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MICROHYDRO POWER PLANT, Future energy sources

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Preface

Praise to the presence of God Almighty over the abundance of His Blessings and
Grace so that the writer can finish writing with the title "Micro Hydro Power Plant".
Maluku, is a province located in the eastern part of the archipelago in the Territory of
the Republic of Indonesia needs attention to research on renewable energy sources,
especially hydro power that can be utilized as small-scale power plants. Alternative
energy sources, especially water energy if it can be mapped, must be a contribution to
the region so that in the future it can also be integrated with other plants. Writing a
book is part of an international journal that has been published and the attention of one
of the book publishers for writers can publish the work of writing a book.
The author of this book is the first work in writing a book that can be used as a
guide in learning to realize that in this paper there are still many that need to be refined
so the riter desperately needs a lot of input to complete the lack in writing this thesis.

3
Contents
__________________________

1. Introduction
1.1. Overview 6

2. Hydropower Basic 8
2.1. New renewable energy potential 8
2.2. Classification of Water Power Projects 9
2.3. Micro Hydro Technology 10
2.4. Working Principle of Micro Hydro Power 10
2.5. Power House 10
2.6. Method of measuring water discharge 11
2.6.1. Direct Debit Measurement: Dams Bend Method 11
2.6.2. Bucket Method 12
2.6.3. Indirect Debit Measurement 13
2.6.4. Floating Method 13
2.6.5. Current Meter 14

3. Potential Locations of Hydropower 16

3.1. Maps and Mapping 16
3.2. Coordinate system 16
3.3. Geographic information system 17
3.4. Determination of Village Location 18
3.5. Analysis of Satellite Imagery with Digital Elevation Model 18
3.6. Usage application DEM 19
3.7. Scientific Methods 20
3.7.1. Method of Measuring Water Debit 20
3.7.2. Rain Probability Method 22
3.7.3. Watersheds 23
3.7.4. Mainstay Debit 24

4. Civil Buildings 25
4.1. DAM Intake 25
4.2. The height of the Dam 25
4.3. Intake Structure 26
4.4. Settling Tub 27
4.5. Forebay 27

4
 4.6. Penstock 28

5. Electrical System 30
5.1. AC Generator 30
5.2. Transformator and Distribution 32
5.3. System Control 34

6. Mechanical System 34
6.1. Hydraulic Turbine 34
6.2. Turbine Impuls 34
6.2.1. Turbine Turgo 36
6.2.2. Turbine Cross Flow 36
6.3. Turbine Reaction 36
6.3.1. Turbine Propeller 37
6.3.2. Turbine Kaplan 37
6.4. Turbine Selection Criteria 37
6.5. High Waterfall 37
6.6. Range of Discharge Through Turbine 38
6.7. Turbine Efficiency 40
6.8. Electrical Equipment 40

7. Operation and Maintanace 41

7.1. Operation 41
7.2. Maintanace 44
7.3. Recording 44

8. Microhydro Power Management 45

8.1. Management 45
8.2. Planning 45
8.3. Organization 46
8.4. Briefing 46
8.5. Supervision 47
BIBLIOGRAPHY 48
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY 50

5
Chappter 1
Introduction
__________________________

1.1. Overvieuw

In Indonesia the provision of electrical energy is carried out by the State Electricity
Company sourced from various types of power sources such as power plants, steam
power plants and hydropower. However, the power of source is not yet able to reach
the whole community as a whole, especially people living in remote rural areas.
The geographical condition of the Indonesian state, which consists of thousands
of islands and islands, abandoned and not buried the center of power, low electricity
demand in some areas, the high cost of building electricity supply system, and limited
financial ability is an inhibiting factor for the supply of Electrical Energy on a national
scale.
Fuel energy sources such as petroleum and coal certainly still have some
weaknesses, such as non-renewable and pollutant or pollute the environment. This
energy will be exhausted if the use is done continuously.
Geographically in the islands have the potential of a source of water energy for
microhydro plants but not yet optimally utilized. The prospect of developing water
resources has a great and strategic opportunity because it is a clean, environmentally
friendly, and sustainable energy source so that its development will contribute greatly
to the improvement of people's welfare, which means increasing the economic growth
of the area.
As an effort to fulfill the need of electric power, the policy of utilization of water
resources development potential is done with the aim that the management of regional
potency can be utilized optimally. In this case will be studied the potential of water
energy in order to be utilized as much as possible for microhydro power plant. On the
other hand it can increase people's knowledge about small-scale power generation
technology.
Micro hydro is one of the power plants that utilize small-scale water energy as a
medium for generating electrical energy. Micro hydro is also an environmentally
friendly powerhouse and does not cause air pollution.
This writing originated from the mapping of potential water energy sources given
the unavailability of complete data on the potential of river water as a micro power
plant. Mapping the potential of water energy for microhydro power plant is done by

6
geographic information system which is computer based information system which is
used to process and store data.

In the archipelagic region with a river whose water potential has not been studied
to be utilized as a power plant. In addition, there are still villages or hamlets that have
not enjoyed electricity like people in urban areas. One factor is that the community
lacks the knowledge to harness the potential of the river as a renewable energy source
for power generation.
If electricity is available in adequate quantities and quality in the village, it is
expected to accelerate the economic recovery of communities that support the pace of
development in various sectors. One of the obstacles in spurring the growth of regional
development especially in rural areas is the unavailability of electricity facilities.
Therefore, in this research will be mapped water potential for microhydro power plant
in Maluku islands, so that data will be obtained for its development in the future.
From the results of this mapping will be able to know the potential of water energy
from the river that can be utilized as a small-scale power plant. Geographic Information
System (GIS) is a computer-based information system designed to be used as a vehicle
for capturing, storing, modeling, retrieving, manipulating, analyzing, and displaying
georeferencing spatial data with map multiplication.
GIS mapping is a simple geographical map of the real-world location, then, a
number of datasets are added to the base map to form an additional map layer. Users
can change the amount of information they can see on the map, and zoom in and out.
The advantages of using GIS are geospatial data stored in standard format, easier
revisions, geospatial data and information more easily searched, analyzed and
presented, geospatial data can be shared and exchanged freely.
Mapping in this research is more directed to mapping the potential of water energy
for microhydro power plant or small-scale power plant. GIS mapping allows
policymakers, utilities to determine which location is more appropriate for the
development of water energy potential for micro power generation.

7
Chapter 2
Hydropower Basic
___________________________

2.1. New renewable energy potential

Indonesia's vast territory contains various energy potentials that may be utilized
as a source of electrical energy. Energy potential is primary energy or fossil energy
such as petroleum, gas and coal and potential renewable energy or alternative energy
such as water, geothermal, mini / micro hydro, solar power, wind power and even
uranium.
The potential of hydro power throughout Indonesia is estimated to reach 845.00
million BOE, (Barrels of Oil Equivalent) equal to 75.67 GW. Of this amount, it can be
used for 6,851.00 GWh with an installed capacity of 4,200 MW. This potential is
spread in Papua, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara
(NTB), East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and Maluku. Large-scale water use only 5.55%.
(Blue-Print PEN 2005-2025. Dep. ESDM)
According to the White Paper, the State Ministry for Research and Technology
(2006), the use of renewable energy has not been large, except for hydropower, as its
production costs have not been competitive compared to conventional energy.
Generally, the price of electricity generated from solar power plant, wind power
plant, Geothermal and other renewable energy power plants is still higher than fuel oil
(subsidized) except Hydroelectric power plant. Up to 2005, new and installed
renewable energy capacity is only about 3.0% of the existing potential. 54 MW
Hydroelectric power plant required a long-term national policy in the energy sector that
can overcome some of the main challenges facing Indonesian society in realizing
sustainable energy supply. The provision of sustainable energy includes the expansion
of access to adequate, reliable and affordable energy supplies with due regard to all
necessary energy infrastructure and environmental impacts. Therefore, it is necessary
to conduct energy planning research that can provide certainty of sustainable energy
supply.
Roadmap for microhydro sector development 2005 - 2025 refers to research and
development, market opportunities, policies and initiatives involving government and
industry roles. For research and development, the government's role is to develop
locally generated MHP systems and control systems, develop efficient MHP turbines
and develop a 750 kW capacity system, update potential hydroelectric power plant data
in the area and make a feasibility study of hydroelectric power plant, industry role ,
development of turbines, generators and control systems hydroelectric power plant.

