CHAPTER I

IMPRESSION
MATERIALS
 Chapter I
Impression Material

An impression material is a substance used for recording the form and dimensions of the oral tissues.
The material is introduced into the mouth in a plastic condition to set against the oral tissues. It is then
removed from the mouth.

The set impression is a negative reproduction of the oral tissues. A positive reproduction is obtained by
pouring a suitable model or die material into it. Impressions may be taken of a part or the entire dental arch.

 Desirable qualities of impression materials:

1. Accuracy:
An impression material should be accurate.

2. Biologically acceptable:
An impression material should be non-toxic, non-irritant and of acceptable odor and taste.

3. It should not be affected by the oral fluids.

4. Easily manipulated, with minimal equipment.

5. It should have a suitable working time to allow for placement of the impression material in the tray and
then insertion of the tray into the mouth before beginning of hardening.

6. It should have a suitable setting time to avoid fatigue to both operator and patient. Three minutes is
considered reasonable time for setting.

7. It should accept addition and correction after taking the impression.

8. Readily disinfected without loss of accuracy.

9. It should have a good shelf life.

There is no impression material that can fulfill all these requirements however, these requirements prove
useful when evaluating an impression material.

 Factors affecting accuracy of the impression material:

a. Before insertion in patient mouth:
- Selection of the right size of the tray so the thickness of the impression material will be adequate
between the teeth and the tray border.

- The impression material should have high flow at the beginning, in order to have the ability to record
fine details.
b. During setting:
- The impression material should be dimensionally accurate: The dimensional changes associated with
its setting reaction should be negligible, i.e. should not expand, contract or warp during setting.

c. During removal:
- The impression material should be elastic on removal from the mouth so that undercuts can be
recorded without distortion of the impression.
- During removal from the mouth, it should be adherent to the tray.
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 d. After removal:
- The impression material should be dimensionally stable: There should be negligible dimensional
changes on storage of the impression before pouring the cast i.e. it should be dimensionally stable
after removal from the mouth.
- The impression material should be compatible with the gypsum products:
- Should not need a separating medium when poured (it would occupy a space or may affect the
accuracy).
- Should not affect the setting or surface qualities of the model e.g. should not react with the
cast material or material which affects the surface of the model.

 Classification:
Impression materials may be classified according to their behavior after setting in to:
I. The manner they harden into:
1. Impression materials hardening by chemical reaction: e.g. Plaster of Paris, impression pastes,
alginates, rubber impression materials.....etc.
2. Impression materials softening and hardening by heat: Thermoplastic substances e.g. wax,
impression compound and reversible hydrocolloids (though the latter is not strictly a thermoplastic
material).

II. Their use:

1. Impression materials used in complete denture prosthesis.
2. Impression materials used in partial denture prosthesis and for individual teeth (for inlays, crowns,
bridges …etc).

III. Their behavior after setting: (Depending on their ability to regain their original shape after removal from
the undercuts)
1. Non-elastic impression materials: They are used only when no undercut exists.
e.g. wax, Plaster of Paris, ZnO/eugenol and impression compound.
2. Elastic impression materials: They can be used when undercut exists.
e.g. hydrocolloids and rubber impression materials.

- This classification helps in referring to their use. Therefore it is used in the following discussion.

Impression
materials

Non-elastic Elastic

Plaster of
Hydrocolloids Elastomers
Paris

Impression
Agar Agar Alginate Polysulfide Silicones Polyether
compound

Zinc oxide
Condensation Addition
eugenol

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 Inelastic Impression Materials

 These are materials that lack elasticity after setting. When removed from the undercuts they either break
like plaster or distort like wax, impression compound and zinc oxide-eugenol.

Elastic Impression Materials

I. Hydrocolloids:
- The impression material is inserted into the mouth in the sol state, when it is sufficiently fluid to record
details. It is removed after the gel is formed and exhibited elastic properties.

General properties of hydrocolloids:

1. Viscoelastic materials (Strain rate dependent):
Therefore, sharp snap removal of impression from patient’s mouth is required to decrease
permanent deformation.

2. Low tear strength:

To increase tear strength:
- The thickness of the impression in the tray should be 4-6mm
- After setting, sharp snap removal of the impression material from patient's mouth is required.

