LAB REPORT 4

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL AND MANUFACTURING

ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
2021-IM-08
2021-IM-32
2021-IM-36
SUBMITTED TO:
SIR BILAL ARSHAD
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
21-02-22
 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

LAB REPORT 4

SUBMITTED TO:

SIR BILAL ARSHAD

SUBMITTED BY:

REGISTRATION # 2021-IM-08

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

21st February 2022

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

LAB REPORT 4

SUBMITTED TO:

SIR BILAL ARSHAD

SUBMITTED BY:

REGISTRATION # 2021-IM-32

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

21st February 2022

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 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

LAB REPORT 4

SUBMITTED TO:

SIR BILAL ARSHAD

SUBMITTED BY:

REGISTRATION # 2021-IM-36

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

21st February 2022

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 EXPERIMENT NO 10
TITLE:

“To determine the moment of inertia of a Fly wheel”

• To calculate the moment of inertia of fly wheel by

using suitable formula.
• To experience the concept of angular velocity of
flywheel.

APPARATUS:

• Fly wheel
• Weights
• Meter Rod
• Stopwatch

APPARATUS DIAGRAM:

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MOMENT OF INERTIA:
It is defined as the measure of its resistance change due to the change of its rotation.

Moment of inertia is denoted by ‘I’

FORMULA:
For a simple pendulum, moment of inertia is equal to the product of mass of pendulum and the
distance from the pivot point.

I=mr2

Here, m = mass of pendulum

and r = Distance from the pivot point.

SI UNIT:
In SI system of unit, moment of inertia is kgms2 [kilogram meter square]

EXAMPLE:
When the bus stops suddenly, people fall forward. When the driver of the bus brake suddenly,
the lower part of the bus comes at rest while the upper part of the bus continues to move forward
due to inertia of motion.

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TYPES OF MOMENT OF INERTIA:
There are three types of moment of inertia.

 Mass moment of inertia.

 Area moment of inertia.
 Polar moment of inertia.

APPLICATIONS:
1. MACHINES:

Flywheel are used in punching machines and riving machines.

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2. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE:

For internal combustion engine application, the fly wheel is a heavy wheel mounted on a
crankshaft.

3. LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE:

Flywheel system has been used experimental in the small electric locomotive for shunting or
switching.

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FLY WHEEL:
A flywheel is a mechanical device which uses the conservation of angular momentum to store
rotational energy; a form of kinetic energy proportional to the product of its moment of
inertia and the square of its rotational speed.

CONSTRUCTION:
Flywheel is a circular wheel that is attached to the crankshaft of the engine and
stores the mechanical energy of the engine during power stroke and imparts that stored energy to
the preparatory strokes during the engine working. It is made of steel or cast ir

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WORKING:
A fly wheel is essentially a mechanical battery consisting of a mass rotating around an axis. It
stores energy in the form of kinetic energy and works by accelerating a rotor to a very high speed
and maintaining the energy system as rotational energy.

TYPES:
 Solid disc fly wheel
 Rimmed fly wheel
 High velocity fly wheel
 Low velocity fly wheel

ADVANTAGES:
Advantages are as follows:

 No degradation with use is required.

 Limited maintenance required
 Power and energy are nearly independent
 Operating temperature range up to 104F.

DISADVANTAGES:
The disadvantages are listed as:

Complexity of durable structures.

Mechanical stress is a lot in flywheels.

Material limits at around 700M/sec tip

speed
FUNCTIONS:
It has the following functions:

 Store the significant amount of energy and release it when required

 Flywheel sometime used to supply intermittent pulses of energy
 Reduce the fluctuations of torque make crankshaft rotation unifom

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PROCEDURE:
1. The length of the cord is carefully adjusted, so that when the weight-hanger just touches the
ground, the loop slips off the peg.

2. A suitable weight is placed in the weight hanger

3 A chalk mark is made on the rim so that it is against the pointer when the weight hanger just
touches the ground.

4. The other end of the cord is loosely looped around the peg.

5. The flywheel is given a suitable number (n) of rotation so that the cord is wound round
the axle without overlapping.

6 The height (b) of the weight hanger from the ground is measured

7. The flywheel is released.

8. The weight hanger descends and the flywheel rotates.

9. The cord slips off from the peg when the weight hanger just touches the ground. By this time
the flywheel would have made n rotations.

