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EDITION

TARBUCK LUTGENS Illustrated by TASA

EDITION
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Page 9: From J. Bronowski, The Common Sense of Science, p. 148. © 1953 Harvard University Press. Page 12: From L. Pasteur, Lecture, University of
Lille (7 December 1854). Page 215: From R.T. Chamberlain, “Some of the Objections to Wegener’s Theory,” In: THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT: A
SYMPOSIUM, University of Chicago Press, pp. 83-87, 1928. Page 264: W. Mooney, USGS Seismologist. Page 349: From J. Hutton, Theory of Earth, 1700;
From J. Hutton, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1788. Page 488: From A.J. Herbertson, “Outlines of Physiography,” 1901. Page 566: Sir
Francis Bacon. Page 644: Copernicus, De Revolutionibus, Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres). Page 648: Joseph Louis Lagrange,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Tarbuck, Edward J., author. | Lutgens, Frederick K., author.

Title: Earth science / Edward J. Tarbuck, Fred K. Lutgens;
illustrated by
Dennis Tasa.
Description: Fifteenth edition. | Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Education, [2017] | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017013211 | ISBN 9780134543536 | ISBN 013454353X
Subjects: LCSH: Earth sciences—Textbooks.
Classification: LCC QE26.3.T38 2017 | DDC 550—dc23 LC record
available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017013211 ISBN-10: 0-134-54353-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-134-54353-6
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BRIEF CONTENTS
1 Introduction to Earth Science 3
UNIT 1 Earth Materials 30 UNIT 5 The Global Ocean 406

2 Matter and Minerals 31 13 The Ocean Floor 407
3 Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth 57 14 Ocean Water and Ocean Life 431
15 The Dynamic Ocean 451

UNIT 2 Forces Within 92
4 Plate Tectonics: A Scientific UNIT 6 Earth’s Dynamic Atmosphere 484

Revolution Unfolds 93
16 The Atmosphere: Composition, Structure, and
5 Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior 127 Temperature 485
6 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity 161 17 Moisture, Clouds, and Precipitation 517
7 Crustal Deformation and 18 Air Pressure and Wind 551

Mountain Building 201
19 Weather Patterns and Severe Storms 577
UNIT 3 Sculpting Earth’s Surface 232

20 World Climates and Global Climate Change 607
8 Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movement 233

UNIT 7 Earth’s Place in the Universe 636
9 Running Water and Groundwater 267
21 Origins of Modern Astronomy 637
10 Glaciers, Deserts, and Wind 307
22 Touring Our Solar System 661
UNIT 4 Deciphering Earth’s History 346 23 Light, Telescopes, and the Sun 693
11 Geologic Time 347

24 Beyond Our Solar System 717
12 Earth’s Evolution Through APPENDIX A Metric and English Units Compared 740
Geologic Time 373 APPENDIX B Relative Humidity and Dew-Point Tables 741
Glossary 742
Index 754

Contents
SmartFigures Media xiv Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred 38

Digital & Print Resources xvii Covalent Bonds: Electron Sharing 38
Earth Science 15E: Major Changes in this Edition xxi Metallic Bonds: Electrons Free to Move 39
1
EYE ON EARTH 2.1 39
Introduction to 2.4 Properties of Minerals 40
Optical Properties 40
Earth Science 3 Crystal Shape, or Habit 41
Mineral Strength 41
FOCUS ON CONCEPTS 3
Density and Specific Gravity 43
1.1 What Is Earth Science? 4 Other Properties of Minerals 43
Geology 4 EYE ON EARTH 2.2 44
Oceanography 5
Meteorology 5 2.5 Mineral Groups 44
Astronomy 6 Silicate Minerals 44
Earth Science Is Environmental Science 6 Common Light Silicate Minerals 45
Scales of Space and Time in Earth Science 7 Common Dark Silicate Minerals 47
1.2 The Nature of Scientific Inquiry 8 Important Nonsilicate Minerals 48
Hypothesis 10 2.6 Minerals: A Nonrenewable Resource 50
Theory 10 Renewable Versus Nonrenewable Resources 50
Scientific Methods 10 Mineral Resources and Ore Deposits 50
EYE on EARTH 1.1 11
GEOGRAPHICS Gemstones 52
1.3 Early Evolution of Earth 11
The Universe Begins 11 Concepts in Review 53 | Give It Some Thought 54 |
The Solar System Forms 11 Examining the Earth System 55 | Data Analysis 55
GEOGRAPHICS Solar System: Size and Scale 12
3 Rocks: Materials
The Inner Planets Form 14
The Outer Planets Develop 14
1.4 Earth as a System 14
Earth’s Spheres 14
of the Solid Earth 57
Hydrosphere 15 Focus on Concepts 57
Atmosphere 16 3.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle 58
EYE on EARTH 1.2 17 The Basic Cycle 58
Biosphere 17 Alternative Paths 58
Geosphere 17 3.2 Igneous Rocks: “Formed by Fire” 60
Earth System Science 19 From Magma to Crystalline Rock 60
The Earth System 19 Igneous Compositions 61
1.5 The Face of Earth 21 What Can Igneous Textures Tell Us? 62
Major Features of the Ocean Floor 21 Common Igneous Rocks 64
EYE on EARTH 1.3 24 How Igneous Rocks Form 67
Major Features of the Continents 24 EYE on EARTH 3.1 67
Concepts in Review 26 | Give It Some Thought 28 | 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented
Examining the Earth System 29 | Data Analysis 29 Sediment 69
Types of Sedimentary Rocks 70
Lithification of Sediment 74
UNIT 1 Earth Materials 30 Features of Sedimentary Rocks 74
3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old 75
2
What Drives Metamorphism? 76
Matter and Metamorphic Textures 77
Minerals 31 EYE on EARTH 3.2 78
Common Metamorphic Rocks 79
Focus on Concepts 31
2.1 Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks 32 GEOGRAPHICS Marble 80
Defining a Mineral 32 Other Metamorphic Rocks 82
What Is a Rock? 33 3.5 Resources from Rocks and Minerals 82
2.2 Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals 34 Metallic Mineral Resources 82
Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons 34 Nonmetallic Mineral Resources 84
Elements: Defined by Their Number of Protons 34 Energy Resources 85
GEOGRAPHICS Gold 36 EYE on EARTH 3.3 87
2.3 Why Atoms Bond 36 Concepts in Review 88 | Give It Some Thought 90 |
The Octet Rule and Chemical Bonds 36 Examining the Earth System 91 | Data Analysis 91
vi

Contents vii
EYE ON EARTH 5.2 141

UNIT 2 Forces Within 92 Fire 141
Tsunamis 141
4
5.6 Where Do Most Earthquakes Occur? 144
late Tectonics: A Scientific
P Earthquakes Associated with Plate Boundaries 144
Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies 145
Revolution Unfolds 93 5.7 Earthquakes: Predictions, Forecasts, and Mitigation 146
Focus on Concepts 93 Short-Range Predictions 146
Long-Range Forecasts 147
4.1 From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics 94
4.2 Continental Drift: An Idea Before Its Time 95 GEOGRAPHICS Seismic Risks on the San Andreas Fault System 148
Evidence: The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle 95
Evidence: Fossils Matching Across the Seas 96 Minimizing Earthquake Hazards 150
Evidence: Rock Types and Geologic Features 97 5.8 Earth’s Interior 152
Evidence: Ancient Climates 97 Formation of Earth’s Layered Structure 152
The Great Debate 98 Probing Earth’s Interior: “Seeing” Seismic Waves 152
4.3 The Theory of Plate Tectonics 99 Earth’s Layered Structure 153
Rigid Lithosphere Overlies Weak Asthenosphere 99 Concepts in Review 155 | Give It Some Thought 157 |
Earth’s Major Plates 100 Examining the Earth System 159 | Data Analysis 159
Plate Movement 100
6
4.4 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor
Spreading 101 olcanoes and Other
V
Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading 101
Continental Rifting 102 Igneous Activity 161
4.5 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction 104 Focus ON CONCEPTS 161
Oceanic–Continental Convergence 104
Oceanic–Oceanic Convergence 105 6.1 Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea 162
Continental–Continental Convergence 106 6.2 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 163
4.6 Transform Plate Boundaries 107 Magma: Source Material for Volcanic Eruptions 163
Effusive Versus Explosive Eruptions 164
EYE on EARTH 4.1 109
Effusive Eruptions 164
4.7 How Do Plates and Plate Boundaries Change? 109 How Explosive Eruptions Are Triggered 165
The Breakup of Pangaea 109 6.3 Materials Extruded During an Eruption 166
Plate Tectonics in the Future 110 Lava Flows 166
4.8 Testing the Plate Tectonics Model 111 Gases 168
Evidence: Ocean Drilling 111 Pyroclastic Materials 168
Evidence: Mantle Plumes and Hot Spots 112 6.4 Anatomy of a Volcano 169
Evidence: Paleomagnetism 113 6.5 Shield Volcanoes 170
4.9 How Is Plate Motion Measured? 116 Mauna Loa: Earth’s Largest Shield Volcano 170
Geologic Measurement of Plate Motion 116 Kilauea: Hawaii’s Most Active Volcano 171
EYE on EARTH 4.2 117 6.6 Cinder Cones 172
Measuring Plate Motion from Space 118 Parícutin: Life of a Garden-Variety Cinder Cone 173
4.10 What Drives Plate Motions? 118 6.7 Composite Volcanoes 173
Forces That Drive Plate Motion 118
Models of Plate–Mantle Convection 119 GEOGRAPHICS Kilauea’s East Rift Zone Eruption 174
Concepts in Review 120 | Give It Some Thought 123 | 6.8 Volcanic Hazards 177
Examining the Earth System 124 | Data Analysis 125 Pyroclastic Flow: A Deadly Force of Nature 177
Lahars: Mudflows on Active and Inactive Cones 178
5
Other Volcanic Hazards 179
E arthquakes and EYE ON EARTH 6.1 180
Earth’s Interior 127 6.9 Other Volcanic Landforms 180

