Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach

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FOURTEENTH EDITION

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A Down~Jo~Earth Approach
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Contents VII

The Social Construction of Reality 120 In-Groups and Out-Groups 159

Gynecological Examinations 121 SHAPING PERCEPTION AND MORALITY 159

The Need for Both Macrosociology and Microsociology 122 Reference Groups 160
EVALUATING OURSELVES 160 • EXPOSURE TO
Summary and Review 126
CONTRADICTORY STANDARDS IN A DIVERSE SOCIETY 160
Thinking Critically about Chapter 4 127
Social Networks 160
5 How Sociologists Do Research 128 THE SMALL WORLD PHENOMENON
WORLD PHENOMENON AN ACADEMIC MYTH?
162 • IS THE SMALL
162 •
What ls a Valid Sociological Topic? 130 BUILDING UNINTENTIONAL BARRIERS 163

Common Sense and the Need for Sociological Research 130 Group Dynamics 164
A Research Model 130 Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy 164
1. Selecting a Topic 130 Effects of Grot1p Size on Attitudes and Behavior 165
LABORATORY FINDINGS AND THE REAL WORLD 166
2. Defining the Problem 131
3. Reviewing the Literature 131 Leadership 168
WHO BECOMES A LEADER? 168 • TYPES OF LEADERS 169 •
4. Formulating a Hypothesis 131
LEADERSHIP STYLES 169 • LEADERSHIP STYLES IN CHANGING
5. Choosing a Research Method 131 SITUATIONS 169
6. Collecting the Data 131 The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment 170
7. Analyzing the Results 132 The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment 171
8. Sharing the Results 132 Individual and Global Consequences of Group
Research Methods (Designs) 133 Dynamics: Groupthink 172
Strrveys 134 PREVENTING GROUPTHINK 173

SELECTING A SAMPLE 134 • ASKING NEUTRAL Summary and Review 173

QUESTIONS 134 • QUESTIONNAIRES AND Thinking Critically about Chapter 6 174
INTERVIEWS 136 • ESTABLISHING RAPPORT 136
Participant Obsenration (Fieldwork) 137
139
Case Studies
Secondary Analysis 139
7 Bureaucracy and Formal
Organizations 175
Analysis of Documents 139
Experiments 140 The Rationalization of Society 177
Unobtrusive Measures 141 Why Did Society Make a Deep Shift in Human
Relationships? 177
Deciding Which Method to Use 142
LIFE IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES 177 • THE SHIFT
Controversy in Sociological Research 142 TO RATIONALITY AS SOCIETIES INDUSTRIALIZED 178
Gender in Sociological Research 143 Marx: Capitalism Broke Tradition 179
Etl1ics in Sociological Research 144 Weber: Religion Broke Tradition 179
Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research 144 THE TWO VIEWS TODAY 180
Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research 145 Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies 180
How Research and Theory Work Together 146 Formal Organizations 180
The Real World: When the Ideal Meets tl1e Real 146 Tl1e Characteristics of Bureaucracies 181
Connecting Research and Theory 147 "Ideal" versus "Real" Bureaucracy 183
Summary and Review 147 Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation
Thinking Critically about Chapter 5 148 of Bureaucracies 184
Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies 185
6 Societies to Social Networks 149 RED TAPE: A RULE IS A RULE 185 • LACK OF
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN UNITS 186 • BUREAUCRATIC
Societies and Their Transformation 151 INCOMPETENCE 186
Hunting and Gathering Societies 151 Alienation of Workers 186
Pastoral and Horticultural Societies 153 CAUSES OF ALIENATION 186 • THE ALIENATED
Agricultural Societies 153 BUREAUCRAT 187 • RESISTING ALIENATION 187
Industrial Societies 154 Finding Success at Work 187
Postindustrial (Information) Societies 154 Voluntary Associations 188
Biotech Societies: ls a New Type of Society Functions of Voluntary Associations 189
Emerging? 155 Motivations for Joining 190
Groups within Society 156 The Inner Circle and the "Iron Law" of Oligarchy 190
Primary Groups 157 THE INNER CIRCLE 190 • THE IRON LAW OF
PRODUCING A MIRROR WITHIN 157 OLIGARCHY 190

Secondary Groups 157 Working for the Corporation 191

viii Contents

Humanizing the Work Setting 192 GEOGRAPHY 224 • SOCIAL CLASS 225 •
GENDER 225 • RACE-ETHNICITY 225
EMPOWERING WORKERS THROUGH WORK TEAMS 192 •
STRENGTHS-BASED MANAGEMENT 192 • CORPORATE The Trot1ble with Official Statistics 227
CHILD CARE 192 • THE CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE 193 T11e Medicalization of Deviance: Mental Illness 228
Fads in Corporate Culture 193 NEITHER MENTAL NOR ILLNESS? 228 • THE HOMELESS
Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes in the "Hidden" MENTALLY ILL 229
Corporate Culture 194 The Need for a More Humane Approacl1 230
SELF-FULFILLING STEREOTYPES AND PROMOTIONS 194 Summary and Review 230
Diversity in the Workplace 194 Thinking Critically about Chapter 8 231
Technology and the Maximum-Security Society 196
Summary and Review 197 9 Global Stratification 232
Thinking Critically about Chapter 7 198
Systems of Social Stratification 234
Slavery 235
8 Deviance and Social Control 199 CAUSES OF SLAVERY 235 • CONDITIONS OF SLAVERY 236 •
BONDED LABOR IN THE NEW WORLD 236 • SLAVERY
What Is Deviance? 201 IN THE NEW WORLD 236 • SLAVERY TODAY 237
A Neutral Term 201 Caste 237
STIGMA 201 INDIA'S RELIGIOUS CASTES 237 • SOUTH AFRICA 238 •
Deviance Is Relative 201 A U.S. RACIAL CASTE SYSTEM 239

How Norms Make Social Life Possible 203 Estate 240

WOMEN IN THE ESTATE SYSTEM 240
Sanctions 203
Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology, Class 241
Psychology, and Sociology 204 Global Stratification and the Stah1s of Females 241
Biosocial Explanations 204 The Global Superclass 241
Psychological Explanations 204 What Determines Social Class? 242
Sociological Explanations 205 Karl Marx: The Means of Production 242
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 205 Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige 243
Differential Association Theory 205 Why Is Social Stratification Universal? 243
THE THEORY 205 • FAMILIES 205 • FRIENDS, The Functionalist View: Motivating
NEIGHBORHOODS, AND SUBCULTURES 205 • Qualified People 244
DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION IN THE CYBER AGE 206 • DAVIS AND MOORE'S EXPLANATION 244 • TUMIN'S
PRISON OR FREEDOM? 206 CRITIQUE OF DAVIS AND MOORE 244
Control Theory 207 The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and Scarce
THE THEORY 207 Resources 245
Labeling Theory 209 MOSCA'S ARGUMENT 245 • MARX'S ARGUMENT 246 •
REJECTING LABELS: HOW PEOPLE NEUTRALIZE CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF CONFLICT THEORY 246
DEVIANCE 209 • EMBRACING LABELS: THE EXAMPLE OF Lenski' s Synthesis 246
OUTLAW BIKERS 210 • LABELS CAN BE POWERFUL 210 •
H ow Do Elites Maintain Stratification? 247
HOW DO LABELS WORK? 211
Soft Control versus Force 247
The Functionalist Perspective 212
CONTROLLING PEOPLE'S IDEAS 247 • CONTROLLING
Can Deviai1ce Really Be Functional for Society? 212 INFORMATION 248 • STIFLING CRITICISM 248 •
Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values Produce BIG BROTHER TECHNOLOGY 248
Deviance 212 Comparative Social Stratification 249
FOUR DEVIANT PATHS 213
Social Stratification in Great Britain 249
Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Class Social Stratification in the Former Soviet Union 249
and Crime 213
Global Stratification: Three Worlds 250
STREET CRIME 213 • WHITE-COLLAR CRIME 215 •
GENDER AND CRIME 216 T11e Most Industrialized Nations 251
The Conflict Perspective 217 The Industrializing Nations 254
Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 217 The Least Industrialized Nations 255
The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument of Modifying the Model 255
Oppression 217 H ow Did the World's Nations Become Stratified? 258
Reactions to Deviance 218 Colonialism 258
Street Crime and Prisons 219 World System Theory 259
The Decline of Violent Crime 222 Culture of Poverty 260
Recidivism 222 Evaluating the Theories 260
The Death Penalty and Bias 223 Maintaining Global Stratification 261
 •
Contents IX

Neocolonialism 261 Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions

RELEVANCE TODAY 261 of a Myth 296
MtLltinatio11al Corporations 261 Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a
BUYING POLITICAL STABILITY 262 • UNANTICIPATED Three-Tier Society? 297
CONSEQUENCES 262
Summary and Review 298
Technology and Global Domination 262 Thinking Critically about Chapter 10 299
Strains in the Global System: Uneasy Realignments 263
Summary and Review 263
Thinking Critically about Chapter 9 264 11 Sex and Gender 300
Sex, Gender, and Inequality 302
The Sociological Significance of Gender: Opening
10 Social Class in the United States 265 and Closing Doors to Property, Power, and Prestige 302
What Is Social Class? 267 Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Cwture? 302
Property 267 The Dominant Position in Sociology 304
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN WEALTH AND INCOME 267 • Opening the Door to Biology 304
DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY 268 • DISTRIBUTION OF A MEDICAL ACCIDENT 304 • THE VIETNAM VETERANS
INCOME 268 STUDY 305 • MORE RESEARCH ON HUMANS 305
Power 271 Gender Inequality in Global Perspective 306
THE DEMOCRATIC FACADE 271 • THE POWER ELITE 271
How Did Females Become a Minority Group? 307
Prestige 272 HUMAN REPRODUCTION 308 • HAND-TO-HAND
OCCUPATIONS AND PRESTIGE 272 • COMBAT 308 • WHICH ONE? 309 • CONTINUING
DISPLAYING PRESTIGE 272 DOMINANCE 309
Status Inconsistency 273 Sex Typing of Work 309
Sociological Models of Social Class 275 Gender and the Prestige of Work 312
Updating Marx 275 Other Areas of Global Discrimination 312
Updating Weber 276 THE GLOBAL GAP IN POLITICS 312 • THE GLOBAL
THE CAPITALIST CLASS 277 • THE UPPER-MIDDLE GAP IN EDUCATION 312 • THE GLOBAL GAP IN PAY 312 •
GLOBAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 312
CLASS 277 • THE LOWER-MIDDLE CLASS 278 •
THE WORKING CLASS 278 • THE WORKING POOR 278 • Gender Inequality in the United States 314
THE UNDERCLASS 279
Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism 314
Consequences of Social Class 279 Gender Inequality in Everyday Life 317
Physical Health 280 DEVALUATION OF THINGS FEMININE 317
Mental Health 281 Gender Inequality in Health Care 317
Family Life 281 Gender Inequality in Education 319
CHOICE OF HUSBAND OR WIFE 281 • DIVORCE 281 • THE PAST 319 • A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE 319 • GENDER
CHILD REARING 281 TRACKING 320 • GRADUATE SCHOOL AND BEYOND 321
Education 282 Gender Inequality in the Workplace 322
Religion 282 Tl1e Pay Gap 322
Politics 282 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 322 • GEOGRAPHICAL
Crime and Criminal Justice 283 FACTORS 322 • THE "TESTOSTERONE BONUS" 323 •
REASONS FOR THE GENDER PAY GAP 324 • THE CEO
Social Mobility 283 POWER GAP-AND THE NEW FEMALE PREMIUM 325
Three Types of Social Mobility 283
ls the Glass Ceiling Cracking? 326
Women in Studies of Social Mobility 285 AND THE FUTURE? 327
The Pain of Social Mobility: Two Distinct Worlds 286 Sexual Harassment-and Worse 327
Poverty 288 LABELS AND PERCEPTION 327 • NOT JUST A
Drawing the Poverty Line 288 "MAN THING" 327 • SEXUAL ORIENTATION 327

