Ebook PDF College Algebra 10th Edition by Ron Larson PDF

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Contents v
7 Matrices and Determinants 493

7.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 494
7.2 Operations with Matrices 507
7.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 521
7.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 530
7.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 538
Chapter Summary 551
Review Exercises 553
Chapter Test 557
Proofs in Mathematics 558
P.S. Problem Solving 559
8 Sequences, Series, and Probability 561

8.1 Sequences and Series 562
8.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums 572
8.3 Geometric Sequences and Series 581
8.4 Mathematical Induction 590
8.5 The Binomial Theorem 600
8.6 Counting Principles 608
8.7 Probability 618
Chapter Summary 630
Review Exercises 632
Chapter Test 635
Cumulative Test for Chapters 6–8 636
Proofs in Mathematics 638
P.S. Problem Solving 641
Appendices
Appendix A: Errors and the Algebra of Calculus A1
Appendix B: Concepts in Statistics (online)*
B.1 Representing Data
B.2 Analyzing Data
B.3 Modeling Data
Alternative Version of Chapter P (online)*
P.1 Operations with Real Numbers
P.2 Properties of Real Numbers
P.3 Algebraic Expressions
P.4 Operations with Polynomials
P.5 Factoring Polynomials
P.6 Factoring Trinomials
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Tests A9

Index A89
Index of Applications (online)*
*Available at the text-specific website www.cengagebrain.com
Preface
Welcome to College Algebra, Tenth Edition. We are excited to offer you a new edition with even more
resources that will help you understand and master algebra. This textbook includes features and resources
that continue to make College Algebra a valuable learning tool for students and a trustworthy teaching tool
for instructors.
College Algebra provides the clear instruction, precise mathematics, and thorough coverage that you expect
for your course. Additionally, this new edition provides you with free access to three companion websites:
• CalcView.com—video solutions to selected exercises

• CalcChat.com—worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises and access to online tutors
• LarsonPrecalculus.com—companion website with resources to supplement your learning
These websites will help enhance and reinforce your understanding of the material presented in this text and
prepare you for future mathematics courses. CalcView® and CalcChat® are also available as free mobile apps.
Features
NEW ®
The website CalcView.com contains video solutions
of selected exercises. Watch instructors progress
step-by-step through solutions, providing guidance
to help you solve the exercises. The CalcView mobile
app is available for free at the Apple® App Store®
or Google Play™ store. The app features an embedded
QR Code® reader that can be used to scan the on-page
codes and go directly to the videos. You can also
access the videos at CalcView.com.
UPDATED ®
In each exercise set, be sure to notice the reference
to CalcChat.com. This website provides free
step-by-step solutions to all odd-numbered exercises
in many of our textbooks. Additionally, you can chat
with a tutor, at no charge, during the hours posted at
the site. For over 14 years, hundreds of thousands of
students have visited this site for help. The CalcChat
mobile app is also available as a free download at
the Apple® App Store® or Google Play™ store and
features an embedded QR Code® reader.
App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. Google Play is a trademark of Google Inc.
QR Code is a registered trademark of Denso Wave Incorporated.
vi
Preface vii
REVISED LarsonPrecalculus.com
All companion website features have been
updated based on this revision, plus we have
added a new Collaborative Project feature. Access
to these features is free. You can view and listen to
worked-out solutions of Checkpoint problems in
English or Spanish, explore examples, download
data sets, watch lesson videos, and much more.
NEW Collaborative Project

You can find these extended group projects at
LarsonPrecalculus.com. Check your understanding
of the chapter concepts by solving in-depth, real-life
problems. These collaborative projects provide an
interesting and engaging way for you and other
students to work together and investigate ideas.
REVISED Exercise Sets

The exercise sets have been carefully and extensively examined to ensure they are rigorous
and relevant, and include topics our users have suggested. The exercises have been reorganized
and titled so you can better see the connections between examples and exercises. Multi-step,
real-life exercises reinforce problem-solving skills and mastery of concepts by giving you the
opportunity to apply the concepts in real-life situations. Error Analysis exercises have been
added throughout the text to help you identify common mistakes.
Chapter Opener
Each Chapter Opener highlights real-life applications used in the examples and exercises.
Section Objectives
A bulleted list of learning objectives provides you the opportunity
to preview what will be presented in the upcoming section.
2.6 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 217

Side-By-Side Examples
Throughout the text, we present solutions to many
Finding the Domain of a Composite Function
Find the domain of f ∘ g for the functions
examples from multiple perspectives—algebraically,
f (x) = x2 − 9 and g(x) = √9 − x2. graphically, and numerically. The side-by-side
Algebraic Solution Graphical Solution format of this pedagogical feature helps you to see
Find the composition of the functions.
( f ∘ g)(x) = f (g(x))
Use a graphing utility to graph f ∘ g.
that a problem can be solved in more than one way
= f ( √9 − x2 ) 2 and to see that different methods yield the same
= (√9 − x2) − 9
result. The side-by-side format also addresses many
2
−4 4
=9− x2 −9
= −x2 different learning styles.
The domain of f ∘ g is restricted to the x-values in the domain of g for which
g(x) is in the domain of f. The domain of f (x) = x2 − 9 is the set of all real
numbers, which includes all real values of g. So, the domain of f ∘ g is the
entire domain of g(x) = √9 − x2, which is [−3, 3].
− 10
Remarks
From the graph, you can determine that the
domain of f ∘ g is [−3, 3].
These hints and tips reinforce or expand upon
Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com
concepts, help you learn how to study mathematics,
Find the domain of f ∘ g for the functions f (x) = √x and g(x) = x2 + 4. caution you about common errors, address special
cases, or show alternative or additional steps to a
In Examples 5 and 6, you formed the composition of two given functions. In
calculus, it is also important to be able to identify two functions that make up a given solution of an example.
composite function. For example, the function h(x) = (3x − 5)3 is the composition of
f (x) = x3 and g(x) = 3x − 5. That is,
h(x) = (3x − 5)3 = [g(x)]3 = f (g(x)).
Basically, to “decompose” a composite function, look for an “inner” function and an
“outer” function. In the function h above, g(x) = 3x − 5 is the inner function and
f (x) = x3 is the outer function.
Decomposing a Composite Function

1
Write the function h(x) = as a composition of two functions.
(x − 2)2
1
Solution Consider g(x) = x − 2 as the inner function and f (x) = 2 = x−2 as the
x
outer function. Then write
1
h(x) =
(x − 2)2
= (x − 2)−2
= f (x − 2)
= f (g(x)).

viii Preface
Checkpoints
Accompanying every example, the Checkpoint problems encourage
immediate practice and check your understanding of the concepts
presented in the example. View and listen to worked-out solutions of TECHNOLOGY You can
the Checkpoint problems in English or Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com. use a graphing utility to check
that a solution is reasonable.
Technology One way is to graph the left
The technology feature gives suggestions for effectively using tools such side of the equation, then graph
as calculators, graphing utilities, and spreadsheet programs to help deepen the right side of the equation,
your understanding of concepts, ease lengthy calculations, and provide and determine the point of
alternate solution methods for verifying answers obtained by hand. intersection. For instance, in
Example 2, if you graph the
Historical Notes equations
These notes provide helpful information regarding famous y1 = 6(x − 1) + 4 The left side
mathematicians and their work.
and
Algebra of Calculus y2 = 3(7x + 1) The right side
Throughout the text, special emphasis is given to the algebraic
techniques used in calculus. Algebra of Calculus examples and in the same viewing window,
1
exercises are integrated throughout the text and are identified by they intersect at x = − 3, as
the symbol . shown in the graph below.
0
Summarize −2 1
The Summarize feature at the end of each section helps you organize
the lesson’s key concepts into a concise summary, providing you with
a valuable study tool.
Vocabulary Exercises Intersection

X=-.3333333 Y=-4
The vocabulary exercises appear at the beginning of the exercise set −6
for each section. These problems help you review previously learned
vocabulary terms that you will use in solving the section exercises.
92. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graph

represents the height h of a projectile after How Do You See It?
t seconds. The How Do You See It? feature in each section
presents a real-life exercise that you will solve by
h visual inspection using the concepts learned in the
30 lesson. This exercise is excellent for classroom
Height (in feet)
25 discussion or test preparation.

