NAME

ROLL NUMER

COURSE

SUBJECT

SEMESTER
Q-1

ANS:- Research is an organised process of inquiry and research with the goals of expanding on
current knowledge, generating new insights, or resolving particular issues. To obtain insights, find
answers, or test theories, it entails a methodical and disciplined approach to information gathering,
analysis, and interpretation. Research is important for the expansion of knowledge and the growth of
civilization. It can be done in many different sectors, such as science, social science, technology, and
the humanities.

Numerous research kinds can be essentially divided into two groups: applied research and basic
research. These categories can all be further broken down into other kinds:

Pure research, or basic research:

The goal of exploratory research is to learn as much as possible about a novel topic or phenomenon.
It seeks to become acquainted with and pinpoint important factors.

The goal of descriptive research is to characterise the features of a certain phenomenon or group. It
gives a thorough explanation without changing any of the variables.

The goal of explanatory research is to comprehend the causal linkages that exist between various
variables. It looks for answers as to why specific things happen.

Utilising Research:

Evaluation research evaluates the impact or efficacy of a specific intervention, policy, or programme.

Action research is carried out by professionals to address particular issues in their own workplaces.
Collaboration between researchers and practitioners is required.

Research with Quantitative Methods:

Experimentation in research: Changing factors and seeing how they affect a result. The process
establishes cause-and-effect correlations through controlled experiments.
Survey research: Uses questionnaires or surveys to gather information from a sample of people in
order to extrapolate findings to a larger population.

Investigates the relationship between two or more variables without changing them through
correlational research. It finds correlations and patterns.

Qualitative Study:

Ethnographic research involves sending researchers into the field to watch and record behaviours
and practices in order to investigate cultures and communities.

Case study research: delves deeply into a particular setting by closely examining a single unit (person,
group, or organisation).

The goal of grounded theory is to create theories by methodically analysing qualitative evidence. It
permits hypotheses to be generated from the data.

Research Design: Cross-sectional and longitudinal

Cross-sectional research: Obtains information from a sample of people at one particular moment in
order to draw comparisons.

Research that tracks the same people or groups over time to examine changes and advancements is
known as longitudinal research.

These kinds of research procedures are not mutually exclusive, and in order to fully address their
study concerns, researchers sometimes combine different approaches. The nature of the study topic,
the resources at hand, and the intended results all influence the sort of research that is selected.

Q-3

ANS:- A questionnaire is a type of research tool that consists of a list of inquiries or prompts
intended to elicit data from participants. It is a well-liked technique for gathering data in a
standardised and systematic manner. There are several techniques to conduct questionnaires: self-
administered forms, interviews, and surveys. A questionnaire's design is essential to ensuring that it
reliably generates replies and efficiently captures the necessary information. The following important
question categories, along with some sample answers, may be found in a questionnaire:

Closed-ended inquiries:

These inquiries provide participants with a predetermined range of possible answers and are
typically simpler to do a quantitative analysis of.

For instance:

1.
 vbnetCopy code
Q1: What is your preferred mode of transportation? a) Car b) Public transportation c)
Walking d) Cycling
2. Open-ended Questions:
 These questions allow respondents to provide detailed, free-form
responses. They are useful for collecting in-depth qualitative data.
  Example:
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Q2: Please describe your experience with the product and any suggestions for
improvement.
3. Multiple-Choice Questions:
 Similar to closed-ended questions, but respondents can choose more
than one option.
 Example:
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Q3: Which of the following social media platforms do you use regularly? (Check all
that apply) a) Facebook b) Twitter c) Instagram d) LinkedIn
4. Likert Scale Questions:
 These questions measure the intensity of agreement or disagreement
on a statement using a scale.
 Example:
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Q4: Please rate your satisfaction with the customer service you received. 1 - Very
Dissatisfied 2 - Dissatisfied 3 - Neutral 4 - Satisfied 5 - Very Satisfied
1. Ranking Questions:
 Requires respondents to order a list of items based on their preferences
or priorities.
 Example:
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Q5: Rank the following factors in order of importance when choosing a smartphone. 1 )
Battery life 2 ) Camera quality 3 ) Price 4 ) Brand reputation
2. Dichotomous Questions:
 Presents respondents with two options, typically 'yes' or 'no.'
 Example:
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Q6: Have you purchased a product from our company in the last six months? a)
Yes b) No
3. Demographic Questions:
 Collect information about respondents' characteristics, such as age,
gender, education, or income.
 Example:
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Q7: What is your highest level of education? a) High school b) Associate 's degree c)
Bachelor 's degree d) Master 's degree e) Doctoral degree
4. Matrix Questions:
 Organizes related questions into a matrix format, making it easier for
respondents to provide consistent answers.
 Example:
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Q8: Please rate the following aspects of our website on a scale from 1 to 5 ( 1 - Strongly
Disagree, 5 - Strongly Agree). | | Not User- Friendly | Somewhat User- Friendly | Very
 User- Friendly | |-------------------|-------------------|------------------------|--------------------| |
Navigation | | | | | Design | | | | | Content |
Q-2

ANS:- There are two basic ways to acquire data for study or analysis: primary and secondary data
collection. Below is a summary of different approaches in each category:

Primary Techniques for Gathering Data: Questionnaires and Surveys

collecting information on beliefs, habits, and preferences by surveying or questioning a sample of

thepublic.