3. Dimensional changes after setting (dimensional stability- synersis and imbibition):

A gel can either loose or take up water.
- The loss of water is termed synersis and occurs either by:
i. Evaporation.
ii. Extrusion of fluids.
Synersis leads to shrinkage.

- The uptake of water is called imbibition, which results in swelling and expansion.
- Therefore, 100% relative humidity, are suggested to reduce the dimensional changes. The best
results are obtained with 100% relative humidity (storage in 100% relative humidity results in
minimum amount of shrinkage) or wrapping in a wet towel for maximum 1 hour.

4. Disinfection:
Because the hydrocolloid impression must be poured within a short time after removal from the
mouth, the disinfection procedure should be relatively rapid to prevent dimensional changes. The
impression should not be merged or soaked in the disinfectant solution.

5. Compatibility with gypsum:

Gypsum cast prepared from hydrocolloid impression may be too soft for waxing procedures. This
may be due to the presence of the water on the surface of the hydrocolloid which affects the setting and
surface properties of the gypsum cast or due to the chemical composition of some hydrocolloids which
retard the setting of gypsum products.
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  This disadvantage can be overcome by two ways:
a. By immersing the impression in a solution containing an accelerator for the setting of gypsum
products, before pouring the impression with the gypsum.

b. By incorporating a plaster hardener or accelerator in the hydrocolloid material by the

manufacturer.

 The cast should not be left too long in contact with the impression. The set stone absorbs water from
the water-filled impression. The result is a chalky surface with poor details.

There are two types of hydrocolloids:

a. Agar impression materials (reversible).
b. Alginate impression materials (irreversible).

 Reversible hydrocolloids:

Agar impression materials:

Agar-Agar: is a polysaccharide obtained from special seaweed.

 It is historical and not used nowadays.

 Irreversible hydrocolloids

Alginate impression materials:

Alginate is the most widely used material. The following are advantages of alginate:
1. The ease of mixing and manipulation.
2. The minimum equipment necessary.
3. The flexibility of the set impression.
4. Their low cost.

Disadvantages:
1. Alginate cannot be electroplated, so it restricts the choice of the model and die materials to those of
the gypsum type and rule out the preparation of metal dies, which have a higher resistance to
abrasion than does gypsum.
2. The least accurate elastic impression material.

Manipulation:
- The container of the powder should be shaken before use to get an even distribution of the
constituents.
- Slower or faster setting times can be achieved if required, by using cooler or warmer water
respectively (18ºC - 24ºC).
- The impression should be washed with cold water to remove saliva, and covered with a damp napkin
to prevent synersis and cast up as soon as possible.

N.B. Rapid rate of removal of the impression from the mouth increases the tear strength and decreases
the permanent deformation.

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Table (1): Alginate Properties:

Properties Alginate

Setting reaction Irreversible

Mode of supply Powder to be mixed with water

1. Full mouth impression.
Applications
2. Quadrant impression.

Type of Tray Perforated stock tray

Properties
I. Accuracy
1. Flow High flow, so it can record fine details in the mouth

The reaction is faster at higher temperatures, and so the material

in contact with the tissues sets first. Any pressure on the gel due
2. Dimensional accuracy
to movement of the tray will induce stress within the material,
which will distort the alginate after its removal from the mouth.

Avoid synersis or imbibition by immediate casting of the

3. Dimensional stability impression and if to be stored for 30 to 60minutes maximum, it
should be stored in 100 % humidity.

4. Elasticity It is visco-elastic, with an elastic recovery of 97.3%.

5. Retention to the tray Achieved by use of perforated tray

6. Flexibility - Has the maximum flexibility among all elastic impressions

- The impression may be dipped in 2% potassium sulfate

solution before pouring the gypsum model material to avoid
7. Compatibility with the
soft surface of the stone model.
cast
- It can be removed easily from the stone die.

- Low
II. Other properties:
Used in thick section (4-6mm)
1. Tear strength
- Sharp snap removal.

2. Electroplating - Cannot be electroplated( to avoid imbibition)

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 II. Rubber impression materials (elastomers)
Non-aqueous elastomeric impression materials:

These are elastic impression materials, which are soft and rubber like technically known as elastomers.
Elastomers consist of long chain molecules that are coiled. The specific feature of a rubbery polymer is that
when the material is stretched the only work done is in uncoiling the molecules, thus such materials are easy
to deform and the deformation is largely reversible.