8
 For market opportunities, the government's role is to build an integrated
information and information center at the provincial / district level as part of promotion,
in collaboration with the banking and finance industries to encourage the funding of
power industry based on hydroelectric power plant, the role of industry is to create a
model of electricity business based on hydroelectric power plant good grid off (stand
alone) and integrated with connected grid in cooperation with banks and financial
institutions to achieve the target of 150 MW grid utilization, 50 MW off-grid grid
installed. For policies and initiatives, the government's role is to set a target of 0.22%
utilization of MHP from a mix of national energy and industrial roles that provide
inputs to the government to encourage the release of a more conducive financial
support system for power generation under hydroelectric power plant.

2.2. Classification of Water Power Projects.

Water power projects are generally categorized into two parts:
1. Small water power
2. High water power

Some other countries follow different categories in setting the upper limit of small
hydro power in the power range from 5-50 MW. But worldwide there is no consensus
on the definition of hydropower. Some countries such as Portugal, Spain, Ireland,
Greece and Belgium consider 10 MW as the upper limit of installed capacity.
In the UK the small hydro power limit is generally 20 MW. India established a
hydroelectric project with a capacity of up to 20 MW as a small hydropower project.
Although several countries have different criteria for hydroelectric classification, the
general classification of hydropower is as follows.

Table. 2.1. Classification of power capacity

Type Capacity
Big power More than 100 MW
Medium power 15-100 MW
Little power 1-15 MW
Mini hydro 200 kW – 1 MW
Micro hydro 5 kW – 200 kW
Pico hydro From a few hundred watts - 5 kW

Small hydroelectric centers are grouped according to head size or high plunge on
turbines. The general classification is as follows.

9
 Table. 2.2. Classification of head
Type Head Range
Height Head Above 100 m
Middle Head 30 - 100 m
Low Head 2 - 30 m

2.3. Micro Hydro Technology.

Hydropower is a non-polluting and environmentally friendly renewable energy
source. The power of water is based on a simple concept. The water moves around the
turbine, the turbine converts the generator and generates electricity generators.
Many other components are used in the system but they all come from kinetic
power in water movement. The use of water that falls from a height has long been used
as an energy source. Renewable energy is the oldest known to man for the conversion
of mechanical power and power generation

2.4. Working Principle of Micro Hydro Power

The power plant from the water depends on the combination of head and flow height.
Both must be available to generate electricity. Water is diverted from the river to the
pipe, where it descends the hill and is directed through the turbine. The vertical / head
drop creates pressure on the bottom of the pipe.
Pressurized water emerging from the end of the pipe creates the force that drives
the turbine. The turbine in turn rotates and drives the generator in which electricity is
generated. The water pressure or high drop is created by the difference in height
between the water and turbine intake. The head can be expressed as distance, or as
pressure.
The net head is the pressure that is available in the turbine during running water,
which will always be smaller than the pressure when the flow of water is dead (head
static) due to friction between the water and the pipe. The diameter of the pipe also
affects the clean head. The discharge is the amount of water available, and expressed
as the volume of cubic meters per second (m3/s), or liters per minute (l/s). The design
flow is the maximum flow in which the hydro system is designed.

2.5. Power House

The role of a small hydropower scheme is to protect the electromechanical equipment
that converts the potential energy of water into electricity. The number, type and
strength of the turbo generator, head scheme and geomorphological configuration will
determine the shape and size of the building.

10
As shown in Figure below this the following equipment will be displayed at
powerhouse in electric house.
Figure below this Is the schematic of the power plant for the low head scheme ? The
substructure is the weir section that manifests the power flow with the vertical axis
from the turbine to the generator.
In the medium and high head
schemes, see Figure beside, the entry
of the penstock and tailrace pipes to
be flown to the turbine to the next
generator to generate electricity.

2.6. Method of measuring water discharge

The design of the MHP scheme requires knowledge of the amount of discharge
and change the flow time of the river in the selected location. The proposed river for
the installation of MPH is very rare covered by hydrometric networks and data on the
amount of river discharge is very rare available.
Although the technique of estimating discharge at the site without post
measurement can be done but it is a must to measure the discharge at the site planned
for at least a year or dry season. This will provide at least some data for reexamination
hydrological calculations and discharge estimates. That may already exist from
measurement measurements that are far from MPH locations where there are different
flow patterns.
2.6.1. Direct Debit Measurement: Dams Bend Method
The dam method is used in small rivers (B <6 m) where construction the dam
uses local materials (wood), because it is more economical. Once installed, dams are
an easy way to record debit data over a period of months or even years without much
effort, measuring stick measurements daily can be done by residents (eg teachers) or
Officers at government posts and do not require expert presence.
The most commonly used dam is a
sharp edge dam (Crested sharp) is
square or V-shaped. The Vnotch Dam
or Thomson weir is used for discharges
ranging from 1 to 120 l / sec while weirs
with weirs are used for discharges
above 120 l / s. The water velocity
approach should be low (<0.15 m / s);
11
This can be obtained if the dam can create a small pond in the upstream. The basin and
the channel / river side should be far enough away from the mud, So the formula for a
full weir can get damaged.
The application boundaries for the Thomson weir are shortened as follows:
Fully Contarcted Thomson Weir
hl / p < = 0.4
hl / B < = 0.2
0.05m< hl =0.38
P > = 0.45 m
Bl > = 0.90 m

Square measurement dams (Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weir)

The weir width is chosen so that the h1 head stays within the limit
shown below for all debits to be measured.
Rectangular sharp-crested Weir
B – b >= 4hl
hl / p <= 0.5
hl / b <= 0.5
0.07 m <= hl <= 0.60 m
b >= 0.30 m
p >= 0.30 m

The discharge through the sharp-

crested rectangular weir is determined
by the following formula :
2
Q  Ce
1.5
2 g be he
3

Where :
Q = discharge in m³/s.
Ce = effectve discharge coefcient according to Table H4 below.
be = effectve crest width be = b + kb (with b = weir crest in m and
kb = correcton factor according to Figure H5 below)
he = effectve head; he = h + 0.001 m (with h = head in m)

2.6.2. Bucket Method

This method is suitable for measuring small discharge until very small discharge
(Q <5 l/s) Suitable for pico hydraulic installation; The full discharge of the river Q is

12
directed inwards Bucket or bucket with known V [liter] volume and time t [second] for
charging time. The formula for determining river flow is as follows :
v
Q
t
Calibrating the bucket is very important.
Use a bottle with a known volume and calculate
the number of bottles you need to fill the
container until the different marks. If there is a
scale scale, weigh the bucket / bucket that
contains the water and specify volume. 200 liters
of oil drum can also be used for greater disposal
(Q <50 l / s) but preparation (eg weir and tub) to direct Debits to the drums will take
a long time.

2.6.3. Indirect Debit Measurement

Indirect debit measurement means the discharge is calculated from the flow rate
The measured cross-section and river area use the formula as follows :
Q  A *Vm
Where :
Q = debit in m3 / st
A = the cross-sectional area in m2
Vm = average discharge rate in m/s
The cross-sectional area of the river can be estimated using
The following methods :
 select the straight cut from the river;
 Stretching the transverse band of the river perpendicular to the direction of the
current
(River line);
 for the width of the river up to the same number of pieces;
 Calculate the depth of the river at each point by using a soak tool and wading
through the rod or measuring stick
 Calculate the cross-sectional area using the Simpson’s Rule (integration by
number)

2.6.4. Floating Method (Float Method)

This is the easiest method to determine the flow velocity. But this can only be
used for deep river and the river is calm, because the error rate of fl oat method if
used for shallow rivers (<30 cm) and rivers turbulence will range between +/- 100% or

13
more this inaccuracy is gained from the unknown relationship between the surface
discharge and the average discharge for the entire cross-sectional area. Floating objects
must be partially submerged; The partially filled bottle will be
is a good solution.
The following procedures should be used :
 Measure the distance D is relatively straight and equal parts of the river and
mark the beginning and end by stretching the rope or tape of the river
(perpendicular to the stream)
 Throw floating objects that are used to the river just above the starting point
 Calculate time t in detk for distance D

 Calculate vs surface velocity

d
Vs 
t
 Use the correction factor to change the surface discharge Vs the average river
stream Vm
Surface discharge should be reduced by using the following factors:
 0.85 for smooth stream, square concrete channel
 0.75 for large, sluggish, clean river
 0.65 for a small but regular river with a smooth river bed
 0.45 for shallow turbulent river (0.5 m)
 0.25 for the river is very shallow and rocky
 measure the cross-sectional area at both ends of the D distance

Materials needed for float method

1. Measuring tape
2. Rope (to be stretched across the river)
3. Leveling stick or rod
4. Floating objects (bottles with plugs)
5. Stop watch
6. Pocket calculator
7. Notes and pens

2.6.5. Current Meter

The current meter is an instrument that measures the speed of water
Stream it by rotating elements. The rotating element is built so that the rotation speed
has a relationship.