20
15
10
Project
5 The projects at the end of selected sections involve
t in-depth applied exercises in which you will work
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 with large, real-life data sets, often creating or
Time (in seconds) analyzing models. These projects are offered online
(a) Explain why h is a function of t. at LarsonPrecalculus.com.
(b) Approximate the height of the projectile Chapter Summary
after 0.5 second and after 1.25 seconds. The Chapter Summary includes explanations and
(c) Approximate the domain of h. examples of the objectives taught in each chapter.
(d) Is t a function of h? Explain.
Instructor Resources
Annotated Instructor’s Edition / ISBN-13: 978-1-337-28230-7
This is the complete student text plus point-of-use annotations for the instructor,
including extra projects, classroom activities, teaching strategies, and additional
examples. Answers to even-numbered text exercises, Vocabulary Checks, and
Explorations are also provided.
Complete Solutions Manual (on instructor companion site)

This manual contains solutions to all exercises from the text, including Chapter
Review Exercises and Chapter Tests, and Practice Tests with solutions.
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero (login.cengage.com)

CLT is a flexible online system that allows you to author, edit, and manage test
bank content; create multiple test versions in an instant; and deliver tests from
your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want. This is available online via
www.cengage.com/login.
Instructor Companion Site

Everything you need for your course in one place! This collection of book-specific
lecture and class tools is available online via www.cengage.com/login. Access and
download PowerPoint® presentations, images, the instructor’s manual, and more.
The Test Bank (on instructor companion site)

This contains text-specific multiple-choice and free response test forms.
Lesson Plans (on instructor companion site)

This manual provides suggestions for activities and lessons with notes on time
allotment in order to ensure timeliness and efficiency during class.
MindTap for Mathematics

MindTap® is the digital learning solution that helps instructors engage and transform
today’s students into critical thinkers. Through paths of dynamic assignments and
applications that you can personalize, real-time course analytics and an accessible
reader, MindTap helps you turn cookie cutter into cutting edge, apathy into
engagement, and memorizers into higher-level thinkers.
Enhanced WebAssign®
Exclusively from Cengage Learning, Enhanced WebAssign combines the
exceptional mathematics content that you know and love with the most powerful
online homework solution, WebAssign. Enhanced WebAssign engages students
with immediate feedback, rich tutorial content, and interactive, fully customizable
e-books (YouBook), helping students to develop a deeper conceptual understanding
of their subject matter. Quick Prep and Just In Time exercises provide opportunities
for students to review prerequisite skills and content, both at the start of the course
and at the beginning of each section. Flexible assignment options give instructors
the ability to release assignments conditionally on the basis of students’ prerequisite
assignment scores. Visit us at www.cengage.com/ewa to learn more.
ix
Student Resources
Student Study and Solutions Manual / ISBN-13: 978-1-337-29150-7
This guide offers step-by-step solutions for all odd-numbered text exercises,
Chapter Tests, and Cumulative Tests. It also contains Practice Tests.
Note-Taking Guide / ISBN-13: 978-1-337-29151-4

This is an innovative study aid, in the form of a notebook organizer, that helps
students develop a section-by-section summary of key concepts.
CengageBrain.com
To access additional course materials, please visit www.cengagebrain.com. At the
CengageBrain.com home page, search for the ISBN of your title (from the back
cover of your book) using the search box at the top of the page. This will take you
to the product page where these resources can be found.
MindTap for Mathematics

MindTap® provides you with the tools you need to better manage your limited
time—you can complete assignments whenever and wherever you are ready to learn
with course material specially customized for you by your instructor and streamlined
in one proven, easy-to-use interface. With an array of tools and apps—from note
taking to flashcards—you’ll get a true understanding of course concepts, helping you
to achieve better grades and setting the groundwork for your future courses. This
access code entitles you to one term of usage.
Enhanced WebAssign®
Enhanced WebAssign (assigned by the instructor) provides you with instant feedback
on homework assignments. This online homework system is easy to use and includes
helpful links to textbook sections, video examples, and problem-specific tutorials.
x
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the many people who have helped me prepare the text and the
supplements package. Their encouragement, criticisms, and suggestions have been
invaluable.
Thank you to all of the instructors who took the time to review the changes in
this edition and to provide suggestions for improving it. Without your help, this book
would not be possible.
Reviewers of the Tenth Edition

Gurdial Arora, Xavier University of Louisiana
Russell C. Chappell, Twinsburg High School, Ohio
Darlene Martin, Lawson State Community College
John Fellers, North Allegheny School District
Professor Steven Sikes, Collin College
Ann Slate, Surry Community College
John Elias, Glenda Dawson High School
Kathy Wood, Lansing Catholic High School
Darin Bauguess, Surry Community College
Brianna Kurtz, Daytona State College
Reviewers of the Previous Editions

Timothy Andrew Brown, South Georgia College; Blair E. Caboot, Keystone College;
Shannon Cornell, Amarillo College; Gayla Dance, Millsaps College; Paul Finster,
El Paso Community College; Paul A. Flasch, Pima Community College West
Campus; Vadas Gintautas, Chatham University; Lorraine A. Hughes, Mississippi
State University; Shu-Jen Huang, University of Florida; Renyetta Johnson, East
Mississippi Community College; George Keihany, Fort Valley State University;
Mulatu Lemma, Savannah State University; William Mays Jr., Salem Community
College; Marcella Melby, University of Minnesota; Jonathan Prewett, University of
Wyoming; Denise Reid, Valdosta State University; David L. Sonnier, Lyon College;
David H. Tseng, Miami Dade College—Kendall Campus; Kimberly Walters,
Mississippi State University; Richard Weil, Brown College; Solomon Willis,
Cleveland Community College; Bradley R. Young, Darton College
My thanks to Robert Hostetler, The Behrend College, The Pennsylvania State

University, and David Heyd, The Behrend College, The Pennsylvania State University,
for their significant contributions to previous editions of this text.
I would also like to thank the staff at Larson Texts, Inc. who assisted with
proofreading the manuscript, preparing and proofreading the art package, and checking
and typesetting the supplements.
On a personal level, I am grateful to my spouse, Deanna Gilbert Larson, for her
love, patience, and support. Also, a special thanks goes to R. Scott O’Neil. If you
have suggestions for improving this text, please feel free to write to me. Over the
past two decades, I have received many useful comments from both instructors and
students, and I value these comments very highly.
Ron Larson, Ph.D.

Professor of Mathematics
Penn State University
www.RonLarson.com
xi
P Prerequisites
P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties
P.2 Exponents and Radicals
P.3 Polynomials and Special Products
P.4 Factoring Polynomials
P.5 Rational Expressions
P.6 The Rectangular Coordinate System
and Graphs
Autocatalytic Chemical Reaction (Exercise 84, page 40)
Computer Graphics (page 56)
Steel Beam Loading (Exercise 81, page 33)
Gallons of Water on Earth (page 17)
Change in Temperature (page 7)

Clockwise from top left, Suwit Ngaokaew/Shutterstock.com; Matt Antonino/Shutterstock.com; 1
EpicStockMedia/Shutterstock.com; VladisChern/Shutterstock.com; iStockphoto.com/Photosbyjim
2 Chapter P Prerequisites
P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties

Represent and classify real numbers.
Order real numbers and use inequalities.
Find the absolute values of real numbers and find the distance between two
real numbers.
Evaluate algebraic expressions.
Use the basic rules and properties of algebra.
Real Numbers
Real numbers can represent Real numbers can describe quantities in everyday life such as age, miles per gallon,
many real-life quantities. For and population. Symbols such as
example, in Exercises 49–52
on page 13, you will use real −5, 9, 0, 43, 0.666 . . . , 28.21, √2, π, and √
3
−32
numbers to represent the represent real numbers. Here are some important subsets (each member of a subset B
federal surplus or deficit. is also a member of a set A) of the real numbers. The three dots, or ellipsis points, tell
you that the pattern continues indefinitely.
{ 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } Set of natural numbers
{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } Set of whole numbers
{ . . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } Set of integers
A real number is rational when it can be written as the ratio pq of two integers, where
q ≠ 0. For example, the numbers
1
3 = 0.3333 . . . = 0.3, 18 = 0.125, and 125
111 = 1.126126 . . . = 1.126
are rational. The decimal representation of a rational number either repeats (as in
55 = 3.145 ) or terminates (as in 2 = 0.5). A real number that cannot be written as the
173 1
ratio of two integers is irrational. The decimal representation of an irrational number

Real neither terminates nor repeats. For example, the numbers
numbers
√2 = 1.4142135 . . . ≈ 1.41 and π = 3.1415926 . . . ≈ 3.14
are irrational. (The symbol ≈ means “is approximately equal to.”) Figure P.1 shows
Irrational Rational
subsets of the real numbers and their relationships to each other.
numbers numbers
Classifying Real Numbers

Integers Noninteger
fractions Determine which numbers in the set { −13, − √5, −1, − 13, 0, 58, √2, π, 7} are
(positive and
negative)
(a) natural numbers, (b) whole numbers, (c) integers, (d) rational numbers, and
(e) irrational numbers.
Solution
Negative Whole
integers numbers a. Natural numbers: { 7 }
b. Whole numbers: { 0, 7 }
Natural Zero c. Integers: { −13, −1, 0, 7 }
numbers d. Rational numbers: { −13, −1, − 13, 0, 58, 7}
Subsets of the real numbers e. Irrational numbers: { − √5, √2, π}
Figure P.1
Repeat Example 1 for the set { −π, − 14, 63, 12√2, −7.5, −1, 8, −22}.
Michael G Smith/Shutterstock.com
P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties 3
Real numbers are represented graphically on the real number line. When you draw
a point on the real number line that corresponds to a real number, you are plotting the
real number. The point representing 0 on the real number line is the origin. Numbers
to the right of 0 are positive, and numbers to the left of 0 are negative, as shown in the
figure below. The term nonnegative describes a number that is either positive or zero.
Origin
Negative Positive
direction −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 direction
As the next two number lines illustrate, there is a one-to-one correspondence between
real numbers and points on the real number line.
− 53 0.75 π −2.4 2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Every real number corresponds to exactly Every point on the real number line
one point on the real number line. corresponds to exactly one real number.
Plotting Points on the Real Number Line

Plot the real numbers on the real number line.
7
a. −
4
b. 2.3
2
c.
3
d. −1.8
Solution The figure below shows all four points.
− 1.8 − 74 2
3
2.3
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
a. The point representing the real number − 74 = −1.75 lies between −2 and −1, but
closer to −2, on the real number line.
b. The point representing the real number 2.3 lies between 2 and 3, but closer to 2, on
the real number line.
c. The point representing the real number 23 = 0.666 . . . lies between 0 and 1, but
closer to 1, on the real number line.
d. The point representing the real number −1.8 lies between −2 and −1, but closer to
−2, on the real number line. Note that the point representing −1.8 lies slightly to
the left of the point representing − 74.
Plot the real numbers on the real number line.

5
a. b. −1.6
2
3
c. − d. 0.7
4
Ordering Real Numbers

One important property of real numbers is that they are ordered.
Definition of Order on the Real Number Line

If a and b are real numbers, then a is less than b when b − a is positive. The
inequality a < b denotes the order of a and b. This relationship can also be
described by saying that b is greater than a and writing b > a. The inequality
a ≤ b means that a is less than or equal to b, and the inequality b ≥ a means
that b is greater than or equal to a. The symbols <, >, ≤, and ≥ are inequality
a b
symbols.
−1 0 1 2
a < b if and only if a lies to the left

of b. Geometrically, this definition implies that a < b if and only if a lies to the left of
Figure P.2 b on the real number line, as shown in Figure P.2.
Ordering Real Numbers

Place the appropriate inequality symbol (< or >) between the pair of real numbers.
−4 −3 −2 −1 0
a. −3, 0 b. −2, −4 c. 14, 13
Figure P.3
Solution
a. On the real number line, −3 lies to the left of 0, as shown in Figure P.3. So, you can
−4 −3 −2 −1 0
say that −3 is less than 0, and write −3 < 0.
Figure P.4
b. On the real number line, −2 lies to the right of −4, as shown in Figure P.4. So, you
can say that −2 is greater than −4, and write −2 > −4.
1
4
1
3
c. On the real number line, 14 lies to the left of 13, as shown in Figure P.5. So, you can
say that 14 is less than 13, and write 14 < 13.
0 1
Figure P.5 Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com
Place the appropriate inequality symbol (< or >) between the pair of real numbers.
a. 1, −5 b. 32, 7 c. − 23, − 34
Interpreting Inequalities
See LarsonPrecalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.
Describe the subset of real numbers that the inequality represents.
a. x ≤ 2 b. −2 ≤ x < 3
x≤2
x
Solution
0 1 2 3 4 a. The inequality x ≤ 2 denotes all real numbers less than or equal to 2, as shown in
Figure P.6 Figure P.6.
b. The inequality −2 ≤ x < 3 means that x ≥ −2 and x < 3. This “double inequality”
−2 ≤ x < 3 denotes all real numbers between −2 and 3, including −2 but not including 3, as
x shown in Figure P.7.
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
Figure P.7
Describe the subset of real numbers that the inequality represents.
a. x > −3 b. 0 < x ≤ 4
Inequalities can describe subsets of real numbers called intervals. In the bounded
intervals below, the real numbers a and b are the endpoints of each interval. The
endpoints of a closed interval are included in the interval, whereas the endpoints of an
open interval are not included in the interval.
Bounded Intervals on the Real Number Line

REMARK The reason that Notation Interval Type Inequality Graph
the four types of intervals at
[a, b] Closed a ≤ x ≤ b x
the right are called bounded is a b
that each has a finite length. An
interval that does not have a (a, b) Open a < x < b x
a b
finite length is unbounded
(see below). [a, b) a ≤ x < b x
a b
(a, b] a < x ≤ b x
a b
The symbols ∞, positive infinity, and − ∞, negative infinity, do not represent

real numbers. They are convenient symbols used to describe the unboundedness of an
interval such as (1, ∞) or (− ∞, 3].
REMARK Whenever you

write an interval containing Unbounded Intervals on the Real Number Line
∞ or − ∞, always use a Notation Interval Type Inequality Graph
parenthesis and never a bracket
next to these symbols. This is [a, ∞) x ≥ a x
a
because ∞ and − ∞ are never
included in the interval. (a, ∞) Open x > a x
a
(− ∞, b] x ≤ b x
b
(− ∞, b) Open x < b x
b
(− ∞, ∞) Entire real line −∞ < x < ∞ x
Interpreting Intervals
a. The interval (−1, 0) consists of all real numbers greater than −1 and less than 0.
b. The interval [2, ∞) consists of all real numbers greater than or equal to 2.
Give a verbal description of the interval [−2, 5).
Using Inequalities to Represent Intervals
a. The inequality c ≤ 2 can represent the statement “c is at most 2.”

b. The inequality −3 < x ≤ 5 can represent “all x in the interval (−3, 5].”
Use inequality notation to represent the statement “x is less than 4 and at least −2.”
Absolute Value and Distance

The absolute value of a real number is its magnitude, or the distance between the origin
and the point representing the real number on the real number line.
Definition of Absolute Value