Calderas 180
Focus ON CONCEPTS 127 Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus 182
5.1 What Is an Earthquake? 128 Volcanic Necks 183
Discovering the Causes of Earthquakes 128 6.10 Intrusive Igneous Activity 184
Aftershocks and Foreshocks 130 Nature of Intrusive Bodies 184
Faults and Large Earthquakes 130 Tabular Intrusive Bodies: Dikes and Sills 184
Fault Rupture and Propagation 131 Massive Intrusive Bodies: Batholiths, Stocks,
and Laccoliths 186
5.2 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves 132
Instruments That Record Earthquakes 132 6.11 Partial Melting and the Origin of Magma 188
Seismic Waves 133 Partial Melting 188
5.3 Locating the Source of an Earthquake 134 Generating Magma from Solid Rock 188
5.4 Determining the Size of an Earthquake 136 6.12 Plate Tectonics and Volcanism 190
Intensity Scales 136 Volcanism at Divergent Plate Boundaries 190
Magnitude Scales 136 Volcanism at Convergent Plate Boundaries 191
5.5 Earthquake Destruction 139 Intraplate Volcanism 191
Destruction from Seismic Vibrations 139 Concepts in Review 195 | Give It Some Thought 197 |
Landslides and Ground Subsidence 140 Examining the Earth System 199 | Data Analysis 199

viii Contents
7 rustal Deformation and

C 8.5 Describing and Classifying Soils 247
The Soil Profile 247
Mountain Building 201 Classifying Soils 248
Focus ON CONCEPTS 201 8.6 Soil Erosion: Losing a Vital Resource 250
7.1 Crustal Deformation 202 Erosion by Water and Wind 250
What Causes Rocks to Deform? 202 Rates of Erosion 250
Types of Deformation 203 Controlling Soil Erosion 251
Factors That Affect How Rocks Deform 204 8.7 Mass Movement on Slopes: The Work of Gravity 252
7.2 Folds: Rock Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation 205 Landslides as Geologic Hazards 252
Anticlines and Synclines 205 The Role of Mass Movement in Landscape Development 252
Domes and Basins 206 Slopes Change Through Time 252
Monoclines 208 Controls and Triggers of Mass Movement 252
7.3 Faults and Joints: Rock Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation 209 GEOGRAPHICS Landslides as Natural Disasters 253
Dip-Slip Faults 209 8.8 Types of Mass Movement 256
Strike-Slip Faults 212 Classifying Mass Movements 256
Joints 212 EYE on EARTH 8.3 257
7.4 Mountain Building 214
Rapid Forms of Mass Movement 257
7.5 Subduction and Mountain Building 215
Slow Forms of Mass Movement 259
Island Arc–Type Mountain Building 215
Andean-Type Mountain Building 215 Concepts in Review 260 | Give It Some Thought 263 |
Sierra Nevada, Coast Ranges, and Great Valley 216 Examining the Earth System 264 | Data Analysis 265
7.6 Collisional Mountain Belts 217
9
Cordilleran-Type Mountain Building 217
Alpine-Type Mountain Building: Continental Collisions 219 R
unning Water and
The Himalayas 219
The Appalachians 221 Groundwater 267
EYE ON EARTH 7.2 221 Focus ON CONCEPTS 267
7.7 Vertical Motions of the Crust 223 9.1 Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle 268
The Principle of Isostasy 223 Earth’s Water 268
Water’s Paths 268
GEOGRAPHICS The Laramide Rockies 224 Storage in Glaciers 268
How High Is Too High? 227 Water Balance 269
Concepts in Review 227 | Give It Some Thought 229 | 9.2 Running Water 269
Drainage Basins 269
Examining the Earth System 231 | Data Analysis 231
River Systems 270
Drainage Patterns 271
9.3 Streamflow Characteristics 272
Factors Affecting Flow Velocity 272
UNIT 3 Sculpting Earth’s Surface 232 Changes from Upstream to Downstream 273
9.4 The Work of Running Water 274
8
Stream Erosion 274
eathering, Soil, and Mass
W Transportation of Sediment 275
Movement 233 Deposition of Sediment 277
Focus ON CONCEPTS 233 9.5 Stream Channels 277
Bedrock Channels 277
8.1 Earth’s External Processes 234 Alluvial Channels 277
8.2 Weathering 235 9.6 Shaping Stream Valleys 280
Mechanical Weathering 235 Base Level and Stream Erosion 280
Valley Deepening 280
GEOGRAPHICS Some Everyday Examples of Weathering 236 Valley Widening 281
Changing Base Level and Incised Meanders 281
GEOGRAPHICS The Old Man of the Mountain 238 9.7 Depositional Landforms 282
Deltas 282
Chemical Weathering 239
Natural Levees 284
Differential Weathering 241
Alluvial Fans 285
8.3 Soil: An Indispensable Resource 243
9.8 Floods and Flood Control 285
An Interface in the Earth System 243
Causes of Floods 285
What Is Soil? 243
Flood Control 285
Soil Texture and Structure 244
8.4 Controls of Soil Formation 244 GEOGRAPHICS Flash Floods 286
Parent Material 244
Climate 245 9.9 Groundwater: Water Beneath the Surface 288
Time 245 The Importance of Groundwater 288
Plants and Animals 245 Geologic Importance of Groundwater 288
Topography 246 Distribution of Groundwater 288

Contents ix
Storage and Movement of Groundwater 289

Groundwater Movement 290
9.10 Wells, Artesian Systems, and Springs 291
UNIT 4 Deciphering Earth’s
Wells and Artesian Systems 291 History 346
Springs 292
11 G
eologic
9.11 Environmental Problems Related to Groundwater 294
Treating Groundwater as a Nonrenewable Resource 294 Time 347
Land Subsidence Caused by Groundwater Withdrawal 295
Groundwater Contamination 296 Focus ON CONCEPTS 347
9.12 The Geologic Work of Groundwater 297 11.1 A Brief History of Geology 348
Caverns 297 Catastrophism 348
Karst Topography 298 The Birth of Modern Geology 348
Concepts in Review 300 | Give It Some Thought 303 | Geology Today 349
Examining the Earth System 304 | Data Analysis 305 11.2 Creating a Time Scale: Relative Dating Principles 349
The Importance of a Time Scale 349
Numerical and Relative Dates 350
10 laciers, Deserts, and

G Principle of Superposition 350
Principle of Original Horizontality 350
Wind 307 Principle of Lateral Continuity 351
Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships 351
Focus ON CONCEPTS 307 Principle of Inclusions 351
10.1 Glaciers and the Earth System 308 EYE ON EARTH 11.1 352
Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles 308 Unconformities 352
Valley (Alpine) Glaciers 308 Applying Relative Dating Principles 354
Ice Sheets 309 EYE ON EARTH 11.2 355
GEOGRAPHICS Antartica Fact File 310 11.3 Fossils: Evidence of Past Life 356
Types of Fossils 356
Other Types of Glaciers 312
10.2 How Glaciers Move 313 GEOGRAPHICS How is paleontonlogy different from archaeology? 357
Observing and Measuring Movement 313
Budget of a Glacier: Accumulation Versus Wastage 314 Conditions Favoring Preservation 358
11.4 Correlation of Rock Layers 358
Correlation Within Limited Areas 358
10.3 Glacial Erosion 316 Fossils and Correlation 360
How Glaciers Erode 317 11.5 Numerical Dating with Nuclear Decay 361
Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion 317 Reviewing Basic Atomic Structure 361
10.4 Glacial Deposits 320 Changes to Atomic Nuclei 361
Types of Glacial Drift 320 Radiometric Dating 362
Moraines, Outwash Plains, and Kettles 321 Half-Life 362
Drumlins, Eskers, and Kames 323 Using Unstable Isotopes 363
10.5 Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers 324 Dating with Carbon-14 363
Crustal Subsidence and Rebound 324 11.6 Determining Numerical Dates for Sedimentary Strata 364
Sea-Level Changes 324 EYE ON EARTH 11.3 365
Changing Rivers 325
Ice Dams Create Proglacial Lakes 325 11.7 The Geologic Time Scale 365
Pluvial Lakes 325 Structure of the Time Scale 366
10.6 The Ice Age 326 Precambrian Time 367
Extent of Ice Age Glaciation 326 Terminology and the Geologic Time Scale 367
Causes of Ice Ages 327 Concepts in Review 368 | Give It Some Thought 369 |
Plate Tectonics 327 Examining the Earth System 370 | Data Analysis 371
Variations in Earth’s Orbit 328
12 E arth’s Evolution Through

