The United Nations

 Set up after WW2 on Oct 24, 1945

 Headquarters are at New York, USA
 Total membership is 193

# Objectives of UNO
 To maintain International peace and security - Take effective
collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace.
Settlement of International Disputes
 To develop Friendly relations among nations based on respect for
the principles of equal rights and self-determination of people.
 To achieve International Cooperation in solving international
problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian
character
 To be a centre for harmonizing the action of nations in the
attainment of these common ends

# Principles of UNO
 The U.N.O. is based on sovereign equality of all its members
 Each member nation should perform her duty earnestly according to
the charter
 All member nations will not make use of threat and violence in their
international relations
 The U.N.O. will not interfere in the internal affairs of a country

In short, the main aim of U.N.O. is to maintain Peace in the world so

that life of mankind becomes secure and worth living.
 General Assebmly
 Chief deliberate organ
 Parliament of the U.N.O.
 Regular Session : 3rd Tuesday in September till mid December
 Elects a new President, 21 Vice-Presidents and chairperson of its 7 main
committees
 Presidency rotates among 5 groups :
 African
 Asian
 American
 East European
 West European

# Functions of General Assembly

 To Discuss matters relating to international peace and security
 To promote International Cooperation in Economic, Social, Educational
and Health fields
 To promote friendly relations among nations
 To consider and approve the budgets of the U.N.O. and its specialized
agencies

Security Council
 Executive Body of the U.N.O.
 15 Members
 10 Non-permanent members elected by the general assembly for 2
years
 9 votes necessary for decision
# Functions of Security Council
 Maintain International Peace and Security
 To call on the members to apply Economic Sanctions and other
measures to prevent or stop Aggressions.
 To elect the judges of the International Court of Justice
 If fighting actually starts or takes place the Security Council may call for
Ceasefire.
 If a ceasefire is arranged, a U.N. Peace keeping force may be sent to the
troubled area.

International Court of Justice

 Chief Court of U.N.O.
 15 Judges elected by general assembly and security council voting
separately
 Tenure : 9 years
 Chief Justice elected for 3 years
 Headquarters : Hague, Netherlands

# Functions of International Court of Justice

 Settle mutual disputes among different nations by peaceful methods
 Advises the General Assembly, Security Council, other Agencies on legal
matters

UNICEF
 1946
 Headquarters : New York
 Board of 30 members
 1990 – World literacy year
# Objectives of UNICEF
 Look after the welfare of Children especially in developing nations by
providing people with low cost community based services in maternal
and child health , nutrition and immunization etc.

# Functions of UNICEF
 It assists in the planning and extension of services benefitting children
in consultation with the countries concerned
 It delivers technical supplies, equipment, and other aids, ranging from
paper for textbooks to equipments and medicines for health clinics.
 It assists govt. to plan, develop and extend in both rural and urban
environment low cost community based services .
 It makes efforts to prevent diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, eye
diseasesand skin diseases etc.

WHO
 April 7,1948
 Members of U.N.O. Members of governing body of W.H.O.
 Meets annually to decide the policy, programming and budget
 Executive board 31 Members
 Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland

# Objectives of WHO
 Attainment by all people, the highest level of health
 Health is defined as a state of complete well being and not merely the
absence of a disease
# Functions of WHO
 It helps different countries to reinforce their health system by building
up infrastructure, particularly health and manpower
 WHO plays a major role in providing safe drinking water and adequate
waste disposal for all . International Drinking Water Supply and
Sanitation Decade 1981-1990
 It sends Specialists to different countries to give suugestions for the
health of the people
 It publishes health journals like the “Bulletin of the World Health
Organisation”. In geneva, it has established a large library on medicines

UNESCO
 November 1945
 Meeting once in 2 years
 Executive Board, consisting of 51 memebers
 Headquarters Paris

# Functions of UNESCO
 Main function is to promote peace and security through education,
Science, Culture and Communication
a. Field of Education
 Makes arrangements to expand and guide education in diffent countries
of the world to remove illiteracy
 Opens Schools and helps to train Teachers
 Opens libraries and makes arrangement for Exhibitions
b. Field of Science
 Helps in establishing Scientific and technological institutions
 Arranges the meetings of International Scientists
  Promotes Social Sciences as Instruments for the realization of Human
rights, Justice and Peace
 Helps in correcting the imbalance in Scientific manpower, 90% of
which is concentrated in Industrialised Countries
c. Field of Culture
 Encourages National and Cultural values.
 Pays attention to Cultural Development through the medium of films.
 Sends Cultural Missions to different countries of the world.
d. Field of Communication
 It develops communication for a free flow and better balanced
dissemination of information.
 Tries to improve the quality of the press, the films and video services
throughout the world.
 Makes every effort to advance the principles of freedom of press.

NAM
# Panchsheel
 Preamble of Sino-Indian agreement, 1954
a) Mutual respect for each other’s terreitorial integrity amd
sovereignty
b) Non-Aggression
c) Non-Interference in each others internal affairs
d) Equality and mutual benefits
e) Peaceful co-existence

# Objectives of NAM
 New Independent Countries should avoid alignment to preserve
Independence
 The newly Independent Countries do not like to be involves in Foreign
wars which they have no Interest
 NAM is against the spirit of warfares. It has full faith in Peaceful
cooperation and peaceful co-existence
 NAM is against the manufacturing of dangerous weapons because they
poison the whole atmosphere.

The Speaker
# Proceedings of the House
 He presides over the meetings of the house. All speeches are addressed
to the Speaker
 All bills passed by the house are signed by the Speaker before they are
sent to the Upper house or the President for assent
 He calls for votes on all bills, resolutions and motions . He declares the
result and votes in case of a tie.
 He can adjourn the house if it lacks quorum

# Administrative powers
 The Speaker receives all documents, letters and petitions in the house
 He Communicates the decision to Concerned person or authorities
 He controls and regulates the admission of visitors or the media to the
house

# Disciplinary powers
 He maintains order and decorum of the house . He can suspend a
member in case of misconduct
 If the words used by a member are unparliamentary, the Speaker may
order that such words be expunged from the proceedings of the house
 He has a final say regarding to the case relating to a breach of privilege
or contempt of the house

# Parliamentary Committees
  He appoints chairpersons of all the parliamentary committees.
 He guides and issues direction to the chairmen of different committees
in all matters relating to their work an procedure.
 Ex-Officio Chairman of some of the committees of the house, i.e., Rules
Committee and Business Advisory Committee

# Miscellaneous Powers
 Presides of joint sittings of Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.
 Nominates members for the parliamentary delegation to various
countries in consultation with the Vice-President.
 Presides over the conference of Presiding officers of legislative bodies of
India.