Elastomers are essentially polymers of low molecular weight which can be converted to solid rubbers at
room temperature by being mixed with a suitable reactor to induce further polymerization and increasing
the molecular weight.

The available types of rubber base materials are basically three (polysulfide, silicones and polyether);
the different consistencies of each type are governed by the molecular weight of the polymers and the
amount of fillers present.

1. Polysulfide:
a. Light consistency.
b. Regular consistency.
c. Heavy consistency.

2. Silicones:
a. Condensation: i. Light consistency.
ii. Regular consistency.
b. Addition: iii. Heavy consistency.
iv. Putty consistency.

3. Polyether: Regular consistency.

In general:

- Rubber materials possess a much greater dimensional stability than the hydrocolloid impression
materials.
- They can be electroplated (except polyether).
- It is preferable to cast the impression within the first hour after its removal from the mouth.
- The impression should be disinfected.
- Elastomeric impressions are compatible with the die material.

General applications:
- Inlays.
- Crowns and bridges.
- Partial dentures with severe undercuts, where alginate will tear.

General properties of rubber base impression materials:

1. Rubber materials are viscoelastic:

Therefore, sharp snap removal of the impression is required to decrease permanent deformation.

2. They can record fine details. Their fluidity largely depends on their composition. They are supplied
in different viscosities e.g. light bodies for injection by syringe and medium and heavy for use on a
tray. Silicones are also supplied as putty type materials.

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 3. Dimensional accuracy: There is small contraction on setting in the mouth due to polymerization
shrinkage. Contraction (thermal shrinkage) also occurs on cooling the impression from mouth to
room temperature. The magnitude of thermal shrinkage is reduced by the adhesion of the material
to the tray.

Rubber impressions that set by condensation polymerization reaction with the evolution of by-
product show more shrinkage than those which set by addition polymerization shrinkage where there
isn’t by-product.

 To decrease polymerization shrinkage, rubbers are used in thin section (2-3mm) in the tray, except
polyether, its used in thick section (not less than 4mm) to facilitate its removal from the mouth
because it is stiff.

4. Dimensional stability: On storage of an impression after removal from the mouth a small contraction
can occur due to further polymerization shrinkage and evaporation of volatile constituents,
therefore, immediate pouring of gypsum within 1 hour is preferred. However, The addition silicone
is stable for 7 days.

5. They are compatible with gypsum products.

In early silicones evolution of hydrogen from materials caused pitting of stone surfaces. Present-day
silicones contain a compound to react with hydrogen as soon as it is generated. (Gas absorber)

6. Polyether impression is hydrophilic:

Therefore, it doesn’t need surfactant, cannot be electroplated and are susceptible to dimensional
changes if the immersion time is longer than 10 minutes.

N.B-
- One of the disadvantages of addition silicone impression materials is their inherent
hydrophobicity.

o This hydrophobicity decreases the ability of the material to wet properly the soft wet tissues
and at the same time decreases the wetting of the soft die materials to its surface, which
may affect accuracy.

o To render the surface of the impression hydrophilic, a surfactant is added to the paste. This
surfactant then allows the impression to wet soft tissues better and to be poured in stone
more effectively.
o The new hydrophilic single viscosity materials are extremely stiff and handle like the
traditional polyether impression materials.

- Sulfur contamination from natural latex gloves inhibits the setting of the addition silicone
impression materials. Some vinyl gloves may have the same effect because of the sulfur- containing
stabilizer used with some vinyl gloves. The gloves should not touch the impression materials or
prepared teeth to avoid distortion.

- Thickness of the elastic impression: The thickness of an impression material in a tray is a factor
contributing to its accuracy. A hydrocolloid impression should be 4-6mm to increase the tear
strength, whereas a rubber base impression should be 2-3mm thickness, to decrease the amount
of polymerization shrinkage, except for polyether it should not be less than 4mm to facilitate
removal of the impression from the mouth (due to its low flexibility i.e. stiff).

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1. Polysulfide Rubber:

- Alternative names: Rubber-base, mercaptan, Thiokol.

Manipulation and setting mechanism:

Condensation polymerization takes place with the addition of PbO2 to the polysulfide polymer, resulting in
chain lengthening and cross-linking.

Mercaptan + Lead dioxide Polysulfide rubber + lead oxide + water

(Base paste) (Reactor) (byproduct)

The reaction is accelerated by:

i. Increase in temperature.
ii. Presence of moisture (one drop of water).
iii. Increasing the reaction ratio.

