J~~ ~

~ tocity of a Liquid- Raynold's Number

~ u1d fi?ws m a rube. the viscous forces o_ppose _the . flow of the liquid. Hence, a pressurt!
prence 1s apph_ed between 1he ends of the rube which maintains the flow of the liquid. If all parudcs
Jt/le liquid p~ing 1hr?ugh a p~rti~l~lar point in the tube move al?ng the .mrne path, the flow of the
:uad is called scream-lined flow . 1 his occurs only when 1.he ve.loc1ty of flow of the liquid is below ri
~ 111 limating value called 'crirical velocity'. When the velocity of flow exceeds the critical velocirv.
the
1s :~ b no longer stream-lined bur becomes turbulent. ·
~ 11old proved chat rhe critical velocity for a i uid flowin i a tube is given by
V(1/' u, :: krypD,
.we pis densiry a nd '1 is viscosity of the liqu1 , is diameter of the rube ,md k is 'Reynold's number·
1111ose \"alue for a narrow tube and for water is about 2000).
'\l'beP k < 2000. the flow is streamlined or laminar or steady.
,'i\lhen JOOO < k < 3000. the flow is unstable.
lO When k > 3000. the flow is turbulent.
·,\'ben the veJocicy of flow of the liquid is less than the critical ve.locicy. then the flow of the hqu1d L
_\' (l)!ltrolled by the viscosity, the density having no effect on it. But when the velocity of flow is larger tha1
diecritical velocity, then t~e flow is mainly governed by the density. the effect of viscosity becoming les
unponant. II is beca use of this reason that when a volcano erupts. then the hwa coming out-of it !lo"
speedly inspite of being very thick (of l~r_ge viscosity).

1 Viscosity
When a solid body slides over another solid body, a frictional-force begins to act between chem. n
iorce opposes the relative morion of the bodies. Similarly, when a layer of a liquid slides over anott
layer of the same liquid, a fricdonal-force acts between them which opposes the relative motion betwe
ihe layers. This force is called 'internal frictional-force'.
Suppose a liquid is fl owing in scream-lined morion on a fixed horizontal
MAXIM UM VELOCIT Y
surface AB (Fig. 4). The layer of the liquid which is in contact with
ihe surface is at rest, while the velocity of other layers increases with c ___ _ _ _ __ _ _
distance from the fixed surface. In the Fig. 4, the lengths of the arrows b _ _____ ___
represenr rhc increasing velocity of lhe layers. Thus. there is c1 relative a _ _ _ _ _ _ __
morion berween adjacent layers of t~~ liquid: Let u_s consi_der three
parallel layers a b and c. Their velocmes are m the mcreasmg order. A - - - -- - -- -
The layer a tends co retard the layer b. while tends to retard c. Thus, v'fLEtiry HOR,Jf~·~f
each layer tends ro decrease rhe velocity of the layer above it. Similarly, 4
each layer tends to increase the velocity of L_he _lay~ below it. This (Fig. 1