Other Factors 329
10.7 Deserts 330
Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands 330
Geologic Processes in Arid Climates 331
Geologic Time 373
10.8 Basin and Range: The Evolution of a Mountainous Focus ON CONCEPTS 373
Desert Landscape 332 12.1 What Makes Earth Habitable? 374
EYE ON EARTH 10.2 334 The Right Planet 374
10.9 Wind Erosion 335 The Right Location 375
Deflation, Blowouts, and Desert Pavement 335 The Right Time 375
Wind Abrasion 336 Viewing Earth’s History 375
10.10 Wind Deposits 337 12.2 Birth of a Planet 377
Loess 337 From the Big Bang to Heavy Elements 377
Sand Dunes 337 From Planetesimals to Protoplanets 377
EYE ON EARTH 10.3 337 Earth’s Early Evolution 377
12.3 Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans 379
Types of Sand Dunes 339 Earth’s Primitive Atmosphere 379
Concepts in Review 340 | Give It Some Thought 343 | Oxygen in the Atmosphere 380
Examining the Earth System 344 | Data Analysis 345 Evolution of Earth’s Oceans 380

x Contents
14 O
cean Water and
12.4 Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth’s Continents 381
Earth’s First Continents 382
The Making of North America 384
Supercontinents of the Precambrian 384
Ocean Life 431
EYE on Earth 12.1 385 Focus ON CONCEPTS 431
12.5 Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of 14.1 Composition of Seawater 432
Earth’s Modern Continents 386 Salinity 432
Paleozoic History 386 Sources of Sea Salts 432
Mesozoic History 387 Processes Affecting Seawater Salinity 433
Cenozoic History 388 Recent Increase in Ocean Acidity 434
12.6 Earth’s First Life 389 14.2 Variations in Temperature and Density
Origin of Life 389 with Depth 435
Earth’s First Life: Prokaryotes 391 Temperature Variations 435
Evolution of Eukaryotes 391 Density Variations 435
12.7 Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes 392 Ocean Layering 436
Early Paleozoic Life-Forms 392 EYE ON EARTH 14.1 436
Mid-Paleozoic Life 392 14.3 The Diversity of Ocean Life 437
Vertebrates Move to Land 393 Classification of Marine Organisms 437
Reptiles: The First True Terrestrial Vertebrates 394 Marine Life Zones 439
The Great Permian Extinction 394
EYE on Earth 12.2 394
14.4 Ocean Productivity 441
12.8 Mesozoic Era: Dinosaurs Dominate the Land 396 Productivity in Polar Oceans 441
Gymnosperms: The Dominant Mesozoic Trees 396
Reptiles Take Over the Land, Sea, and Sky 396 GEOGRAPHICS Deep-Sea Hydrpthermal Vents 442
Demise of the Dinosaurs 397
12.9 Cenozoic Era: Mammals Diversify 399 Productivity in Tropical Oceans 444
From Dinosaurs to Mammals 399 Productivity in Midlatitude Oceans 444
Mammal Groups 400 14.5 Oceanic Feeding Relationships 445
Humans: Mammals with Large Brains and Bipedal Locomotion 400 Trophic Levels 445
Large Mammals and Extinction 401 Transfer Efficiency 445
Food Chains and Food Webs 445
Concepts in Review 402 | Give It Some Thought 404 |
Examining the Earth System 405 | Data Analysis 405 Concepts in Review 447 | Give It Some Thought 448 |
UNIT 5 The Global Ocean 406
13 T he Ocean
Floor 407
15 The Dynamic
Ocean 451
Focus ON CONCEPTS 452
15.1 The Ocean’s Surface Circulation 452
13.1 The Vast World Ocean 408 The Pattern of Surface-Ocean Currents 452
Geography of the Oceans 408 15.2 Upwelling and Deep-Ocean Circulation 455
Comparing the Oceans to the Continents 409 Coastal Upwelling 455
13.2 An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor 409 Deep-Ocean Circulation 455
Mapping the Seafloor 409 15.3 The Shoreline: A Dynamic Interface 457
Provinces of the Ocean Floor 412 The Coastal Zone 457
13.3 Continental Margins 414 Coastal Features and Terminology 457
Passive Continental Margins 414 Beaches 458
EYE ON EARTH 13.1 415 15.4 Ocean Waves 459
Active Continental Margins 416 Wave Characteristics 459
13.4 Features of Deep-Ocean Basins 417 EYE ON EARTH 15.1 460
Deep-Ocean Trenches 417 Circular Orbital Motion 460
Abyssal Plains 418 Waves in the Surf Zone 460
Volcanic Structures on the Ocean Floor 418 15.5 The Work of Waves 461
13.5 The Oceanic Ridge System 419 Wave Erosion 461
Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge System 419 Sand Movement on the Beach 462
15.6 Shoreline Features 464
GEOGRAPHICS Explaining coral Atolls: Darwins Hypothesis 420 Erosional Features 464
Why Is the Oceanic Ridge Elevated? 422 Depositional Features 465
13.6 Seafloor Sediments 422 The Evolving Shore 466
Types of Seafloor Sediments 423 15.7 Contrasting America’s Coasts 467
Seafloor Sediment—A Storehouse of Climate Data 424 Coastal Classification 467
13.7 Resources from the Seafloor 424
Energy Resources 424 GEOGRAPHICS A Brief Tour of America’s Coasts 468
Other Resources 425 Atlantic and Gulf Coasts 470
Concepts in Review 426 | Give It Some Thought 428 | Pacific Coast 470
Examining the Earth System 429 | Data Analysis 429 EYE ON EARTH 15.2 472

Contents xi
17 oisture, Clouds, and

M
15.8 Stabilizing the Shore 472
Hard Stabilization 472
Alternatives to Hard Stabilization
474 Precipitation 517
15.9 Tides 476 Focus ON CONCEPTS 517
Causes of Tides 476 17.1 Water’s Changes of State 518
Monthly Tidal Cycle 477 Ice, Liquid Water, and Water Vapor 518
Tidal Patterns 477 Latent Heat 518
Tidal Currents 478 17.2 Humidity: Water Vapor in the Air 520
Concepts in Review 479 | Give It Some Thought 481 | Saturation 520
Mixing Ratio 520
Relative Humidity 521
Dew-Point Temperature 522
How Is Humidity Measured? 523
17.3 Adiabatic Temperature Changes and Cloud Formation 524
Adiabatic Temperature Changes 524
UNIT 6 Earth’s Dynamic Adiabatic Cooling and Condensation 524
Atmosphere 484 17.4 Processes That Lift Air 525
Orographic Lifting 525
16
Frontal Lifting 526
The Atmosphere: Composition, Convergence 526
Localized Convective Lifting 527
Structure, and Temperature 485 17.5 The Critical Weathermaker: Atmospheric Stability 527
Types of Stability 528
16.1 Focus on the Atmosphere 486
Stability and Daily Weather 531
Weather in the United States 486
17.6 Condensation and Cloud Formation 531
Weather and Climate 486
Condensation Nuclei and Cloud Formation 531
EYE on EARTH 16.1 487 Cloud Classification 531
16.2 Composition of the Atmosphere 488 17.7 Types of Fog 535
Major Components 488 Fogs Caused by Cooling 535
Carbon Dioxide 488 Evaporation Fogs 536
Variable Components 489 17.8 How Precipitation Forms 537
Ozone Depletion: A Global Issue 490 EYE ON EARTH 17.2 537
16.3 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere 491
Precipitation from Cold Clouds: The Bergeron Process 538
Pressure Changes 491
Precipitation from Warm Clouds: The Collision–Coalescence Process 539
Temperature Changes 491
17.9 Forms of Precipitation 539
16.4 Earth–Sun Relationships 493
Rain, Drizzle, and Mist 539
Earth’s Motions 493
Snow 540
What Causes the Seasons? 493
Sleet and Freezing Rain (Glaze) 540
Earth’s Orientation 494
Hail 540
Solstices and Equinoxes 495
Rime 542
EYE on EARTH 16.2 497 17.10 Measuring Precipitation 543
16.5 Energy, Heat, and Temperature 497 Measuring Snowfall 543
Mechanism of Heat Transfer: Conduction 498 Precipitation Measurement by Weather Radar 543
Mechanism of Heat Transfer: Convection 498
EYE on EARTH 16.3 498 GEOGRAPHICS Our Water Supply 544
Mechanism of Heat Transfer: Radiation 499 Concepts in Review 545 | Give It Some Thought 548 |
16.6 Heating the Atmosphere 500
What Happens to Incoming Solar
Radiation? 500
18
Reflection and Scattering 501
Absorption 501 A
ir Pressure
Heating the Atmosphere: The Greenhouse
Effect 502 and Wind 551
16.7 For the Record: Air Temperature Data 503
16.8 Why Temperatures Vary: The Controls of
Temperature 504 18.1 Understanding Air Pressure 552
Land and Water 504 Visualizing Air Pressure 552
Altitude 506 Measuring Air Pressure 553
Geographic Position 506 18.2 Factors Affecting Wind 554
Cloud Cover and Albedo 506 Pressure Gradient Force 554
Coriolis Effect 556
Friction with Earth’s Surface 556
16.9 World Distribution of Temperature 508 18.3 Highs and Lows 558
Concepts in Review 510 | Give It Some Thought 513 | Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Winds 558
Examining the Earth System 514 | Data Analysis 515 Weather Generalizations About Highs and Lows 558

xii Contents
20 orld Climates and

W
18.4 General Circulation of the Atmosphere 560
Circulation on a Nonrotating Earth 560
Idealized Global Circulation 561 Global Climate Change 607
Influence of Continents 562
The Westerlies 563 20.1 The Climate System 608
18.5 Local Winds 563 20.2 World Climates 609
Land and Sea Breezes 563 EYE on EARTH 20.1 609
Mountain and Valley Breezes 564 Climate Classification 609
Chinook and Santa Ana Winds 564 The Köppen Classification 610
18.6 Measuring Wind 565 20.3 Humid Tropical (A) Climates 612
EYE ON EARTH 18.2 566 The Wet Tropics 612
18.7 El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Tropical Wet and Dry 614
Oscillation 567 20.4 Dry (B) Climates 615
Global Impact of El Niño 567 Low-Latitude Deserts and Steppes 615
Global Impact of La Niña 567 Middle-Latitude Deserts and Steppes 615
Southern Oscillation 569 20.5 Humid Middle-Latitude Climates (C and D Climates) 616
18.8 Global Distribution of Precipitation 569 Humid Middle-Latitude Climates with Mild Winters (C Climates) 616
The Influence of Pressure and Wind Belts 569 Humid Middle-Latitude Climates with Severe Winters (D Climates) 618
Other Factors 569 20.6 Polar (E) Climates 619
EYE ON EARTH 18.3 570 20.7 Highland Climates 620
20.8 Human Impact on Global Climate 621
Concepts in Review 571 | Give It Some Thought 573 | Rising co2 Levels 622
Examining the Earth System 574 | Data Analysis 575 EYE on EARTH 20.2 622
The Atmosphere’s Response 623
The Role of Trace Gases 624
19 eather Patterns and