10. A stop clock is started just when the weight hanger touches the ground 11. The time taken
by the flywheel to come to a stop is determined as t seconds.

12. The number of rotations (N) made by the flywheel during this interval is counted.

13. The experiment is repeated by changing the value of n and m.

14. From these values the moment of inertia of the flywheel is calculated using equation:

FORMULA:
𝑁 2𝑔ℎ
: I= 𝑚
Moment of Inertia ( − 𝑟2)
𝑁+ 𝑤2
𝑛

 m is the mass of hangar + mass in hangar

 mass of hanger = 0.25lb

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 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Wheel weight = W = 68.5lb = 31.07108 kg

Wheel radius = R = 6.7 in. = 0.17018 m

Spindle radius = r = 0.5 in. = 0.0127 m

g=32.2 in/s² = 9.8 m/s²

Scales:
 1lb = 0.453592 kg
 1in. = 0.0254 meters

No of Mass Height No of Rotation of fly Time of N rotations Angular Moment of

OBS (m) (H) Turns wheel after weight is Velocity inertia I=
𝑁𝑚
(n) detached (N) 4𝜋𝑁 2𝑔ℎ
W= (
𝑁 + 𝑛 𝑤2
𝑡 − 𝑟 2)

1 2 Mean T1 T2 mean

1.

2.

3.

COMMENTS:
1. % Error may be increased due to some human error.
2. Avoid making gaps between the threads on the flywheel.
3. Time to start and stop the stopwatch should be calculated carefully
4. Take at least 3-4 readings to get the perfect one.
5. Energy loss can be occurred due to the friction between flywheel core and the cord.
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CONCLUSION:
It is concluded from the experiment that the moment of Inertia of flywheel can be determined by
using the suitable formula. The angular velocity is also found by using suitable formula.

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 EXPERIMENT NO 11
TITLE:

“To determine the mechanical advantage of a toggle joint”

• To calculate the mechanical advantage of a joint

named as toggle joint.
• To determine the difference between % error of
theoretical and experimental values of the mechanical
advantage of a toggle joint.

APPARATUS:

• Toggle joint
• Weights
• Hanger
• Meter Rod

APPARATUS DIAGRAM:

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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE:
It can be defined as:
“It is the ratio of Load and Effort” or “The ratio of the force produced by a machine to the force
applied to it”.
Mechanical advantages allow humans to perform tasks much easier. It is unit less and dimension
less quantity.

JOINTS:
It can be defined as:
“A mechanical joint is a section of a machine which is used to connect one or
more mechanical parts to another. Mechanical joints may be temporary or permanent.”
In simple words we can say that when two or more surfaces are joined together, they form a joint.

TYPES OF JOINTS:
Joints are of different types:
 Bolted Joint
 Screw Joint
 Toggle Joint
 Welded Joint
 Pin Joint
 Construction Joint
 Mechanical Joint, etc.

 BOLTED JOINT:
“A bolted joint is a connection of two or more parts that are held together by a threaded bolt or
an assembled bolt and nut.”
Bolted joints are often used on pipe flanges, automotive engines and chemical reactors.

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  SCREW JOINT:
“Screw joint is a type of joint that is fastened by means of screws.”
These are often used for metal rod assembly or corners.

 WELDED JOINT:

“A weld joint is an area where the two or more materials are joined together by a welding
process with or without the addition of filler material.”
Pressure may or may not be used when making a weld at the weld joint.
These types of joints are among some of the most common in the sheet metal industry, such as in
the construction of frames, boxes and other applications.

 PIN JOINT:
“A pin joint is a connection between two objects that allows only relative rotation about a single
axis.”
EXAMPLE: A toothed wheel on a shaft

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  CONSTRUCTION JOINT:
“A construction joint is the interface between concrete placements intentionally created to
facilitate construction.”
EXAMPLE: They are placed in concrete slabs to control random cracking.