means that in between any cwo layers of Lhe liquid, mternal tangential forces act which try 1u de
rhe relarive motion between the layers. These force~ arc called 'viscous forces'. If the flow of the l
is 10 be maintained , an external fo r~e m uS L be applied to overcome the dragging viscous forces. I
absence of the exrem a l force. the viscous forces ~ould soon bring the liquid to rcsc.Q'he propc1
Ur_t liquid by virrue of which it oppo5es th e relative motion between its adjacent /a_vers is knO\
'viscosiQ,'.) .
The properrv of viscosity is seen in the following examples :
(i) A st· d· 1. -d when left. comes co re 5 r on accow1r of viscosity. Thicker liquids like honey, c,
· than th·inner ones l'k If we pour coaltar and wate
give - 1rre 1qu1
• a larger viscosity
h ve 1 e water.
P rhe watn will Aow uoto a11ire a larvP rli,t:ince.
 5 60
(1\} 11w d nud 1'-1111, ·I,·, t.,11 do\\ n H'"
'- , lowl~
111 I hl• ~I,.,
\ 1, ,·0, 11, "'""' ' 1111,• p l. I\ ,.,, h "h1•11 1h1•fl' " , 11·/,11 n ·,
~ -
rh ,~ 1, ,, ' " 11 d,,,·~ 1101 .11 1 111 ~nhJ~
, '- , Gr c.1t'n ., 1d Coef ficien t of Visco sit y
!-II J'IX"•' .1 hq111d 1, tl,,,, in~ 111 , 11c,1111 l111e J 1m111on o n a R .l
l1·1i,: s .1l T hl' hqu1d l.1,·,•1 111 conrn c t w i1 h
h,, 117 , , 11 1. ll ,11 1 ,. , , ·~• l).\ s
Afr
th,• ~u11., ,-l' 1~ .11 1c~1 whil,· 1hl· , d oc II , . ,)l <H hc 1 laycu
.s-r--
"1th inc r t.'J ~m~ J,~1.m n· ltom tlw suri:i n· OX. Th.: hi~hc
fl o ws ,, 11h 111,l'l:i11111111 , ,•l,1c11,. L,·1 11~ l'Cl11Sid cr l\•
, inc1 cases
st lavcr .
v o pa ra llel ~ _
Y--
t
la~crs PQ and R$ at d1s1n m·c, _ and .: t \ .: from OX . Lei
1 , ,ind o__.. __ ___ -
~, - .i1, _be ~hei r \'Cloc iu c_s in 1hl' direct io n (),~. Thus: X
_rhc c~a~ c
m veloc 1~ rn J pcrpe nd 1ntla r J1stam:c \: 1s .\ I \.
I ha1 1s. f!bc
~te o_f c ha ~gc: o f ,doc n, with d1s1an cc pcrpc n_d iculnr
d1 recn on of flo w 1:- \ t\•• \ ::. This is ca lle d 'vcloc 1ty-gr
_t<~j\1:. (Fig, 5)
ad1c ,:J r h e unit of ycloc irv "r d
I 'J o il U!nt .
dime nsion is [ LT l = [T 1 ] . l ~
(LJ
!':o w. let us cons 1de1 a liquid layer of area A a 1 a he
• . ig ht z n bove OX ( Fig. 5 b). The lay
n oa visco us forcc F. while the la,·e
unme d1a1el~· above ir tends to a ccele rate it w1th • • I •
a tange er of th
bejow It. tends to ~card 1t backw h . I . f ,
'
ard with I e sa_m c_ tange~ 11a . v iscou s o ~ce F. Accor ding tor Lfi1'11
vt"'iscous force F acrm g betwe en two layers of a hqu1d flow ing N c\\t •
in srrea m -lmed mot.io n de ~na;- 1'_
facto rs :
upr
• l (i) It is dfrec tly propo rtion a l to the conra c t-are
a A o f t he laye rs (F -x: A) .
· ,.( ii) It is direct!~ propo rrion a l to the veloc iry-gr adien
r .\ v,.\/ u.i berween t he layers (F x 'w,_ '..::\.
Comb ining both these laws. we have
~t· .
F -:r A- ·-~
.:lz

or
k=± q
A~I
wher e ri is a consc a 9! caJled ~effi cient of viscosirv' of Lhe
liquid . ln th is fo rmuln if A = 1 and \ •
rhen ~'1 =.:: F. Thus . ~e coeff icien t of viscosity of a liq uid
is defin ed as the visco us force per ur.
of conta.c t between two layer:. havin g a un it veloc ity grad
ien t betw een the~
In the abov e form ula, + sig ns indica1e that t he fo rce F betw
een nivo \aver s is a muttt al-interac::•·
On the layer A, the layer ;ibov e it exe rts a fo rce in the forwn
rd d irecti o n while the lnycr he\Lm
a n equaJ force in Lhe bacln va rd di rectio n.
Dimensions a nd Unit of Coefficien t of Vlscosln, : From
the abov e fo rmu la , we have
F
11 - - - - - -
A( L\ 1'\' /.\:;).