Who Are the Poor? 290 Gender and Violence 327

BREAKING A MYTH 290 • THE GEOGRAPHY Violence against Women 327
OF POVERTY 290 • EDUCATION 291 • FAMILY FORCIBLE RAPE 327 • DATE (ACQUAINTANCE)
STRUCTURE: THE FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY 291 • RAPE 328 • MURDER 329 • VIOLENCE IN THE
RACE-ETHNICITY 291 • AGE AND POVERTY 292 HOME 329 • FEMINISM AND GENDERED VIOLENCE 329 •
Children of Poverty 292 SOLUTIONS 329

The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture The Changing Face of Politics 329
of Poverty 294 Glimpsing the Future-with Hope 330
Why Are People Poor? 294 Summary and Review 331
Deferred Gratification 294 Thinking Critically about Chapter 11 332
x Contents

The Affirmative Action Controversy 369

12 Race and Ethnicity 333
A BRIEF HISTORY 369 • SUPREME COURT RULINGS 369 •
Laying the Sociological Foundation 335 THE BAMBOO CURTAIN 369 • THE POTENTIAL
SOLUTION 369
Race: Reality and Myth 335
THE REALITY OF HUMAN VARIETY 335 • THE MYTH OF
Less Racism 370
PURE RACES 335 • THE MYTH OF A FIXED NUMBER Toward a True Multicultural Society 370
OF RACES 336 • THE MYTH OF RACIAL SUPERIORITY 337 • Summary and Review 370
THE MYTH CONTINUES 338
Thinking Critically about Chapter 12 372
Ethnic Groups 339
Minority Groups and Dominant Groups 339 13 Aging and the Elderly 373
NOT SIZE, BUT DOMINANCE AND DISCRIMINATION 339 •
EMERGENCE OF MINORITY GROUPS 339 Aging in Global Perspective 375
Ethnic Work: Constructing Our Racial-Ethnic Identity 340 The Social Construction of Aging 375
Prejudice and Discrimination 340 Industrialization and the Graying of the Globe 376
Learning Prejudice 340 The Graying of America 377
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN PREJUDICE AND RACE-ETHNICITY AND AGING 379 • THE LIFE SPAN 379

DISCRIMINATION 342 • LEARNING PREJUDICE FROM The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 380
ASSOCIATING WITH OTHERS 342 • THE FAR-REACHING
When Are You ''Old''? 380
NATURE OF PREJUDICE 343 • INTERNALIZING
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS AS YOU AGE 380 •
DOMINANT NORMS 345
FOUR FACTORS IN OUR DECISION 380
Individual and Institutional Discrimination 345
Changing Perceptions of the Elderly 381
HOME MORTGAGES 345 • HEALTH CARE 346
SHIFTING MEANINGS 381
Theories of Prejudice 346
The Influence of the Mass Media 383
Psychological Perspectives 347
The Functionalist Perspective 384
FRUSTRATION AND SCAPEGOATS 347 •
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY 347
Disengagement Theory 384
EVALUATION OF THE THEORY 384
Sociological Perspectives 348
FUNCTIONALISM 348 • CONFLICT THEORY 348 •
Activity Theory 385
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM 349 • HOW LABELS CREATE EVALUATION OF THE THEORY 385
PREJUDICE 349 • LABELS AND SELF-FULFILLING Continuity Theory 385
STEREOTYPES 349 EVALUATION OF THE THEORY 385
Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations 351 The Conflict Perspective 386
Genocide 351 Fighting for Resources: Social Security Legislation 386
Population Transfer 352 ''Old People Are Sucking Us Dry:'' Intergenerational
Internal Colonialism 352 Competition and Conflict 388
Segregation 352 Fighting Back 390
Assimilation 353 THE GRAY PANTHERS 390 • THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION
Multiculturalism (Pluralism) 353 OF RETIRED PERSONS 391

Racial- Ethnic Relations in the United States 353 Recurring Problems 391
European Americans 354 Gender and Living Arrangements of the Elderly 391
Latinos (Hispanics) 356 Nursing Homes 391
UMBRELLA TERM 356 • COUNTRIES OF UNDERSTAFFING, DEHUMANIZATION, AND DEATH 392
ORIGIN 356 • UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS 357 • Elder Abuse 393
RESIDENCE 358 • SPANISH 358 • ECONOMIC WELL-
The Elderly Poor 393
BEING 359 • POLITICS 360
RACE-ETHNICITY AND POVERTY 393 • GENDER AND
African Americans 360 POVERTY 393
RISING EXPECTATIONS AND CIVIL STRIFE 361 • CONTINUED
The Sociology of Death and Dying 394
GAINS 361 • CURRENT LOSSES 362 • RACE OR SOCIAL
CLASS? A SOCIOLOGICAL DEBATE 362 • RACISM AS AN Industrialization and the New Technology 394
EVERYDAY BURDEN 363 Death as a Process 394
Asian Americans 363 Hospices 395
A BACKGROUND OF DISCRIMINATION 363 • DIVERSITY 364 • Suicide and Age 396
REASONS FOR FINANCIAL SUCCESS 364 • POLITICS 364
Adjusting to Death: The Importance of ''Closure'' 396
Native Americans 365
Looking toward the Future 397
DIVERSITY OF GROUPS 365 • FROM TREATIES TO GENOCIDE
AND POPULATION TRANSFER 365 • THE INVISIBLE MINORITY
New Views: Creative Aging 397
AND SELF-DETERMINATION 366 • THE CASINOS 366 • CREATIVE AGING 397
DETERMINING IDENTITY AND GOALS 367 The Impact of Technology 398
Looking toward the Future 367 Summary and Review 399
The Immigration Controversy 367 Thinking Critically about Chapter 13 400
 Contents xi

The New Economic System and the Old Divisions

14 The Economy 401 of Wealth 432
The Transformation of Economic Systems 403 Summary and Review 433
Preindustrial Societies: The Birth of Inequality 403 Thinking Critically about Chapter 14 435
Industrial Societies: The Birth of the Machine 403
Postindustrial Societies: The Birth of the
Information Age 404
15 Politics 436
Biotech Societies: The Merger of Biology and Economics 404 Micropolitics and Macropolitics 438
Implications for Your Life 405 Power, Authority, and Violence 438
The Transformation of the Medium of Exchange 407 Authority and Legitimate Violence 439
THE COLLAPSE OF AUTHORITY 439
Earliest Mediums of Exchange 407
Medium of Exchange in Agricultural Societies 407 Traditional Authority 440
Medium of Exchange in Industrial Societies 407 Rational-Legal Authority 440
Medium of Exchange in Postindustrial Societies 409 Charismatic Authority 441
THE THREAT POSED BY CHARISMATIC LEADERS 441
World Economic Systems 409
Authority as Ideal Type 441
Capitalism 410
WHAT CAPITALISM IS 410 • WHAT STATE CAPITALISM
The Transfer of Authority 442
IS 410 • THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATE CAPITALISM 411 Types of Government 442
Socialism 411 Monarchies: The Rise of the State 442
WHAT SOCIALISM IS 411 • SOCIALISM IN PRACTICE 412 • Democracies: Citizenship as a Revolutionary Idea 443
DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM 412
Dictatorships and Oligarchies: The Seizure
Ideologies of Capitalism and Socialism 412 of Power 445
Criticisms of Capitalism and Socialism 413
The U.S. Political System 445
The Convergence of Capitalism and Socialism 414
Political Parties and Elections 445
CHANGES IN SOCIALISM: CONVERGENCE 414 • CHANGES
IN CAPITALISM: CONVERGENCE 415 • POSSIBLE
Polling and Predictions 446
TRANSMERGENCE 415 SLICES FROM THE CENTER 447 • THIRD PARTIES 447

The Functionalist Perspective on the Globalization Contrast with Democratic Systems in Europe 448
of Capitalism 416 Voting Patterns 448
The New Global Division of Labor 416 SOCIAL INTEGRATION 451 • ALIENATION 451 •
APATHY 451 • THE GENDER AND RACIAL-ETHNIC
WORK BINDS US TOGETHER: MECHANICAL AND ORGANIC
GAPS IN VOTING 451
SOLIDARITY 416 • THE GLOBAL DIVISION OF LABOR 416
Lobbyists and Special-Interest Groups 452
Capitalism in a Global Economy 418
LOBBYING BY SPECIAL-INTEREST GROUPS 452 •
CORPORATE CAPITALISM 418 • SEPARATION OF
THE MONEY 452
OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 418

Functions and Dysfunctions on a Global Scale 418 Who Rules the United States? 453
The Conflict Perspective on the Globalization The Functionalist Perspective: Pluralism 453
of Capitalism 421 The Conflict Perspective: The Power Elite 454
Making Capitalism Flourish: Profits and Self-Interest 421 Which View Is Right? 455
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN BUSINESS AND POLITICS 421 • War and Terrorism: Implementing Political Objectives 456
CORPORATE POWER AND CONSPIRACIES 421 • Is War Universal? 456
MULTIPLYING POWER: INTERLOCKING DIRECTORSHIPS 422
How Common Is War? 456
The Global Superclass 422
Why Countries Go to War 457
Shifting Dominance and Power 422
The War Machine and the Profits of War 457
Global Investing 423
Costs of War 459
Work in U.S. Society 425
A Special Cost of War: Dehumanization 459
The Transition to Postindustrial Society 425 SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF DEHUMANIZATION 460
Women and Work 426
Terrorism 461
THE QUIET REVOLUTION 426 • FEMALE-MALE WORK
STYLES 428
Sowing the Seeds of Future Violence 464
SELLING WAR TECHNOLOGY 464 • ALIGNMENTS
The Underground Economy 429
AND DISALIGNMENTS 465
Stagnant Paychecks 429
What Lies Ahead? A New World Order? 465
Patterns of Work and Leisure 430
Unity and Disunity 465
WORK AND LEISURE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF
ECONOMIES 430 • TRENDS IN LEISURE 431 • Inevitable Changes 466
TELEWORK 431 • THE MOBILE SHIFT 431 Summary and Review 466
Global Capitalism and Our Future 432 Thinking Critically about Chapter 15 467
xii Contents