Conversations:

conducting in-depth interviews in groups or one-on-one settings. Structured, semi-structured, and

unstructured interviews are all possible.

Note:seeing and documenting actions, occasions, or procedures firsthand in an unaltered natural

environment.

Trials:

adjusting factors in a controlled environment in order to track their effects and identify causal
linkages.

Focus Groups:

assembling a small group of people to talk about particular subjects and gaining qualitative insights
from group discussions.

Field Experiments:

Testing goods, services, or treatments in practical contexts in order to evaluate their efficacy and
obtain input from users.

Case Studies:

comprehensive examination of a specific person, team, institution, or occasion, frequently utilising a

range of data sources.

Research using Ethnography:

integrating researchers fully into the community or culture they are researching in order to fully
comprehend social norms, traditions, and behaviours.

Techniques for Gathering Secondary Data:

Review of the Literature:

reviewing previously published works, scholarly articles, books, and other textual materials in order
to compile data for the study.

Historical Investigations:

examining old records, papers, and archives to extract

Reports and Surveys:

using information gathered for a different reason but pertinent to the current research by
organisations, government agencies, or other researchers.

Internet-based databases:

retrieving data from digital libraries, repositories, and databases that is pertinent to the study.

Publications published by the government:

obtaining demographic, economic, and social data through the use of government reports, statistics,
and publications.

Reports from the Company:

information extraction from financial statements, annual reports, and other corporate publications.

Online Resources:

Q-4

ANS:- A hypothesis is a claim or presumption that is made and put to the test in order to support an
argument or serve as the starting point for more research. It is an essential component of the
scientific method, assisting the investigator in developing hypotheses and planning investigations or
experiments. A research framework is established with the aid of hypotheses, which also serve as a
foundation for testing and result analysis.

The Null Hypothesis (H0) is one type of hypothesis.

According to the null hypothesis, there isn't any meaningful relationship, difference, or effect
between the variables under investigation.

Symbolically, H0: ρ = 0 (for correlation) and H0: μ1 = μ2 (for mean comparison).

Hypothesis Alternative (Ha or H1):

A particular difference, effect, or relationship between the variables is suggested by the alternative
hypothesis.

Ha: μ1 ≠ μ2, Ha: μ1 > μ2, Ha: ρ ≠ 0 are the symbolic values.

gathering information from websites, blogs, and social networking platforms, among other internet
sources.

Official Documents:

examining government papers, including marriage certificates, birth and death certificates, and court
documents.

Basic Theory

implies a certain relationship or difference between variables, but it omits to say which way the
relationship runs.

For instance, Group A and Group B's test results differ from one another.

Complicated Theory:
identifies the direction of the effect and presents a particular relationship or difference between the
variables.

For instance, the average income of people in City X is higher than that of those in City Y.

One-tailed (directional) hypothesis:

Indicates whether the projected effect is likely to be more or less.

For instance: Ha! The new medication makes it take longer on average to fall asleep.

Non-Directional Hypothesis with Two Tails:

does not indicate which way the expected effect is supposed to go.

Example: Ha: Reaction times vary depending on the circumstances.

Statistical Theory:

a theory that is amenable to statistical testing.For instance, H0: TheResearch Theory:

a precise assertion based on the study question that forecasts the relationship or variation between
variables.

Example: Ha: Study hours and exam results are positively correlated.

Combination Hypothesis:

a theory that integrates multiple specific claims regarding the correlations between variables.

Example: Ha: Different age groups experience the treatment's effects differently.

The Associative Theory

suggests a connection or relationship, but not a cause-and-effect relationship, between two factors.

Example: Ha: Smoking and lung cancer are significantly correlated.

The causal hypothesis

implies that there is a cause-and-effect link between the variables.

Example: Ha: A drop in body weight is caused by increased physical activity.

Q-5

ANS:- A formal document that summarises the results, analysis, and conclusions of a research
project is called a research report. The intended audience is informed about the research process,
methodologies, findings, and interpretations. A research report's format may differ slightly based on
the particular specifications and rules of the publisher or organisation. Nonetheless, the majority of
research reports often contain the following elements:

1. Title Page: Contains the study report's title, the writers' names, affiliations, and the submission
date.

2. Abstract: Offers a succinct synopsis of the whole study report, comprising the methodology,
results, research topic, and important discoveries.
3. Table of Contents: Provides a list of the research report's major sections and subsections,
numbered according to their respective pages.

4. List of Figures and Tables: Lists all of the report's figures and tables together with the page
numbers of each one.

5. Preface

outlines the underlying data, the study's goal, and its research question or hypothesis.

comprises a literature evaluation that elucidates previous research and provides support for the
necessity of the current investigation.

6. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework: explains the framework or theoretical underpinnings that

direct the study.

7. Research Design and Methodology: Provides information on the research design, including the
instruments utilised, participants, sampling strategy, data collection methodologies, and study type
(e.g., correlational, experimental).

outlines the steps and processes that were taken during the research.

8. Data Analysis: Explains the analytical or statistical techniques applied to the processing and
analysis of the gathered data.

displays any software used, statistical testing,

9. Results: Provides both the unprocessed data and the data analysis's conclusions.

frequently uses graphs, tables, and figures to visually represent the results.

10. Discussion: Explains the findings and how they connect to the hypothesis or research topic.

explains the consequences of the results, points out any study limitations, and recommends areas for
additional research.

11. Conclusion: Provides an overview of the key conclusions and their implications.

Perhaps repeat the research topic and give a succinct explanation of the techniques and findings.

12. Recommendations: Provides useful advice or recommendations in light of the study's

conclusions.

13. References: Provides an inventory of all the sources that the report cites, using a particular
citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).

Appendices: 14

includes supplementary information that is too long or complex to be included in

Q-6

ANS:-
To determine whether the use of fertilizers is related to the ownership of farms, we
can perform a chi-square test of independence. The chi-square test assesses whether
there is a significant association between two categorical variables. In this case, the
variables are "Use of Fertilizers" (using or not using) and "Ownership of Farms" (own
or rented).

Let's set up the observed frequency table based on the given data:

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+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+
+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+
+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+
+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+
+---------------+----------------+-------+
| | Owns Farms | Rents Farms | Total |
| Using Fertilizers | 50 | 50 | 100 |
| Not Using Fertilizers | 30 | 70 | 100 |
| Total | 80 | 120 | 200 | +----------------------

Now, let's calculate the expected frequencies and perform the chi-square test:

1. Calculate the expected frequency for each cell:

 Expected Frequency = (Row Total * Column Total) / Grand Total
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+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | | Owns Farms | Rents Farms | Total |
+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | Using Fertilizers | ( 80 * 100 ) / 200 | ( 120 *
100 ) / 200 | 100 | +----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | Not Using Fertilizers | ( 80
* 100 ) / 200 | ( 120 * 100 ) / 200 | 100 | +----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ |
Total | 80 | 120 | 200 | +----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+

To determine whether the use of fertilizers is related to the ownership of farms, we can perform a
chi-square test of independence. The chi-square test assesses whether there is a significant
association between two categorical variables. In this case, the variables are "Use of Fertilizers"
(using or not using) and "Ownership of Farms" (own or rented).

Let's set up the observed frequency table based on the given data:

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+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | | Owns Farms | Rents Farms | Total |

+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | Using Fertilizers | 50 | 50 | 100 |
+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | Not Using Fertilizers| 30 | 70 | 100 |
+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | Total | 80 | 120 | 200 | +----------------------
+---------------+----------------+-------+

Now, let's calculate the expected frequencies and perform the chi-square test:

1. Calculate the expected frequency for each cell:

 Expected Frequency = (Row Total * Column Total) / Grand Total

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+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | | Owns Farms | Rents Farms | Total |

+----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | Using Fertilizers | (80 * 100) / 200 | (120 * 100)
/ 200 | 100 | +----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | Not Using Fertilizers| (80 * 100) /
200 | (120 * 100) / 200 | 100 | +----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+ | Total | 80 | 120
| 200 | +----------------------+---------------+----------------+-------+

2. Calculate the chi-square statistic:

 Chi-Square = Σ [(Observed Frequency - Expected Frequency)^2 / Expected

Frequency]

3. Determine the degrees of freedom (df):

 df = (Number of Rows - 1) * (Number of Columns - 1)

In this case, df = (2 - 1) * (2 - 1) = 1.

4. Compare the calculated chi-square statistic with the critical chi-square value for a given
significance level and degrees of freedom. The critical chi-square value for a significance level
of 0.05 and df = 1 is approximately 3.84.

5. If the calculated chi-square statistic is greater than the critical value, we reject the null
hypothesis, indicating a significant association.

Let's perform the calculations:

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# Observed frequencies observed = [50, 50, 30, 70] # Expected frequencies expected = [(80 * 100) /
200, (120 * 100) / 200, (80 * 100) / 200, (120 * 100) / 200] # Calculate chi-square statistic
chi_square_statistic = sum([(observed[i] - expected[i])**2 / expected[i] for i in range(len(observed))])
# Degrees of freedom df = (2 - 1) * (2 - 1) # Compare with critical chi-square value (α = 0.05)
critical_chi_square = 3.84 # Conclusion if chi_square_statistic > critical_chi_square: print(f"Chi-
Square Statistic: {chi_square_statistic} (Reject the null hypothesis)") else: print(f"Chi-Square Statistic:
{chi_square_statistic} (Fail to reject the null