dimension s of 11 = [ MLT- 2 1
fL.'.!llLT- 1 I L]
he SI u n it of the cocff iciem of visco!>iry is kg m - 1 s- 1•
noth e r unit of coefficiem of viscosiry is ~·. whe re
.
1 poise = - 1 k·g m - 1 s - 1
10
1 1
l kg m- s- = 10 poise = 1 decn poise.
7

.. X
,,,
' '
~
' h I I

'

•
'-"""
•
' ....
' Ii •

.'
' '

'
 m,1 ,1,, • I• ,n 1h,II ,,.. · 1h. wtlh lll' / 11 • • 11 1Ch 11 1t· n,.tf• r h c ,;old ll 'o •
, ·,
•
i:,
sm a ll " " oI<
h
c ' ·ll 1I I <' ~11
,
I
,, ,t d w 1 w11h II fl·
• •
r, I ih l· fa lling s o ld ie1r o f 1he m a s s ,n 2 in_:l1 r
h . When 1 :1md1ul< • I we1gh ~ ._
rhen r ,:, • . 1/w ror ,I m a ,, " ' ,tw p td c r ,1111111 • 111 111 a ir
.c 11 ute " , ., e 1
' •(JU) , . . ,11
1 '1 " "' l' I . 11
• 1,. , • .. , 11., . 11 c ,. ,h r o f rh c 11111•:.
w ro1Jl ma<,;
111,111 " 11 ,.
,. . 11 , ,. hu
1•· ,, " ': g ir will be z e ro ]
m 2 in a
o f mas<
_o 1 1 h•· w ci1:l11 o f J II
,~1,,11
" '1 ' mi
J "1 g

hc
'r a li o n g . b( uIIt s o o n 1
21 :,ccele .
Y opened.
1 h ll 171 ' rity u te I S u
II:. \\1 ch
m n \: rh c ~old1e1 In
rn p r d ly u n u l 1hc p a r a lll< 'r e a s es somewhat
in
In rhc t-c\t \:O<'~ on cf('C rcasrnj: ld rc r
'1 ,1n ~ n < p ee d o f rh c foiling s o a c c e lc ra 1 1 on o f th e
JC\'l'l< 1hr t~ e
•w rr . in ·, h e twgrnnrn~ th l' v is c osity o f a rr h a c o n s ta n t te r m in a l
Thcn Due 1 0
r 1hcn falls w
it
h u1 1llC 'n vl·n· •lowly. d rh c s o ld ie f a ll in g s o ld ie r a n d
rnp1JI~ ro a n he speed o
f tJ1e
r h « o m e s uhimarelv ze b e tw e e n 1
soldrr wn· a g r a p h
5J'('<'<J In Fig. 7 1s s h o (t ~ 7
II O l( '
se u ille 's Formula '
Po i c
gh Pipes : cond ( i.
iquids throu n o w in g _ p e r s e ·, dr a te of d
9. flow of L o f a li q u id f t h e · "·
h o w n !l ia t vo lu m e ,_ w - r h e r a d iu s o 01 p e a n · (~
s e id li q u •
ll~ 11 ca n b cos,ry o f 1he
E.<tpenmcnra pends on U ) T I1c v i.~ · r u n it le n g th ) p ' /.
h a p ip e d e ss u re p e
chrous · a ng e in pre r ) b ( p / l) '
d 1.e m ( 1h a t 1s th e ch Y : ( 'l > ° (
grn = V
n s w e c a n w r it e. Q •
•
ns io C
th o d o f d im e
•
us usm g m e
\\ .Th
or
.
an r o f p r o p o rt io n a li ty e
( i) ' w e h a v
on s r
wh e r e J.: is c · v olv e d in e q .
- r ) (L - a .
h
n d ' ns -~ f te r m s ~ 2 ) ' = ( M a
\-V n
ng unens1~ -2 T -
M L I T - l) o (L)b ( M L
(
E ~ (L _ioTns. )w=e h a v e
ens
q u a o n g d im a •C = Q
b - 2c = 3
- a•
1
- a- 2c = -
in g w e ge t a == - 1 , b -- 4 a n d c = 1.
o n solv .
• '- - o ugh lh e p ip e,
Hen is c h a r g e
ce, race o f d uu
4
Q = k pr
'1 I
 563
iJl'i(!· . ,vr flnd 1h01 the voluc of k 1s n/ 8 l'hus. n 1:1111111.11 formula ror thl' 11,:;' ur liquid through
Jl 1,•11r.-