14
Particular with the speed of water. By placing the current meter in on
Flow and observe the number of rotation vanes over a certain time interval,
The current flow rate can be determined from the meter calibration.
There are two main levels of current meters for general use; This type of
propeller (Direct acting meter) which has a horizontal axis parallel to the river flow
and type of bowl (in meters erental) which has a vertical shaft rotation. Both types have
small scale models for small flow or laboratory applications. The propeller type is the
most commonly used current meter.
The advantages of tpe propeller meter are :
1. This type is stronger and easier in shape than cup meter type.
2. This species is not polluted by floating objects.
3. Bearing meters are protected from water and mud.
4. On newer models; Bearings, shafts and propellers can be exchanged without
changing the size of the meter

15
Chapter 3
Potential Locations of Hydropower
__________________________

Although the construction site has been identified, it is still necessary to first
roughly check whether it is true that small-scale hydroelectric power plants close to the
power demand area are possible and secondly, the generated power capacity can be
secured and Where, then select potential locations among other candidates. In planning
a fundamental work required references and information that can be used to determine
the exact location for a plan.
Search location information can be done by using application program geographic
information system to know the location of a village. This can happen if the location
determination is not done directly in the field. On the other hand, the number of
locations in a region is large enough, so the location of the village to be determined is
only the part that can represent or represent all the locations in the region. Some of the
obstacles encountered are geographical location or are among the islands, and have
limited time and research costs.

3.1. Maps and Mapping

In general the map is a means to get a picture of scientific data contained on the
surface of the earth by describing the various signs and descriptions so easy to read and
understand. Thus, the map is the result of measurements and investigations conducted
either directly or indirectly on matters relating to the surface of the earth and on a
scientific basis.
Mapping is the activity of processing survey data to present it to geo-information. To
create a mapping can be done in the laboratory / studio or in the field or by using
software

3.2. Coordinate system

Coordinates are statements of geometric numbers that determine the position of
a point by measuring the magnitude of a vector of a single item Coordinate is a
geometric quantity statement that determines the position of a point by measuring the
vector size to a predetermined reference position.
The introduction of coordinate system is very important in order to be able to use GPS
optimally. There are at least two classifications about the coordinate system used by
the GPS as well as in the mapping :

16
1. The global coordinate system commonly referred to as geographic coordinates
2. Coordinate the system within the Projection field.
Some of the commonly used projection systems in Indonesia are: Marcator
Projection, Mercer Tranverse, Mercer Tranverse Universal (UTM) and Conical cone.
Each of these systems has advantages and disadvantages, and projection selection is
generally based on the purpose of the map to be made. The production map of the
Hydraulic Oceanographic Service (dishidros) generally uses Tranverse Mercator
projection with Geographic or UTM coordinate system. While the Bakosurtanal
production map generally uses UTM projection.
The coordinate system in the projection field can not be separated from the
datum used. There are two types of datum commonly used in horizontal datum
mapping and vertical datum. Horizontal datum is used to determine the map
coordinates (X.Y), while the vertical datum for the determination of elevation
(topographic map) or depth (bathymetry map). The calculations are performed with a
certain transformation, so that the transformation between the datum, between the
projection system, and between the coordinate system can be performed.

3.3. Geographic information system

Geographic Information System (GIS) hereinafter referred to as GIS is a
computer-based information system used to process and store data or geographic
information. In general the notion is a component consisting of hardware, software,
geographic data and human resources that work together effectively to incorporate,
store, repair, update, manage, manipulate, integrate, analyze and display data in
geographic-based information.
GIS has the ability to connect various data at a certain point on earth, combine
it, analyze it and finally map out the results. Data to be processed in the GIS is spatial
data which is geographically oriented data and is a location that has a certain coordinate
system, as a reference base. GIS applications can answer some questions such as;
Locations, conditions, trends, patterns and modeling.
The advantages of Geographic Information System application are geospatial data
stored in standard format, easier revision, the result has added value (graphic, depth of
information), geospatial data and information more easily searched, analyzed and
presented, increased and more efficient productivity, Geospatial data can be used
together and exchanged freely, can be made better decisions. This ability differentiates
GIS from other information systems.

17
3.4. Determination of Village Location
The purpose of microhydro location identification is to know the location
generating and supplying areas to evaluate eligibility project and get information for
electrical plan. One from The most important activity in location identification is
measuring Water and head release can be used for microhydro power plants.

The process of determining the village location is done by using a particular area
map formatted on a graphical map, such as JPG or PNG.
The maps are then converted to spatial coordinate data through a digital / trace process,
to obtain map data coordinated with earth (X, Y). After going through data
transformation process, from coordinate data which not yet coordinate to data with
georeference, then the data will be formatted in the form of file with shp extension
(shapefile), which looks as shown in Figure, Then map file is inserted into screen GIS.
Once map data is entered, the Maluku map will appear on the GIS screen, as shown

In the image as shown in the tool bar

which is the identity of the tool, that's the
tool part of the GIS used to identify the
object or locale.
The identity tool, as shown in the picture
is enabled to display the required object or
village location. As an example of the
above process, the village shown is
Waesala village, West Seram regency, Central Maluku district, Indonesia.
The process of identifying the village location can be done for each region according
to the required village location. Village location data is recorded in the table provided.
Each designated village location is made into the table. The village location will also
be equipped with coordinate data for further processing.

3.5. Analysis of Satellite Imagery with Digital Elevation Model

The digital elevation model is a digital display of the surface of the earth. Viewed
from the distribution of dots representing the shape of the earth's surface can be
distinguished in the form of regular, semi-regular and random. While in terms of data
collection can be distinguished in the measurement directly on the object (terestris),
the measurement on the object model (photogrametris) and from analog map data
source (digitasi). The point of demik of terestris, fotogrametris and digitization is by
measuring on the object model, can be done if from the existing image can be
reconstructed in the form of stereo model.
There are several definitions of DEM
18
 1. DEM is a data storage point about terrain topography. DEM represents the
coordinate representation (X, Y, H) from digital points
2. DEM is a continuous representation of basic level statistics of known X, Y and Z
coordinate points under certain conditions
3. DEM is a database with coordinates X, Y and Z, which are used to present the
ground surface digitally.

3.6. Usage application DEM

DEM is used in a variety of applications both in the form of visualization of the
ground surface model and with processed first into other products. The basic
information provided by DEM and used in processing is the coordinate point on the
ground surface.
Other information that can be derived from DEM are:
1. Distance on the relief or the shape of the ground surface
2. Surface area of an area
3.Volume excavations and heaps
4. Slope and aspect
5. Contours
6. Profile
Examples of applications that use DEM
1. Civil engineering
2. Hydrographic mapping
3. Topographic mapping
4. Geological and geophysical mapping
5. Mining engineering
6. Ground surface simulation and visualization

Digital elevation model analysis is used to obtain slope gradient data or to

determine the height of falling water.
The color gradations in this image
illustrate the high differences in each
region. The difference in altitude
between places and other places forms a
slope or slope. Assessment of MPH
development potential in Seram island
and hunting can also be assessed to the
slope of the soil or the slope of a region.