Symbolic Interactionism and the Misuse of Statistics 494

16 Marriage and Family 468
Children of Divorce 495
Marriage and Family in Global Perspective 470 NEGATIVE EFFECTS 495 • WHAT HELPS CHILDREN ADJUST
What Is a Family? 470 TO DIVORCE? 495 • PERPETUATING DIVORCE 496

What Is Marriage? 471 Grandchildren of Divorce: Ripples to the Future 496

Common Cultural Themes 471 Fathers' Contact with Children after Divorce 496
MATE SELECTION 471 • DESCENT 473 • The Ex-Spouses 496
INHERITANCE 473 • AUTHORITY 473 Remarriage: ''I Do'' Again and Again 497
Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective 473 Tw o Sides of Family Life 497
The Functionalist Perspective: Functions The Dark Side of Family Life: Battering, Child Abuse,
and Dysfunctions 473 Marital Rape, and Incest 497
WHY THE FAMILY IS UNIVERSAL 474 • FUNCTIONS OF SPOUSE BATIERING 497 • CHILD ABUSE 497 •
THE INCEST TABOO 474 • ISOLATION AND EMOTIONAL MARITAL AND INTIMACY RAPE 498 • INCEST 498
OVERLOAD 474
The Bright Side of Family Life: Successful Marriages 498
The Conflict Perspective: Struggles between
SUCCESSFUL MARRIAGES 499
Husbands and Wives 474
INEVITABLE CONFLICT 474 • CHANGING POWER
The Future of Marriage and Family 499
RELATIONS 474 Summary and Review 500
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Gender, Thinking Critically about Chapter 16 501
Housework, and Child Care 475
CHANGES IN TRADITIONAL GENDER ORIENTATIONS 475 • 17 Education 502
PAID WORK AND HOUSEWORK 475 • MORE CHILD CARE 476 •
TOTAL HOURS 476 • A GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR 476 The Development of Modern Education 504
The Family Life Cycle 476 Education in Earlier Societies 504
Love and Courtship in Global Perspective 476 Industrialization and Universal Education 504
HODGE-PODGE EDUCATION AND NATIONAL DISUNITY 505 •
Marriage 478
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MANDATORY EDUCATION 505 •
THE SOCIAL CHANNELS OF LOVE AND MARRIAGE 478
THE EXPANSION OF EDUCATION 505
Childbirth 479
Education in Global Perspective 507
IDEAL FAMILY SIZE 479 • MARITAL SATISFACTION AFTER
CHILDBIRTH 481
Education in the Most Industrialized Nations: Japan 507
Child Rearing 481 Education in the Industrializing Nations: Russia 508
MARRIED COUPLES AND SINGLE MOTHERS 481 • SINGLE Education in the Least Industrialized Nations: Egypt 509
FATHERS 481 • DAY CARE 481 • NANNIES 482 • SOCIAL The Functionalist Perspective: Providing
CLASS 482 • HELICOPTER PARENTING 483 • THE RIGHT Social Benefits 510
WAY TO REAR CHILDREN 483
Teaching Knowledge and Skills 510
Family Transitions 484
Cultural Transmission of Values 511
TRANSITIONAL ADULTHOOD 484 • WIDOWHOOD 484
Social Integration 511
Diversity in U.S. Families 485
INTEGRATING IMMIGRANTS 511 • STABILIZING SOCIETY:
African American Families 485 MAINTAINING THE STATUS QUO 511 • INTEGRATING
Latino Families 486 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES 511

Asian American Families 487 Gatekeeping (Social Placement) 512

Native American Families 487 Replacing Family Functions 512
One-Parent Families 488 Other Functions 514
Couples without Children 488 A SURPRISING LATENT FUNCTION 514

Blended Families 489 The Conflict Perspective: Perpetuating Social

Gay and Lesbian Families 489 Inequality 514
CHILDREN REARED BY GAY AND LESBIAN COUPLES 489 The Hidden Curriculum: Reproducing the Social
Trends in U.S. Families 490 Class Structure 514
The Changing Timetable of Family Life: Marriage and Tilting the Tests: Discrimination by IQ 516
Childbirth 490 Stacking the Deck: Unequal Funding 516
Cohabitation 491 The Correspondence Principle 516
COHABITATION AND MARRIAGE: THE ESSENTIAL The Bottom Line: Social Class and Race-Ethnicity 517
DIFFERENCE 491 • DOES COHABITATION MAKE MARRIAGE REPRODUCING THE SOCIAL CLASS STRUCTURE 517 •
STRONGER? 492 REPRODUCING THE RACIAL-ETHNIC STRUCTURE 518
The ''Sandwich Generation'' and Elder Care 492 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective:
Divorce and Remarriage 492 Teacher Expectations 518
Ways of Measuring Divorce 492 The Rist Research 519
Divorce and Mixed Racial-Ethnic Marriages 494 The Rosenthal-Jacobson Experiment 519
 •••
Contents XIII

How Do Teacher Expectations Work? 520 Variations in Patterns 551

Self-Expectations 520 When Religion and Culture Conflict 552
Problems in U.S. Education-and Their Solutions 522 Religion in the United States 552
Mediocrity 522 Characteristics of Members 552
THE RISING TIDE OF MEDIOCRITY 522 • THE SATs 523 SOCIAL CLASS 553 • RACE-ETHNICITY 553

Grade Inflation, Social Promotion, and Functional Characteristics of Religious Groups 554
illiteracy 523 DIVERSITY 554 • PLURALISM AND FREEDOM 554 •
Overcoming Mediocrity 523 COMPETITION AND RECRUITMENT 555 • COMMITMENT 555 •
TOLERATION 555 • THE SHRINKAGE OF THE MAINSTREAM
RAISING STANDARDS FOR TEACHERS 523 • A WARNING
CHURCHES 555 • THE FUNDAMENTALIST REVIVAL 555 •
ABOUT HIGHER STANDARDS 524
THE ELECTRONIC CHURCH 557
Cheating 524
Secularization of Religion and Culture 557
THE SOLUTION TO CHEATING 525
THE SECULARIZATION OF RELIGION AND THE SPLINTERING
Violence 525 OF CHURCHES 557 • THE SECULARIZATION OF
Technology and Education 527 CULTURE 559

Summary and Review 528 The Future of Religion 560

Thinking Critically about Chapter 17 529 Summary and Review 561
Thinking Critically about Chapter 18 562

18 Religion 530
What Is Religion? 532 19 Medicine and Health 563
Durkheim's Research and Conclusions 532 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 565
What Does Sociology Have to Do with Religion? 533 The Role of Culture in Defining Health and Illness 565
The Functionalist Perspective 533 The Components of Health 565
Functions of Religion 533 The Functionalist Perspective 566
MEANING AND PURPOSE 533 • EMOTIONAL The Sick Role 566
COMFORT 533 • SOCIAL SOLIDARITY 533 •
ELEMENTS OF THE SICK ROLE 566 • AMBIGUITY IN
SOCIAL CONTROL 534 • ADAPTATION 534 • SUPPORT
THE SICK ROLE 566 • GATEKEEPERS TO THE SICK ROLE 567 •
FOR THE GOVERNMENT 534 • SOCIAL CHANGE 535 •
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE SICK ROLE 567
GUIDELINES FOR EVERYDAY LIFE 535
The Conflict Perspective 567
Functional Equivalents of Religion 536
Global Stratification and Health Care 568
Dysfunctions of Religion 536
RELIGION AS JUSTIFICATION FOR PERSECUTION, WAR,
Establishing a Monopoly on U.S. Health Care 569
AND TERRORISM 536 THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF MEDICINE 569 •
THE MONOPOLY OF MEDICINE 570
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 537
Historical Patterns of Health 572
Religious Symbols 537
Physical Health 572
Rituals 540
LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH 572 • WERE AMERICANS
Beliefs 540 HEALTHIER IN THE PAST? 572
Religious Experience 540
Mental Health 572
Community 540
Issues in Health Care 573
UNITY 540 • EXCLUSION 540
Medical Care: A Right or a Commodity? 573
The Conflict Perspective 541
Skyrocketing Costs 573
Opium of the People 541
Social Inequality 574
Legitimating Social Inequalities 541
Reducing Inequalities Health Care Reform 574
Religion and the Spirit of Capitalism 542
Malpractice Lawsuits and Defensive Medicine 575
The World's Major Religions 543 A PARADOX 575
Judaism 543 Medical Incompetence 575
Christianity 544 Depersonalization: The Medical Cash Machine 576
Islam 546 Conflict of Interest 577
Hinduism 547 Medical Fraud 577
Buddhism 547 Sexism and Racism in Medicine 578
Confucianism 548 The Medicalization of Society 578
Types of Religious Groups 548 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON MEDCALIZING
Cult 549 HUMAN CONDITIONS 578

Sect 551 Medically Assisted Suicide 579

Church 551 Reducing the Costs of Medical Care 579
Ecclesia 551 Threats to Health 581
 •
XIV Contents

Alcohol and Nicotine 581 Models of Urban Growth 621

ALCOHOL 582 • NICOTINE 583 The Concentric Zone Model 621
Medical Errors 584 The Sector Model 622
USING A CHECKLIST 584 • FEDERAL CENTER The Multiple-Nuclei Model 622
FOR PATIENT SAFETY 584
The Peripheral Model 623
HIV /AIDS 585
Critique of the Models 623
ORIGIN 585 • THE TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS 586 •
GENDER, CIRCUMCISION, AND RACE-ETHNICITY 586 • City Life 624
THE STIGMA OF AIDS 586 • IS THERE A CURE FOR Alienation in the City 624
AIDS? 587 Community in the City 625
Weight: Too Much and Too Little 587 SLUM OR LOW-RENT AREA? 625
Disabling Environments 587 Who Lives in the City? 625
Medical Experiments: Callous and Harmful 588 THE COSMOPOLITES 625 • THE SINGLES 625 •
THE TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT 588 • THE ETHNIC VILLAGERS 626 • THE DEPRIVED 626 •
THE GUATEMALAN EXPERIMENT 588 • THE COLD WAR THE TRAPPED 626 • CRITIQUE 626
EXPERIMENTS 588 • PLAYING GOD 589 The Norm of Noninvolvement and the Diffusion of
Chicken Bones and the Globalization of Disease 589 Responsibility 626
RUBBING CHICKEN BONES TOGETHER 590 Urban Problems and Social Policy 627
Treatment or Prevention? 590 Suburbanization 627
The Future of Medicine 591 CITY VERSUS SUBURB 627 • SUBURBAN FLIGHT 628 •
TOMORROW'S SUBURB 628
Alternative Medicine 591
Technology 592 Disinvestment and Deindustrialization 628
A TELEDOC IN YOUR FUTURE 592 • PERSONALIZED The Potential of Urban Revitalization 629
DIGITAL MEDICINE 592 PUBLIC SOCIOLOGY 629

Summary and Review 593 Summary and Review 630

Thinking Critically about Chapter 19 594 Thinking Critically about Chapter 20 631

