Energy Overview: Scenario

Indian Energy Scenario

Coal dominates the energy mix in India, contributing to 55% of the
total primary energy production.

Oil accounts for about 36 % of India's total energy consumption.

India today is one of the top ten oil-guzzling nations in the world

Natural gas accounts for about 8.9 per cent of energy consumption
in the country.
The coal reserves in India up to the depth of 1200 meters have been
estimated by the Geological Survey of India at 285.86 billion tonnes

Out of which Proved Reserves are 114 billion tonnes

(Proved reserves are coal resources that can be extracted utilising

present technology )

Reserves of Lignite are 40.9 billion tonnes out of which 15 billion tonnes
are proven

Coal & Lignite production in the country during the year 2010-11 was 533 &
38 million tonnes
Definitions

Resource The amount of coal that may be present in a deposit or

coalfield. This does not take into account the feasibility of
mining the coal economically. Not all resources are
recoverable using current technology.
Reserves Reserves can be defined in terms of proved (or measured)
reserves and probable (or indicated) reserves. Probable
results have been estimated with a lower degree of
confidence than proved reserves.
Proved Reserves Reserves that are not only considered to be recoverable
but can also be recovered economically. This means they
take into account what current mining technology can
achieve and the economics of recovery. Proved reserves
will therefore change according to the price of coal; if the
price of coal is low proved reserves will decrease.

Inferred reserves Reserves based upon broad geologic knowledge for which
quantative measurements are not available
The country's industrial heritage was built upon indigenous coal.

Commercial primary energy consumption in India has grown by

about 700% in the last four decades.

Considering the limited reserve potentiality of petroleum & natural

gas, eco-conservation restriction on hydel project and geo-political
perception of nuclear power, coal will continue to occupy centre-
stage of India 's energy scenario
Reserves of Crude oil in India are 757 million tonnes and that of natural
gas 1241 billion cubic meters

Consumption of crude oil in the country 160 million tonnes per annum

Domestic production of crude oil 38 million tonnes per annum (2010-11)

Domestic production of natural gas 52 billion cubic meters (2010-11)

Total Installed Capacity in India as on 30-6-2012

Sector MW %age
State Sector 86,275.40 42.01

Central Sector 62,073.63 30.22

Private Sector 56,991.23 27.75

Total 2,05,340.26
 Installed Capacity by Fuel Type

Fuel MW %age
Total Thermal 136436.18 66.44

Coal 116,333.38 56.65

Gas 18,903.05 9.20

Oil 1,199.75 0.58
Hydro (Renewable) 39,291.40 19.13
Nuclear 4,780.00 2.32
RES** (MNRE) 24,832.68 12.09
Total 2,05,340.26 100.00

Renewable Energy Sources(RES)

Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE)

BU billion units
 The PLF in the country during 2007-08 to 2011-12

Year Target Actual Sector-wise Actual

(%) (%) Central State Private
2007-08 77.1 78.6 86.7 71.9 90.8
2008-09 79.17 77.19 84.30 71.17 91.01
2009-10 77.20 77.50 85.49 70.90 85.68
2010-11 72.1 75.1 85.1 66.7 85.6
2011-12 68.69 73.32 82.12 68.0 76.19

PLF is Plant Load Factor which is the ratio of actual power generated in a year
by a thermal power plant to the maximum power that can be generated if the
plant operates to full capacity for 24 X 365 hours in a year

PLF for the country, accounts for all thermal power plants operating in the
country
 Power Supply Position

Energy Peak
Year Requirem Availabilit Surplus/Deficts(-) Peak Peak Met Sirplus/Deficts(-)
ent y Demand
(MU) (MU) (MU) (%) (MW) (MW) (MW) (%)
2007-08 7,39,345 6,66,007 73,338 9.9 1,08,866 90,793 18,073 16.6
2008-09 7,77,039 6,91,038 86,001 11.1 1,09,809 96,785 13,024 11.9
2009-10 8,30,594 7,46,644 83,950 10.1 1,19,166 1,04,009 15,157 12.7
2010-11 8,61,591 7,88,355 73,236 8.5 1,22,287 1,10,256 12,031 9.8
2011-12 9,37,199 8,57,886 79,313 8.5 1,30,006 1,16,191 13,815 10.6
Net profits of power sector
the number of villages electrified so far has increased to 5,07,451. Of the
5.87 lakh villages in India, only about 80,000 villages are unelectrified at
present

nine states-Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Haryana, Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,

Maharashtra, Gujarat and Sikkim-have achieved 100 per cent
electrification, Uttar Pradesh with 23,765 villages, Bihar with 19,651
villages, Orissa with 11,864 villages and Assam with 5,666 villages top the
states with largest number of villages yet to be electrified

Around 40% of households in India still await electrification

the number of agricultural pumpsets energised all over the country stands
at 126,82,019 (about 127 million).
Definition of Electrified Village
5.1 The definition of an Electrified Village was specified under the Ministry of
Power’s O.M. No.42/1/2001-D(RE) dated 5th February 2004 as given below.