19
 The location of the microhydro potential
is determined by the permanently
flowing river and the slope of the stream
suitable enough to produce the energy
indicated by the MPH power calculation.
In the figure above, the incision is
performed on one of the stream streams to determine the vertical profile known as the
elevation gradient. The elevation gradient shown by the figure is 6.7 meters with a
slope of 14.59 ° used as an effective water level elevation.

3.7. Scientific Methods

Scientific method is the step taken to obtain scientific results. The scientific method
used in this research is as follows.

3.7.1. Method of Measuring Water Debit

Stream or discharge: Q (m3 / sec) is another important part in determining the
power output of the MHP scheme. The amount of discharge in the MHP scheme is not
the same as the total debit or maximum discharge that is in the river.
The debit is required to know the highest current limit at the lowest current
occurring in the current. Variations in the number of discharges throughout the year
and changes during the dry and dry seasons need to be known and analyzed carefully
to determine the design debits to be applied in the system. Design discharge is usually
set slightly above the minimum limit to maintain the performance and efficiency of
generating equipment.
In practice there are various methods that can be used to determine the flow of
water on an open channel, one method is the floating method (float method).
The float method is the easiest method to know the flow velocity. But this should be
used only for deep streams and rivers with a calm flow, because the float error rate if
used for shallow (<30 cm) and turbulent rivers will range between +/- 100% or more.
This inaccuracy is obtained from an unknown relationship between surface discharge
and the average discharge for all cross sectional areas. Floating objects must drown
some partially filled bottles would be a good solution
With this floating method some steps that must be done is :

20
a. Determine the water flow velocity (V).
Average time is the result of the division between the total measurement time and
the number of repeat measurements.

Taverage 
 time
n
Where :
Average T = Average time (seconds)
Σ Time = Total Measurement Time
N = Measurement Repeat
b. Flow Rate Calculation (V)
Calculate the velocity (V) by using the mean cross-sectional area variable (A)
and the mean time (T) according to the formula.
Speed (V) is the result of the division between channel length / current (P) divided by
the mean time (Taverage )
P
V  m/ s
Taverage
c. Determining the cross-sectional area of the river (A).
To calculate cross section area (A) can use the following equation

A  l x d (m)
Where :
A = cross-sectional area of river (m2)
I = width river (meters)
D = average water depth (meters)

d. Calculation of water discharge (Q)

The water debit (Q) is the result of multiplication between the cross-sectional area (A)
of the stream and the flow rate of water (V).

Q  V * A m3 / s
Where :
Q = Debit flow (m3 / sec)

21
A = Area of cross section (m2)
V = Water flow rate (m / sec)

3.7.2. Rain Probability Method

After rainfall for certain areas or areas, security factors are still needed to achieve
better design results. The need for this security factor is due to consideration of what
might happen in the future, which can not be ascertained when it will happen.
This security factor is known in statistical terms because of the possibility of
recurring events or return periods. The return period is a hypothetical time where rain
/ debit of a certain amount will be the same or exceeded within that time period. (There
is no understanding that the event will be repeated regularly for each return period).
In essence, the greater the repeated period, the security of designing the system
to be better, although often requires a higher cost. The steps in the frequency analysis
can be explained through the following figure.
There is one method for estimating rainfall with repeating periods in a given year, the
Normal Distribution

X T  X  KT . S
Where :
XT = approximate value occurring with T year return period
X = Average value of rainfall data
S = standard deviation
KT = frequency factor, is an opportunity function or return period and a mathematical
model type of opportunity distribution used for opportunity analysis.
The intensity of the rain plan is the amount of rainfall that occurs over a period of time.
While the intensity curve is the indentation of the relationship between drying time and
rainfall intensity.
The synthetic rain intensity curve used when rainfall data is available is the maximum
daily rainfall data. An equation that can be used to form an intensity curve is the
following equation.
2
R  24  3
I  24  
24  t 

22
 The intensity of rain indicates the amount of rain that falls in the watershed over
time. To observe the intensity of rainfall that occurs in three watersheds, the calculation
of intensity in each watershed. The calculations are performed according to the
preceding rainfall plan, then the calculation results are entered into the IDF (Intensity
Duration Function) curve.
Duration is the duration of a rain event. The high intensity of rain generally takes
place with a short duration and covers an area that is not too wide. Rain that covers a
large area, rarely with very high intensities but can last for a long duration.
To calculate or estimate the amount of water discharge that will occur in various
recurring periods with good results can be done by analyzing the current data from the
river in question. To calculate the water discharge can use the equation:
Q  0,002778.C.I . A
Where :
Q = Water Debit (m3 / s)
C = run off coefficient = 0.15 (steep slope sand type)
I = Rainfall Intensity (mm)
A = Watershed Area (km2)
The runoff coefficient (C) is the presentation of the amount of water that can
melt through the soil surface of all falling rainwater in an area. The soil surface is more
impermeable, the higher the current coefficient. The factors that influence the runoff
coefficient value are soil conditions, infilation rate, land slope, plant cover and rain
intensity.
The effect of land use on the surface stream is expressed in the surface flow
coefficient (C), which is the number that shows the ratio between the surface flow and
the amount of rainfall. Level of surface flow coefficient is one indicator to know the
physical condition of a watershed. The value of C ranges from 0 to 1. The value of C
= 0 indicates that all rainwater is tapped and infiltrated into soil, whereas for C = 1
values indicates that rainwater flows as runoff

3.7.3. Watersheds
Watershed area (DAS) is a limited area of the topographical area of hill mountains
where if the rain falls then the water flows into the river.
Factors determining the formation of a watershed are:
- Climate
23
- Topography
- Soil
- Geology
- Land use

3.7.4. Mainstay Debit

Hydrological planning is always associated with the characteristics of the
watershed. Rainfall and watershed characteristics greatly affect the flow conditions.
The fact of getting river flow data in many watershed areas is often incomplete. The
availability of long-term river flow data at the site of the taking building is necessary
for planning purposes of MHP. This is because the water building function depends
heavily on water requirements throughout the season, so to get continuity of water
supply according to the calculation planning required for reliable debit.
The expected release of the mainstay debit is always available throughout the
year with the risk of failure being calculated as small as possible. Mainstay debit data
is generally required for hydro-power plant development planning, namely to
determine the calculation of water supply in building intake (intake).

24
Chapter 4
Civil Buildings
__________________________

The main obstacle to the development of small-scale power generation is the

high cost of development. In this chapter, technological elements are explained with
the assumptions required to reduce the cost of civil construction (no explanation
provided for the same use for designing a typical hydro power plant)

4.1. DAM Intake

There are several types of basic types and intakes as mentioned below :
1. Gravity concrete dam
2. Concrete floats dam
3. Land dam
4. Urugan stone dam
5. Wet rock masonry
6. Rock bronjong dam
7. Reinforced concrete bronjong stone dam
8. Twigs of wood dam
9. Wooden dam
10.Wood frame with kinky dam

From the above type, basically weirs and flexible stones and dam bronjong, etc..
It is well known in Southeast Asian countries because some of the advantages such as
(i) are less affected by ground conditions basically and (ii) relatively easily repaired if
damaged.
However, they can be penetrated by floods so that their structure and use should
be preceded by careful testing of important constructions such as civil structures and
undercurrent conditions.

4.2. The height of the Dam

Since the volume of the dam is proportional to the square of its height, it is important
for that determine the height of the dam in terms of minimizing the following
conditions into consideration.

25
1. Conditions that limit channel height
To determine the height of the DAM, consider the condition topography and
geology of channel pathways for additional materials consideration at the dam
construction site. A careful examination is needed In locations where the calculation
of the cost of waterway construction has a proportion of the total construction cost.
High dams at locations where waterways are built under existing roads, often
determined by reference to the altitudes of the road in question.
2. The possibility of rising bottom of the river bottom
The height of dams for small-scale power plants is generally low, there is Attention
to normal function can be disrupted by the upstream river flows. Therefore, the rise of
the river floor in the future must be estimated determine the height of the dam if the
planned location is in this case the following case.
a. The slope of the river is not too steep with the rate of change / Sediment movement
is quite high
b. Presence of filled check dam, etc. Lower intake of dam Planned.
c. The existence of a damaged site downstream that is likely to continue suffered
damage later on.
d. There is a narrow section in the downstream area that will block the current sediment
and / or wood waste.