If a is a real number, then the absolute value of a is
∣a∣ = {−a,
a, a ≥ 0
.
a < 0
Notice in this definition that the absolute value of a real number is never negative.
∣ ∣
For example, if a = −5, then −5 = − (−5) = 5. The absolute value of a real
number is either positive or zero. Moreover, 0 is the only real number whose absolute
∣∣
value is 0. So, 0 = 0.
Properties of Absolute Values
∣∣
1. a ≥ 0 ∣ ∣ ∣∣
2. −a = a
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣∣ ∣
3. ab = a b 4.
∣∣
a
b
=
∣a∣, b ≠ 0
∣b∣
Finding Absolute Values
∣ ∣
a. −15 = 15 b.
∣∣
2
3
=
2
3
c. ∣−4.3∣ = 4.3 ∣ ∣
d. − −6 = − (6) = −6
Evaluate each expression.
a. 1 ∣∣ b. −
∣∣
3
4
c.
2
∣ ∣
−3
d. − 0.7 ∣ ∣
Evaluating an Absolute Value Expression
Evaluate
∣x∣ for (a) x > 0 and (b) x < 0.
x
Solution
∣x∣ = x = 1.
a. If x > 0, then x is positive and x = x. So, ∣∣ x x
∣x∣ = −x = −1.
b. If x < 0, then x is negative and x = −x. So, ∣∣ x x
Evaluate
∣x + 3∣ for (a) x > −3 and (b) x < −3.
x+3
The Law of Trichotomy states that for any two real numbers a and b, precisely
one of three relationships is possible:
a = b, a < b, or a > b. Law of Trichotomy
Comparing Real Numbers

Place the appropriate symbol (<, >, or =) between the pair of real numbers.
a. −4∣ ∣■∣3∣ ∣
b. −10 ∣■∣10∣ c. − −7∣ ∣■∣−7∣
Solution
∣ ∣ ∣∣ ∣ ∣ ∣∣
a. −4 > 3 because −4 = 4 and 3 = 3, and 4 is greater than 3.
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
b. −10 = 10 because −10 = 10 and 10 = 10. ∣ ∣
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
c. − −7 < −7 because − −7 = −7 and −7 = 7, and −7 is less than 7.
Place the appropriate symbol (<, >, or =) between the pair of real numbers.
a. −3 ■ 4
∣ ∣ ∣∣
b. − −4 ■− 4
∣ ∣ ∣∣
c. −3 ■− −3
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
Absolute value can be used to find the distance between two points on the real
7 number line. For example, the distance between −3 and 4 is
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
∣−3 − 4∣ = ∣−7∣
=7
The distance between −3 and 4 is 7.
Figure P.8 as shown in Figure P.8.
Distance Between Two Points on the Real Number Line

Let a and b be real numbers. The distance between a and b is
∣ ∣ ∣
d(a, b) = b − a = a − b . ∣
Finding a Distance
Find the distance between −25 and 13.
Solution
The distance between −25 and 13 is
∣−25 − 13∣ = ∣−38∣ = 38. Distance between −25 and 13
One application of finding the The distance can also be found as follows.
distance between two points on
the real number line is finding a
∣13 − (−25)∣ = ∣38∣ = 38 Distance between −25 and 13
change in temperature. Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com
a. Find the distance between 35 and −23.

b. Find the distance between −35 and −23.
c. Find the distance between 35 and 23.
VladisChern/Shutterstock.com
Algebraic Expressions
One characteristic of algebra is the use of letters to represent numbers. The letters are
variables, and combinations of letters and numbers are algebraic expressions. Here
are a few examples of algebraic expressions.
4
5x, 2x − 3, , 7x + y
x2 + 2
Definition of an Algebraic Expression

An algebraic expression is a collection of letters (variables) and real
numbers (constants) combined using the operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and exponentiation.
The terms of an algebraic expression are those parts that are separated by addition.
For example, x 2 − 5x + 8 = x 2 + (−5x) + 8 has three terms: x 2 and −5x are the
variable terms and 8 is the constant term. For terms such as x2, −5x, and 8, the
numerical factor is the coefficient. Here, the coefficients are 1, −5, and 8.
Identifying Terms and Coefficients

Algebraic Expression Terms Coefficients
1 1 1
a. 5x − 5x, − 5, −
7 7 7
b. 2x − 6x + 9
2 2x , −6x, 9
2 2, −6, 9
3 1 4 3 1 4 1
c. + x −y , x , −y 3, , −1
x 2 x 2 2
Identify the terms and coefficients of −2x + 4.
The Substitution Principle states, “If a = b, then b can replace a in any

expression involving a.” Use the Substitution Principle to evaluate an algebraic
expression by substituting numerical values for each of the variables in the expression.
The next example illustrates this.
Evaluating Algebraic Expressions

Value of Value of
Expression Variable Substitute. Expression
a. −3x + 5 x=3 −3(3) + 5 −9 + 5 = −4
b. 3x 2 + 2x − 1 x = −1 3(−1)2 + 2(−1) − 1 3−2−1=0
2x 2(−3) −6
c. x = −3 =3
x+1 −3 + 1 −2
Note that you must substitute the value for each occurrence of the variable.
Evaluate 4x − 5 when x = 0.
Basic Rules of Algebra

There are four arithmetic operations with real numbers: addition, multiplication,
subtraction, and division, denoted by the symbols +, × or ∙ , −, and ÷ or ,
respectively. Of these, addition and multiplication are the two primary operations.
Subtraction and division are the inverse operations of addition and multiplication,
respectively.
Definitions of Subtraction and Division

Subtraction: Add the opposite. Division: Multiply by the reciprocal.
(b) = b .
1 a
a − b = a + (−b) If b ≠ 0, then ab = a
In these definitions, −b is the additive inverse (or opposite) of b, and 1b is

the multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal) of b. In the fractional form ab, a is
the numerator of the fraction and b is the denominator.
The properties of real numbers below are true for variables and algebraic
expressions as well as for real numbers, so they are often called the Basic Rules of
Algebra. Formulate a verbal description of each of these properties. For example, the
first property states that the order in which two real numbers are added does not affect
their sum.
Basic Rules of Algebra

Let a, b, and c be real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions.
Property Example
Commutative Property of Addition: a+b=b+a 4x + x 2 = x 2 + 4x
Commutative Property of Multiplication: ab = ba (4 − x) x 2 = x 2(4 − x)
Associative Property of Addition: (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (x + 5) + x 2 = x + (5 + x 2)
Associative Property of Multiplication: (ab) c = a(bc) (2x ∙ 3y)(8) = (2x)(3y ∙ 8)
Distributive Properties: a(b + c) = ab + ac 3x(5 + 2x) = 3x ∙ 5 + 3x ∙ 2x
(a + b)c = ac + bc ( y + 8) y = y ∙ y + 8 ∙ y
Additive Identity Property: a+0=a 5y 2 + 0 = 5y 2
Multiplicative Identity Property: a∙1=a (4x 2)(1) = 4x 2
Additive Inverse Property: a + (−a) = 0 5x 3 + (−5x 3) = 0
( )
1 1
Multiplicative Inverse Property: a ∙ = 1, a ≠ 0 (x 2 + 4) 2 =1
a x +4
Subtraction is defined as “adding the opposite,” so the Distributive Properties are

also true for subtraction. For example, the “subtraction form” of a(b + c) = ab + ac
is a(b − c) = ab − ac. Note that the operations of subtraction and division are neither
commutative nor associative. The examples
7 − 3 ≠ 3 − 7 and 20 ÷ 4 ≠ 4 ÷ 20
show that subtraction and division are not commutative. Similarly
5 − (3 − 2) ≠ (5 − 3) − 2 and 16 ÷ (4 ÷ 2) ≠ (16 ÷ 4) ÷ 2
demonstrate that subtraction and division are not associative.
Identifying Rules of Algebra