W How Aerosols Influence Climate 624
20.9 Climate-Feedback Mechanisms 626
Severe Storms 577 Types of Feedback Mechanisms 626
Computer Models of Climate: Important yet Imperfect Tools 626
Focus ON CONCEPTS 577 20.10 Some Possible Consequences of Global Warming 627
19.1 Air Masses 578 Sea-Level Rise 627
What Is an Air Mass? 578 The Changing Arctic 629
Source Regions 579 The Potential for “Surprises” 630
Weather Associated with Air Masses 579 Concepts in Review 631 | Give It Some Thought 633 |
EYE ON EARTH 19.1 581 Examining the Earth System 634 | Data Analysis 635
19.2 Fronts 581
Warm Fronts 582
Cold Fronts 582
Stationary Fronts and Occluded Fronts 583
19.3 Midlatitude Cyclones 584 UNIT 7 Earth’s Place in the
Idealized Weather of a Midlatitude Universe 636
Cyclone 585
21
The Role of Airflow Aloft 587
EYE ON EARTH 19.2 587 rigins of Modern
O
19.4 Thunderstorms 588
What’s in a Name? 588
Astronomy 637
Thunderstorm Occurrence 588 Focus ON CONCEPTS 637
Stages of Thunderstorm Development 589 21.1 Ancient Astronomy 638
19.5 Tornadoes 590 The Golden Age of Astronomy 638
Tornado Development and Occurrence 591 Ptolemy’s Model of the Universe 640
Tornado Climatology 592 21.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy 641
Tornado Destruction and Loss Nicolaus Copernicus 642
of Life 593 Tycho Brahe 642
EYE ON EARTH 19.3 594 Johannes Kepler 643
Tornado Forecasting 594 Galileo Galilei 644
19.6 Hurricanes 595 Sir Isaac Newton 646
Profile of a Hurricane 596 21.3 Patterns in the Night Sky 647
Hurricane Formation and Decay 598 Constellations 647
Hurricane Destruction 598 The Celestial Sphere 647
Monitoring Hurricanes 600
Concepts in Review 601 | Give It Some Thought 603 | GEOGRAPHICS Orion the Hunter 648
Examining the Earth System 604 | Data Analysis 605 Measurements Using the Celestial Sphere 650

Contents xiii
21.4 The Motions of Earth 651 Eye on the Universe 23.1 701
Earth’s Rotation: Spinning on Its Axis 651 23.4 Radio- and Space-Based Astronomy 702
Earth’s Orbit Around the Sun 652 Radio Telescopes: Observing the Invisible 702
Other Motions of Earth 653 Orbiting Observatories: Detecting All Forms
21.5 Motions of the Earth–Moon System 653 of Light 703
Lunar Motions 653
Phases of the Moon 653 GEOGRAPHICS Hubble Space Telescope 704
21.6 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon 655
The Hubble Space Telescope and Beyond 706
Concepts in Review 656 | Give It Some Thought 658 | 23.5 Our Star: The Sun 707
Examining the Earth System 659 | Data Analysis 659 The Sun’s Surface 707
The Sun’s Atmosphere 707
22 T ouring Our The Sun’s Interior 708

The Source of Solar Energy 708
Solar System 661 23.6 The Active Sun 709
Sunspots 709
Focus ON CONCEPTS 661 Prominences 710
22.1 Our Solar System: An Overview 662 Solar Flares and Coronal Mass Ejections 711
Nebular Theory: Formation of the Solar System 663 Concepts in Review 712 | Give It Some Thought 714 |
The Planets: Internal Structures and Atmospheres 664 Examining the Earth System 714 | Data Analysis 715
Planetary Impacts 666
22.2 Earth’s Moon: A Chip Off the Old Block 667
24 B
eyond Our
How Did the Moon Form? 668
The Lunar Surface 668
Eye on the Universe 22.1 668 Solar System 717
22.3 Terrestrial Planets 670
Mercury: The Innermost Planet 670 Focus ON CONCEPTS 717
Venus: The Veiled Planet 671 24.1 Classifying Stars 718
Mars: The Red Planet 672 Stellar Luminosity 718
Stellar Color and Temperature 719
GEOGRAPHICS Mars Exploration 674 Hertzsprung–Russell Diagrams
(H-R Diagrams) 719
22.4 Jovian Planets 677
24.2 Stellar Evolution 721
Jupiter: Lord of the Heavens 677
Stellar Birth 721
Saturn: The Elegant Planet 679
Protostar Stage 722
Uranus and Neptune: Twins 681
Main-Sequence Stage 722
Eye on the Universe 22.2 681 Red Giant Stage 722
22.5 Small Solar System Bodies 683 Burnout and Death 723
Asteroids: Leftover Planetesimals 683 24.3 Stellar Remnants 725
Comets: Dirty Snowballs 684 White Dwarfs 725
Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites 685 Neutron Stars 725
Dwarf Planets 687 Black Holes 726
Concepts in Review 688 | Give It Some Thought 690 | Eye on the Universe 24.1 727
Examining the Earth System 691 | Data Analysis 691 24.4 Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters 727
23
GEOGRAPHICS The Milky Way 728
L ight, Telescopes, and Types of Galaxies 730
the Sun 693 Galaxy Clusters 731
Galactic Collisions 732
Focus ON CONCEPTS 693 24.5 The Universe 732
23.1 Light: Messenger from Space 694 How Large Is It? 732
Nature of Light 694 A Brief History of the Universe 733
Why Study Light? 694 Evidence for an Expanding Universe 734
23.2 What Can We Learn from Light? 695 Predictions of the Big Bang Theory 735
Three Types of Spectra 695 What Is the Fate of the Universe? 735
What Does Light Tell Us About Composition? 696 Concepts in Review 737 | Give It Some Thought 738 |
What Does Light Tell Us About Temperature? 696 Examining the Earth System 739 | Data Analysis 739
What Does Light Tell Us About the Motion of
Distant Objects? 697
23.3 Collecting Light Using Optical Telescopes 698 Appendix A Metric and English Units Compared 740
Refracting Telescopes 698 Appendix B Relative Humidity and Dew-Point Tables 741
Reflecting Telescopes 698
Why Build Large Optical Telescopes? 699 Glossary 742
Advances in Light Collection 700 Index 754