20 Population and Urbanization 595 21 Collective Behavior and Social

Population in Global Perspective 597 Movements 632
A Planet w ith No Space for Enjoying Life? 597 Collective Behavior 634
The New Malthusians 597 Early Explanations: The Transformation of People 634
The Anti-Malthusians 599 How Crowds Change People 634
Who Is Correct? 600 The Acting Crowd 635
Why Are People Starving? 601 The Contemporary View: The Rationality of the Crowd 636
Population Growth 604 The Minimax Strategy 636
Why the Least Industrialized Nations Have So Emergent Norms 636
Many Children 604 Bringing Emotions Back In 637
Consequences of Rapid Population Growth 605 How Sociologists Study Collective Behavior 637
Population Pyramids as a Tool for Understanding 606 Forms of Collective Behavior 638
The Three Demographic Variables 607 Riots 638
FERTILITY 607 • MORTALITY 607 • MIGRATION 607 BACKGROUND CONDITONS 638 • PARTICIPANTS
Problems in Forecasting Population Growth 609 IN RIOTS 638

Cities and City Life 612 Rumors 639

The Development of Cities and Urbanization 615 Panics 641
The Development of Cities 615 THE HUMOROUS PANIC 641 • SERIOUS PANICS 641 •
CALM IN THE MIDST OF PANIC 642
Urbanization 616
Mass Hysteria 642
THE APPEAL OF CITIES 616 • FORCED URBANIZATION 616 •
METROPOLISES 616 • MEGALOPOLISES 617 • Moral Panics 644
MEGACITIES 617 • MEGAREGIONS 617 Fads and Fashions 645
U.S. Urban Patterns 617 Urban Legends 646
Uneven Urbanization 618 Social Movements 646
Shifting Resources and Power because of Types and Tactics of Social Movements 647
Urban Migration 618 Types of Social Movements 647
Edge Cities 618 Tactics of Social Movements 649
Gentrification 619 LEVELS OF MEMBERSHIP 649 • THE PUBLICS 649 •
Changes in Suburbanization 621 RELATIONSHIP TO AUTHORITIES 650
 Contents xv

Propaganda and the Mass Media 650 Extending Human Abilities 670
GATEKEEPERS TO SOCIAL MOVEMENTS 651 The Sociological Significance of Technology: How
Why People Join Social Movements 652 Technology Changes Social Life 671
Relati,re Deprivation Theory: Improving Status CHANGES IN PRODUCTION 671 • CHANGES IN WORKER-
OWNER RELATIONS 671 • CHANGES IN IDEOLOGY 671 •
and Power 652
CHANGES IN CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION 672 •
RELATIVITY OF DEPRIVATION 652 • RELATIVE DEPRIVATION
CHANGES IN FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS 672
AND THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 652
When Old Technology Was New: The Impact of the
Declining Privilege Theory: Protecting Status
Automobile 672
and Power 653
DISPLACEMENT OF EXISTING TECHNOLOGY 672 • EFFECTS
Moral Issues and Ideological Commitment 653 ON CITIES 673 • CHANGES IN ARCHITECTURE 673 •
When Social Movements Pose a Threat to the Government 655 CHANGED COURTSHIP CUSTOMS AND SEXUAL NORMS 673 •
EFFECTS ON WOMEN'S ROLES 673
On the Success and Failure of Social Movements 655
The New Technology: The Microchip
The Rocky Road to Success 655
and Social Life 674
The Stages of Social Movements 656
COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION 674 • COMPUTERS IN
Resurgence 656 BUSINESS AND FINANCE 675 • COMPUTERS IN
Multiple Realities and Social Movements 658 INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT 675

Summary and Review 658 Cyberspace and Social Inequality 677

Thinking Critically about Chapter 21 659 The Growth Machine versus the Earth 678
The Globalization of Capitalism and the Race
22 Social Change and the Environment 660 for Economic Growth 678
A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT 678
H ow Social Change Transforms Social Life 662
Environmental Problems and Industrialization 679
The Four Social Revolutions 662
TOXIC WASTES 679 • FOSSIL FUELS AND CLIMATE
From Gerneinschnft to Gesellsclzaft 662 CHANGE 680 • THE ENERGY SHORTAGE AND INTERNAL
The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism 663 COMBUSTION ENGINES 681 • THE RAIN FORESTS 682
Social Movements 664 The Environmental Movement 683
Conflict, Power, and Global Politics 664 Environmental Sociology 684
A BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOPOLITICS 664 • G7 PLUS 664 • Technology and the Environment: The Goal
DIVIDING UP THE WORLD 664 • FOUR THREATS TO THIS of Harmony 685
COAUTION OF POWERS 665 • THE GROWING RELEVANCE
Summary and Review 686
OF AFRICA 666
Thinking Critically about Chapter 22 687
Theories and Processes of Social Change 666
Evolution from Lower to Higher 667
Epilogue: Why Major in Sociology? 688
Natural Cycles 667
Conflict over Power and Resources 667 Glossary G-1
Ogburn's Theory 668 References R-1
INVENTION 668 • DISCOVERY 669 • DIFFUSION 669 • Name Ind ex N-1
CULTURAL LAG 669 • EVALUATION OF OGBURN'S
THEORY 669 Su bject Index S-1
How Technology Is Changing Our Lives 670 Credits CR-1
 •
ec1a
Down-to-Earth Sociology
An Updated Version of the Old Elephant Story 7
Enjoying a Sociology Quiz Testing Your Common
Sense 8
Testing Your Common Sense Answers to the Sociology
Quiz 10
Harriet Martineau and U.S. Customs: Listening to an Early
Feminist 18
W. E. B. Du Bois: The Souls of Black Folk 19
Careers in Sociology: What Applied Sociologists Do 22
Heredity or Environment? The Case of Jack and Oskar,
Identical Twins 65
Gossip and Ridicule to Enforce Adolescent Norms 86
Boot Camp as a Total Institution 88
College Football as Social Structure 100
Beauty May Be Only Skin Deep, But Its Effects Go On
Forever: Stereotypes in Everyday Life 112
Loading the Dice: How Not to Do Research 135
Gang Leader for a Day: Adventures of a Rogue Sociologist 138
The McDonaldization of Society 183
Shaming: Making a Comeback? 207
Islands in the Street: Urban Gangs in the United States 214
The Killer Next Door: Serial Murderers in Our Midst 224
Rape: Blaming the Victim and Protecting the Caste
System 239
Inequality? What Inequality? 250
How the Super-Rich Live 270
The Big Win: Life after the Lottery 274
What Do You Know about Poverty? A Reality Check 289
Poverty: A Personal Journey 295
Surgical Sexism: Cold-Hearted Surgeons and Their Women
Victims 318
Affirmative Action for Men? 320
Can a Plane Ride Change Your Race? 337
College Dorms and Contact Theory 342
The Racist Mind 344
The Man in the Zoo 350
Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack: Exploring Cultural
Privilege 356
The New Centenarians 390
What Do You Think about the Red Sock? Sex in Nursing
Homes 392
Women in Business: Maneuvering the Male Culture 428
The Revolving Door of Power 454
The Rape of Nanking: A Report on Dehumanization 460
•
XVI
Who Are the Suicide Terrorists? Testing Your Stereotypes 462
Child Soldiers 463
Community Colleges: Facing Old and New Challenges 505
Home Schooling: The Search for Quality and Values 513
How I Became a Fairy: Education and the Perpetuation of
Social Inequality 515
Religion and Health: What We Know and Don't Know 535
Jose's Old Kidney: The International Black Market in
Human Body Parts 569
Having Babies Is Men's Work 571
BioFoods : What's in Your Future? Threats to Scientific
Research 602
Reclaiming Harlem: A Twist in the Invasion- Succession
Cycle 619
Rumors and Riots: An Eyewitness Account of the Tulsa
Riot 640
Dancing, Sex, and Monkey Men 643
''Tricks of the Trade'' - Deception and Persuasion in
Propaganda 650
The True Believer: Nazis and ISIS 653
Cultural Diversity in the
United States
Unanticipated Public Sociology: Studying Job Discrimi-
nation 23
Miami- Continuing Controversy over Language 44
Race and Language: Searching for Self-Labels 45
Immigrants and Their Children: Caught between Two
Worlds 84
The Amish: Gemeinschaft Community in a Gesellschaft
Society 108
Social Class and the Upward Social Mobility of African
Americans 287
Tiger Woods: Mapping the Changing Ethnic Terrain 335
The Illegal Travel Guide 357
Glimpsing the Future: The Shifting U .S. Racial- Ethnic
Mix 368
The Politics of Immigrants: Power, Ethnicity, and Social
Class 450
Human Heads and Animal Blood: Testing the Limits of
Tolerance 549
The New Face of Religion: Pentecostals and Spanish-
Speaking Immigrants 556

Cultural Diversity around the
World
Why the Dead Need Money 37
You Are What You Eat? An Exploration in Cultural
Relativity 38
When Women Become Men: The Sworn Virgins 78
Human Sexuality in Cross-Cultural Perspectives 202
Female Circumcision (Genital Cutting) 313
China: Changing Sentiment about the Elderly 381
The Child Workers 405
A Fierce Competitor: The Chinese Capitalists 414
Doing Business in the Global Village 417
Arranged Marriage in India: Probing Beneath the Surface 477
Killing Little Girls: An Ancient and Thriving Practice 610
Why City Slums Are Better Than the Country:
Urbanization in the Least Industrialized Nations 623
The Rain Forests: Lost Tribes, Lost Knowledge 682
Thinking Critically about
Social Life
Are We Prisoners of Our Genes? 56
"Nothing Tastes as Good as Thin Feels": Body Images and
the Mass Media 117
Doing Controversial Research-Counting the Homeless 142
Are Rapists Sick? A Close-Up View of Research 146
If Hitler Asked You to Execute a Stranger, Would You? The
Milgram Experiment 171
The Saints and the Roughnecks: Labeling in Everyday Life 211
Sexting: Getting on the Phone Isn't What It Used to Be 219
What Should We Do About Repeat Offenders? "Three-
Strikes" Laws 221
Vigilantes: When the State Breaks Down 226
Open Season: Children as Prey 254
When Globalization Comes Home: Maquiladoras South of
the Border 259
The Nation's Shame: Children in Poverty 293
The Coming Three-Tier Society and the Militarization of the
Police 297
New Masculinities and Femininities Are on Their Way 306
The Cultural Lens: Shaping Our Perceptions of the Elderly 383
Social Security: The Magical Money Machine 386
Would You Like to Live to 200? The Matter of Quality of Life 398
The Propaganda and Profits of War 457
School Shootings: Exploding a Myth 526
Will Traditional College Education Disappear? 527
Your Vote, Please: Should Doctors Be Allowed to Kill
Patients? 579
Who Should Live, and Who Should Die? The Dilemma of
Rationing Medical Care 580
••
Special Features XVII
How Will Your Lifestyle Affect Your Health? 590
Which Side of the Barricades? Pro-choice and Pro-life as a
Social Movement 657
Cyberwar and Cyber Defense 675
Climate Controversy, the Island Nations, and You 681
Eco-sabotage 683
Sociology and Technology:
The Shifting Landscape
Lara Croft, Tomb Raider: Changing Images of Women in the
Mass Media 81
"So, You Want to Be Yourself?" Cloning and the Future of
Society 156
Virtual Reality and Diversity Training 195
Enjoy the Security State (SS) 196
Women in the Mideast: The 'Times Are a'Changin' 307
How Could the Polls Be So Wrong? 446
Online Dating: Risks and Rewards 472
What Color Eyes? How Tall? Designer Babies on the
Way 480
Changing Religious Practices in the Digital Age 560
Weaponizing Space: The Coming Star Wars 676
Applying Sociology to Your
Life
The Sociological Perspective and Your Life Course 93
Getting Promoted at Work: Making Impression Manage-
ment Work for You 119
The New World of Work: How to Keep a Paycheck Coming
in the New Global Marketplace 161
Do Your Social Networks Perpetuate Social Inequality? 163
Using Mirroring to Improve Popularity and Open the Doors
to Success 188
"So You Want that Job? What about Your Past?" 191
How to Humanize Your Work Setting 193
"How Does Social Control Theory Apply to You?" 208
How Do you Use Techniques of Neutralization to Protect
Your Self-Concept? 209
"The American Dream": Social Mobility Today 284
How to Get a Higher Salary 325
Breaking through the Glass Ceiling 326
How to Network 406
Finding Quality Day Care 482
What Kind of Parent Will You Be? 483
"What are Your Chances of Getting Divorced? The Misuse
of Statistics" 494
You WanttoGetThroughCollege? Let's Apply Sociology 521
You Really Want to Get Through College? Let's Apply More
Sociology 521
This page intentionally left blank
 • •
Ul oc1a