Identify the rule of algebra illustrated by the statement.
a. (5x 3)2 = 2(5x 3) b. (4x + 3) − (4x + 3) = 0
1
c. 7x ∙ = 1, x≠0 d. (2 + 5x 2) + x 2 = 2 + (5x 2 + x 2)
7x
Solution
a. This statement illustrates the Commutative Property of Multiplication. In other
words, you obtain the same result whether you multiply 5x3 by 2, or 2 by 5x3.
b. This statement illustrates the Additive Inverse Property. In terms of subtraction, this
property states that when any expression is subtracted from itself, the result is 0.
c. This statement illustrates the Multiplicative Inverse Property. Note that x must be a
nonzero number. The reciprocal of x is undefined when x is 0.
d. This statement illustrates the Associative Property of Addition. In other words, to
form the sum 2 + 5x2 + x2, it does not matter whether 2 and 5x2, or 5x2 and x2 are
added first.
Identify the rule of algebra illustrated by the statement.

a. x + 9 = 9 + x b. 5(x3 ∙ 2) = (5x3)2 c. (2 + 5x2)y2 = 2 ∙ y2 + 5x2 ∙ y2
REMARK Notice the
difference between the opposite
of a number and a negative
number. If a is already Properties of Negation and Equality
negative, then its opposite, −a,
is positive. For example, if Let a, b, and c be real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions.
a = −5, then Property Example
−a = −(−5) = 5. 1. (−1) a = −a (−1)7 = −7
2. − (−a) = a − (−6) = 6
3. (−a)b = − (ab) = a(−b) (−5)3 = − (5 ∙ 3) = 5(−3)
4. (−a)(−b) = ab (−2)(−x) = 2x
5. − (a + b) = (−a) + (−b) − (x + 8) = (−x) + (−8)
= −x − 8
1
6. If a = b, then a ± c = b ± c. 2 + 3 = 0.5 + 3
7. If a = b, then ac = bc. 42 ∙ 2 = 16 ∙ 2
8. If a ± c = b ± c, then a = b. 1.4 − 1 = 75 − 1 1.4 = 75
9. If ac = bc and c ≠ 0, then a = b. 3x = 3 ∙ 4 x=4
REMARK The “or” in the Properties of Zero

Zero-Factor Property includes
the possibility that either or both Let a and b be real numbers, variables, or algebraic expressions.
factors may be zero. This is an 1. a + 0 = a and a − 0 = a 2. a ∙ 0 = 0
inclusive or, and it is generally
the way the word “or” is used in 0 a
3. = 0, a ≠ 0 4. is undefined.
mathematics. a 0
5. Zero-Factor Property: If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.
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Title: Cobra
Author: Martin Brown

Russell Holman
Release date: December 3, 2023 [eBook #72297]
Language: English
Original publication: New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1925
Credits: Al Haines
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COBRA ***

COBRA
BY
MARTIN BROWN
AND
RUSSELL HOLMAN
A NOVELIZATION OF THE
FAMOUS STAGE SUCCESS
BY MARTIN BROWN
Illustrated with scenes from the photoplay

A Ritz-Paramount Picture starring
RUDOLPH VALENTINO
GROSSET & DUNLAP

PUBLISHERS NEW YORK
Made in the United States of America
COPYRIGHT, 1925, BY
GROSSET & DUNLAP
COBRA
CHAPTER I
Even for southern Italy, where superlative scenery is as common as wine,

the view from the terrace of the Café Del Mare on such a night was
enchanting.
In the moonlight the rocky shore line for half a mile or more was almost
as clearly defined as by day. A hundred precipitous feet below, the oily
waters of the bay gleamed like highly polished glass. The riding lights of a
score of sea craft shone palely. Four miles to sea, Capri nestled brightly in
the semi-darkness. Only for the intervening hills, the café might have
commanded a spectacle of the acres of crowding lighting that was Naples,
five miles to the northeastward across a segment of the crescent bay.
Nevertheless the corpulent Italian with the bristling moustachios

scowled. He stood in the doorway of the Café Del Mare, with fairyland
spread before him, and scowled. His grievance was professional. He was the
proprietor of the café, and his annoyance at the moonlit panorama was due to
the fact that it had not brought him more customers and liras.
He turned from his frowning contemplation of the bay and vented his
mental displeasure upon the dozen or more Italians chattering around the
tables on the terrace. Bah! They would sit there all night and talk and quarrel
and laugh, but they bought only once in a great while. There was little
money in Italians. They were useful only as local color for the real spenders,
the tourists. For some reason the Café Del Mare did not attract many
tourists.
At the present moment the establishment sheltered but three, all of them
seated inside. It was stuffy and dimly lighted in there. Also a piano, a guitar
and a harp were being tortured with execrable results only a few feet from
them. But they seemed to prefer the discords to the noise of the natives on
the terrace.
Of the three tourists, the hawk-like Englishman and his mouse-like wife
had already incurred the displeasure of Signor Palladino, the proprietor. The
Englishman, who was in Italy for his health, had complained testily in
schoolroom Italian that the salad was indigestible and the wine not at all
what he had ordered. There had been words, and hostilities would probably
be renewed when the check arrived.
The third tourist, sitting apart by the open window overlooking the bay,
was young and apparently an American. He did not, however, drink
everything on the card, as Americans in Italy do. He had been sitting there
now for nearly an hour, his one bottle of wine consumed. An expression of
quiet, well-bred contentment was upon his rather delicate blond features. He
was an unobtrusive patron, but not a profitable one.
Seated quite near the American was the remaining male sharing the
hospitality of Signor Palladino's red-tiled roof and enduring his "orchestra."
He was also young, and strikingly handsome in the dark, polished, bold-eyed
manner of the true Italian aristocrat. He could be accused neither of
parsimony nor of abstemiousness. Although he had been lounging at his
table but ten minutes, already he had drunk two bottles of wine and had
ordered a third. The black-eyed little flower-girl, noting his thirst and his
good looks, entered from her vain round of the terrace tables and approached
him with her wares. He saw in a rapid appraisal how pretty and vivacious
she was. His dark eyes narrowed slightly and a smile curled his full lips. He
not only bought from her; he pressed her white hand and bestowed upon her
her largest gratuity in many weeks.
The proprietor watched this bit of by-play, and his scowl deepened. He
knew this young Italian well; he had known his father and his grandfather
before him. As the flower girl, still blushing, hurried past Signor Palladino to
think it over in the outer air, the proprietor caught her by the elbow and
muttered a guttural reprimand, "Tend to your business."
She smiled pertly and flashed back, "The customers are my business.
You tell me always to be nice to them. Besides—he is very good looking."
"And very penniless," sneered Palladino.
"Ah, but his looks—they excuse a lot," the flower miss insisted softly.
"They do not pay bills. And they cause trouble," retorted the proprietor.
As she flounced away, he watched the trim back of the half-grown girl.
Palladino sighed, heavily, as fat, old men sigh. He had cherished ambitions
in the flower-girl's direction for a while. But, alas! he was not young and
handsome and bold.
"Ah, buona sera, signor," rumbled a voice at the proprietor's elbow. For
such a large fellow, Palladino turned quickly. His face assumed for an instant
the professional mask of benignant welcome. But he dropped it quickly as he
recognized the owner of the voice.
The newcomer was a huge hulk of an Italian well past middle age,
though trying hard to conceal the fact. He was much too ostentatiously clad
in garments that fairly sobbed for the immediate attention of tailor and
laundress. The purple cravat, for instance, though tied with extreme care,
was stabbed with a diamond so immense that it could not possibly be real.
The cravat was spotted with grease, and its borders were frayed. The
accoster of Signor Palladino carried in his yellow-gloved hand a thick
yellow cane, ornately carved and wore a slightly wilted carnation in his
button-hole.
"Signor Minardi has doubtless come to pay his reckoning of last

evening," suggested the proprietor in Italian and with evident sarcasm.
Victor Minardi coughed, to conceal confusion. He had expected a chilly

reception. Last night there had been rather an unpleasant altercation between
himself and Signor Palladino. Having returned but yesterday from a two
months' business sojourn in Rome, Victor Minardi had assembled a few
friends in the evening at the Café Del Mare and officiated at a welcome
home reception. At the conclusion, very late, of the festivities he had been
quite confused and loud. He had lacked sufficient liras to pay his reckoning.
There had been words and threats, but he had escaped with the debt still
unsettled.
"Perhaps I will very soon pay you what I owe—and more," offered
Minardi. The blinking of his small, weak eyes was intended to be
shrewdness.
Palladino shrugged his fat shoulders.
"If Count Rodrigo Torriani is here," Miniardi continued, "I will maybe
tell you more quickly than you think. Tell me—is he here?"
The proprietor sniffed at Minardi and said contemptuously, "You expect