.' ,f"'"'r'''
,.,
f... f '(
.j
'-~ ~ n:,;;] f -R Q l,
. ( II}

, i, known as Poiscuillc'~ rclm1cm. w ith the help nl th b formula thr v1~cu~11y of II liquid can
p fll)I
1f' r,1-<l ,
• • (1 1111 ,,, (ii), we lwve
.111 • ,\! l'• 1·
"' •1\'--l 1.._
•t• •

•
I 11 I> c0
111pored wiLh well known equat ion or c u 1T cn1 clccuirny i -
,
~R
• I
8 11 / .
hf renn 4 1s equ1valen1 10 R. Thb tem1 1s known as viscow, resis1ance. Lhus,
. J 1,, nr
11

R ( VISl:OllS) S 'l / . .. ( iii )

lt ,..,

1th
·:q (iiil shows that the viscous resisrnnce increases with increase in length of the pipe_ and ,~
pe': ·,., radius. lt also depends on coefficie111 of vis·cosiru increases wi th increase in visco 5ity of
' .,,. 1n 1..., .,
iJf·V-
• '.lllu1d- . . ..,.. •
' ,arnple glycenne offers more res1s1ance than water when nows through a pipe .

..-dple of Continuity .
.~ n an incompressible and non-viscous liquid ows i stream -lined monon t hr? ugh
-~·0 .rnon-unifo_
nn cross-sechon, t en t e pro uct o 1 te area of cross-section and th.e velonty of

_(t
~DJ . . h tub
!' . same a1 every pomr 111 t .e e.
~>J. Let us consider a liquid flowing in stream-lined moLion
i-ri~a non-uniform rnbe X-Y (Fig. 8),. ¼et A 1 and A2 be ~l}e,cross- 7x______·:
1
' unal areas of r.he rube and U1 and 'u2 the velo<:ities of flow at X . . . ------- ---~ Y
~~yrespectively. Ler p be the density of the liquid. _. ----~--~-:_-------
~ !iquid enrering r.he ~~ at X c~vers a distance ~1 in 1 seco~d. _ •. . Y.r...
•. ,the rolume of the hqu1d entering at the end X in 1 second 1s ---- ____,;,_-
----===:?=:i · ~
• A1 ><1J 1 . 41 ..l z
::J>S of the liquid entering a t the end X in l second is (Fig. 8)
p >< A1>< V1.
,.;.uarly, mass of the liquid coming out from the end Y in 1 second is
P ,. A2 x V2 ,
:; :he liquid which enters at one end must leave al lhe other. Hence bolh these masses are equal. lhat is.
fl x A 1 1. u,
= p Y A2 , 1·2·
A I , U1 = A2 X 1J2
\...'(/ IA
x v = constant.I :.:::.:::.: ::.:.:- Y:_-=::::.:=
·.ll, at every place in the tube the product of the area of cross-section of the ~--~ -=--~-~-~;~.: :-.:--=~ ~
.ltan~the velocity of flow of the liquid is a constant. Therefore, che v city --- - -- - -~ - -- -
i rht l!9.uid is smaller in the wider parts of the tube and for er in t he
!!-.;m parts (Fig. 9). (Fig. 9 )