 TOGGLE JOINT:

“A device consisting of two bars jointed together end to end but not in line so that when
a force is applied to the knee tending to straighten the arrangement, the parts joined to
the ends of the bars will experience an endwise pressure which increases indefinitely as
the bars approach a straight-line position”
Toggle mechanism, combination of solid, usually metallic links (bars), connected by pin
(hinge) joints that are so arranged that a small force applied at one point can create a
much larger force at another point.

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 TOGGLE JOINT APPARATUS:

This apparatus is designed to evaluate forces within a toggle mechanism. Load is applied
to the two pairs of links by a hanger suspended from their connecting pivot. One end of
the links is pivoted to a base, and the other end is able to move sideways on low friction
ball bearing wheels.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF TOGGLE JOINT:

When the angle between driver and couple linkage becomes 180 degree, then this mechanism is
known as toggle mechanism. Mechanical advantage is input angular velocity / output angular
velocity. and output velocity becomes zero in this mechanism. so mechanical advantage is
infinity.

APPLICATIONS OF TOGGLE JOINT:

The toggle mechanism has many applications where overcome a large resistance with a small
driving force is necessary.
FOR EXAMPLE: clutches, rock crushers, punching machines, forging machines, injection
modelling machines, etc.

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 MECHANICAL JOINT:
It can be simply classified as:
1. Permanent Joint
2. Non-Permanent Joint
 Permanent Joint:
A permanent joint is one that does not allow disassembly of joined components without
rupturing them. As they are not disassembled easily, so they are much difficult and costly.
Destructive Testing is used for doing so.
EXAMPLES: Welding, riveting, coupling, etc.

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  Non-Permanent Joint:
Non-permanent joint refers to a fastening technique that can be easily separated. This
technique is mostly used in replacement, maintenance, repair or adjustment works. Non-
destructive testing can be employed for inspection purposes.
In this case, fasteners are the best example. Cotter Joints and Knuckle Joints are also included
in examples of Non-Permanent Joints. The most common methods of non-permanent joining
are screws.

PROCEDURE:

 Check Zero error if zero error is positive then it will be minus from all the values.
 First of all, we take toggle joint apparatus and applying load on the loading span say lb. 1.5lb,
3lb, 3.5lb etc. This is actually the effort (P).
 When the load is applied then roller is move away from its original position. Then there is
some extension in the value of spring balance. Note this value. This is actually the load
 (F). Note the value of length (D) and height (h) in inches. After that calculate the value of
mechanical advantage experimentally and theoretically by using the following formula the
mechanical advantage is found.
 (Mechanical Advantage) Load / Effort (Mechanical Advantage) T= D/4h
 At the end calculate the % error between theoretical and experimental value of mechanical
advantage.

FORMULA:
 (Mechanical Advantage) exp = Load / Effort
 (Mechanical Advantage) th = D/4h

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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:
Zero error = 1lb

Weight of hanger = 0.25lb

Test Load Effort Height Length Mechanical Advantage % Error
No. F(lb) P (lb) h(in.) D (in.)

Experimental Theoretical
value value
1. 1.4 1.25 5.35 21.5 1.92 1.00

2. 2.8 2.25 5.1 21.8 1.24 1.06

3. 4 3.25 5 22.1 1.23 1.105

4. 6 4.25 4.5 22.4 1.41 1.24

SAMPLE CALCULATION:

COMMENTS:
1. Check the zero error of the spring balance.
2. If zero error is positive then subtract that value from observed reading and vice versa.
3. Note that the weight of hanger must be added into the applied weight.
4. Relax the Toggle Joint before attaching weight to obtain accurate readings.
5. Do not touch the apparatus while taking readings from Meter Rod.

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Conclusion:
It is concluded from the experiment that the difference in error of experimental and theoretical
values of mechanical advantage is due to some human error The theoretical and experimental
values can be find by using above suitable formula.

References:
[1] https://www.academia.edu

[2] http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=149828

[3] https://blog.oureducation.in/moment-of-inertia-of-a-flywheel-by-falling-weight-method/

[4]http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/science/measuring-the-moment-of-inertia-of-
aflywheel.html

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