- Equal length of base and catalyst are extruded on a disposable mixing pad (oil resistant paper).
- The components are mixed thoroughly with a stiff tapered spatula until a homogenous color is
obtained without any streaks.
- The material is usually used for secondary impression in case of complete dentures, also in crowns
and bridges. It is used with acrylic special tray with (2-3mm thickness) to decrease the amount of
polymerization shrinkage.
- The tray is painted first with an adhesive liquid to promote adhesion between the tray and rubber
impression.

Properties:
1. Accuracy:
a. Flow: The material is highly accurate, it can record fine details.
b. Dimensional accuracy and dimensional stability: Polymerization shrinkage of 0.25% occurs for
24 hours. Also After setting the by-product (water) of the condensation is lost causing shrinkage.
N.B. To obtain accurate impression, it should be cast within one hour.
c. Elasticity: It is visco-elastic with elastic recovery of 98% if removed rapidly.
d. Flexibility: The most flexible of all rubbers. This flexibility allows the set material to release from
undercut areas and be removed from the mouth with minimum of stresses.
e. Compatibility with die material: Compatible with the die materials and the use of surface active
agents (surfactants) improve their wettability

2. Other properties:
a. Tear strength:
- Polysulfides have the highest resistance to tearing. However, because of its susceptibility to
distortion, it is possible that the polysulfide impressions may distort rather than tear. Again strain
rate influences the tear resistance and permanent deformation. To minimize the negative effects
of both, the impression should be strained rapidly for as short time as possible.
- Tearing of a polysulfide rubber impression material can be minimized by allowing the impression
to remain in the mouth an additional two minutes after setting.
b. Disinfection: Provided that the disinfection time is short, they can be disinfected by most of the
antimicrobial solutions without adverse dimensional changes e.g. 10 minutes immersion in 10%
solution of hypochlorite.
c. Electroplating: It can be electroplated by silver plating.

Disadvantage of polysulfide rubber: Its bad odor and staining clothes by lead dioxide.

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2. Silicone Rubber:

Composition:
There are two types of silicone rubber.
1. Condensation type.
2. Addition type.

1. Condensation type:
The condensation silicone rubbers are usually supplied as a base paste and a liquid catalyst or paste.

Setting reaction of condensation types:

Condensation polymerization with the formation of an alcohol as by-product.

Polydimethyl siloxane + Orthoalkylsilicate Tin octoate Silicone rubber + alcohol

(Base paste) (Catalyst paste) (Impression)

The formation of the elastomer (impression occurs through a cross linkage between the terminal OH
groups of the polymer and the alkylsilicate to form a three dimensional network.

2. Addition type:
The addition reaction during setting does not produce by-products.

Polysiloxane with silane + vinyl terminated silicone + platinic acid catalyst cross-linked
silicone rubber

In both types of silicone the setting time can be controlled by temperature, one drop of water can
accelerate the reaction, and base/accelerator ratio.

Manipulation: As polysulfide rubbers.

Properties:
1. Accuracy:
a. Flow: Both types of silicone are highly accurate provided that they have been manipulated
properly.
b. Dimensional stability and accuracy:
- The condensation types have polymerization shrinkage of 0.6% in 24 hours, half of this amount
occurs, in the first hour. The vaporization of alcohol accounts for some of this shrinkage.
- The addition types that polymerize without by-products have polymerization shrinkage of only
0.05%.
- N.B. The condensation types of silicone must be poured within one hour to obtain more
accuracy.
c. Elasticity: Silicone rubbers are more ideally elastic than polysulfides. They exhibit minimal
permanent deformation and recover rapidly when strained. The elastic recovery is 99.5%.
d. Flexibility: Less flexible than polysulfide but more than polyether.
e. Compatibility with die material: Most available types produce smooth surface stones. Some
types of addition silicone may produce hydrogen during setting, but this effect has been
eliminated by the addition of gas absorbers in the composition. The use of surfactants to
improve the wettability of addition silicone type impression (as they are hydrophobic) improves
the quality of cast and dies which are produced.
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 2. Other properties:
a. Tear strength: The tear strength is low for silicone impression materials when compared to
polysulfide or polyether. Rapid rate of removal increase the tear strength.
b. Disinfection: They can be disinfected without affecting the properties.
c. Electroplating: They can be electroplated as polysulfide.