'. fferent Energies of a Flowing liquid

;;~; following lhre~ types of energies in a !lowing li~ni? : . .
:ie '! Energy: If P 1s the pressure on an area/\ of a hqu1d, and the hqu1d moves throu2h a distant
10 this pressure then "-
•
 5~4
Noo1
w11, k tlnn•· force ~ d1s1r111rc 111
1 llx'
P"''""•' .11 1•,1 • d 1~1n11c 1• I' , A , 1.
• l'f
•,. '
11 11 ,01111111· ,,I 1h1' h-iu1d 1, I , f (, 11,•,1 • d 1,111m
,•)
I' • A • I
11r..-,11 1,• ,·1w 1i:, 1w 1 111111 1ul1111w ot the liquid f
A•
(II) Kineti c Energy : It .1 hq111d nl 111.1~~ 111 .11,d \'11h11111• I' 1~ nmvin g w11h vclorn y"
I • • 11ie,1 1,1
1, •
I'll ~k111
. 1•t
I\ •
-~,.,,
l.1111•111 1 111'1):\ p ,·1 111111 ,11h11Hl' of tlll' liquid 1 (111 / i ,,.~' I ,
'1•· ~
2 21 ' .........
,, he,,·, , ,, th,· dcn~II) of the liq111d
(Ill) Potentlol Energy : 1111 liq111d ol 111a~~ 111 is 111 11 hc1gh1
/1 from 1hr surface ol the cari h
,·11,·1~1 ,, m i: 11
· then,,,
p1)fi•1111nl l' lll'I ~)' 1w1 u1111 volume of the l1q11 id (m/ V) .~ Ii = p g Ii. ✓ r,.,,,,
1:! . ulli'~Theore_n1 /'
.., en 011 1ncon1r,:;»ib/,, nnd 11011-viscu us fi11uid (or ga~) flows
in stream .fined
, . plClct! to anoth er. 1/11.•11 at e1•ery oint o its ,at/1 cite total
" ""' k . energy per u r ~lllot'•0n fro
... ·111e11c .-11erg_,, , pott>n n.nI ,·11r,x11J 1s
. 'I' .
ronsc ant. at rs, .•. •v• ume (Pressu 'll
~ r -;--- -
- - -..;...- - - - -
re e~ "',
I i !t~
P 1 - , ,,
:! 1 1 ,, ~
t"•
Ii = constanr ..
Thus. Brrnoulli\ thl'o1em one wa1 the princ ip r o co11serva11on of energy for an
gns).
" in
.
.
' owing liqul<I r
.J ¥ Proof : Suppose an mcomprcssiblc and non-viscous liquid is Pr
!lowing 111 s1rcam -hncd mutio11 1hrough a 111be XY of non-
_
u111form a oss-!>ccuon (Fig. 10). LeL A and A be the areas
1 2
ot cross -section of the rnbr ar the ends X and Y respeCLively
which arc a1 he1ghLS Ii and Ii~ fro m the surface of 1he earth.
1
Let P1 be the pressure and ti 1 t.he vclocicy of flow of Lhe liquid
m \' : and P2 ,he respecuvc quantities at Y. Si11ce. rhc area A
1s ~mailer rh;m A1 rhc veloc.:i1y ,, is greater than ri (principle2 f..,
2 1
of com.inu1ry)
The liquid which enters at X Lrnve l~ ;i disrance 11 in 1 secon

area).
1
1
On 1his liquid 1, ac1ing a pressure forre P • A (press ure
1
d.
, .i/il/il>/1 •IIJ))l.l/i/i)i/111/ii/Jli/l
(Fig 10)
,t, 11r 1
l 77

worJ.. done per second on the liquid entering the tube at X is

force • distan ce = P 1 • A1 · 1 I·
S1m1larly, wo1k done per second again st the fo rce P , A by
2 2 Lhc liquid leaving 1he lllbe at \' is
p'J., A.! ,, ' 2·
ner work done on rhe liquid (P A t• - P A t12) ,
1 1 1 2 2
But A I r I and A2 t'i arc respectivel y thr volumes of Lhe liquid
emerini at >. and lea ring at r per ~ ,r:
These volum es must be equal and so
/
Ill
A1 , ,, - A2 L'2 = - . V
11