FIGURE 8.1 How Safe Is Your State? Violent Crime in the United States 216
FIGURE 8.5 Executions in the United States 225
FIGURE 9.4 Global Stratification: Income of the World's Nations 252
FIGURE 10.11 Patterns of Poverty 290
FIGURE 11.6 Women in the Workforce 323
FIGURE 12.6 The Distribution of Dominant and Minority Groups 355
FIGURE 13.1 The Graying of the Globe 376
FIGURE 13.6 As Florida Goes, So Goes the Nation 379
FIGURE 14.4 The Globalization of Capitalism: U.S. Ownership in Other
Countries 424
FIGURE 14.5 The Globalization of Capitalism: How Many U.S. Workers Work
for Foreign-Owned Companies 424
FIGURE 15.1 Which Political Party Dominates? 446
FIGURE 16.14 The ''Where'' of U.S. Divorce 493
FIGURE 17.2 Not Making It: Dropping Out of High School 507
FIGURE 17.3 The Unequal Funding of Education 517
FIGURE 18.2 U.S. Church Membership: Dominant Religion, by County 545
FIGURE 18.3 The Second Most Popular Religion in the United States, by
State 546
FIGURE 20.13 How Urban Is Your State? The Rural-Urban Makeup of the
United States 618
FIGURE 22.2 The Worst Hazardous Waste Sites 679

•
XIX
 •••
ELCOME TO SOCIOLOGY! I've loved soci-
ology since I was in my teens, and I hope you
enjoy it, too. Sociology is fascinating because it is
about human behavior, and many of us find that it holds the
key to understanding social life.
If you like to watch people and try to figure out why
they do what they do, you will like sociology. Sociology pries
open the doors of society so you can see what goes on be-
hind them. Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach stresses how
profoundly our society and the groups to which we belong
influence us. Social class, for example, sets us on a particular
path in life. For some, the path leads to more education, more
interesting jobs, higher income, and better health, but for oth-
ers it leads to dropping out of school, dead-end jobs, poverty,
and even a higher risk of illness and disease. These paths are
so significant that they affect our chances of making it to our
first birthday, as well as of getting in trouble with the police.
They even influence our satisfaction in marriage, the number
of children we will have and whether or not we will read
this book in the first place.
When I took my first course in sociology, I was
''hooked." Seeing how marvelously my life had been af-
fected by these larger social influences opened my eyes to a
new world, one that has been fascinating to explore. I hope
that you will have this experience, too.
From how people become homeless to how they become
presidents, from why people commit suicide to why women
are discriminated against in every society around the world-
all are part of sociology. This breadth, in fact, is what makes
sociology so intriguing. We can place the sociological lens on
broad features of society, such as social class, gender, and race-
ethnicity, and then immediately tum our focus on the smaller,
more intimate level. If we look at two people interacting-
whether quarreling or kissing-we see how these broad fea-
tures of society are being played out in their lives.
xx
We aren't born with instincts. Nor do we come into
this world with preconceived notions of what life should
be like. At birth, we have no concepts of race-ethnicity,
gender, age, or social class. We have no idea, for example,
that people '' ought'' to act in certain ways because they
are male or female. Yet we all learn such things as we
grow up in our society. Uncovering the ''hows'' and the
''whys'' of this process is also part of what makes sociol-
ogy so fascinating.
One of sociology's many pleasures is that as we study
life in groups (which can be taken as a definition of sociol-
ogy), whether those groups are in some far-off part of the
world or in some nearby corner of our own society, we gain
new insights into who we are and how we got that way. As
we see how their customs affect them, the effects of our own
society on us become more visible.
This book, then, can be part of an intellectual adven-
ture, for it can lead you to a new way of looking at your
social world and in the process, help you to better under-
stand both society and yourself.
I wish you the very best in college-and in your career
afterward. It is my sincere desire that Sociology: A Down-
to-Earth Approach will contribute to that success.
,...
James M . Henslin
Department of Sociology
Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
P.S. I enjoy communicating with students, so feel free to
comment on your experiences with this text. You can write
me at henslin@aol.com
To the Instructor ... from the Author
EMEMBER WHEN YOU FIRST GOT "HOOKED"
R on sociolog)~ how the windows of perception
opened as you began to see lifo-b1-society through
the sociological perspective? For most of us, this was an
eye-opening experience. 11US tc.xt is designed to open those
windows o nto social life, so students can see dearly the vital
effects of group membership on their lives. Although few
students will get into w hat Peter Berger calls "the passion
of sociolog)~" we at least can provide them the opportunity.
To study sociology is to embark on a fascinating process
of discovery. We can compare sociology to a huge jigsaw
puzzle. Only gradually do we see how the smaller pieces fi t
together. As we begin to sec lhe in terconnections, our per·
spective changes as we shift our eyes from the many small,
disjointed pieces to the whole that is being formed. O f all
the endeavors we could have entered, we chose sociology
because o f the ways in which it joins the "pieces" of society
together and the challenges it poses to "ordinary• think·
ing. Il is our privilege to sh are v,.rith students this process o f
awareness and discovery caUed lhe sociological perspective.
As instructors of sociology, we have set ambitious goals
for ourselves: to teach both social s tructure and social inlerac·
tion and to introduce students to the sodoJogicaJ literature-
botl, the classic theorists and contemporary research. As we
accomplish this, we would aJso like to enliven lhe classroom,
encourage critical thinking, and stimulate our students' so-
ciological imagination. Although formidable, these goals are
attab1able. This book is designed to help you reach tl1em.
Based on many years of Frontline {cla<;Sroom) experience, its
subtitle, A Dowtz·lo·Ear/1, Approad1, was not proposed lightly.
My goal is to share Ll,e fascination of sociology with students
and in doing so to m..1.ke your teachin g more rewarding.
Over the years, I have found the introductory course es..
pecially enjoyable. It is singuk1rly satisfying to see students'
faces ligh t up as tl1ey begin to see how separate pieces of
their world fit together. It is a pleasure t'o watch th em gain
insight into how their sodaJ experiences give shape to even
their inn ermost desires. This is precisely \\.ihat this text is
designed to do-to stimulate your studen ts' sociological
imagination so they can better perceive how the "pieces'' of
society fit together- and w hat this means for their own Jives.
Filled with examples from around the world as well as
from our own society, this text helps to make today's multi~
cultural, global society rome alive for studen ts. From learn·
ing how the in temational elite carve up global markets to
studying U,e intimacy of friendship and marriage, students
can see how sociology is the key to expla inin g conte.mpo..
rary life-and their own place in it
In short, this text is designed to make your teaching
easier. There simply is no justification for studen t'9 to have
to wade through c umbersome approaches to sociology. I am
firmly convinced that the introduction t'o sociology should
be enjoyable and that the introductory textbook can be an
essential tool in sh aring the discovery of sociology with
sh.1den ts.
What's New in This
14th Edition?
Bccaw;e sociology ls about social life and we Live in a chang·
ing g lobal society, this new edition of Sociology: A Down·lo·
Earth Approach reflects the national and g lobal changes that
enguH us, as well as presents new sociological rt.."SC'arch.. An
indication of the thoroughness of the preparation that went
into this 14th edition is the text's385 n ew citations (of a total
of 1,750}. This edition also has about 525 b1structional p ho-
tos, of wh ich 280 are new. I have either selected or taken
each of these ph otos, a,;; well as written each caption. By
tying the photos and tl1cir captions directly into the text,
they become part of the students' learning experience.
l am especially p leased with Applying Sociology
to Your Life, a new feature introduced in this edition.
Although Sociology: A Dow11-lo·Eart/1 Approach is well·
known for how it shows students h ow sociology is relevant
to their lives, this emphasis has been amplified in this edi-
tion. This new fea ture focl.L'; es cxpUcitly on how socio1ogy
applies to the student's life. It is one thing to say to stu·
dents Lhat sociological research on bureaucracy is relevant
because they might work in a bureaucrac)~ bul qu ite an·
other to show students how they can use impression man-
agemen t to get ahead in a b ureaucracy. It is also one thing
to review with students the average salaries accordin g to
college major, but quite another to show students how they
can use sociology to in crease their own salaries. V\'e can
point out w ha t sociologists have found when they studied
the glass ceiling, but sociology is much more relevant for
our studcnL;c; if we can show them how they can use sociol-
ogy to break th rough the g lass ceiling. These three exam·
ples are part of the eighteen items that make up this new
feature, Appf.yi11g Sociology lo Your Ufe.
And updates? As with previous editions, you can ex-
pect that they run throughout this n ew edition. The updates
are too nwnerous to mention, but to give you a n indication
of h ow extensively this edition is revised, fol1mving is a list
of the n ew topics, boxed features, tables, and figures.
xxi
 •
IS
Chapter 1
Applying Sociology to Your Life: The Sociological Perspec-
tive and Your Life Course
Figure 1.1 Suicide of Americans ages 18 to 24
Figure 1.7 Western Marriage: Husband-Wife Relationship
Topic: William Graham Sumner taught the first course in
sociology in the United States (Yale 1872)
Chapter 2
Sociology and Technology: The Shifting Landscape:
The End of Human Culture? Artificial Intelligence and
Super-Smart Computers
Topic: In the 1600s, killing cats was part of festive celebrations
Chapter 3
Topic: Ekman's conclusions on the universality of the ex-
pression of human emotions is challenged by research
among the Trobianders of Papua New Guinea.
Topic: Negative effects of day care depend on the age at
which children are placed in day care
Chapter4
Applying Sociology to Your Life: Getting Promoted:
Making Impression Management Work for You
Topic: Transgender as a master status
Topic: Students learn more from attractive teachers
Chapter 6
Applying Sociology to Your Life: The New World of Work:
How to Keep a Paycheck Coming in the New Global
Marketplace
Topic: Explaining the conformity of the Asch experiments:
people feel less agency when they do something they
have been ordered to do
Topic: Investigation of JonBenet Ramsey as an example of
groupthink
Chapter 7
Applying Sociology to Your Life: Using Mirroring
to Improve Popularity and Open the Doors to Success
••
XXII
Applying Sociology to Your Life: ''So You Want That Job.
What about Your Past?''
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How to Humanize Your
Work Setting
Sociology and Technology: The Shifting Landscape:
Virtual Reality and Diversity Training
Topic: The experience and perspective of white males are
being added to diversity training
Topic: As a warning to Russia, NATO has stationed token
troops in the Baltics
Topic: Strengths-based management as a way to make work
teams more effective
Chapter 8
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How Does Social Control
Theory Apply to You?
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How Do You Use
Techniques of Neutralization to Protect Your Self
Concept?
Topic: In murder trials, if the victim is white and the ac-
cused is black, juries are more likely to impose the death
penalty than if the accused is white and the victim is
black
Chapter 9
Topic: Face-recognition software can turn the police's body
cameras into surveillance machines, able to identify
everyone an officer passes on the sidewalk
Chapter 10
Figure 10.7 Physical Health, by Income: People Who Have
Difficulty with Everyday Physical Activities
Figure 10.8 Mental Health, by Income: Feelings of Sadness,
Hopelessness, or Worthlessness
Figure 10.10 An Overview of Poverty in the United States
Figure 10.13 Poverty and Family Structure
Figure 10.14 Poverty and Race-Ethnicity
Figure 10.15 Poverty and Age
Topic: The 20 richest Americans have more wealth than the
bottom half of the U.S. population combined
Topic: Before they turn 65, about 60 percent of the U.S. pop-
ulation will experience a year of poverty
Topic: The Jardin in Las Vegas sells a $10,000 cocktail and a
weekend Valentine package for $100,000