3. Polyether Rubbers:

Composition:
The polyether rubbers are also supplied as two pastes:
1. Base paste:
a. A polyether polymer with terminal ethylene-imine group.
b. Filler.
c. Plasticizer.

2. Catalyst paste:
a. An aromatic sulfonic acid ester (aromatic sulfate).
b. Filler.
c. Plasticizer.

Manipulation and setting mechanism:

Addition polymerization:
Polyether + sulfonic ester Polyether rubber
(Base paste) + (Catalyst) (Impression rubber)

- The setting time can be controlled by temperature, and base accelerator ratio.
- The manipulation is the same as polysulfide and silicones.

Properties:
1. Accuracy:
a. Flow: It is highly accurate.
b. Dimensional stability and accuracy: Polymerization shrinkage of 0.25% occurs in 24 hours.
c. Elasticity: It is visco-elastic with elastic recovery of 98.9%.
d. Flexibility: The least flexible of all rubbers, which represents difficulty in removal from the
mouth.
e. Compatibility with die material: They are compatible with die material producing excellent
surface.

2. Other properties:
a. Mechanical properties: Tear resistance is better than that of silicone impression but less
than polysulfide.
b. Disinfection:
- It can be disinfected by various antimicrobial solutions without adverse changes, provided
that the disinfectant time is brief.
- Polyethers are susceptible to dimensional changes if the immersion time is longer than
10minutes because of their hydrophilic nature
c. Electroplating: It is hydrophilic, thus it cannot be electroplated.

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Table 2: Comparison between elastomer impression materials.

Silicone
Point of comparison Polysulfide Polyether
Condensation Addition

Two paste system

Two paste system
Light Two paste system
Light
Mode of supply Regular Regular
Regular
Heavy consistency consistency
Heavy consistency
Putty

- Quadrant
- Whole jaw impression
impression
Application - Quadrant impression
- Impression for a
- Impression for a single tooth
single tooth

Condensation
Condensation
polymerization Addition Addition
polymerization
Setting reaction reaction polymerization polymerization
reaction( H2O by-
(alcohol by- reaction reaction
product)
product)
Properties
1- Accuracy High according to their consistencies
a- Flow

viscoelastic with viscoelastic with

b- Elasticity viscoelastic with recovery 99.5%
recovery 98% recovery 98.9%

Polymerization Polymerization Shrinkage Polymerization

c- Dimensional
Shrinkage Shrinkage Polymerization Shrinkage
accuracy
0.25% 0.6% 0.05% 0.2%

d- Dimensional
Should be cast within one hour before polymer shrinkage.
stability

e- Adherence
Need adhesive if special tray will be used.
with tray
f- Compatibility
Surfactant is needed to improve their wettability with the Compatible
with the die
model material (except for the new addition silicone.) (hydrophilic)
material

II- Biological properties Bad taste and odor Is accepted by the patient

III- Tear strength High Least but higher than hydrocolloids Less

VII- Disinfection and
electroplating
Cannot be
Can be disinfected and electroplated (except for the new
disinfected nor
addition silicone)
electroplated

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Recent advances: Digital Impression:
The clinician captures an image of the tooth/teeth preparation. The impression is captured using an intraoral
scanner that is inserted into the patient’s mouth and moved over the surface area of the tooth or teeth. There will
be a chairside monitor to display the image as it is captured.

It takes approximately a minute and a half to capture a digital impression of prepared teeth. An impression of the
teeth in the opposite arch takes just 45 seconds.

As the clinician reviews the real-time image, he or she can enlarge and manipulate it for enhanced detail.

INTRAORAL SCANNERS

An intraoral scanner is a device that is used to capture a direct optical impression. The scanner projects a light source
(laser, or more recently, structured light) onto the area to be scanned. The images are captured by imaging sensors
and are processed by scanning software, which then produces a 3D surface model.

INTRAORAL SCANNER APPLICATIONS

Intraoral scanners can be applied in various fields of dentistry for diagnosis and for fabricating restorations in
prostheses, surgery and orthodontics.

In prostheses, an intraoral scanner is used to take an impression for fabricating a wide range of prosthetic
restorations: inlays/onlays, single crowns and fixed partial dentures.

In prosthodontics, an intraoral scanner can capture the 3D position of dental implants and fabricate implant-
supported restorations. Implants, bridges and bars can be successfully fabricated from digital impressions.