3. Influence on power generation

In locations where the use of small altitudes or where it is designed secure altitude with
dam, high dam significantly affects the level of electrical energy generation. Based on
this, it is necessary to determine the height of the dam at the site by comparing the
expected changes in both construction and power generation costs due to the difference
in the height of the dam.

4.3. Intake Structure

Generally there are three categories of intake structures :
1. Intake with free water level (Free water level)
The flow of water in the river is not dammed due to diversion (no weirs Transverse);
This category includes free consumption (also called edge intake) And the basic intake
(also called the basic intake of the river or Tyrolean weir.

26
2. Intake with dense dam
The height of the water in the river is raised with dense crossed land There is a steady
stream of intake throughout the year especially at this time low river flow.

3. Intake with a weir that can move

The face of the weir can be adjusted with a water gate or with a membrane that can be
inflated so that the weir can be lowered during a flood. The dam pumps are expensive
and needed only in flat areas where high river waterfalls will have extensive
consequences (requires Long flood ditch to prevent water from flooding the upstream
area). Dams like these are not relevant to the development of the MHP scheme.

4.4. Settling Tub

Many rivers and moats carry numerous sand and fine particles in the sediment,
especially during floods. The sediment load can not be removed in the intake.
Tranquilizers are needed to reduce the sediment load to an acceptable level, operation
of the problem-free MHP possible if the following conditions are met.
- There should be no sediment deposition on the carrier or any other place In the
existing system
- Damage to turbine runners and valves due to abrasion must be maintained at that
level low

4.5. Forebay
The upright shower is used to remove deep sand particles water. Complementary
basin function is very important to protect MHP components due to sand / dirt / garbage
impact. The tranquilizer function is to adjust the difference in the volume of the water
output between the penstock and the headrace to be stable (balanced input and output)
at a position with a certain height difference from the turbine position. And for the final
separation of impurities in water such as sand, leaves and trees by pepohanan by using
filtered water filters. The tranquilizer is the connecting medium between open channels
connected to the dam with the penstock connected to the turbine
The overall depth of the forebay is determined by the minimum sinking (s) of
the penstock inlet preventing air from entering the vortex.
The required sinking distance or water seal can be calculated using the given
formula. The filter must be slightly tilted (between 60 ° to 75 ° with horizontal line) to
facilitate cleaning with rake. The drain dump for floating debris and plator should be
built right downstream of the filter so operators have easy access to clean the filter.
27
Upholstery also protects the penstock channel so that no objects can fall into the
penstock by children who play with rocks or marbles. The approximate speed of the
trashrack should be less than 0.5 m / s.
The functions of a tranquilizer are as follows
 Controls the difference of discharge in penstock and a carrier channel Due to
load fluctuations
 Last waste removal (soil and sand, floating wood, etc.) In flowing water
 Keep penstock inlet still immersed in water (water seal)
Important things to design a tranquilizer :
Detailed designs for a small hydroelectric tank on Essentially the same as a medium
scale hydro power plant is
1. Includes water depth and mounting height of the penstock inlet
At small-scale hydroelectric diameter pipe is generally small (Usually 1.0 m or
less), the penstock must be sufficient to secure the whole The water depth is equal to
or greater than the diameter of the pipe. However, in the case of channels where the
diameter of the pipe is rapid and the slope of the large Pipe as illustrated below, the
occurrence of turbulence flow. Already explained before. While the entire water depth
was decided Use the reference illustration below where the diameter inside the
penstock added 1.0 m
2. Filter chamber suitable for turbine type,
The filter space (the effective size of filter filter) is approximately determined
by the diameter of the valve but must still consider the type and dimensions of the
turbine And the quantity because the quality of dirt / garbage can pass. The reference
value of the effective size of the filter distance is described below.
3. Installing the vent pipe as a complement to the tranquilizer door
If installation of a tranquilizer door is made to a power plant, it is necessary
Installation of a vent pipe behind the door of a sedative to prevent damage penstock
channel.

4.6. Penstock
At present, the main material of fast pipe is steel pipe, ductile pipe and pipe FRPM
(fiber reinforced plastic multi unit). While small-scale hydroelectric power plants use
vinyl chloride pipes, coating pipes or spiral welding pipes can be considered because
of their small internal diameter and pressure relatively low.
28
Determining the Penstock Diameter
In general the pipe diameter is determined by
comparison with the cost of fast pipe and the
cost of losing the pipe head quickly. The
penstock diameter can be determined by
penstock average angle (see here's the picture)
and design debit (Q).
Briefly, in the case of debit design (Qd) = 0.50m3 / s, penstock length (Lp) =
60m, Elevation of sedative to ower house (Hp) = 15m, average angle (Ap) = 15/60 =
0.25, the optimum velocity (Vopt) is determined around 2.32 at Reference 5-2. Thus
the diameter of the penstock pipe (d) is :
d = 1.273 × (Qd／ Vopt)0.5 =1.273 × (0.5／ 2.32)0.5 = 0.59 m

29
Chapter 5
Electrical System
__________________________

Almost all PLTMHs are built to generate energy Electricity, although there are
some cases where PLTMH turbines are used directly to move the machine, such as a
illing machine, or a water pump (waterSystem supply). Therefore, planning aspects of
electricity play a very important role in the MHPP project. In addition, field surveys of
the population (consumers) need to be done accurately, especially regarding the use of
electricity. For the purposes produktf where will be used electric motor (load inductf)
for example, it takes a generator with the ability to hold the startng current big.
Topography and population distribution play a key role in determining transmission
network length. Mastery of the basic rules of electricity, installation and safety is The
essentials of a planner and a technician should be involved Implementation of
microhydro projects.
The components and electrical systems of MHP are the most sensitive
components. Basically the components in the electrical system of microhydro
generators can be grouped into the following :
5.1. AC Generator
The alternating current generator (AC) is often called a synchronous generator
(Simultaneously) because the rotation speed of the magnetic field is equal to
rotation speed of the rotor generator. A typical AC generator is also called an alternator
Is an electric machine that serves to change the mechanical energy (motion)
to alternating current of electrical energy (AC) with induction magnetic field.
This energy change occurs because of the relative movement between magnetic
fields with a generator roll. Relative movement is the occurrence of field changes.
Magnets on the anchor coil (stator coil) which is the place. The voltage generated on
the generator due to the movement of the magnetic field against. Stator coil or vice
versa. This AC generator produces alternating electrical energy behind (AC) and
usually produced to produce 1 phase or 3 phase AC power.

30
 Viewed from the position of the magnetic
pole and the coil of the place
the formation of GGL induction can be
distinguished above the outer pole
generator and the generator poles inside.
It is called an outside pole generator
because its magnetic poles are deep
stationary conditions (in the stator),
whereas the GGL formation coil
Induction in spinning conditions. And it is
called internal pole generator because its
magnetic pole is in rotating condition, whereas GGL Induction coil formation is in
silent condition (in stator).
Judging from the number of turns, AC power plants can be distinguished above
High rotary generator, medium rotary generator, and low rotary generator.
Called a high rotator generator because it reaches its own frequency
determined (for Indonesia at 50 Hz), a large number of generator rotations are required
in the case of 3000 rotations per minute (RPM) and the number of poles of 2 pieces.
Called a moderate rotary generator because to reach a predetermined frequency
(50 Hz) required the number of generator turns in this case between 600 s / d 1500
RPM and the number of poles of 4 to 10 pieces.
The water turbine converts the water pressure into a shaft mechanical power, which
can be used to rotate electric generators, or other machines. Available power is
proportional to the result of high fall and flow rate.
This is indicated by the term efficiency, which uses the ratio between output power and
input power (to produce a machine). Thus, the electrical output of the MHP scheme
can be shown as follows.