Count Torriani to pay for you and you do not even know what he looks
like?"
"I have not the honor of his acquaintance," said Minardi, "but my
daughter Rosa has. And I have with me a specimen of his handwriting that
may prove valuable." He drew from his pocket a wrinkled sheet of paper. As
Palladino, curiosity at last aroused, reached for it, Minardi held it gently out
of his reach. "If there is somewhere we can talk—in private," offered
Minardi. He looked around and met with a start the interested face of the
little flower-girl, who in her rounds had paused near them. She moved away
at once, the suspicious looks of the two men following her.
Palladino plucked at the shiny sleeve of Minardi and they stepped

outside in the shadow of the cool stucco wall. In the flickering light of the
ornamental lantern near the entrance-way, the former read from the paper.
Rosa mia:
My car will be waiting outside the Café Del Mare at ten to-
morrow night. I can hardly live until I again kiss your sweet
lips.
RODRIGO.
Palladino looked significantly at his companion, his natural avarice
stirred by the opportunity held out to him. "That he should break the heart of
my innocent Rosa!—there are things, Palladino, that a father cannot endure.
My family, my honor demand satisfaction."
The proprietor recognized the feelings of the outraged father by advising

that they be voiced in a lower tone.
"After all, Count Torriani is not the only Rodrigo in Italy," said
Palladino. "Your daughter Rosa must know more than one."
"I intercepted this note at noon, when I awoke. A boy brought it when
Rosa was in Naples at her work. I questioned her when she returned. She has
admitted that Torriani is the man. There are other letters more ardent than
this one. See!" And he drew out a packet from his pocket.
Palladino pondered the matter. In his mercenary breast blended the new
Fascisti-inspired dislike of the aristocrats with the ingrained contempt of the
shopkeeper for his betters. He did not especially loathe young Count
Rodrigo Torriani, last scion of a once powerful but now quite penniless
family of local aristocrats. Nor did he fear him. He merely debated in his
mind whether the gossip regarding the Torriani debts was accurate and
whether to join Minardi in his venture was not to blackmail an empty purse.
About Rosa's alleged injury and her father's concern over it, Palladino had
no illusions. The question was simply whether the letters in Minardi's greasy
coat were valuable enough to merit a risk. On the whole, he decided they
were. He drew Minardi closer to him and drew up a plan.
The young Italian inside the Café Del Mare, having partaken of his
fourth bottle of wine and glanced at his watch, was preparing to depart when
the proprietor, looking very unctuous and important, approached and
whispered into his ear, for several minutes. The young man smiled and
nodded. The smile approached a sneer as his eyes followed the back of
Palladino lumbering over to the side door of the café, which led down steps
to the sea-wall, and opening it. Palladino peered back at his patron and
indicated that he might use this exit. The young man again nodded. As the
flower-girl passed his table he nodded to her too, but differently. The nod
told the flower-girl that what she had stolen in to whisper to him five
minutes previously was being confirmed. The young man drained his
wineglass. Drama lurked in the offing. He was thoroughly enjoying himself.
What happened next promised at first to add to his rather sardonic sense
of humor. The young American, having paid his bill, arose, took up his hat
and prepared to depart. Since the newly-opened side door was handy and
framed an alluring view of the moonlit bay, the American went through it
and down the steps toward the sea wall. At once the young Italian, for whom
the door had been opened, arose and slipped over to the shadows just inside
the exit. He did not have to wait long. Almost at once came heavy scurrying
footsteps outside. A deep voice roared in Italian, "So, Count Torriani, we
meet at last!" Minardi had leaped from his ambush.
Warned by the proprietor that the trap was set and to seize the admirer of
Rosa as he sought escape through the side door, Minardi accosted the
American with the exuberance of a shaggy great St. Bernard dog leaping at a
burglar.
"There is some mistake," protested the American quietly in Italian. He

was not nearly as excited as his accuser.
"No, no," cried Minardi, whipping himself into a fine frenzy. "I have
sought you all day. About my Rosa. You have mistreated her. It is a serious
thing." He laid hold of the coat lapels of the American, at the same time
wondering why the fellow did not bid him be quiet and come along to talk
business in private. Palladino, lurking further along in the shadow and quite
aware a mistake was being made, deemed silence the better course for
himself. Let Minardi suffer for his error, the stupid cabbage.
"I know nothing of your Rosa. You have the wrong man," said the
American, and he tried to pass his tormentor.
"Bah! You cannot fool me. I am Rosa's papa. Look!" Minardi whipped
the letters from his pocket and waved them in the air. He turned and waved
them in the faces of the dozen or more of his countrymen who, attracted by
the noise, had at once deserted their tables and wine and were clustering
about him.
"This man has injured my daughter, my family! He must pay. Is it not

right?" cried Minardi, inspired by his audience. They muttered. They
regarded the American with sullen suspicion and rising anger. They had no
interest either in Minardi or his daughter. But they were of a low order of
city-bred Italians who are always spoiling for a row and are on the side of
the contestant with the louder voice.
To the young aristocrat, viewing and hearing the controversy from the
shelter of Signor Palladino's side door, it seemed that at this point the
comedy had proceeded far enough. It had ceased to appeal to him. So he
stepped out and down the stone steps and ranged himself beside the
American, who had turned a little white in the face of the rising menace but
was otherwise composed.
"Can I be of assistance?" asked the Italian.
The American welcomed the unlooked-for offer. He pointed to Minardi.

"This man is accusing me of something I know nothing about. He evidently
thinks I am someone else. I can't seem to make him see his mistake." At the
same time he handed his card to his would-be rescuer.
The card read: "John Dorning, Dorning and Son, Antiques, New York."
The young Italian flicked the card with a flourish. His lean jaw squared
and he turned on Minardi. "You have made a grave error," he said rapidly in
Italian. "This gentleman is an American. He is not the person you seek at
all." And as Minardi broke into a shrill protest, he interrupted, "Stop! Do you
want to be arrested? Do you wish the American Consul to prosecute you?
Fool! Go! And tell your friends to go also."
He turned swiftly to the American and said in low-voiced English, "And

we had better go too. These people are stupid and quarrelsome. Come along.
My car is the other side of the inn."
He turned his back upon the crowd and forged away rapidly, the
American following. They broke through bushes and the scent of disturbed
flowers assailed their nostrils. They dodged through shadows. At length they
came out where a low-hanging Isotta roadster was drawn up just out of the
road. Behind them sounded pursuing voices and the crackling of bushes.
Some one hurled a stick that landed in a flower bed short of them. They
could distinguish Minardi's voice booming futilely amid the din.
The young Italian turned his head back toward them and laughed
derisively into the moonlight as he pressed his foot upon the starter of his
car. With a roar and the sudden pungent odor of petrol, the Isotta leaped
forth like a leopard springing at a bullock.
A half mile of silent and hard driving, along the shore road, and the car
was whipped abruptly to the left into a rough dirt highway and started
climbing. The driver slowed down, due to rocks and ruts, furnishing an
opportunity for conversation.
"I neglected to introduce myself," he smiled. "I am Rodrigo Torriani, the

admirer of Rosa."
John Dorning jolted about in sober silence.
"That, of course, put me under obligation to rescue you when the fool
Minardi mixed us up," explained Count Rodrigo gayly. "Now I am taking
you to my home—for a drink, at least, if you will honor me."
"It is I who am honored," said Dorning without enthusiasm. He did not