In orthodontics, an intraoral scanner is very useful for diagnosis and treatment planning. Digital impressions can be
used as the starting point for the realization of customized orthodontic devices. In the coming years, it is probable
that all orthodontic appliances will be designed from an intraoral scan to meet the patient’s specific clinical needs.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL IMPRESSIONS

The advantages of upgrading to a digital workflow outweigh the disadvantages. Some of the advantages digital
impressions can bring to your office and patients include:

 Less patient discomfort. Traditional impressions cause discomfort for patients because of the materials and
impression trays that are used, often causing a gag reflex. Digital impressions reduce discomfort by
eliminating the need for materials and impression trays.

 Time efficiency. No more pouring stone casts and obtaining physical plaster models. Just email the 3D virtual
model to the lab without the need to deliver anything via mail.

 Aid in CAD/CAM workflow. With digital impressions, the images are directly imported to your design
software (computer-assisted design), and after the design is complete, it is transferred to the manufacturing
software (computer-assisted manufacturing) and put in the milling machine.

 Simplified procedures for the clinician. In complex cases, if the clinician is not satisfied with the impression,
they can delete and recapture the impression without having to repeat the entire procedure.

 Cost savings. Eliminating conventional impression materials and reducing consumables costs.

 Better communication. The clinician and dental technician can access the quality of the impression in real-
time. If the dental technician feels the impression is low quality, the clinician can take another impression
without having to call the patient back for a second appointment.

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DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL IMPRESSIONS INCLUDE:

 Learning curve. Clinicians need to learn how to use the intraoral scanner and the software which may be
difficult to some clinicians.

 Difficulty detecting deep margin lines of prepared teeth. It may be difficult for the light to correctly detect
margins. Problems can also occur in the event of bleeding, as blood may obscure the prosthetic margins.
Good bleeding control and tissue retraction need to be done to overcome this difficulty.

Table 3: Advantages and disadvantages of optical impressions according to the current literature

Advantages Disadvantages

1-Less patient discomfort 1-Difficulty detecting deep marginal lines of prepared

teeth
2- Better communication with the dental technician
2-Learning curve
3-Better communication with patients
3-Purchasing and managing costs
4-Simplified clinical procedures

5-No more plaster casts

6-Time-efficient

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 Questions
 Give reason for:

1. Rubber impressions should be removed with sharp snap removal from the patient's mouth.
2. Hydrocolloids impression cannot be electroplated.
3. Thickness of rubber impression should be 2-3 mm, while hydrocolloids should have greater thickness.
4. Gypsum cast prepared from hydrocolloid impressions may be too soft for waxing procedures.
5. Application of surfactant over an impression taken by an old type of addition silicone rubber
impression material.
6. Polyether impression material should be used in thick section inside the tray.
7. Hydrocolloid impressions should be stored in 100% relative humidity.
8. Alginate impression material is used for taking primary impression only.
9. Polyether impressions should not be immersed in a disinfectant solution.
10. Hydrocolloid impressions should be poured with gypsum after 5-10 minutes.

 State true or false and correct the false statement:

1. Rubber impressions adhere to the tray using an adhesive.

2. Condensation silicones show less dimensional changes than addition silicones.
3. The thickness of a hydrocolloid impression material is usually 2-3 mm as they have high tear strength.
4. Alginate impression should not be less than 4 mm in thickness to increase its flexibility.
5. Alginate impression materials are called reversible hydrocolloids.
6. Silicone impression materials set by condensation polymerization reaction.

 Choose the correct answer:

1. The impression material with the highest elastic recovery is:
o Alginate.
o Polysulfide.
o Addition silicone.
o Polyether.
2. Which of these materials is affected by immersion in a disinfecting solution?
o Polysulfide impression material
o Condensation silicone impression material
o Addition silicone impression material
o Polyether impression material

3. Alginate impression has low tear strength, so it must be removed from

the patient’s mouth:
o In a slow movement. o At high temperature
o In a rapid movement. o At low temperature

4. Patient will be unsatisfied when wearing bridge made from alginate secondary
impression, because alginate has:
o Low tear strength o High elasticity
o Poor flexibility o High dimensional accuracy

5. The thickness of alginate impression material should not be less than 4mm to:
o Increases its flexibility. o Decreases its flexibility.
o Increases its tear strength. o Decreases its liability to synersis.

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