Chapter 11
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How to (',ct a Higher S.1Iary
Apply ing Sociology to Your Life: Breaking through the
Glass Ceiling
Figure 11.10 Women in U.S. Congress
f igure 11.7 i\'iaster's degree was added to this figure
Topic: The effects of testosterone differ \\'lth the situation:
Women g iven testosterone in a competitive s ituation
grow suspicious and less trusting, but g iven testosterone
in a situation where they are bein g trusted, they become
more responsible and generous.
Topic: Many mi nority women feel th at the feminist move-
ment represents "white" experiences. Their attempt to
change e mphases has led to a clash of perspectives.
Topic: Among the CEOs of the largest U.S. companies, a
reverse: pay gap has emerged, with women ou tearning
men by several million dollars a year.
Topic: The rate o f sexuaJ assau1t on boys and men is about
one,.tcnth that of girls and women.
Chapter 12
Down-to-Earth Sociology: Exploring Racism
Table 12.3 Race-Ethnicity and Income Extremes
Topic: Arizona has agreed U,at the police will not stop peo·
pie solely to determine if U1ey are in the coun try illegally.
Topic: Catherine Cortez Masto of Nevada became the first
Latina sen ator.
Topic: Native Americans operate their own embassy in
Wash ington, D.C.
Topic: The bamboo curtain: A.'5ian American s claiming they
arc discrimin.a.ted .against in colJege .admissions
Chapter 13
Topic: In Japan, more adult d i apers are sold than baby
d iapers.
Topic: The Social Security d ependency ra tio has dropped to
3.6 (current workers to one beneficiary)
Topic: Of the world1s 44 supercente narians whose age J-,as
been confirmed, 43 are women.
Chapter 14
Applying Sociology to Your Life: How to Network
fig ure 14:1 How Networks Can Create Opportunities and
Build Sources of Knowledge
Topic: Techn ology is leading to a mobile sirift, executives
, ..rithout offices, more mobile in the corporation.
Chapter 15
Sociology and Technology : The Shifting landscape: How
Could the Polls Get It So Wrong?
New to This Edition xxiii
Topic: From President Obama to President Trump used as
an example of the transition of au th ority in a r.ation al-
lcgal structure even when a n ewly elected leader rep·
resents id eas extremely different from the predecessor
Topic: Kim Jong· un o f North Korea had his vice premier for
education shot for slouching during a meeting of parliament
Chapter 16
Applying Sociology to Your Life: What Are Yo11r Ch ances
of Get ling Divorced? The Misuse of Statistics
Applying Sociology to Your Life: What Kind of Parent Will
You Be?
Apply ing Sociology lo Your Lil e: Finding Quality Daycare
Cultural Diversity around the World: Arran ged Marriage
in India: Probing beneath the Surface
Figure 16.5 The Remarkable O , angc in Tv,ro- and Fou r-
Children Families
Figure 16:16 Today's Newlyweds: Their Marital H istory
Topic: One,.third o f Am ericans who marr)r met onlin e.
Topic: The latest research on children reared by same·sex
parents
Topic: For the first time since 1880, the percentage o f young
adults who live with their parents is larger than those,vho
live \1/lth a spouse or partner in a separate h ousehold.
Topic: "Adultolescence" is aJso known as "w.aithood.1'
Topic: The average age o f those wh o are cohabiting is 39.
Topic: Helicoptering, parents' hovering over their children to
be certain they make the right decisions and have the right
experiences, increasingly common in the upper-middle class
Topic: Implications for human evolution of Crispr (Cius·
tered Regularly lnterspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)
Chapter 17
Applying Sociology to Your Life: You Wan t to Get Through
College? Let's Apply Sociology
Applying Sociology lo Your life; You Really Wan t to Get
11, mugh College? Let's Apply More Sociology (Experi-
ment that manged self-expectations, leading lo higher
completion of the first year of college)
Topic: To increase graduation rates, community colleges are
developing guided pnllrwnys.
Topic: A major change is occurring in Japan's higher
education- a s hift to job training in its lower tier
universities and more research in its top tier.
Topic: University salaries in Russia .a.re so low that tens o f
thousands of academics have left Russia.
Topic: Tucson., Ari zona, r w1s a "Teen age Paren t High
Sch ool," where pregnant girls and those who have a l·
ready given birth learn parenting skills as well as tradi·
tional subjects
Topic: What does an A mean? High school teachers give
twe,ity Umes more A's than C's.
 •
XXIV New to This Edition
Chapter 18
Sociology and Technology: The Shifting Landscape:
Changing Religious Practices in the Digital Age
Topic: Roman Catholics use Confessor Go to locate priests
to hear confessionsf and WhatsApp to discuss moral di-
lemmas with priests.
Chapter 19
Topic: To whitewash international relations, China made a
law prohibiting the harvesting of organs from executed
prisoners, but the practice continues.
Topic: In Holland, there are about 6,000 medically assisted
suicides a year.
Topic: Each of the half million U.S. patients on dialysis costs
$88,000 per year.
Topic: Americans spend more on alcoholic beverages than
they spend on beef, fish, and eggs combined.
Topic: The average smoker dies ten years younger than the
average non-smoker.
Topic: Nanorobots are being developed to travel down
a patient's bloodstream to deliver drugs that target a
tumor's cancer cells.
Chapter 20
Topic: The United States has 40 million immigrants.
Topic: The world now has thirty-one megacities.
Topic: Japan's population is shrinking by a million people
a year.
Topic: Update on Monsanto subverting GMO research.
Topic: Tomorrow's suburb: Attempts of suburbs to trans-
form themselves into cities.
The Organization of . . .·s
. Text
The text is laid out in five parts. Part I focuses on the socio-
logical perspective, which is introduced in the first chapter.
We then look at how culture influences us (Chapter 2), exam-
ine socialization (Chapter 3), and compare macrosociology
and microsociology (Chapter 4). After this, we look at how
sociologists do research (Chapter 5). Placing research meth-
ods in the fifth chapter does not follow the usual sequence,
but doing so allows students to first become immersed in
the captivating findings of sociology then, after their in-
terest is awakened, they learn how sociologists gather their
data. Students respond very well to this approach, but if you
prefer the more traditional order, simply teach this chapter
as the second chapter. No content will be affected.
Part II, which focuses on groups and social control,
adds to the students' understanding of how far-reaching
Chapter 21
Down-to-Earth Sociology: The True Believer: The Nazis
and ISIS
Figure 21.2 The Participants in a Crowd
Topic: Bringing emotions back in: the study of crowd
behavior
Topic: Pokemon Go and fidget spinners added to crazes
Topic: The demonstrations of ''the dreamers'' added as an
example of relative deprivation theory
Chapter 22
Topic: The United States withdrew from G7's Paris Accord
on Climate Change.
Topic: Global warming threatens the Earth's coral reefs,
which hold chemicals to cure diseases. Venom from the
cone snail, fifty times more potent than morphine, is
being used as a painkiller.
Topic: In coming distance learning classes, the simul-
taneous translation of speech will allow students
from different cultures to talk and to understand one
another.
Topic: In coming distance learning classes, artificial
intelligence will enable students to go on virtual field
trips in other cultures that immerse them in different
realities.
Topic: The Pentagon operates a Cyber Command with nine
''National Mission Teams'' of sixty military personnel
each
Topic: An Italian company sells '' off-the-shelf'' programs
that allow someone to insert malicious code in comput-
ers and mobile devices
society's influence is how group membership penetrates
even our thinking, attitudes, and orientations to life. We first
examine the different types of groups that have such pro-
found influences on us and then look at the fascinating area
of group dynamics (Chapter 6). We then examine the impact
of bureaucracy and formal organizations (Chapter 7). After
this, we focus on how groups ''keep us in line'' and sanction
those who violate their norms (Chapter 8).
In Part III, we turn our focus on social inequality, ex-
amining how it pervades society and how it has an impact
on our own lives. Because social stratification is so signifi-
cant, I have written two chapters on this topic. The first
(Chapter 9), with its global focus, presents an overview of
the principles of stratification. The second (Chapter 10),
with its emphasis on social class, focuses on stratification
in the United States. After establishing this broader con-
text of social stratification, we examine gender, the most
Another random document with
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were now married, and sat on two golden thrones, looking
wonderfully handsome and happy. Below them on the marble floor
all the lords and ladies were dancing the most graceful dances in the
world, and the musicians placed up in a high gallery sang and played
the most delightful music, while tables covered with nice tarts and
cakes and other beautiful things ran down on each side of the hall.
But notwithstanding that Duldy had married the Princess, and was
going to be king when Arago died, he felt quite unhappy, as the foam
bracelet still clasped his wrist.
“What is the matter, Prince?” asked Elsa, putting her beautiful white
arms round his neck; “you look so sad.”
“I’m afraid of Foamina,” said Duldy, showing Elsa his wrist. “Look at
the foam bracelet chaining my wrist; I cannot get it off. Look, you can
see it quite plainly.”
And indeed they could, a slender ring of white foam which clasped
his wrist so tightly that Duldy felt as though it were the hand of the
enchantress grasping him, to drag him away from his lovely bride to
the depths of her cold pool.
“Is it cold?” asked Elsa.
“Yes, very cold,” replied Duldy disconsolately. “I wish I could take it
off.”
“I think I can do that,” said the Princess, laughing. “If it’s cold, it will
soon melt away under my warm kisses;” and so saying, she bent
down and kissed his wrist three times with her red lips. Much to
Duldy’s surprise, at the first kiss the foam bracelet seemed to grow
loose, at the second it fell off his wrist and lay on the floor like a
white ring, and at the third it vanished with a loud noise.
Duldy was overjoyed that he was now free from the power of the
enchantress, and led the Princess out on to the balcony which
overlooked the river. It was a beautiful night, and Duldy saw the
great white peak of Kel shining against the dark blue sky, and the
heaving waters of the river at his feet. Just as he kissed the lips of
his Princess, a confused noise sounded from the city below. The
river, lashing itself into angry waves, began to rise, and as Duldy and
the Princess, full of dismay, retreated to the hall, a crowd of people
rushed in and stopped the dancing.
“Sire! sire!” they called out to the King, “the river is rising round the
city, and all the fountains are spouting foam! We are lost! we are
lost!”
Everything was in confusion, people rushing here and there
shrieking and crying, while the lights of the city died out, and the
cruel, dark waters kept on rising, until every one thought the whole
city would sink beneath the flood.
Duldy knew it was the work of Foamina, and his mind was quite
satisfied on that point when a great white wave of foam rolled into
the hall over the balcony. On this the Water-witch was riding, singing
loudly,—
“Give me my lover,
King’s daughter, king’s daughter,
Or I will cover
Your city with water.”