wish to offend his rescuer. But he would have preferred now to have
banished this whole unpleasant episode from his mind by being taken at
once back to his hotel in Naples. He had had himself driven out along the
shore in an open carriage from his stuffy hotel for the sake of the view and
the air. The carriage and its patient driver were even now waiting for him at
the café. Dorning had sat at the Café Del Mare for half an hour absorbing a
bottle of wine and the glories of the moonlit bay. Then had come this
tumultuous destruction of his solitude, followed by the jouncing escape
beside this handsome young Italian of about his own age, which was twenty-
five. Dorning fancied neither the man nor his gayety.
"Ah—we arrive!" sang out Count Rodrigo suddenly and celebrated the
fact by swinging so sharply in through the iron gates that Dorning was
almost flung from the seat. They glided around a circular drive and stopped
in front of a typical stucco Renaissance palace looming massively in the
half-darkness and even in the bad light showing the need of repair.
The Italian led the way through the great grilled door and into the stone-
paved entrance hall with its high ceilings and elaborately frescoed walls.
John Dorning's interest was aroused at once. Whatever the Count Torriani
was, his residence showed almost immediate prospects to the entering visitor
of being a treasure house of Italian art and sculpture.
Count Rodrigo clapped his hands. "Maria! Maria!" he called. And to

Dorning, "Please sit down." He glanced at his guest, who was wholly
occupied in surveying the shadowy Renaissance angels and saints on the
wall opposite. "You are interested in murals!—but, of course, Dorning and
Son. I remember the shop on Fifth Avenue. I was in New York last summer.
I shall be glad to show you around this place. I have some originals that are
considered very good."
He clapped his hands again. "Maria!" he called. Maria appeared. She was
past middle age and fat and sleepy. She panted in anxiously and nodded
vigorously as Rodrigo ordered wine. She panted in again soon, a scrolled
solid silver tray with wine bottles and glasses in her hand, and set it down
before the two men. They drank solemnly to the destruction of Minardi.
John Dorning was almost immediately glad that he had come. Amid
these splendors of a bygone day he was at home. Peace and contentment,
aided by the wine, crept over him. The sixteenth century chair upon which
he sat, the intricately carved table which held his wine-glass, the frescoed
walls, the painted ceilings—these were part of his world, the world he loved.
Young Count Rodrigo sensed what sort of man his guest was at once,
and was pleased. For there was in the young Italian, among other qualities
less desirable, a strain of appreciation of the beautiful. He was proud of the
masterpieces of art which his run-down palace sheltered. He abandoned
abruptly his description, over the second glass of wine, of how Minardi's
mistake had come about and switched the conversation to the Renaissance
and what it owed to the famous Giotto, a rare specimen of whose work hung
before them.
John Dorning warmed up at once. In half an hour he found himself liking

his host and rendering silent tribute to the man's intimate knowledge of the
whole range of Italian painting and sculpture. The flippancy had gone out of
Torriani's manner. The two men argued, agreed, split, and drank more wine.
Maria, waddling in and out with refreshments, wondered if she would ever
again get to her bed. Dorning suggested that one trouble with the
Renaissance painters was that they laid too little emphasis upon technical
perfection.
"Technical perfection—bah!" cried Torriani, springing up, spilling his

wine, striding over to the painting by Giotto. "Look at this, man! Look at it.
And try to tell me what knowledge of form and mere technical cleverness
have got to do with a genius like Giotto, who feels, who spreads the very
breath of life upon canvas!" The black eyes flashed. Torriani thumped his
chest.
Dorning wondered, in a whimsical turn of thought, how a man like this

could also be the "admirer of Rosa."
It was long after midnight when Rodrigo escorted his guest to a

bedchamber once occupied by Lorenzo the Magnificent.
CHAPTER II
The morning sun flooded the bedroom of the Torrianis. It glinted off the
massive antique furniture, revealing its beauty and the need of an immediate
dusting. It invaded the region of shadows and comparative coolness
underneath the canopy of the immense four-poster bed.
Though a new day was confronting him, the heir of the Torrianis slept
on.
In a larger sense, a new and rather cloudy day had six months previously
dawned for young Count Rodrigo Torriani, and he had not awakened to that
either. It had brought the loss of his family fortune, debts, Signor Minardi,
and an uncertainty as to his future. Rodrigo was vaguely aware of this new
metaphorical day. He had opened one eye to it sufficiently to dismiss all his
servants save Maria, who had sullenly refused to be dismissed. He had
started tentative negotiations to rent the palace that had been occupied by his
family for three centuries. But, beyond these gestures, he had continued to
pursue the same blithe, unproductive course as before.
Rodrigo was in this respect a great deal like his late father, Angelo
Torriani, the handsome, impulsive gentleman who was responsible largely
for the plight in which the young man now found himself. Angelo Torriani
too had been known even in the later years of his life as a waster. To be sure,
the elder Torriani had once mingled a bit of politics with his pleasures. It
was this unusual mixture of interests that had led to Angelo Torriani's
marriage.
For, sent upon a diplomatic mission by his government, the Italian

sportsman-politician, after twenty years of falling in and out of love without
jeopardizing his bachelorhood in the slightest, had suddenly lost his heart
utterly to the quiet, pretty and rather puritanical daughter of a minor English
title whom he encountered at a social function in London.
Angelo, like his son after him, had always been selfish in his loves. He
was a taker rather than a giver. But when he found that his accustomed
sweeping and very Latin style of love-making was not impressing the
sensible Edythe Newbold, he became a suppliant. He made solemn promises
to abandon his manner of living and he neglected his political duties. And,
having at last carried the citadel of her affections by this method, he found
that he must also batter down further defences in the form of a father who
thoroughly disliked him. Sir Henry Newbold had amassed his fortune and
title in the Indian trade. He distrusted foreigners. He particularly distrusted
foreigners who did not work. To obtain the hand of Edythe in marriage,
Angelo Torriani had to discard the habits and prejudices of three centuries of
idling Italian ancestors, enter Sir Henry's business, and go to India.
During the second of the sixteen years which Angelo Torriani spent
intermittently in Calcutta as resident manager of Newbold and Company,
Rodrigo was born to Edythe. In the fifteenth year, Rodrigo was sent to
England to school. In the same year, Sir Henry Newbold died, an elder son
of the self-made knight succeeding to the management of the business. For a
year Angelo Torriani carried on in an environment and trade which he had
always hated. When, at the end of that period, Edythe, never in robust health
and of the type which cannot become accustomed to the tropics, succumbed
to a fever, Angelo resigned his position and left India forever.
Returning, after those many years, to the palace of his fathers at Naples,
Angelo was for many weeks too much overcome with a very sincere grief
hardly to show himself outside the iron gates. But then the reaction smote
him. He became, after a few months, nearly the adventuresome Angelo of
old. He visited Florence, Rome, the Riviera. He re-entered politics,
tentatively at first, then more boldly. He began to notice again that women
were smiling at him and then lowering lashes. He spent freely both money
and energy. Still a handsome, virile figure at forty-five, he discovered that
life, after all, was still good. He struck a rapid pace after a while and
maintained it until about six months before Rodrigo Torriani met John
Dorning at the Café Del Mare. Angelo Torriani then died quite as suddenly
as he had fallen in love with Edythe Newbold. The sixteen years in India,
busy but abstemious years, had probably prolonged his life. But the blood of
the Torrianis, which killed young, had done for him at last.
Rodrigo was a lively, handsome child with large, snapping black eyes,
eyes such as friends of mothers jokingly say augur ill for the girls they
encounter when the child grows up. In this case, the prophecy worked out.
The boy grew up, energetic, quick-tempered, and very attractive.
At Eton, and, later, at Oxford, whence he had been sent from India at the
insistence of his mother, Rodrigo was not Edythe Newbold's son, but Angelo
Torriani's. He was naturally more popular with his fellows than with his
instructors. The latter did not like it because he apparently never studied.
This was particularly irritating to the plodding dons in view of the fact that
Rodrigo always passed his examinations with ease. He specialized in
subjects which he liked, and he did not like subjects for which he did not
possess a natural aptitude that made studying almost superfluous. Moreover,
he was quick-witted and he had had excellent English tutor in India.
Rodrigo spent most of his vacation periods in the London town house of
his mother's brother, Sir William Newbold, and the merchant-knight's rather
stuffy family. The family consisted of Rodrigo's prim aunt, who did not at all
possess her late sister's good looks or tolerance, and two weedy blond
daughters. Though the latter were both about his own age and his own
experience among the fair sex was at the time limited by his scholastic
activities, he yet treated Evelyn and Sylvia Newbold with a blasé
condescension which they did not fancy in the least. Neither did his Aunt
Helen, who had esteemed Angelo Torriani as quite unworthy of marrying
into the Newbolds and was continually urging Sir William to keep a tight
leash upon Angelo's son. Rodrigo, thus, during his leisure time from Oxford
found constant barriers in the way of his wandering very far in London on
pleasure bent.
It was the irony of fate that a social affair given under the circumspect
auspices of his uncle should have led to his acquaintance with Sophie
Binner.
Most of the Newbolds' acquaintances were people like themselves—rich,

