• How? • Where?
• When? • To what extent? (How often? or How much?)
• I gently lifted him out of bed. (adverb describing verb)
• He is more interesting than you. (adverb describing adjective)
• Unfortunately, we had already left. (adverb describing sentence)
• The deer ran very gracefully (adverb describing adverb)

• typically: • extent:‫وسعت‬ • gently:‫با مالیمت‬ • Unfortunately:‫متاسفانه‬

‫اکثره اوقات یا حاالت‬ • Often: ‫بارها‬ • Lift out: ‫بلند کردن‬ • gracefully: ‫با ظرافت‬
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Adverbs vs adjective
• Many adverbs are adjective + -ly
• Quick • Quickly • bad • Badly
• Serious • Seriously • Heavy • Heavily
• Careful • Carefully • terrible • terribly
• Two people were seriously injured in the accident
• Example
• Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs.
• Some adjectives end in -ly too, • She speaks perfect English.
(adjective + noun)
• Example • She speaks English
• Friendly, lively, elderly, lonely, lovely perfectly. (verb + noun + adverb)
• It was a lovely day.
• Some adverbs and adjectives are written same.(fast)
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Adverbs vs adjective (3)
• good and well
• Good is an adjective. The adverb is well:
• Your English is good. but You speak English well.
• Sophie is a good pianist. but Sophie plays the piano well.
• We use well (not good) with past participles (known/educated etc.).
• For example:
• well-known well-educated well-paid well-behaved
• Sophie’s father is a well-known writer.
• Well is also an adjective meaning ‘in good health’:
• ‘How are you today?’ ‘I’m very well, thanks.’

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Adverbs vs adjective (3)
• We use adjectives after some verbs, especially be, and
also look/feel/sound etc.
• Please be quiet. • Please speak quietly.
• My exam results were really bad. • I did really badly in the exam.
• Why do you always look so serious? • Why do you never take me seriously?
• I feel happy. • The children were playing happily.
• You can also use adverbs before adjectives and other adverbs.
• reasonably cheap • The exam was surprisingly easy..)
• (adverb + adjective)
• It’s a reasonably cheap restaurant and the
• terribly sorry food is extremely good.
• (adverb + adjective)
• I’m terribly sorry. I didn’t mean to push you.
• incredibly quickly
• (adverb + adverb • Maria learns languages incredibly quickly.
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Adverbs vs adjective (3)
• You can also use an adverb before a past participle
(injured/organised/written etc.)
• Two people were seriously injured in the accident. (not serious injured)
• The conference was badly organized
• Adjectives (quick/careful etc.) tell us about • Adverbs (quickly/carefully etc.) tell us
a noun (somebody or something). We use about a verb (how somebody does
adjectives before nouns: something or how something happens):
• Asad is a careful driver. (not a carefully • Asad drove carefully along the narrow
driver) road. (not drove careful)
• We didn’t go out because of the heavy • We didn’t go out because it was raining
rain. heavily. (not raining heavy)

• She speaks perfect English. • She speaks English perfectly.

• adjective + noun • verb + noun + adverb
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Common types of adverb
 Adverb of manner
describes how an action is performed or how something happens
badly, loudly, carefully, professionally
Adverbs of degree
express degrees of qualities, properties, states, conditions and
relations.
absolutely, perfectly, enough, a lot
Adverbs of time
describe when something happens.
yesterday, today, tomorrow

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Common types of adverb
Adverbs of frequency
describe how often something happens.
always, often, sometime, never
Adverb of place
provides information about the location of an action
between, around, behind, above
Interrogative adverbs
“when,” “where,” “why,” and “how” are used to introduce a
question.

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Exercise1 : Put in the correct word.
1. Sam drove carefully along the narrow road. (careful / carefully)
2. I think you behaved very_________ . (selfish / selfishly)
3. The weather changed__________ . (sudden / suddenly)
4. There was a _________change in the weather. (sudden / suddenly)
5. Liz fell and hurt herself really___________ . (bad / badly)
6. I think I have flu. I feel___________. (awful / awfully)
7. Tanya is _________upset about losing her job. (terrible / terribly)
8. I could sit in this chair all day. It’s very ____. (comfortable / comfortably)
9. I explained everything as _________as I could. (clear / clearly)
10. Be careful on that ladder. It doesn’t look very________ . (safe / safely)
11. Have a good trip and I hope you have a_______ journey. (safe / safely)
12. I’m glad you had a good trip and got home__________ . (safe / safely)

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Exercise 2:
Choose two words (one from each box) to complete
each sentence.
Absolutely, badly, completely, happily, Changed, cheap, damaged, enormous,
reasonably, seriously, slightly, ill, long, married, planned, quiet
unnecessarily, unusually

1. I thought the restaurant would be expensive, but it was ___reasonably cheap .

2. Will’s mother is _________________________________________ in hospital.
3. This house is so big! It’s ___________________________________________.
4. It wasn’t a serious accident. The car was only _________________________ .
5. Our children are normally very lively, but they’re __________________today.

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Exercise 3:
• Choose two words (one from each box) to complete
each sentence.
Absolutely, badly, completely, happily, Changed, cheap, damaged, enormous,
reasonably, seriously, slightly, ill, long, married, planned, quiet
unnecessarily, unusually

6. When I returned home after 20 years, everything had __________.

7. The movie was______________ . It could have been much shorter.
8. I’m surprised Amy and Joe have separated. I thought they
were__________________ .
9. A lot went wrong during our holiday because it was____________.

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Exercise1 : Put in the correct word.
1. Sam drove carefully along the narrow road. (careful / carefully)
2. I think you behaved very_selfishly_ . (selfish / selfishly) (‫)خود پرست‬
3. The weather changed__suddenly_ . (sudden / suddenly)
4. There was a __sudden__change in the weather. (sudden / suddenly)
5. Liz fell and hurt herself really__ badly ___ . (bad / badly)
6. I think I have flu. I feel___awful___. (awful / awfully)
7. Tanya is __ terribly __upset about losing her job. (terrible / terribly)
8. I could sit in this chair all day. It’s very _comfortable__. (comfortable /
comfortably)
9. I explained everything as _clearly_as I could. (clear / clearly)
10. Be careful on that ladder. It doesn’t look very__safe_ . (safe / safely)
11. Have a good trip and I hope you have a_safe_ journey. (safe / safely)
12. I’m glad you had a good trip and got home__safely__ . (safe / safely)
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Exercise 2:
• Choose two words (one from each box) to complete
each sentence.
Absolutely, badly, completely, happily, Changed, cheap, damaged, enormous,
reasonably, seriously, slightly, ill, long, married, planned, quiet
unnecessarily, unusually

1. I thought the restaurant would be expensive, but it was _reasonably cheap .

2. Will’s mother is _______Seriously ill________ in hospital.
3. This house is so big! It’s ______Absolutely enormous_________.
4. It wasn’t a serious accident. The car was only __slightly damaged________ .
5. Our children are normally very lively, but they’re ____unusually quiet__today.

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Exercise 3:
• Choose two words (one from each box) to complete each
sentence.
Absolutely, badly, completely, happily, Changed, cheap, damaged, enormous,
reasonably, seriously, slightly, ill, long, married, planned, quiet
unnecessarily, unusually

6. When I returned home after 20 years, everything had completly changed.

7. The movie was___unnecessarily long_ . It could have been much shorter.
8. I’m surprised Amy and Joe have separated. I thought they were happily
married .
9. A lot went wrong during our holiday because it was__badly planned_.

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