The Princess shrieked and hid her face on Duldy’s shoulder, while
Arago and all the people around looked at the witch in dismay.
Suddenly Duldy recollected how Salamander had promised to help
him, so he called out,—
“Salamander,
O, withstand her!
She has brought her
Cruel water.
Drive from land her,
Salamander!”

The witch laughed loudly, and the wave rolled on, amid the
lamentations sounding from the city below, when suddenly, in the
place where the Fountain of Jewels had been, a tall flame shot up,
and out of it flashed Salamander, glowing like a beautiful crimson
star.
“Foamina, beware!” he cried, shaking a torch which he held in his
hand; “or I will burn up your springs, scorch your forests, and crush
you for ever.”
“No, you won’t,” said Foamina, flinging her white arms aloft. “This
shepherd is mine—mine! and you can do nothing.”
“Can’t I?” cried Salamander, waving his torch. “Behold!”
There was a great roar, like the report of a thousand cannons, and
every one looked through the open window with a cry of alarm.
Far away, from the snowy peak of Kel shot a tall column of red flame,
with a black cloud above it spreading over the midnight sky, and
vividly bright streams of burning lava began to run down the white
snow like veins of fire.
“Oh, my springs, my springs!” shrieked Foamina wildly; “they will all
be burned up, and I’ll die—I can’t put that fire out.”
“No, you cannot,” said Salamander sternly; “nor will I till you give up
all claim to Duldy.”
“I do! I do!” shrieked the Water-witch, listening with terror to the roar
of the fire mountain.
“And tell Duldy who he really is?” said Salamander relentlessly.
“Yes! yes!” cried Foamina, who was now getting thinner and thinner
as the hot lava scorched her springs in the distant mountain. “Only
stop that cruel, cruel fire!”
“Who am I?” asked Duldy. “Quick! tell me, and Salamander will stop
the fire.”
“You are the son of the old King,” cried Foamina wildly. “I drowned
your mother and carried you off. I surrender all claim to you now,
only stop the fire—stop the fire!”
“You will never do cruel things again?” said Salamander.
“Never!—never!” said the Water-witch, who was now writhing on the
floor.
“Then make the waters leave the city,” cried Duldy.
The Water-witch flew to the window and muttered some words,
whereupon the river sank down to its usual level, all the fountains
stopped pouring out jets of foam, and in a short time the city was as
dry and clean as if no waters had been there at all.
“Now go!” cried Salamander, and stretched out his torch towards the
mountain. Immediately the column of fire sank back again, the
smoke vanished and nothing could be seen but the snow-white
peak, the dark blue sky, and the serene moon. As soon as Foamina
saw this, she gave a cry of joy, and, flinging herself in a foaming
torrent from the window, vanished in the river, and was never seen
again.
Then Salamander turned to Duldy and Arago, who stood near,
delighted with the defeat of the Water-witch.
“You heard what Foamina said,” he observed to Duldy; “you are the
son of the old king, and ought to reign now.”
“And so he shall,” cried Arago, taking off his beautiful silver crown
and placing it on Duldy’s head. “I will give up the throne to Duldy and
my daughter, and become prime minister once more. Hail, King
Duldy!”
“No, he must not be called Duldy,” said Salamander, smiling, “but by
his father’s name. So, Hail, King Sama!”
Then all present, including Arago, kneeled down before Duldy, who
ascended the throne with his silver crown, and his beautiful Queen
Elsa by his side.
“Be happy,” cried Salamander; “you have a kind heart, and that
always brings happiness.”
Whereupon he vanished, and was never more seen again, nor did
he allow the mountain of Kel to breathe fire any more. So King Sama
and Queen Elsa ruled over the land of Metella, and were very, very
happy, and were guided by the advice of Arago, who once more
became prime minister.
Duldy brought Dull and Day from the forest, and gave them a
beautiful palace to live in, but they did not like the city life, and went
back again to their cottage, where they died
after many years.
So Duldy became king after all, but while his
people hailed him as King Sama, his beautiful
wife called him nothing but Duldy, the
shepherd lad who had released her from the
enchantment of the Water-witch.
 MOON FANCIES