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Chapter 1 Chapter 5
1.2 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: A Geologist’s Grand Canyon (p. 5) 5.4 TUTORIAL: Faults Cause Earthquakes (p. 130)
1.6 TUTORIAL: Geologic Time (p. 8) 5.8 ANIMATION: Seismographs (p. 132)
1.9 TUTORIAL: The Nebular Theory (p. 13) 5.9 TUTORIAL: P and S Waves (p. 133)
1.11 VIDEO: Planets and Moons: Earthrise the 45th Anniversary (p. 15) 5.11 ANIMATION: Seismic Wave Motion (p. 134)
1.16 TUTORIAL: Earth’s Layers (p. 18) 5.16 TUTORIAL: Intensity vs. Magnitude (p. 137)
1.21 TUTORIAL: Shields, Platforms, and Mountain Belts (p. 25) 5.25 TUTORIAL: Liquefaction (p. 141)
5.26 TUTORIAL: Tsunamis (p. 142)
Chapter 2 5.27 ANIMATION: Tsunami (p. 142)
2.3 TUTORIAL: Minerals vs. rocks (p. 33)
2.12 TUTORIAL: Mineral Color (p. 40) Chapter 6
2.13 VIDEO: Mineral Streak (p. 40) 6.5 VIDEO: Eruption Columns (p. 165)
2.15 TUTORIAL: Mineral Habit (p. 41) 6.11 TUTORIAL: Anatomy of a Volcano (p. 170)
2.16 TUTORIAL: Mineral Hardness (p. 42) 6.12 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: Kilauea Volcano (p. 171)
2.17 ANIMATION: Types of Cleavage (p. 42) 6.13 ANIMATION: Volcano Types (p. 171)
2.18 TUTORIAL: Mineral Cleavage (p. 43) 6.14 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: S.P. Crater (p. 172)
2.21 VIDEO: Calcite Reacting with a Weak Acid (p. 44) 6.15 CONDOR VIDEO: Cinder Cones and Basaltic Lava Flows (p. 173)
2.24 TUTORIAL: Silicate Minerals (p. 46) 6.22 ANIMATION: Formation of a Caldera (p. 181)
6.23 TUTORIAL: Yellowstone Caldera (p. 182)
Chapter 3 6.26 TUTORIAL: Shiprock (p. 184)
3.1 TUTORIAL: The Rock Cycle (p. 59) 6.27 ANIMATION: Intrusive Igneous Activity (p. 185)
3.4 TUTORIAL: Igneous Composition (p. 62) 6.28 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: Dikes and Sills in the Sinbad Country (p. 185)
3.5 TUTORIAL: Igneous Textures (p. 63) 6.29 CONDOR VIDEO: Intrusive Igneous Bodies (p. 186)
3.8 TUTORIAL: Classification of Igneous Rocks (p. 65) 6.37 TUTORIAL: The Cascade Range (p. 192)
3.9 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: Yosemite: Granite and Glaciers (p. 66) 6.38 TUTORIAL: Plate Tectonics & Volcanoes (p. 194)
3.15 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: The Sedimentary Rocks of Capitol Reef National Park (p. 69) 6.39 TUTORIAL: Hot Spots & Flood Basalts (p. 194)
3.21 TUTORIAL: Bonneville Salt Flats (p. 73)
3.22 TUTORIAL: Coal (p. 73) Chapter 7
3.26 ANIMATION: Foliation of Metamorphic Rock (p. 75) 7.1 TUTORIAL: Brittle vs. Ductile (p. 202)
3.28 TUTORIAL: Confining Pressure & Differential Stress (p. 77) 7.6 CONDOR VIDEO: Anticlines and Synclines (p. 206)
3.29 ANIMATION: Foliation (p. 78) 7.7 TUTORIAL: Folds (p. 206)
3.32 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: Metamorphic Rocks in the Adirondacks, New York (p. 82) 7.8 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: Sheep Mountain Anticline (p. 207)
3.37 TUTORIAL: Oil Traps (p. 86) 7.9 TUTORIAL: Domes & Basins (p. 207)
7.12 CONDOR VIDEO: Monoclines of the Colorado Plateau (p. 208)
Chapter 4 7.13 CONDOR VIDEO: Faults Versus Joints (p. 209)
4.2 TUTORIAL: Pangaea (p. 95) 7.14 ANIMATION: Faults (p. 210)
4.9 TUTORIAL: Crust vs. Lithosphere (p. 99) 7.16 TUTORIAL: Faults (p. 210)
4.12 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: Fire and Ice Land (p. 102) 7.17 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: Death Valley (p. 211)
4.13 TUTORIAL: Divergent Boundaries (p. 103) 7.18 ANIMATION: Reverse Faults (p. 211)
4.14 CONDOR VIDEO: Continental Rifting (p. 103) 7.19 ANIMATION: Thrust Faults (p. 212)
4.15 TUTORIAL: Convergent Boundaries (p. 105) 7.27 TUTORIAL: Terrane Accretion (p. 218)
4.18 ANIMATION: Continental-Continental Convergence (p. 106) 7.28 ANIMATION: Terrane Formation (p. 219)
4.19 TUTORIAL: Transform Boundaries (p. 107) 7.29 ANIMATION: Himalayas (p. 220)
4.21 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: The San Andreas Fault (p. 108) 7.30 TUTORIAL: Himalayas (p. 220)
4.29 TUTORIAL: Magnetic Reversals (p. 115) 7.31 TUTORIAL: Appalachians (p. 222)
4.31 ANIMATION: Magnetic Reversals (p. 116) 7.32 MOBILE FIELD TRIP: The Folded Rocks of Massanutten Mountain (p. 223)
xiv