Pe  g *t *g * H net * Q [kW ]

Where :
Pe = power generator
G = gravity = 9.81
ɳt = turbine efficiency
ɳg = efficiency of the generator
H = high plunge (m)
Q = water discharge (m3 / sec)

31
 In addition there are several factors generator ratings, such as temperature,
height, electronic controler correction factor, and load factor power. The coefficients
for these factors are given in the following table.
Table 2.7. Rating Factor Generator
Max. ambient
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
temperature in oC
Altitude 1000 1500 2000 2500
300 3500 4000 4500
0
A Temperatur Factor 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.03 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.88
B Altitude Factor 1.00 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.77
C ELC Correction Factor 0.88
D Power Factor When load is light bulbs only 1.0
When load includes tube light and other
0.8
inductive loads

The calculation to determine the generator size is based on the following formula :
Power Output
Daya Generator  PG  [ kVA]
Ax B xC x D
Where :
A (Temperatur Factor Altitude)
B (Altitude Factor)
C (ELC Correction Factor)
D (Power Factor)
Parameters A, B, C, D are predetermined nominal values that may affect the size
of the generator capacity at the time of calculation using equation 2.9. Parameters A,
B, C and D are determined with altitude in the study area 4000 m with a space
temperature of 50o, so that the value of A has a temperature factor of 0.92, the value
of B has a factor of height of 0.80, value C has an ELC correction factor of 0.88 and
the D value has a 0.8 power factor.

5.2. Transformator and Distribution

Electric energy is generally generated by a powerhouse far from the urban center
where customers are generally located. The problem now is how to distribute electric
power economically at a considerable distance. In general it can be said that the power
supply system consists of three elements, namely:
1. Power Plant
2. Transmission
3. Distribution

32
 In general, the location of the MHP is located quite far from the center of charge
(consumer). Therefore the need for transmission and distribution systems in this case
will be required. The transmission system needs to be well planned to meet the
technical, safety and economic criteria. There are several things to note in the
distribution system planning as follows.
 Maximum allowable voltage variation of the no-load and full-load voltage
 Maximum loss of permitted power
 Protection from lightning and other damage
 Stability of the structure in the state of strong winds (or in temperatures extreme;
hot, rain)
 Security for human and work close to the network
One of the goals of transmission system planning is to know its size suitable
conductors, to obtain power loss and cost estimates Needed.
Underground or overhead
More overhead networks are used, because by using air as cable insulation, cable
is cheaper and installation costs are simpler easy. In many developing countries cables
without insulation are more available than underground cables (underground).
Cables without insulation are more at risk of lightning and fallen trees. Area along the
path the cable should be free of plants and should be checked periodically.
Electrical poles may have a limited lifespan and should be replaced perhaps
around 15 years. In addition the overhead network is less efficient than underground
for the specified conductor size, this is because the wide inter-conductor spacing
increases the loss of inductif. Underground cables must be isolated and protected from
ground motion, excavation of land, new buildings, etc. Once installed, the network
should work without maintenance until the insulation material is damaged, usually
longer than 50 years. Calculations for overhead and underground networks are
basically the same. But the cost and maintenance implications should be considered.
Based on experience and some technical and economic aspects, for Indonesia better
the overhead network used.
For high voltage transmission where the transformer is used to raise the voltage
(step up) and transformer to lower the voltage (step-down). With a larger voltage the
current flowing in the conductor is smaller so that smaller conductors can be used
where the price will be cheaper. The cheaper price for a conductor is opposite to the
price of two transformers required, one at the beginning of the transmission line and
one at the end of the transmission line. Cost with high voltage system not only
transformer but also transformer maintenance (isolation check and oil picker). In
addition, more expensive insulation is required for placement of cables on the support
poles. Conversely, low-voltage transmission without transformers is easier to manage

33
and manage by the local community. Generally it is found that low voltage
transmission network more economical on high voltage for transmission lines less than
2 km. In general because the system is much simpler, low voltage system (LV) is
preferred even for distances greater than 2 km. The danger with long distances is the
low voltage at the end of the conductor (drop volt) to avoid this usually using a larger
cable

5.3. System Control

The control system serves to balance the energy input and output energy by
adjusting the input (flow) or adjust the output (electricity), so that the system will be
balanced. With timely load changes, the role of the control system is critical to
maintaining system stability, especially the quality of electricity generated by the
generator (voltage and frequency).
The flow control can be defined as setting the amount of hydraulic power
(discharge water) that goes into the turbine with the set turbine valve opening (guiding
blades).
There are several things to note in the use of flow control for the system microhydro.
 Because flow control is quite complicated and expensive for microhydro
applications with a small strength of <100 kW, therefore the use of flow control
is generally used in large plants> 100 kW.
 Changes in consumer burden relatve small (stable). The flow control reaction to
the load changes are relatively slow so there will be a surprise on the generator
when large loads suddenly connected, resulting in reduced generator rotation
so the voltage and frequency also decreases for some time (<1 minute)
until the control flow reacts and the guiding blade opens according to the
magnitude load installed.

34
Chapter 6
Mechanical System
__________________________

6.1. Hydraulic Turbine

The purpose of a hydraulic turbine is to convert water energy into mechanical potential
rotational energy. Although this book does not define guidelines for turbine design but
can provide some criteria for choosing the right turbine with a variety of specific
applications and can even provide the right formula for determining the primary
dimension. All formulas use SI units and refer to IEC standards (IEC 60193 and
60041).
The potential energy of water is converted into mechanical energy in a turbine, with
one of two basic mechanisms essentially different.
 The water pressure can flow to the runner in the turbine. Turbines operating in this
way are called reaction turbines. Turbine casing, with waterlogged runners should
be strong enough to withstand surgical pressure. The Francis and Kaplan turbines
fall into this category.
 The water pressure is converted into kinetic energy before entering the runner.
Kinetic energy of high speed mounted on the edge of the runner. Turbines operating
in this way are called impulse turbines. The most common impulse turbine is
Pelton.
The hydraulic turbine power is given by the equation:
Pt  9,81 * nt * H net *Q net [ kW ]
Where:
Pt = Turbine Output [kW]
9.8 = Gravity
ɳt = turbine efficiency
Hnet = High waterfall [m]
Qnet = water discharge [m3 / s]

6.2. Turbine Impuls

The impulse turbine is a water turbine that works by converting all water energy
consisting of potential energy, pressure and available velocity into kinetic energy to
rotate the turbine, generating torque energy.

35
6.2.1. Turbine Turgo
The Turgo turbine can operate on a head with a range of 50-250 m. Like Pelton, the
water through the runner is at an angle of 20 °. In the picture below the runner can
operate between 20% and 100% of the maximum design.
The efficiency of the turgo turbine is
lower than that of Pelton and Francis
(ESHA 2004). Compared to Pelton, the
Turgo turbine has a higher rotational
speed for flow and the same head. Turgo
could be an alternative for Francis when
the flow varies greatly

6.2.2. Turbine Cross Flow

The crossover turbine is also known as Banki-Michell which is used for various
heads and can operate with heads between 5-200 m. The simple design of the turbine
makes it cheap and easy to repair in case of runner problems due to mechanical
pressure. Cross flow turbines have lower efficiency than other turbines. The distance
between the runner and the head should be considered when there is a low or moderate
head. In addition, on runners with high heads while using crosslink turbines may have
some problems with reliability due to high mechanical stresses. Turbine turbine turbine
operating range and other turbine types can be seen from the graph of water discharge
charts Head vs Heading Operation Turbine Net air as follows .

From graphic images it is clear that cross

flow turbines can operate at various
discharges, compared to other turbine
types such as Pelton and Turgo which
operate only on the high head, or
propellers and Kaplan at low head.
Similarly with the Francis turbine, the
turbine cross flow operation area is wider.

6.3. Turbine Reaction

Turbine Reaction is a water turbine that works by converting all water energy into
torque energy.