I
,s equarion the dimension or each re,m are the same os of 1
pressure P • ,, o h ,s called sta1ic pre~B' an!!
2
[ .,. 1111' tllll" "' 1h1• llq11111 ., 56S
,. ""'' Ill\' I III Ill ••11 t I I \\I 1'"
' I ' "' ~ '" \ Ill 11•11\1111
I' tht ,kn,lly 111 tlll'
(
"'I" Ill\ , . 11 111 I ht I , 11111.J 1111 1 11

ll tl l\'tll~tl ,1111 • I
1111 I h l1q111 t1 (/' /' ,,,
I ,) ( II
I'
,•111•1~ \ 111 1111• hquld •• 1111•11 11
11 i,: " 1 \ ht I ~,·, l!lld I•, I '
I I,, ' ' } 1111 •1 ,111,I 111111 ..1 tl1t llq111J It• l \' IIIV, II I Ill

11\'r~, , 1 1 , ,,
111 , 11•,1 , 1· 111 l.1111•111 1' 1111
" ' ' 1h 111l1I i Ill l 1•j ,l
"1
,,, 111•111•1~\ 111 till· 1111111d Ill \ 1, Ill I
1
,1,· • J xIi 1 , ,1nll1h 11 \
• Ill I\ 111 >: /1 J
' I, 1t'.t,I' 111 lltlll'lll 1,1 l ' lh' I J,:\ Ill ti ,
•~ - h l JIII\I Ill II (/1 I l1 ,1 )

11,•1 1111 11•11~,· Ill till' l' lll'l)W 111 I it1, J I ,

lq111d Ill (1 ; 1/ 1 (/ ( Ill )
111' 2 • I 111,1( 11

, •,1,,· Ill l'lll.'I i,:, I\ d111• Ill I h1· lll'I IVOI I. 1I111
, 11• 1' 1c 0111 lw liq111d
ill' l w 111 k do1 w 111'1 111 • • •
., "' ( 11 ) .ind l' IJ ( 111 ) w1• r.1n w1111• lH,1,1 u11•11c11(y .
\

( ,,, , ~. ) Ill I 2
,,i,· ) II (/ Il'.l )
-
I' 2 Ill ( II,,- I /I II

I
fl1 P7
2
,, (11/
-
11/) p ,1( (/1 , "~ )
I • I l
P1 1 l"°i

r
I I' ,I( ii1 Pi I - p 1•2 I p ,I( /i'i
2
,.# .1 t ~ J'l '2 I I' 8 /1 constant.

ihc Bc111oulli\ rqu.11m11

~we Head, Velocity Head and Gravltatlonal Head of a Flowing Liquid
: Dividing thl' ,,bo, ~ l' l\U.ill
( \\C hil l'l'
p u2
- 1 - 1 It consta nt.
pg 2g
. The d1mcns
11 called the ·pres,u rc hc;id'. •·· 2g is ·vrlncity hl•;id' ;ind Ii is 'grm national head'.
Thc1 ef,
mh of these three ,~ the dimension of !:!£i&,hJ. The sum ol these is called 'tornl head'.
,noulli's theorem may also be stated as :
ri<.:
Jrtrtam-lined motion of 011 ideal li~uid, the sum of pressure head, velocity head a nd gravita
"oJ at any poi11t is always constan!)
mthe hqu,d nows 111 ., ho, irnntal plane, then I, 1 /, .,.
I 2 1.
p + -Z p l '1 /1., I
2
I' I '2
I
/