A village would be classified as electrified based on a Certificate issued by the Gram

Panchayat, certifying that –

a) Basic infrastructure such as Distribution Transformer and Distribution Lines are

provided in the inhabited locality as well as a minimum of one Dalit Basti / hamlet
where it exists; and

b) Electricity is provided to public places like Schools, Panchayat Office, Health

Centers, Dispensaries, Community Centers etc.; and

c) The number of households electrified are at least 10% of the total number of
households in the village.
 Year AT & C Losses (%)

2003-04 34.78
2004-05 34.33
2005-06 33.02
2006-07 30.62
2007-08 29.45
2008-09 27.74
2009-10 27.15

, AT&C – aggregate transmission & commercial

Earlier it was known as Transmission & Distribution (T & D ) losses

As the T&D loss was not able to account all the losses in the net work, concept of
Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) loss was introduced. AT&C loss accounts
technical as well as commercial losses in the network including theft and is a true
indicator of total losses in the system.
Transmission & Distribution of Electric Power
Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, a
process in the delivery of electricity to consumers.

A power transmission network typically connects power plants to

substations near a populated area.

The wiring from substations to customers is referred to as electricity

distribution,

Electric power transmission allows distant energy sources (such as

hydroelectric power plants) to be connected to consumers in
population centers,
In India bulk transmission has increased from 3708 ckm in 1950 to
more than 265,000 ckm today.

(circuit kilometers is the length in terms of kilometers, of the actual

path followed by the transmission medium)

Entire country has been divided into five regions for transmission
namely, North Region, North Eastern Region, Southern Region, and
Western Region

The interconnected transmission system of several regions is called

National Grid
National Grid

The exploitable energy resources in our country are unevenly distributed,

like Coal resources are abundant in Bihar/Jharkhand, Orissa, West
Bengal and Hydro Resources are mainly concentrated in Northern and
North-Eastern Regions.

As a result, some regions do not have adequate natural resources for

setting power plants to meet their future requirements whereas others
have abundant natural resources.

Demand for power continues to grow unabated.

This calls for optimal utilization of generating resources for sustainable

development.

Thus, formation of National Power Grid is an effective tool to achieve this

objective
Per Capita Energy Consumption
The current per capita commercial primary energy consumption
in India is about 350 kgoe/year which is well below that of
developed countries

Kgoe: kilogram of oil equivalent

It is just 4% of USA and 20% of the world average.

Percapita Electricity consumption in India is 631 kwh compared to

16279 in Canada, 8076 in Japan, 12924 in USA , 8176 in Singapore
and 10720 in Australia etc

World average of 2500 kWh

OTEC : Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Need for Renewable Energy Sources
-Depletion of fossil fuels (coal, oil , natural gas)
- Environmental issues
-Sustainable development
-Energy security, energy independence
*Note – including biomass power, bagasse cogeneration, urban and industrial waste to
energy.

Grid connected means connected to the national grid connecting power

generation plants in the country
Aerogenerator is another name for wind turbine relatively smaller capacities
Hybrid –solar PV

MWeq: MW equivalent
Renewable Energy Potential & Achievements in India

Sources/Systems Estimated Achievements in MW

Potential (MW) (as on 30-1-2011)
Wind Power 48,500 13184 MW
Small Hydro Power (up to 25 MW) 15,000 2953 MW
Waste to Energy 2700 100MW
Biomass power 23700MW 3075 MW
Solar Power Plants 20-30 36 MW
MW/sq.km.
Energy and Environment

The usage of energy resources leads to environmental damages

by polluting the atmosphere.

The pollutants are in solid, liquid and gaseous forms

Ash is produced from combustion of coal and plant biomass and

soot from diesel combustion

Liquid effluents from industrial processes

Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitogen oxides,

vapours of lead , mercury,etc as gaseous emissions

Major concern is climate change and global warming and polluted

environment
World Energy Scenario
Quadrillion is 10 to the power of 15
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) is an international organisation of 30 countries that accept
the principles of representative democracy and free-market
economy.

Most OECD members are high-income economies and are regarded

as developed countries
The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in Earth's atmosphere is
approximately 391 ppm (parts per million) by volume as of 2011
rose by 2.0 ppm/yr during 2000–2009. 40 years earlier, the rise was only 0.9
ppm/yr
Dry air contains roughly (by volume) 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95%
oxygen 0.93% argon, 0.039% carbon dioxide and small
amounts of other gases

0.039% carbon dioxide is equal to 390 ppm