36
6.3.1. Turbine Propeller
Basically a propeller turbine consists of
a propeller that resembles a ship's
propeller, mounted in a tube after a fast
pipe. The turbine shaft is connected out
of the tube. The propeller turbine
typically has three to six blades, usually
three blades for turbines with very low heads and a water flow arranged by a static
blade or a goal gate mounted right upstream of the blades. This vane turbine is known
as a fixed blade axial flow turbine because the angle of the rotor blade can not be
changed. The efficiency of turbine operation on part-flow for this type of turbine is
very low and is used for heads from 2 to 40 meters

6.3.2. Turbine Kaplan

For larger hydroelectric power plants use more
sophisticated turbine turbines. In this turbine the
propeller blades and the goal gates can be adjusted so
that their efficiency when operating on low-load (part-
flow) remains good. This variable turbine turbine is
known as the Kaplan turbine

6.4. Turbine Selection Criteria

The type, geometry and dimensions of the turbine are essentially conditioned by the
following criteria :
 Height of the plunge (net head)
 Range of discharge through turbine (discharge)
 Rotation speed (rotation speed)
 Problem of cavitation (cavitation problem)
 Cost (cost)

6.5. High Waterfall

The first criterion to take into account the selection of turbines is a clean head. The
table below determines the range of head operation for each type of turbine that can
be used.

37
 Table 6.1. Head Range.
Type Turbine Range Haed in meter
Kaplan and Propeller 2 < Hn < 40
Francis 25 < Hn < 350
Pelton 50 < Hn < 1300
Cros flow 5 < Hn < 200
Turgo 50 < Hn < 250

To obtain a clean head (Hn), the measurement data at the site is a dirty head where the
vertical distance is between the water surface in the intake and in the turbine. While
the head loss is the total loss of altitude caused by open channels, garbage racks,
penstock length pipe, intake. The disadvantage is approximately or equal to 6% of the
gross head (Hg). (Javed, 2010).

To calculate the net head (Hn) we can use the equation :

H n  H g  H losses (m)
6.6. Range of discharge through turbine
Each turbine has an application with
its own specific limit. It is possible
that different types of turbines are
feasible for the factory. Offers from
different manufacturers should be
compared first.
In many cases, economic
onsiderations are very important in
the selection of turbines. The
etermination is not always clear and
easy, and requires knowledge of the
specific characteristics of the turbine.

38
In a standard power plant scheme, turbine speed should reach synchronous speed, as
shown in Table 6.2.

Table. 6.2. Synchronous Generator Speed

Number Frequency
of Poles 50 Hz 60 Hz
2 3000 3600
4 1500 1800
6 1000 1200
8 750 900
10 600 720
12 500 600
14 428 540
16 375 450
18 333 400
20 300 360
22 272 327
24 250 300
26 231 377
28 214 257

Since the frequency in Indonesia is 50 Hz, the speed of 50 Hz will be selected from the
table. The size and cost of generators with higher speeds are smaller and cheaper in a
row than low speed.

6.7. Turbine Efficiency

Turbine efficiency is not a fixed value, depending on load conditions and turbine
type. Turbine performance can be expressed in several circumstances: maximum
plunge height, minimum plunge height, normal plunge height, and high plunge design.
High Falls designed will provide the best speed so maximum efficiency is achieved.

Based on international standards

(publication IEC 60041), the number
can be defined as the ratio of power
supplied by the turbine to the hydraulic
power.
The following figure shows the typical
efficiency for some types of turbines.
To estimate the overall efficiency, the

39
turbine efficiency must be multiplied by the speed inhibiting efficiency when the
alternator is used.

When the deviation current from the

nominal debit the hydraulic turbine
work becomes inefficient, so the
reaction turbine design debit is
generally chosen to be different from
the best efficiency discharge.

Table.6.3. Efficiency of small turbine type

Tipe Turbin Best Efficiency
Kaplan Single Regulated 0.91
Kaplan doble Regulated 0.93
Francis 0.94
Pelton n nozzle 0.90
Pelton I nozzle 0.89
Turgo 0.85

The efficiencies given in Table 6.4 correspond to the best efficiency, but not for design
efficiency or maximum discharge.
6.8. Electrical Equipment
Almost all MHP are built destined to generate electrical energy, although there
are some cases where MHP turbines are used directly to drive machines, such as milling
machines, or water pumps.
Table. 6.4. Efficiency of Small Generator
Rated Power [kW] Best Efficiency
10 0.91
50 0.94
100 0.95
250 0.95
500 0.96
1000 0.97
Effective generator selection should be based on the desired efficiency so that in the
process of operating the power plant will produce a good efficiency. Basically the
components in the electrical system of microhydro generators can be grouped as
follows.
40
Chapter 7
Operation and Maintenance
__________________________

Hydropower has advantages compared with other power plants, because they do
not require deep fuel operations, such as power plants that use oil. However operation
and maintenance there is no difference for long term. These microhydro power plants
can be operated in the long run. We can use it effectively because it is environmentally
friendly as well sustainable (renewable).
We can operate this microhydro power plant by using manual and operation
maintenance. Generally microhydro operators must understand some of the things
below :
1. Operators should effectively adjust operation and maintenance generating plants
with existing work plans, rules and arrangements.
2. The operator must control the plant components and appearance or the operator
must master the functions and corrections as well as the treatment. Furthermore the
operator must understand what to do if there is some damage in order to recover.
3. Operators should always check the condition of all facilities and equipment
generator. And if there is a problem and damage, they should be able to contact the
person responsible for this and try to fix it.
4. The operator must keep the factory undamaged. Therefore the operator must repair
and improve facilities if necessary.

The operation and maintenance of each plant should be prepared from the beginning
with each operator before starting the operation. Some of the following are manuals
for operation and maintenance of microhydro power plants.

7.1. Operation
Operation of microhydro generators not only to generate electricity by turning the
generator but also for controlling the generation equipment, providing electricity with
stable quality to consumers, and keeping everything equipment to keep it in good
condition.
Because all facilities and equipment installed depends on the location and condition
Budget is available, then there are various ways of microhydro operation. If generator
has an automatic load stabilizer, then the operator is not necessary always control all
equipment except at startup, stop and situation emergency state. If the generator creates
an automatic dismissal system, then the operator not necessarily around the plant.
In many cases of microhydro for power generation in rural areas, automated and
protective equipment control systems are often eliminated due to financial constraints.

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Therefore, the operator should always be in the vicinity of the generating area for
controlled equipment and keep the crops handled immediately if there is a problem /
damage.
Some common ways of doing microhydro operations :
7.1.1. Basic operation
1. Checking a few things before starting the operation before the operation of the
plant, the operator has to check several things and must make sure the facility is in
good condition to operate. Especially if the plant operates for a long period of time,
the operator should check carefully.
Transmission and distribution lines
· Damage to the drains and poles
· Branches of adjacent branches
· Other obstacles
Drainage facilities
· Structural damage
· Sedimentation of soil in front of intake
· Garbage - garbage attached to the filter
· Soil sedimentation in sedimentary and sedative tubs
Turbine, generator and controller
· Abnormalities from the outside
· Use of brush
· Resilience of circuit insulation
2. Started operation
After checking some of the above, the turbine and generator are ready to operate.
Some of the procedures for starting the operation are as follows.
Initial preparation :
· Closes the drain drain door from dam intake
· Opening the door of the intake and air intake into the drain system.
Started Operation :
· Opening the inlet valve gradually.
· If there is a guide vane, open the full valve inlet, then open the guide vane
gradually.
· Increase the voltage and frequency velocity or speed rotation up at a redetermined
value.
· Press the switch on switch button (parallel inside)
· Control the inlet valve or guide vane so that the voltage and frequency Within the
specified interval

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3. Rules for operators during operation
The operator should check the equipment in order to supply electricity with good
quality and keep the equipment in order to stay in that condition safe and normal.
Things to do are as follows :
· Controlling the inlet valve or guide vane so that the voltage and frequency Is in a
predetermined interval
· Checking the vibrations and sounds of the equipment and disabling the operation
if necessary. Check the temperature of the equipment
· Check all abnormal circumstances of the equipment and disable operation when
necessary
· Store all operating results and equipment conditions in a fixed format
4. Stop operation
In order for procedures to avoid damaging turbines and generators for a long time,
the procedure for dismissal is as follows :
· Close the valve inlet or guide vane.
· Pressing the load switch off (load rejection)
· Close the valve inlet and guide vane perfectly.
· Close the door of the intake
When the load is suddenly damaged then the operator must close the valve inlet or
guide vane as soon as possible to avoid turbine and generator damage for a long
time

7.1.2. Emergency case

1. In case of flooding
Generally microhydro generators can be operated even though inside flood
conditions. But the river can carry mud that can causing the entry of soil and sand
into the generating facility and operation should be stopped immediately and the
door intake should be immediately closed. After the flood the operator must check
all the equipment and should fix it as soon as possible when there is damage.
2. In the case of an earthquake
Because the earthquake affected all generating facilities, then The operator must
check all equipment after a major earthquake happen.
3. Case of lack of water volume There is a time interval of water output on each turbine
turbine should be operated in the hose. Microhydro plants should basically be
designed on the basis of discharge in the dry season. But if the lack of water volume
occurs beyond our expectations at that time The operator must stop the operation of
the generator because if continued operation will result in turbine damage
4. Case of accident
In the case of an accident, the operator must stop the operation and check what the
cause and should fix it as soon as possible.