v".'.~ . ½pu2 = constant. , /

'•·ft. in the lrorizo ntal stream-lined motion of a liquid, tile sum of pressure and kinetic en erg_
:~ '0 /uml' of tliel,q ilid al any point is consta nt.
111 - -
tl1c \'doc
· drJr from the equ;uio n of Bernoulli's theorem that in a fl owing liquid (or gas) where
,-'' less. the ~rcssurc is larger and 1•1rc-vrrs Ld If a_!14uicl is allow<:._d to no" in" wbe which i, nan
~st)
~dfe then in tlifs part the \'Cloclry of t ~iqu id 1s grcatc~t a nd thi.: pH·,surc is sm
 569
1
1iJ' 1',li f Fffl uXof O Liquid
., ~11Y (!I I)(' t1llcd whh D llquill 11p10 u hciuhi // , ., 1 1
,,,1 «' I 1 I , -" ,mu cl 11crc 111•
~ ~ ,1•-: • n dl"p1h i ie ow the lice s11rfore of •hl• liquid !Pl 19)
;:1·
,~,~{11•~· u• ihc· fire surlucc of the liquid nnd (llsu rn the i~ or~filc
,1 l,11·.S'. 1c, ,111d so ilwrc will he no effort of i1tn1osnl' •rl
,. ,c r prcssun' 1111
1tf~,·1,~,oi1 h<1 . 11il I fr<'lll t lw orlfkc· The 1ln1
• • .
'd I f
· , 11 o n I ll' rec surface h11\ nn
"',~i•' i,•rl0· 1,11,1only p~tc1~11111 ener11y, while the hquid ic(lming 0111 of
11111 ,.,1• 11·0~ hol h the kme11c nnd 1,otcnt In I energies.
\,,,11~' 11• 111111osphciir pressure. 11 •he density of Lhc liquid and 11 1hc
, I' 1< ~I~ .n1 11x of the liquid coming l>Ut from the orifice. Accordlnx to
1
·,,,,, ,\ itworcnl, the sum of the pressure and the Lorn! energy per
> ,..,I \;,c of 1hc liquid mu s, h~. the same at tlw surface of 1:he liquitl
., ,,,1 11 • • point of the orifice. I hus
I , ,-.:f)
,,, I . 2
, P' o i PsH P +- 'i P ,, ' r g (I-I - Ii)
J :.?
pl' : f) S /1
2
V LJ = J2 g /1,
' ,ul:i wa!i first established in 1644 by Torricelli and is called 'Torricelli's theorem'. 2
.,~;; is dropped freely (u = 0) from a height h, then from the third equarion of motion. L' = 2 g h,
ri
,, h~·-e l/ = .J2 g h.

, irl'- the velocity of the liquid falling from a height '1 is .J2 g h . Hence, rhe velocity of efflux of a liquid
t . h
rifice is equal ro that velociry which che liquid acquires in fa llingfrcely f rom ih e free surface of c e
·"1 an O . . .
~nl upro rh~ orifice. . . . . .
·· ,nierlting from the onfice Lhe hqwd .adopts a parabolic path. If it rakes r second in falling through
l11f u• \,,

pr"
~i.:al distance (H - h). then according to eq. s = !2 a r2, we have
l 2
(H - h) = gt.
2
/ r = J2(H - h) / g.

10
,e. there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction, the horizontal velocity remains constam. The
~'llontal distance covered by the liqujd is
.., / x =horizontal velocity x time = u x r
=,/2gh x J2(H - h)/g =2J_ii _(H --- ,-1).
~:us ionnula shows that whether the orifice in the vessel is at a depth h or at a depth (H - h) fron
clu frtt surface of the liquid, the emerging liquid will fall at the same distance, that is, the range :
~ditliquid w.ill remain the same.
\ow, the range x will be maximum when h (H - h) is maximum, that is,

.!!_[/t(H - h)] = 0
dh .
d 2
- ('1 H - h ) "' 0
dh
H - 2 /1 = 0