self-satisfied, very respectable, and quite boring. The entertainments given
by this set for their very carefully selected guests were for the most part the
soul of convention. Bridge for the usual useless prizes, musicales by visiting
celebrities, box parties at the opera. On the evening that Sir William came
home from the office and suggested that the Newbolds give a Treasure Hunt,
his wife was at first mystified and then scandalized.
The Treasure Hunt was the fad of a rather fast set of London society. It
was in the nature of a hare and hounds chase, without the hares. The
participants started out from a central spot toward a distant goal, aided at
frequent intervals by clews posted upon trees, fences and other places. The
first to arrive at the goal was the winner. The hunts were usually
accompanied by considerable wining, dining and hilarity of a rather rowdy
type.
In answer to his wife's disapproval, Sir William announced that a mutual
and very respectable friend of theirs had been describing to him a Treasure
Hunt in which the friend had participated and which had quite converted him
to the sport.
"We have to give a party next month," Sir William urged in his fussy
voice. "I think our set needs a little stirring up. Why shouldn't we have a
Treasure Hunt! Many conservative people are going in for them. George
Trevor said he was quite charmed. And it is important in a business way that
I do something in his honor while he is in London. What do you say?"
After several days of deliberation, Helen Newbold yielded. The date was
set and preparations were started. Rodrigo, who had just come down from
Oxford for three weeks, was interested at once. For the first time since he
had been familiar with his uncle's family, they they were about to do
something that seemed to promise him some pleasure. He even asked
permission to invite some of his Oxford friends who were in town to share in
the fun, and received the permission after some questioning by his aunt as to
the respectability of these added guests. He invited William Terhune, a
Rhodes scholar from South Dakota, a raw-boned, husky chap, crew man and
born pleasure-seeker, and Leslie Bond, a classmate from London whom
Rodrigo admired for his witty tongue and suavity.
The Treasure Hunters were to travel in automobiles and Rodrigo secured

the use of his uncle's light sedan, neatly side-stepping the suggestion that his
two cousins travel along with Terhune, Bond and himself.
A large crowd of colorless people gathered one June afternoon in the

drive of the Newbolds' town house and received a light collation and their
instructions for the hunt. The first directions were to take them out to a
London suburb, and the cavalcade started sedately enough, most of the
sojourners undecided whether or not the Newbolds were attempting
something revolutionary and not quite respectable in this new type of
entertainment.
Rodrigo and his two friends were in a chaffing, carefree mood. Rodrigo
was never a conservative driver and soon had the borrowed car moving at a
pace that started the bobbies at the street intersections frowning and waving
admonitory hands at him. Having attained the open country and the little tea
house, to which their instructions had led them, in advance of the others, the
young men did not stop to partake of the refreshments arranged for them by
their host, but set off rapidly for the next rendezvous. This they never
attained.
For a half mile or so beyond the tea house, they overtook an open
runabout containing two very attractive young ladies. The blonde who was
driving was particularly pretty in a bold, artificially arranged way. The girl at
the wheel glanced back at the rapidly approaching car, flashed a friendly but
taunting smile at it, and then stepped upon the accelerator and attempted to
pull away from it. Rodrigo and his companions were interested and aroused
at once. Rodrigo sped up and the race was on.
The sedan's glittering radiator-cap was almost even with the left rear
wheel of the other car. Down a hill the cars swooped. Fifty yards farther on,
the car of Rodrigo was exactly abreast of the runabout. Then came a sharp
turn to the left, which the cars took together and plunged up the grade
leading to the little rustic bridge neck and neck.
And here came catastrophe.
For the turn and the bridge were surprises to both drivers. It was a small
wooden bridge spanning a ravine and a narrow stream running swiftly far
below. A stout railing stretched along either side of the road, across the
bridge. There was room for two carefully driven cars to pass each other. But
not room enough for two speed maniacs.
The thunder of the flying cars across the loose planks was broken by a
splintering crash. When the dust cleared away, the hood and front wheels of
the runabout were disclosed suspended in mid-air over the ravine, the glass
of the front lights and wind-shield were no more. Yet the motor of the
runabout was still throbbing, and the two girls, though dust-covered and with
faces bleeding slightly from tiny bits of glass that had pricked their skin,
were unhurt. They discovered this after moving cautiously around a little.
When Rodrigo and his companions drove slowly back to them, offering
succor, both girls were smiling, though a little uneasily to be sure, and the

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(eBook PDF) College Algebra 10th

Edition by Ron Larson

7 Matrices and Determinants 493

8 Sequences, Series, and Probability 561

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Tests A9

*Available at the text-specific website www.cengagebrain.com

• CalcView.com—video solutions to selected exercises

NEW Collaborative Project

REVISED Exercise Sets

2.6 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 217

Decomposing a Composite Function

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Vocabulary Exercises Intersection

92. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graph

25 discussion or test preparation.

Complete Solutions Manual (on instructor companion site)

Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero (login.cengage.com)

Instructor Companion Site

The Test Bank (on instructor companion site)

Lesson Plans (on instructor companion site)

MindTap for Mathematics

Note-Taking Guide / ISBN-13: 978-1-337-29151-4

MindTap for Mathematics

Reviewers of the Tenth Edition

Reviewers of the Previous Editions

My thanks to Robert Hostetler, The Behrend College, The Pennsylvania State

Ron Larson, Ph.D.

Autocatalytic Chemical Reaction (Exercise 84, page 40)

Computer Graphics (page 56)

Steel Beam Loading (Exercise 81, page 33)

Gallons of Water on Earth (page 17)

Change in Temperature (page 7)

P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties

{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } Set of whole numbers

{ . . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } Set of integers

ratio of two integers is irrational. The decimal representation of an irrational number

Classifying Real Numbers

Plotting Points on the Real Number Line

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Plot the real numbers on the real number line.

Ordering Real Numbers

Definition of Order on the Real Number Line

a < b if and only if a lies to the left

Ordering Real Numbers

Figure P.5 Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Bounded Intervals on the Real Number Line

The symbols ∞, positive infinity, and − ∞, negative infinity, do not represent

REMARK Whenever you

(− ∞, ∞) Entire real line −∞ < x < ∞ x

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Give a verbal description of the interval [−2, 5).

Using Inequalities to Represent Intervals

a. The inequality c ≤ 2 can represent the statement “c is at most 2.”

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Absolute Value and Distance

Definition of Absolute Value

Properties of Absolute Values

Finding Absolute Values

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Evaluate each expression.

Evaluating an Absolute Value Expression

Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com

Comparing Real Numbers

In these definitions, −b is the additive inverse (or opposite) of b, and 1b is

* START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COBRA *