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Because, Robbie—to return to your question—your Scotsman
believes only in success. How can a man, who regards success as
the goal of life, be a true artist? God saved the genius of Robert
Burns to poetry by driving him through drink to failure. Think what an
appalling figure in literature a successful Burns would have been! He
was already trying to write poems in polite English, which was about
as ludicrous as for a polite Englishman to try to write poetry in the
dialect of Burns. Riotous living and dying saved him from that last
degradation of smug prosperity which threatened him.
l.h. But do you mean no artists are successful?
o.w. Incidentally; never intentionally. If they are, they remain
incomplete. The artist’s mission is to live the complete life: success,
as an episode (which is all it can be); failure, as the real, the final
end. Death, analysed to its resultant atoms—what is it but the
vindication of failure: the getting rid for ever of powers, desires,
appetites, which have been a lifelong embarrassment? The poet’s
noblest verse, the dramatist’s greatest scene deal always with death;
because the highest function of the artist is to make perceived the
beauty of failure.
r.r. But have Scotsmen of genius been any more successful, in a
wordly sense, than others? I seem to remember a few who failed
rather handsomely.
o.w. Possibly. Providence is sometimes kinder to us than we are
ourselves. But never was there a Scotsman of genius who survived
his youth, who was not fatally compromised by his nationality. To fail
and to die young is the only hope for a Scotsman who wishes to
remain an artist. When, at the end of the eighteenth century,
Scotland produced her second great writer of genius, she inspired
him to a terrible betrayal (for which the tradespeople of literature still
praise him)—to break his art on the wheel of commercial rectitude, to
write books which became worse and worse, in order to satisfy his
creditors! In Dante’s Purgatorio there is nothing to equal the horror of
it. But he succeeded; and Scotland, in consequence, is proud of him.
I see by your faces that you all know the man I mean: one does not
have to name him. Think of unhappy Sir Walter, writing his
transcendent pot-boilers for no other reason than to wipe out
bankruptcy! Bankruptcy, that beneficent fairy, who presents to all
who trust her with their insolvency five, ten, fifteen, sometimes even
nineteen shillings in the pound of what they owe to their creditors—to
those usurious ones whose extortionate demands, recognized in
other branches of the law, here get turned down. How much did she
give me, Robbie?
r.r. An extension of time, Oscar. She hasn’t done with you yet.
o.w. No; she does not dismiss the lover from her embraces while
she has any hope of securing the restoration of his balance, or of
discovering some deeper stain in his character. What touching
devotion! She is the romantic figure of the money-market. But I
believe—or at least I tell myself—that fewer Scotsmen go bankrupt
than any other nationality. It is not, however, merely monetary
success which seduces them; success, in all its aspects, has for
them a baleful attraction. They succumb to it intellectually, morally,
spiritually. On that Carlyle wrecked his chances of producing a
permanent work of art greater than his French Revolution.
all. Carlyle?
o.w. I surprise you? Is that because we all know that Carlyle
remained poor? So do misers. Carlyle was the greatest intellectual
miser of the nineteenth century. In his prime he wrote his greatest
work—the history of a failure—the French Revolution. The time
came when, with all his powers matured, he stood equipped for the
writing of his supreme masterpiece. There was no need to look far
afield for a subject: it stood obvious awaiting him. After his French
Revolution he should have written the life of Napoleon—the greatest
success, the greatest failure that the world has ever known. He
would have done it magnificently. What a spectacle for the world: the
Man of Destiny receiving from the son of humble Scottish peasants
his right measure of immortality! But because Carlyle was a
Scotsman, he would not take for his hero the man whose life ended
in failure: he could not bring himself to face the débâcle of Waterloo,
the enduring ignominy and defeat of St. Helena. Had he been true to
his art, he would have realized that St. Helena was the greatest
theme of all—for an artist, the most completely significant in the
whole of modern history. But because he had the soul of a
Scotsman, because he worshipped success, he looked for his hero,
and found him, in that most mean and despicable character,
Frederick the Great: a man to whom heaven had given the powers of
a supreme genius, and hell the soul of a commercial traveller with
that unavailing itch for cultural gentility which Voltaire has exposed
for us. On that mean theme he wrote his most voluminous work, and
became, in the process, that skeleton in Mrs. Carlyle’s cupboard
which the world now knows.
You smile at me, Robbie, but believe me, in my own ruin I have
found out this truth. The artist must live the complete life, must
accept it as it comes and stands like an angel before him, with its
drawn and two-edged sword. Great success, great failure—only so
shall the artist see himself as he is, and through himself see others;
only so shall he learn (as the artist must learn) the true meaning
behind the appearance of things material, of life in general, and—
more terrible still—the meaning of his own soul.
l.h. Why is a man’s soul more terrible than life in general? Does
not the greater include the less?
o.w. Because an epitome is always more terrible than a
generalization. We do not see life in general steadily diminishing in
force and vitality, or we do not realize it; the whole bulk is too great.
But when a man really sees into himself, the process of diminution
that is going on becomes apparent: he meets there a problem he
cannot escape—a problem to which religion, and philosophy, and
history can give no certain answer, however much they may pretend.
As I sit here—with a few friends left to me; friends who, however
faithful, their number must needs diminish—for I shall never make a
new friend in my life, though perhaps a few after I die—as I sit here
and look back, I realize that I have lived the complete life necessary
to the artist: I have had great success, I have had great failure. I
have learned the value of each; and I know now that failure means
more—always must mean more than success. Why, then, should I
complain? I do not mean that a certain infirmity of the flesh, or
weakness of the will would not make me prefer that this should have
happened to one of my friends—to one of you—rather than to
myself; but admitting that, I still recognize that I have only at last
come to the complete life which every artist must experience in order
to join beauty to truth. I have come to see that St. Helena is, for a
world which follows Cæsar and not Christ, the greatest place on
earth next to Calvary. It is more neglected: men do not fight for it,
they do not go out to conquer it in weary generations of disastrous
crusades, like those which did so much to destroy for Catholic
Europe the true significance of Christianity. But it is there; and only
when men begin to fight for it, as a thing desirable and precious to
possess, only then will its spiritual significance change, and its value
diminish.
If I could write what I have been saying to you, if I could hope to
interest others, as I seem to have interested you, I would; but the
world will not listen to me—now. It is strange—I never thought it
possible before—to regret that one has too much leisure: leisure
which I used so to lack, when I myself was a creator of beautiful
things.
l.h. But you told me, in your last letter, that you were writing
something?
o.w. I told you that I was going to write something: I tell everybody
that. It is a thing one can repeat each day, meaning to do it the next.
But in my heart—that chamber of leaden echoes—I know that I
never shall. It is enough that the stories have been invented, that
they actually exist; that I have been able, in my own mind, to give
them the form which they demand.
r.r. If you won’t write them, Oscar, you might at least tell them.
o.w. You have heard them all, Robbie.
r.r. The others have not.
o.w. My dear Robbie, you are not nearly artful enough; but you are
very kind. I will tell you one of my stories presently. Let us go on
talking till the appropriate moment makes it more possible.... Is it I, or
is it the ortolans that are still keeping us here? I do not mind; I would
only like to know.
r.r. To tell you the truth, Oscar, the ortolans were merely a
delicate excuse. We are now waiting for the most perfectly forgetful,
and the most regularly unpunctual person that any of us know. Do
you mind if I cling for five minutes more to my belief that he really
intends to meet us?
o.w. Not at all; a charming experiment. Forgetfulness is a great
gift. While he exercises it, we have more time for being happy where
we are than we should otherwise have allowed ourselves. Who is
our benefactor?
r.r. I thought you might like to meet Harvey Jerrold again. I was
keeping it behind the ortolans as a surprise for you.
(The name has evoked a look of eager, almost of startled,
pleasure; and response comes with animation.)
o.w. My dear Robbie; but how inventive of you! What a finishing
touch to a circle which already seemed complete! I did not know that
he was here.
r.r. He only arrived last night. I ’phoned to his hotel and left a
message for him asking him to join us. This morning he sent word
that he would come.
o.w. (with just a shade of doubt in his tone). Did you tell him who
we all were?
r.r. I only said “friends.” He knows all of us.
o.w. If he has not, in the exercise of his gift, forgotten some of us.
That—as I remember him—is possible.
r.r. He can’t have forgotten you, at any rate, considering it was
you who published his first plays for him. Or did you only write them?
o.w. Ah! but he has done so much better since. Suppose he were
now ashamed of them. He was one of those—true artists—who
make a reputation before they do anything. That is the right way to
begin; but few have the courage to persevere. It is so difficult. Yet he,
of course, is the most complete artist who is able to remain perfect—
doing nothing.
r.r. I have heard you say that before. But for the sake of the
others won’t you explain it? Your explanations are so much more
illuminating than your statements, you know.
o.w. I may have said the same thing before, Robbie. (It requires a
friend to tell one so!) But my explanation, I am sure, will always be
different. And yet the one which comes at this moment seems only
too obvious. The greatest work of the imagination, for an artist, is to
create first himself, then his public. The writing of my plays and my
poems was never difficult: because they belonged to me, they came
at call. But to make my own public was a labour of Hercules. That is
what I did first. The effort lay in the fact that while one appeared to
be doing nothing, one was actually prostrated by the exertion. I have
known what it is to come back from a week-end—one of those
ordeals by tattle which the stately homes of England provide for the
passing guest—almost literally at death’s door, from which nothing
but hermetic seclusion, until the week-end following, enabled me to
escape. One of my doctors called it “heart-strain,” the other “brain-
fag.” It was really both. I remember once, on a Monday morning,
missing an unreasonably early train, and having to return for four
hours to the bosom of a ducal family, when its exhibition hours were
over. It was a charnel house: the bones of its skeleton rattled: the
ghosts gibbered and moaned. Time remained motionless. I was
haunted. I could never go there again. I had seen what man is never
meant to see—the sweeping up of the dust on which the footfall of
departing pleasure has left its print. There for two days I had been
creating my public: the two days given by God to the Jewish and the
Christian world for rest; and from that breaking of the sabbath,
creator and created were equally exhausted. The breath of life I had
so laboriously breathed into their nostrils they were getting rid of
again, returning to native clay. And yet how few understand what a
life of heroism is that of an artist when he is producing—not his art,
but the receptacle which is to contain it. That, dear friends, is why
the world is to the artist so tragic. It is always a struggle. The artist
may possibly for a while mould the world; but if the world moulds
him, he has failed to become an artist, though he may have
succeeded in acquiring the Scotch accent.
l.h. You spoke just now of the artist creating a public for the
appreciation of his work; can he not also create other artists? Would
not that be the ideal aim?
o.w. Ideal, but impossible. You cannot create an artist; you can
only invent one—and it always remains a fiction. Artists—God’s last
creation, secret recipients of the Word of Life—continue to create
themselves. But invention is often tried as a substitute. I remember,
years ago, Hermann Vezin inventing an actress who was to be a
second Rachel. For years and years he continued to invent her,
telling us what to expect. Then one day he produced her....
r.r. (after allowing the rhetorical pause its due weight). What
happened? I don’t remember.
o.w. On the day he produced her, she ceased to exist.
r.r. You mean she didn’t arrive?
o.w. Her arrival was a departure: the stage was her terminus.
Engines whistled; the uproar became frightful. She ran to Brighton
without stopping; and, I believe, still dies there.
l.h. Was she so bad, then, after all?
o.w. She may have been almost a genius; who can tell? The fatal
mistake was when Hermann Vezin began inventing her. What would
happen to an actress, however great, who came upon the stage
bejewelled with the names of Sarah, Rachel, Ristori, Siddons?
Probability becomes violated; the sense of the theatre is destroyed.
When that happens all is over. Hermann Vezin should have held his
tongue till the gods themselves applauded. But he lacked faith. The
worst thing you can do for a person of genius is to help him: that way
lies destruction. I have had many devoted helpers—and you see the
result. Only once did I help a man who was also a genius. I have
never forgiven myself.
r.r. Oscar, you are perfectly absurd!
o.w. (with a glance of genuine affection). But I have forgiven you,
Robbie.
l.h. What happened?
o.w. To the man I helped? He never told me; and I would not ask.
When we met afterwards, he had so greatly changed that, though I
recognized him, he failed to recognize me. He became a Roman
Catholic, and died at the age of twenty-three, a great artist—with half
the critics and all the moralists still hating him. A charming person!
l.h. How often one hears that said, as though it were the final
summing up of a man’s life and character—covering everything.
o.w. But surely it is so. What is more fundamental, more
inalienable from a man’s personality, than charm? He may lose his
looks; he may lose his character; but in almost every case that I
have known—in spite of adverse circumstances—the charm
remains, like the gift of a fairy godmother: something which cannot
be got rid of. A person who has charm has the secret of life; but does
not know what the secret is—he himself being the secret. For in this
wonderful turning world we can know other people by their
differences—as I know all of you; but we can never know ourselves.
Matthew Arnold, a fine but a very mistaken poet, was always trying
to do the most impossible thing of all—to know himself. And that is
why sometimes, in the middle of his most beautiful poems, he left off
being the poet and became the school inspector.
l.h. I thought you said that the artist must know himself in order to
know others?
o.w. Never! You misunderstood me. “See himself” is what I said;
and, seeing himself naked but not ashamed, learn the terrible
meaning of his own soul—how it exists to torment and divide him
against himself, but always as a stranger within his gates, remote,
inscrutable, unnatural. For this thing, which he can never
understand, goes deeper than the consciousness of self—it is
something primitive, atavistic, fierce, and savage with a fanatical
faith in gods whom this world tries no longer to believe in, but still
fears, lest they should become true. When news of Matthew Arnold’s
death came to Robert Louis Stevenson in Samoa, he said (for he
was a Scotsman with a fine sense of humour): “How dreadful! He
won’t like God.” You smile; and yet there was a very real truth in it.
The theology of Matthew Arnold was a terrible mistake; it arose out
of that insistence on trying to know himself: he wanted also to know
God. And just as trying to know yourself savours of social snobbery
—being an attempt to know the person you think the most important
in the world, so in the other attempt there is a certain spiritual
snobbery. It is surely quite sufficient that He should know us, without
any pretended recognition on our part, which, in any case, would be
futile. For if a man cannot know his own soul with real
understanding, still less can he know with real understanding that
which directs its ministry of pain—that constant intolerable reminder
that we can never, unless we would choose only to be dust, belong
separately and entirely to ourselves. Man’s destiny is to be haunted;
however deserted of his fellows, he is never for a moment alone.
Matthew Arnold, in one of his poems, made that beautiful but
ridiculous statement which appeals to us, perhaps, as true because
we would so much like it to be true:
Yes, in this sea of life enisled,