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7.2. Maintanace
Operate microhydro plants in good condition and in a lot of time, then the
facilities of waterways, electrical equipment, transmission and distribution should be
maintained properly. The operator should pay attention even though only a small
problem and should continue from the accident at the facility. Therefore daily patrols
and periodic inspections are required and store the data correctly.
Patrols and inspections on the above matters shall be made under the conditions
of the facility And how to use them. General treatment of microhydro plants is as
following :
1. Daily patrol
To check if there is anything on the plumbing facilities, electrical equipment,
transmission and distribution, then the operator must conduct daily patrol. In
addition operators should save patrol results and take action if needed.
The things that need to be done in thes patrol are as follows :
Intakes and drains (waterway), sedimentation, the carrier channel, tranquilizer,
penstock, turbine, generator, load stabilizer, transformer, transmission and
distribution
2. Periodic Inspection
The operator must perform periodic inspections to check if they occur Problems /
damage to facilities and equipment. At the time of inspection, the operator
Sometimes have to check it thoroughly and make improvements if necessary.
3. Special inspection
In the case of earthquakes, floods, heavy rains and accidents, the operator must stop
the operation and check the facility

7.3. Recording
Operate microhydro plants in good condition and in a lot of time, then the
facilities of waterways, electrical equipment, transmission and distribution should be
maintained properly. The operator should pay attention even though it is only a small
problem and should continue from the accident at the facility. Therefore daily patrols
and periodic inspections are required and store the data correctly.

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Chapter 8
Microhydro Power Management
__________________________

8.1. Management
Management is the process of coordinating and integrating all resources, both
human and technical, to achieve various objectives set in an organization. However
management is more frequent used in the context of practical work. Examples: forest
management, building management, mine management, and environmental
management. The word managemen" can be likened to management, which also
means setting or management. Management is defined as a series of work or business
undertaken by a group of people to perform a series of work in reaching a particular
tujan. In the process of management / management involves the main function shown
by a leader, namely planning, organizing, leading, and supervising.
Therefore, management is defined as the process of planning, organizing,
leading, and controlling organizations with all its aspects to achieve organizational
goals effectively and efficiently. It should be emphasized that management is focused
on processes and systems. Therefore, if in systems and planning processes, organizing,
directing, budgeting and monitoring systems are not good, the entire management
process is not smooth, the impact of achieving goals will be disrupted or even fail.
Based on the above management definition, then it can be formulated
Management includes planning, organizing, implementing, and supervision. Planning
is the basic process of management activity ind is an absolute requirement in
management activities. Then organizing related to the implementation of the planning
that has been set.In the meantime, direction is needed to produce something to be
expected and strict supervision. With evaluation, it could be monitoring process
cctivities to determine whether an individual or group obtains and use their resources
effectively and efficiently to achieve goals.

8.2. Planning
Planning is the foundation that will be developed into all subsequent functions.
Without a proper plan, an organization will lose its main footing. Planning is the
process of preparing a series of decision-making for action in achieving organizational
goals, with and without the use of existing resources. Thus the key to success in
management or management lies in its planning. Planning is an activity that will be
done in the future within a certain period of time to achieve certain goals as well. A

45
good plan is rational, applicable and guides the next step. Based on the above
description, planning is essentially a systematic, analytical, and rational process of
thinking to decide what to do, how to do it, who to do it, and when it should be done.
The MHP planning' activity is the most important aspect of building a Micro
Hydro Power Plant. The MHP Planning will include feasibility studies (water potential
data collection, MHP site plan, socio-economic data, and population demography,
community distribution as potential MHP electrical energy users, to detailed
engineering plans). In an organization requires cooperation between two people or
more to achieve goal goals effectively and efficiently.

8.3. Organization
Is a process for designing formal structures, grouping and organizing and dividing
tasks or work among members of the organization for organizational goals can be
achieved. In order to achieve that goal, it is necessary to select a person who has the
ability and competence in performing their duties. Therefore, it is necessary to select
and determine the person who is believed to occupy that position. For that required
process of withdrawal, placement, training, and development of members of the
organization.
The organizing of MHP activities includes the organizational form Stewardship
of MHP, establishment of Responsible MHP (including supervisory board and MHP
Manager), supporting regulations Budget Basic /and Household Budget), capacity
building MHP Manager.

8.4. Briefing
Briefing is the desire to get others to follow things that have been agreed upon,
pursued by the use of personal power or office power effectively and replace the long-
term interests of the organization. Directions include telling others what to do. Briefing
means directing, leading and influencing the person being led. The leader does not do
all the activity itself, but accomplishes his duties Important through others. They also
not only give orders, but create a working atmosphere that can help those who are led
to do the work in the best way possible.
The briefing' activity at MHP includes related processes with leadership
competence, coaching, ability to direct MHP management staff (high performance,
responsible), build Good communication with customer / user community of electric
energy MHP.

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8.5. Supervision
Supervision is the activity of comparing or measuring the medium Or have been
implemented based on existing plan standards standard. Supervision is the last part of
the management function and is implemented to know.
a. Do all activities go according to plan ?
b. Is there any obstacle, loss, misuse of power and authority, deviation and waste ?
c. To prevent failure, loss, and abuse of power And the authority of irregularities, and
waste ?
d. To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization ?
Supervision aims to determine and eliminate the cause of the problem, before a
problem occurs; Prevent and correct errors and gain efficiency and effectiveness.
Monitoring activities at MHP are primarily concerned with ensuring the
sustainability of MHP as a powerhouse and maintaining the service capabilities of
MHP as a source of electrical energy for the community. Controlling the supply of
electricity to keep it stable for customers, maintain all equipment and parts of MHP in
good condition, and good performance.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adhau, S.P. Mrs., et al., 2010. “ Reassessment of Irrigation Potential for Micro Hydro
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Asdak, C., 1995. “Hydrology and Watershed Management “. UGM-Press, Yogjakarta.
White Book., 2006, “Research, Development and Application of Science and
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European Small Hydropower Association - ESHA. 2004. “ Guide on How to Develop
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Kodoatie, J.R. dan R. Syarief , 2005, Integrated Water Resources Management. Andi
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in Chia-Nan Irrigation Association of Taiwan Using Water of Irrigation
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 AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Lory Marcus Parera, S.T. Born in Passo, May 8, 1975, address

Ambon Jl. Gang Raja RT 023 / RW 005 Passo, Districts of
Baguala Ambon, Indonesia. The youngest son of the father of
Marthin Parera, Mrs. Elsina Parera - Ferdinandus. Married to
Juliana Engelin Parera - Mintje is blessed with 3 (three) sons
namely; Bezaleel Marels Christophe Parera, Yedija Louiza Parera and Euaggelion
Julio Parera.
Elementary School Education at SD Negeri 2 Passo graduated in 1986, Junior High
School in Junior High School 12 Ambon graduated in 1990, High School in SMA
Negeri 4 Ambon graduated in 1993, University at ATMA JAYA Makassar Starata 1
(S1) in Faculty Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, Electrical Energy
Concentration graduated in 2000, University of Brawijaya Malang Starata 2 (S2) in
Master Program of Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Electrical Engineering Study Program with Interest of Electric Power System
graduated in 2015. Until now the author is still a civil servant, at the Polytechnic State
of Ambon. Maluku, Indonesia, as a Lecturer at the Department of Electrical
Engineering from 2002 until now.

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