We mortal millions live alone!
We don’t: we live with a familiar who is a stranger, always eating out

of our hand, always defrauding us of the joys of life while denying us
the reason. And we never know from day to day whether that
stranger is going to murder us in cold blood, or make us become
saints.
r.r. Why not both? To me they sound almost synonymous.
o.w. Robbie, you must not interrupt me, saying clever, sensible
things like that: you put me out. People who want to say merely what
is sensible should say it to themselves before they come down to
breakfast in the morning, never after.
l.h. That was when Lewis Carroll’s “White Queen” used to practise
telling herself all the things she knew to be impossible.
r.r. I always thought that meant saying her prayers.
o.w. But saying prayers, Robbie, is always possible. It is only the
answer to prayer that is impossible. Prayer must never be answered:
if it is, it ceases to be prayer, and becomes a correspondence. If we
ask for our daily bread and it is given us as manna was given to the
Israelites in the wilderness, it is merely an invitation to dinner
reversed. How much more devotional the exercise becomes when
we know that our food comes to us from quite mundane sources,
irrespective of prayer.
h.d. But your prayer then becomes merely a superstition.
o.w. Not at all: a compliment—a spiritual courtesy which one may
surely hope is appreciated in the proper place. I do not say it
derisively. There is a proper place for the appreciation of everything.
And perhaps it is only in heaven—and in hell—that art, now so
generally despised, will receive the appreciation that is due to it.
h.a. In heaven, yes; but why in hell?
o.w. Why in hell? I must tell you one of my stories.
(A grave smile passes from face to face, as the friends
lean forward attentively to listen; for they know that
this born story-teller only tells them when, for the
moment, life contents him.)
In hell, among all the brave company that is ever to be found there of
lovers, and fair ladies, and men of learning, and poets, and
astrologers, amid all the ceaseless movement of doomed bodies,
tossing and turning to be rid of the torment of their souls, one woman
sat alone and smiled. She had the air of a listener, ever with lifted
head and eyes raised, as though some voice from above were
attracting her.
“Who is that woman?” enquired a new-comer, struck by the
strange loveliness of her face, with its look the meaning of which he
could not read, “the one with the smooth, ivory limbs, and the long
hair falling down over her arms to the hands resting upon her lap.
She is the only soul whose eyes are ever looking aloft. What
skeleton does she keep in the cupboard of God up yonder?”
He had not finished speaking before one made haste to answer, a
man who carried in his hand a wreath of withered leaves. “They say,”
he said, “that once on earth she was a great singer, with a voice like
stars falling from a clear sky. So when doom came for her, God took
her voice and cast it forth to the eternal echoes of the spheres,
finding it too beautiful a thing to let die. Now she hears it with
recognition, and remembering how once it was her own, shares still
the pleasure which God takes in it. Do not speak to her, for she
believes that she is in heaven.”
And when the man, bearing the wreath of withered leaves, had
finished, “No,” said another, “that is not her story.”
“What then?”
“It is this,” he said, as the man with the withered wreath turned
away: “On earth a poet made his song of her, so that her name
became eternally wedded to his verse, which still rings on the lips of
men. Now she lifts her head and can hear his praise of her sounded
wherever language is spoken. That is her true story.”
“And the poet?” asked the new-comer. “Did she love him well?”
“So little,” replied the other, “that here and now she passes him
daily and does not recognize his face.”
“And he?”
The other laughed, and answered: “It is he who just now told you
that tale concerning her voice, continuing here the lies which he
used to make about her when they two were together on earth.”
But the new-comer said, “If he is able to give happiness in hell,
how can what he says be a lie?”
(There is an appreciative pause: no one speaks: from
those listening faces no word of praise is necessary.
Once more the speaker has secured the homage of
his fellow men; and so, forgetting for a while the pit
that life has digged for him, continues to narrate to his
friends the stories which he will never write.)
Since that has appealed to you, I will tell you another.... Once
there was a young man, so beautiful of mind that all who heard him
wished to be of his company; so beautiful of form——
(In the middle of a sentence he pauses, as he sees
advancing—though the others, intent only on him, do
not—a young man, graceful in person, indolent in
motion, who, with a light nonchalant air, meets and
lets go the glances of strangers as they pass. From
these, as he draws near, his eye turns toward the
group seated at the out-door table under the sun-
bright awning, and becomes fixed and attentive.
Glance meets glance, holds for a moment, till that of
the younger man is withdrawn. Without any change of
countenance he slightly deflects his course and
passes on. In the face they are watching, the friends
see a quick change: the colour goes, the look of quiet
expectation ends abruptly, as though sight had
stopped dead. But it is with his accustomed
deliberation of tone that at last he resumes speaking.)
Ah, no; that is a story of which I have forgotten the end: or else it
has forgotten me. No matter; I will tell you another. This is one that
has only just occurred to me; and I am not quite sure yet what the
end of it will be. But it is there waiting. You and I will listen to this
story together, as I tell it for the first time.
This shall be called “The Story of the Man who sold his Soul.”
A certain traveller, passing through the streets of a great city,
came there upon a man whose countenance indicated a grief which
he could not fathom. The traveller, being a curious student of the
human heart, stopped him and said: “Sir, what is this grief which you
carry before the eyes of all men, so grievous that it cannot be
hidden, yet so deep that it cannot be read?”
The man answered: “It is not I who grieve so greatly; it is my soul,
of which I cannot get rid. And my soul is more sorrowful than death,
for it hates me, and I hate it.”
The traveller said: “If you will sell your soul to me, you can be well
rid of it.” The other answered: “Sir, how can I sell you my soul?”
“Surely,” replied the traveller, “you have but to agree to sell me your
soul at its full price; then, when I bid it, it comes to me. But every
soul has its true price; and only at that, neither at more nor at less,
can it be bought.”
Then said the other: “At what price shall I sell you this horrible
thing, my soul?”
The traveller answered: “When a man first sells his own soul he is
like that other betrayer; therefore its price should be thirty pieces of
silver. But after that, if it passes to other hands, its value becomes
small; for to others the souls of their fellow men are worth very little.”
So for thirty pieces of silver the man sold his soul; and the traveller
took it and departed.
Presently the man, having no soul, found that he could do no sin.
Though he stretched out his arms to sin, sin would not come to him.
“You have no soul,” said sin, and passed him by. “Wherefore should I
come to you? I have no profit in a man that has no soul?”
Then the man without a soul became very miserable, for though
his hands touched what was foul they remained clean, and though
his heart longed for wickedness, it remained pure; and when he
thirsted to dip his lips in fire, they remained cool.
Therefore a longing to recover his soul took hold of him, and he
went through the world searching for the traveller to whom he had
sold it, that he might buy it back and again taste sin in his own body.
After a long time the traveller met him; but hearing his request he
laughed and said: “After a while your soul wearied me and I sold it to
a Jew for a smaller sum than I paid for it.”
“Ah!” cried the man, “if you had come to me I would have paid
more.” The traveller answered: “You could not have done that; a soul
cannot be bought or sold but at its just price. Your soul came to be of
small value in my keeping; so to be rid of it I sold it to the first comer
for considerably less money than I paid in the beginning.”
So parting from him the man continued his quest, wandering over
the face of the earth and seeking to recover his lost soul. And one
day as he sat in the bazaar of a certain town a woman passed him,
and looking at him said: “Sir, why are you so sad? It seems to me
there can be no reason for such sadness.” The man answered: “I am
sad because I have no soul, and am seeking to find it.”
The other said: “Only the other night I bought a soul that had
passed through so many hands that it had become dirt-cheap; but it
is so poor a thing I would gladly be rid of it. Yet I bought it for a mere
song; and a soul can only be sold at its just price; how, then, shall I
be able to sell it again—for what is worth less than a song? And it
was but a light song that I sang over the wine-cup to the man who
sold it me.”
When the other heard that, he cried: “It is my own soul! Sell it to
me, and I will give you all that I possess!”
The woman said: “Alas, I did but pay for it with a song, and I can
but sell it again at its just price. How then can I be rid of it, though it
cries and laments to be set free?”
The man without a soul laid his head to the woman’s breast, and
heard within it the captive soul whimpering to be set free, to return to
the body it had lost. “Surely,” he said, “it is my own soul! If you will
sell it to me I will give you my body, which is worth less than a song
from your lips.”
So, for his body, the other sold to him the soul that whimpered to
be set free to return to its own place. But so soon as he received it
he rose up aghast: “What have you done?” he cried, “and what is
this foul thing that has possession of me? For this soul that you have
given me is not my soul!”
The woman laughed and said: “Before you sold your soul into
captivity it was a free soul in a free body; can you not recognize it
now it comes to you from the traffic of the slave-market? So, then,
your soul has the greater charity, since it recognizes and returns to
you, though you have sold your body miserably into bondage!”
And thus it was that the man had to buy back, at the cost of his
body, the soul which he let go for thirty pieces of silver.
(With occasional pauses imposed for effect, but without
any hesitation or change in the choice of word, the
ordered narrative has run its course. But in spite of
the decorative form, and the decorative modulations
of tone, there is an under-current of passion; and his
friends, undeceived by that quiet deliberateness of
speech, know that the speaker is greatly moved. And
so, at the end, there is a pause while nobody speaks.
At the kiosk opposite a newsboy arrives, and delivers
a bundle of papers to the woman in charge. Over her
is an announcement to the Englishman, in his native
tongue, that his own papers are there on sale. From
the restaurant comes a garçon charged with a
message, and wishing to have instructions. The two,
who have shared in the arrangement, exchange
glances interrogatively; R.R. looks at his watch and
nods. L.H. signs to the garçon who has served the
aperitifs.)
r.r. Let us go in to lunch. Jerrold is not coming; he has forgotten
us.
o.w. Not all of us, Robbie. He came, but he has gone again.
(They all look at him in astonishment; and, for a moment,
nobody speaks. Then:)
r.r. Came? Here, do you mean?
o.w. Looking as young and charming as ever. But, as soon as he
looked at me, I saw he had entirely forgotten me.
(There is nothing possible to be said. L.H. makes haste to
pay for the aperitifs; and with the anxiety of an
Englishman, unpractised in foreign ways, to do what
is right for the reputation of his country in a strange
land, he puts down an additional pour-boire, five
bronze pieces in all, to correspond to the number who
have been served. With grave apologetic politeness
his guest lays an arresting hand upon his arm; and
(while the garçon whisks away the douceur with
cheerful alacrity) instructs him for future occasions.)
o.w. My dear L.H., you should not do that! The Frenchman, for
these casual services, gives what you call a penny. The Englishman
gives what some of them call “tuppence”; not because he does not
know that the Frenchman’s penny is sufficient, but because he is an
Englishman. If you give more than that the waiter only thinks that you
do not know where you are.
l.h. (who has a weakness for putting himself in the right, even in
quite small matters.) Ah, yes, Mr. Wilde, that may be, but here, at St.
Helena, one tips the waiters differently.
(It is touching to see what pleasure that foolish but
fortunate little “mot” has given to the man for whom it
was designed. They have all now risen; and their next
move will be to the tabled interior, where pleasant
courses are awaiting them. But the forward movement
is delayed; and it is with a curious air of finality, as
though already taking his leave, that O.W. speaks.)
o.w. My friends, we have had a wonderful hour together. I have
been very happy. Excuse me: I am going across to get an English
paper. The woman at the kiosk, who sells them, is a charming
character: she compliments my accent by pretending to think that I
am French. Go in: I beg you not to wait for me.
(They see him cross the street, with his accustomed air of
leisurely deliberation—a little amused to notice how
the vehement traffic has to pause and make way for
him. At the kiosk he and the woman exchange words
and smiles. He lifts his hat and turns away.)
l.h. (startled). He’s not coming back?
r.r. Harvey Jerrold wants kicking. Poor Oscar!
h.a. Shall I go after him?
r.r. No, no! Let him go. We understand.
(And they all stand and watch, as he passes slowly down
the street, till he disappears in the crowd.)
Footnote
T WENTY years after a man’s death is usually a sufficient time to

compose, in their proper unimportance, the prejudices and
enmities which have surrounded his career. But in this particular
case, I suppose, it has hardly done so; and the man who was so
greatly over-rated by his own following, during those ten years of
literary and social triumph which made him the vogue, was, in the
ten years after, as carefully under-rated, not because the quality of
his work had proved itself poor and ephemeral, but because of
something that he had done.
The blight which fell on his literary reputation was about as
sensible in its application as it would have been for historians to
deny that Marlborough was a great general because he peculated
and took bribes, or that Mahomet was a great religious leader
because he had a number of wives, or that David was a great poet
because he preferred the love of Jonathan to the love of women. In
which last-named absurdity of critical inconsequence we have
something very much to the point; and it is upon that point, and
because the world has been so unintelligently slow in seizing it, that I
am moved to write this footnote to my dialogue, with which, in
subject, it has so little to do.
Always, so long as it stays remembered, the name of Oscar Wilde
is likely to carry with it a shadowy implication of that strange
pathological trouble which caused his downfall. And whatever else
may be said for or against the life of promiscuous indulgence he
appears to have led, his downfall did at least this great service to
humanity, that—by the sheer force of notoriety—it made the
“unmentionable” mentionable; and marks the dividing of the ways
between the cowardice and superstitious ignorance with which the
problem had been treated even by sociologists and men of science,
and the fearless analysis of origins and causes which has now
become their more reputable substitute.
Obscurantists may still insist on treating as an acquired depravity
what medical research has now proved to be an involuntary or
congenital deflection from a “normality” which exact science finds it
harder and harder to define. But in spite of these surviving
resistances to the formation of a new social conscience, intelligence
is at work, and to-day it is no longer eccentric or disreputable to
insist that the whole problem shall henceforth be studied and treated
from the medical, rather than from the criminal standpoint; so that in
future, whatever limitation of reticence or segregation society
decides to impose on men whose tendencies are ineradicably homo-
sexual, the treatment shall be health-giving in character and
purpose, carrying with it no social or moral damnation of those who,
in the vast majority of cases, have been made what they are by
forces outside their own volition, either at their birth or in early
infancy.
The comical ignorance and ineptitude of which quite brilliant minds
are capable in regard to a matter that they wish to relegate to mental
obscurity, was well exemplified in the remarks made to me on this
subject, only ten years ago, by one who ranked then as now among
the most eminent of British bacteriologists. He had been told, he
said, that homo-sexuality came from meat-eating; and his solution of
the problem was to have all homo-sexuals put to death. But the
subject, he went on to say, did not interest him; nor did he propose to
give the meat-eaters (of whom he himself was one) any warning of
their pathological danger, or of his proposed remedy for the
pathological condition to which their meat-eating habits might bring
them. Having escaped the infection himself, he was quite willing,
apparently, to leave the rest to chance. It was, he had been told, very
prevalent, but personally he had not come across it. And so he
continued to interest himself in bacteriology, through which fame,
wealth, and title had come to him.
As I left his consulting-room I felt as though I had just emerged
from the Middle Ages, and from listening to the discourse of some
learned theologian—a marvellous expert in the doctrine of the
Incarnation and the Procession of the Holy Spirit, but still believing
that the sun went round the earth, and that the earth was flat; and
though—God aiding him—he would put to death any who thought
otherwise, the subject did not interest him!
He remains to me a portentous example of how a really brilliant
mind can totter into second infancy when called upon to dig for the
roots of knowledge outside his own cabbage-patch in hitherto
uncultivated ground.
What led me to this strange scientific experience was very much to
the point. For it was just then, ten years ago, that I had been asked
to join a society having for its object the formation of a more
intelligent and less servile public opinion on this and various other
difficult sex problems which are a part of human nature. I agreed to
do so upon one condition—that membership should be open to men
and women on equal terms, and that women should be upon the
executive committee. Even in that comparatively enlightened group
the proposal seemed revolutionary; and I was asked whether I
realized that such things as homo-sexuality would have to be openly
discussed. My answer was: “That is why we must include women.” I
contended that where a problem concerns both sexes alike, only by
the full co-operation of both sexes can it be rightly solved.
My contention was admitted to be sound, and the society was
formed on the equal basis I had advocated; and perhaps one of its
best discoveries is that, in a body of social goodwill, there is no such
thing as “the unmentionable.” Since then, women have been called
to juries, and it has become a duty of good citizenship for them to
share with men the knowledge of things which the obscurantists, in
order to keep them as a male perquisite, chose to describe as
“unmentionable.”
“E pur se muove”: that wise old saying continues to have its
application in every age. Always, at some contentious point in the
affairs of men, belief in knowledge and belief in ignorance stand as
antagonists. The nineteenth century had its superstitions, quite as
much as the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, when loyalty
to the Mosaic law made the persecution of witchcraft a religious duty.
And a surviving superstition of our own time has been that false and
foolish moral insistence on regarding certain maladjustments of
nature as something too horrible to be mentioned, and of putting the
victims thereof in a class apart, rather lower than the ordinary
criminal. The old theological idea that the world was flat reproduced
itself in another form; and so, in spite of the advance of science, the
moral world had to remain flat and simple, unencumbered by nature-
problems, for fear of the terrible things it might have to contain and
account for if once admitted to be round.
Twentieth-century science is busy proving to us that the moral
world is dangerously round; and it is no use trying to fall off it by
walking about it with shut eyes. From a flat world that method of
escape might be conceivably possible, but not from a round. A round
world has us in its grip; and it is our duty as intelligent human beings
to face the danger and get used to it.
What a strange irony of life that the man who tried most to detach
himself from the unlovely complications of modern civilization should
have become the symbol, or the byword, of one of its least solved
problems; and that society’s blind resentment toward a phenomenon
it had not the patience or the charity to trace to its origin, should
have supplied him so savagely with that “complete life of the artist”
which success could never have given him.

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EARTH SCIENCE FIFTEENTH

330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013

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Names: Tarbuck, Edward J., author. | Lutgens, Frederick K., author.

About Our Sustainability Initiatives

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1 Introduction to Earth Science 3

UNIT 1 Earth Materials 30 UNIT 5 The Global Ocean 406

15 The Dynamic Ocean 451

4 Plate Tectonics: A Scientific UNIT 6 Earth’s Dynamic Atmosphere 484

7 Crustal Deformation and 18 Air Pressure and Wind 551

UNIT 3 Sculpting Earth’s Surface 232

8 Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movement 233

11 Geologic Time 347

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SmartFigures Media xiv Ionic Bonds: Electrons Transferred 38

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EYE ON EARTH 5.2 141

Earth’s Interior 127 6.9 Other Volcanic Landforms 180

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7  rustal Deformation and

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Storage and Movement of Groundwater 289

10  laciers, Deserts, and

12 E arth’s Evolution Through

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UNIT 5 The Global Ocean 406

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17  oisture, Clouds, and

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20  orld Climates and

19  eather Patterns and

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22 T ouring Our The Sun’s Interior 708

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Yes, in this sea of life enisled,

We don’t: we live with a familiar who is a stranger, always eating out

T WENTY years after a man’s death is usually a sufficient time to

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7 rustal Deformation and

10 laciers, Deserts, and

12 E arth’s Evolution Through

17 oisture, Clouds, and

20 orld Climates and

19 eather Patterns and

22 T ouring Our The Sun’s Interior 708