THERE was once a girl called Lurina, who dwelt with her parents in
a cottage on the edge of a great forest, which was said to be
enchanted. She was an only child, and her parents, whose names
were Panus and Cora, were very fond of her, although she certainly
gave them a great deal of trouble. Not that she was naughty in any
way, for no one could have been better or more obedient; but she
was generally very dull and sleepy all the day, and only woke up at
night-time, when she liked to wander outside in the moonlight,
instead of going to bed. This habit led her parents to think she had
faery blood in her veins, and, although Panus was a dull, stupid man,
he nevertheless remembered how very peculiar his old grandmother
had been in her actions.
Another curious thing was that Lurina had been born just at full
moon, which is the time when all the faeries hold their great monthly
festival, and Cora remembered hearing them singing a birth-song
about little Lurina, who lay by her side. So there was no doubt but
that the faery blood which flowed in the veins of the old grandmother
had missed a generation, and once more came out in Lurina. Panus
and Cora therefore let her do just as she liked, which was the best
thing they could do, as they had been told by a Wise Woman who
lived near them.
Lurina was a most beautiful girl, with golden hair, a delicate white
skin, and dark, dark eyes, which had a somewhat mournful look in
their depths. When she arrived at the age of eighteen, a young
woodman called Berl fell in love with her, and, after some hesitation,
Lurina promised to become his wife, provided he let her do exactly
as she pleased, and did not stop her night wanderings.
“You can go into the forest whenever you like,” said Berl, kissing her;
“but why do you not come when the sun is bright, instead of the
feeble moonlight?”
 “I don’t like the sun,” said Lurina, pouting, “it
makes everything so hot and disagreeable;
but the moonlight is so soft and beautiful that I
love it. Besides, you don’t know what strange
fancies come to me when the moon is
shining.”
“What kind of fancies?” asked Berl, who was a
somewhat dull youth.
“Oh, all sorts of beautiful things,” replied
Lurina dreamily; “lovely little men and women
dressed in green, who dance lightly on the
emerald turf, and strange, sweet songs which sound like rushing
water and the whispering of leaves. I dream about them when I’m in
the wood, but nowhere else.”
Berl was now convinced that Lurina had faery blood in her veins, and
attended the festivals of the faeries, which she called moon fancies;
but, being a very cautious man, he said nothing to Lurina;
nevertheless, before he got married he consulted the Wise Woman.
She was really a very wonderful old woman,
with snow-white hair and a form nearly bent
double with age. She listened to Berl’s story
about Lurina’s moon fancies, and then spoke
in a harsh, determined voice.
“Your future wife has dealings with the
faeries,” she said, looking at Berl from under
her bushy white eyebrows; “but what she sees
at night in the forest are real truths, and not
fancies as she thinks. My advice to you is not
to marry her, lest evil befall you.”
But Berl was too much in love with the beautiful Lurina to take this
advice, so he said nothing, but asked Panus and Cora to let him
marry their daughter at once, which they were very pleased to do, for
he was quite a rich man among the woodmen and, moreover, very
good-natured.
The wedding-day arrived at last, and Lurina was married to Berl by
the village pastor. Those who thought she had faery blood in her
veins said she would never be able to enter the church; but, much to
their surprise, nothing unusual occurred at the ceremony, so they
began to think Lurina was only a dull, stupid girl after all. This was a
mistake, however, as you will soon hear.
Berl and Lurina took up their abode in a pretty
cottage under the shade of a great oak, and
lived very happily for a long time. Lurina was
still dreamy and quiet all the day, but as Berl
was generally at work in the wood, he did not
notice it much. At night-time, however, she still
wandered into the forest, especially when the moon was very bright,
and this habit began to annoy Berl very much, but as he had given
his word not to interfere with Lurina, he said nothing.
One night, however, when the moon was full, and the whole of the
forest was bathed in the pale, cold light, he woke up, and, missing
his wife from his side, knew that she had gone into the forest to
indulge in her moon fancies. Berl sprang out of bed, and just caught
a glimpse of her shadow disappearing among the trunks of the trees;
so he rapidly slipped on his clothes and hurried after her, being
determined to find out why she was so fond of these midnight
wanderings.
“She’s going to a meeting of the faeries,” thought Berl, as he ran
across the lawn. “I hope the little people won’t be angry if they see
me; but my wife will protect me.”
For you must know that the faeries never like their revels gazed
upon by mortal eye, and if they catch any one looking they pinch him
black and blue; so Berl had good reason to be afraid of venturing
into the enchanted wood at night.
He followed his wife cautiously, always keeping her in sight, but
taking care she should not see him, when suddenly she crossed an
open glade and vanished. Berl ran after her, but could find no trace
of Lurina at all, and was quite disconsolate, when all at once he
espied her sitting at the foot of a great beech tree, leaning against
the trunk, with her beautiful face looking pale and white in the
moonshine. Having watched her for a long time, he ventured to
approach and call her by name, but, to his astonishment, she did not
answer nor express surprise at seeing him, but simply stared across
the glade with vague, unseeing eyes.
Emboldened by her silence, Berl ran up and fell on his knees with a
little laugh, thinking she would scold him for having dared to follow
her. He was perplexed, however, to see that she still did not seem to
notice him, and when at last he took one of her hands, it was as cold
as ice. Starting up in alarm, he looked closely at her, and found that
she did not breathe—placed his hand on her heart, and discovered
that it did not beat.
“Why, she’s dead!” he cried in alarm. “Lurina, it is I, your husband,
Berl.”
Still Lurina did not answer. So, convinced she was dead, Berl threw
her body over his shoulder and hurried home. When he got inside,
he did everything he could to revive her, but it was no use; the
beautiful Lurina was dead, and Berl sat all night beside her body,
weeping bitterly.
At the first red flush of dawn, he went from house to house, telling
Lurina’s parents and all the neighbours that his wife had died the
preceding night in the forest. Every one came to Berl’s house to see
if it was true, and offer advice, which one’s neighbours are very fond
of doing. Among those who came was the Wise Woman, who
surveyed the beautiful Lurina for some time in silence, then laughed
loudly.
“Why do you laugh?” asked Berl, angry with her for doing so.
“I laugh at your folly,” said the Wise Woman, looking oddly at him.
“Lurina is no more dead than I am.”
“But her heart is not beating, and she does not breathe,” said Panus
quickly.
“Nevertheless, she is not dead,” replied the Wise Woman quietly.
“Have you ever seen her like this before?” she added, turning to
Cora.
“No, never,” answered Cora, who was weeping bitterly.
“Ah! that is because you never followed her to the forest as Berl did,”
said the Wise Woman thoughtfully. “I told you, Berl, that your wife
had faery blood in her veins, and you should have taken my advice
about the marriage.”
“Well, it’s too late now to blame me,” said Berl roughly, for he did not
like to be reproached. “What am I to do?”
“I will tell you,” observed the Wise Woman. “Come to my cottage at
once.”
So Berl left the body of his beautiful Lurina with her parents, and
walked with the Wise Woman to her cottage, which was just on the
verge of the wood, but protected from the entry of the faeries by a
rusty horse-shoe fastened on the door.
When Berl entered, the Wise Woman drew a
circle on the ground with her magic staff,
whereupon a ring of pale flickering fire
appeared; then she pulled seven hairs out of
the tail of her black cat, and threw them into
the midst of the circle, where they began to
twist about in a most surprising manner. While
they were doing this, the Wise Woman waved
her staff seven times in the air, muttering
strange words, and a white smoke arose from
the centre of the fire circle where the hairs
were jumping about. This white smoke went up like a white cloud,
then suddenly vanished, and Berl saw a little man, all dressed in red,
sitting in the centre of the circle.
“Well, what do you want?” he said graciously
to the Wise Woman, whose bright eyes
sparkled when she saw him.
“Why did Lurina die?” asked the Wise
Woman. “Tell me, Pop.”
“She’s not dead at all,” answered Pop quickly;
“she is a faery, and went into the woods to attend the festival. As she
could not join the revels of Oberon in her human body, which would
be too big, she left it behind, leaning against the trunk of a beech
tree, and her faery body went to dance with the faeries. Of course,
when Berl took her body away, she could not find it again when she
returned, and she never will find it till it’s brought back to the same
place.”
“What is to be done, then?” asked the Wise
Woman.
“Berl must take Lurina’s body back again from
where he brought it,” said Pop; “but before
Lurina’s faery body can come back to it, Berl
will have to get permission for it to do so from
Oberon.—Now let me go, I’ve told you all I
know.”
The Wise Woman waved her staff again, the
white smoke came down on the little red man
like an extinguisher, then everything vanished, and Berl found
himself standing outside the door of the cottage, with the Wise
Woman smiling at him.
“You heard what Pop said,” she observed kindly; “you will have to go
to the court of King Oberon, and ask him to let your wife come back.”
“But will he do so?” asked Berl doubtfully.
“Ah, that I do not know,” said the Wise Woman; “but as the faeries
may treat you badly for looking at their festival, take this sprig of the
rowan tree, and it will protect you. Don’t forget to take Lurina’s body
back to the beech tree.”
Berl took the sprig of rowan with its red berries that she handed to
him, and walked away to his own cottage. He did not tell any one
what the Wise Woman had said, but managed to put off all their
questions by pretending to be too grieved to speak. So one after
another the neighbours departed, until only Panus and Cora were
left, and they, too, after kissing the pale lips of Lurina, went away,
leaving Berl alone.
Berl waited impatiently for night to come, and as soon as the moon
was glowing like glittering silver in the starry sky, he took Lurina up in
his arms, and, carrying her into the forest, placed her in the same
position as he had found her, leaning against the trunk of the beech
tree.
When he had done this, he looked round perplexed, for he did not
know how to find the faery court, but, taking out the rowan twig, he
looked at it earnestly, wondering if it would by some magic means
show him the way. But the rowan twig made no sign, and Berl put up
the hand in which he held it to take off his cap and fasten it in it,
when the twig happened to strike his ear, and immediately the silent
forest became full of sounds.
He heard the most delightful music, then a burst of gay laughter,
and, following the direction from whence they proceeded, he came
upon a wide open glade, with a smooth green sward upon which the
moon was shining. Still, though he looked very hard, he could not
see a faery; then, suddenly remembering how the rowan twig had
bewitched his ears, he took it out of his hat, and pressed the red
berries against his eyes. To his delight, he now saw that all the
sward was covered with thousands of little men and women all
dressed in pale green, and at the end was a throne of great white
lilies, upon which sat the King and Queen of Faeryland. All round the
glade were a circle of glow-worms, whose pale lights illuminated the
festival, and the bright moonlight pouring down through the boughs
of the trees made everything as bright as day.

As soon as the faeries discovered that Berl could really see them at
their revels, they shrieked with rage, and hundreds of the little green
creatures swarmed up on his body to pinch him black and blue. Berl
was in a great fright at first, till he suddenly remembered what the
Wise Woman had said about the rowan sprig, so immediately called
out—
“Magic branch of rowan tree,
Work the charm and set me free.”

At once there was a dead silence, and all the faeries fell to the
ground like withered leaves in autumn. Some of them ran to the
throne of lilies, and spoke to the King, upon which Oberon stepped
down, and, followed by a long train, walked up to Berl and
commanded him to sit down. Berl did so, and then Oberon struck the
ground with his wand, whereupon a great red rose sprang up, in
which he took his seat with Queen Titania, while the other faeries
gathered round and prepared to listen.
“Now, mortal,” said Oberon in a dignified manner, “how is it that with
an earthly eye you have beheld the unseen revels of the faeries?”
“It was by this rowan twig, your Majesty,” said Berl, showing Oberon
the sprig; “the Wise Woman gave it to me as a protection, in case
the faeries should be angry.”
“We are only angry with evil-disposed people,” said Oberon gently;
“and if you come here with a pure heart, no one will harm you. What
do you want with us?”
“I want my wife Lurina,” said Berl boldly.
There was a cry of astonishment at this. Suddenly a faery flew
forward on emerald wings, and, as she stood before Oberon, Berl
saw that it was Lurina.
“Yes, your Majesty,” said the faery Lurina, “I am his wife, but he lost
me through his curiosity, as your Majesty knows. I was exiled from
Faeryland many years ago, and condemned to dwell in a human
body. I lived in Lurina’s body, but was allowed by the Queen to join in
the faery revels at night. I told my husband not to follow me, but he
did so, and found my human body lying as if dead under the beech
tree, because I had left it to attend the festival. When I went back, I
could not find it, so had to stay in the forest all day as a faery.”
“Is this true?” asked Oberon, turning to Titania.
“Perfectly true,” answered Titania. “It was I who punished Lurina by
exiling her from Faeryland, but now I think she is punished enough,
and, as she has lost her human body through no fault of her own,
she is pardoned.”
On hearing these words, the faery Lurina dropped on her knees and
kissed the Queen’s hand, then flew off to be congratulated on her
good luck by her faery friends. But Berl was not at all pleased to
think he had lost his wife for ever, and spoke to the King.
“But what am I to do, your Majesty?” he said, with tears in his eyes.
“I love Lurina very much, and don’t want to lose her.”
“There is only one thing to be done,” said Oberon. “Have you
brought back the human body of Lurina?”
“Yes, your Majesty; it’s under the beech tree,” replied Berl eagerly.
“Then I’ll tell you what I’ll do,” said the King. “As the Queen has
pardoned Lurina, of course she can’t go back, as no faery likes to
live in your world; but the faery Mala has been very naughty of late,
so I will condemn her to inhabit your wife’s body, and stay in exile
until she is good enough to come back to court.”
“But that won’t be Lurina,” said Berl.
“She will wear Lurina’s body,” replied Oberon, laughing; “and no one
but yourself will be the wiser. Leave the forest at once, and to-
morrow morning you will see your wife come to the cottage door.
Strike up, music!”
Whereupon the faery music began to play loudly—the blue bells
rang merry chimes, the grasshoppers creaked gaily, and the wind
commenced to sigh among the forest leaves.
Berl dare not disobey the King’s command, and, after seeing Oberon
return to the throne of white lilies, and all the faeries commence their
dance again, he arose to his feet. As he did so, he accidentally
dropped the rowan twig, which was snatched up by a faery at once,
and then the whole of the faery revel vanished. Berl could see
nothing of the dancing, nor hear anything of the music, but only
beheld the smooth green lawn, the myriad trees around, and the
round orb of the moon.
There was nothing left to do but to return home, which he did at
once, and you may be sure he got very little sleep that night. At early
dawn he was standing at his cottage door, looking towards the wood,
when he beheld Lurina tripping gaily towards him, singing merrily.
When she saw Berl, she flung herself into his arms.
“Dear Berl, here I am at last!” she cried, kissing him.
“But you are the faery Mala,” said Berl, looking at her in perplexity.
“Who is the faery Mala?” asked Lurina, who had forgotten all about
her faery existence now she was in a human body. “I never heard of
her. I went into the forest and fell asleep, I suppose. When I awoke I
came straight back to you.”
Berl was a wise man, and said no more, but kissed his newly-
recovered wife heartily, then called all the neighbours to congratulate
him, which they did loudly.
When they told Lurina she had been dead, she declared it was
nonsense, as it was only a sleep, and soon every one believed it
except Berl and the Wise Woman, to whom Berl told all about his
reception by Oberon.
Lurina became bright and gay all day, and never more wandered into
the forest to indulge in moon fancies, so Berl thought the faery Mala
must have been exiled altogether from Faeryland.
She was very good indeed, so good that Berl was quite afraid lest
she should be called back to Faeryland, but as yet that has not
happened.
THE ROSE-PRINCESS
 I.

THE QUEEN WHO DID NOT BELIEVE IN FAERIES.

ONCE upon a time there was a King and Queen who reigned over a
most beautiful country. They were very rich and very happy, and
lived in a most gorgeous palace, the grand gardens of which sloped
down to the blue sea, on which sailed many richly-laden ships,
carrying merchandise to the capital city of the kingdom.
The palace was built of silver and ivory, and adorned with pale blue
velvet hangings, upon which were painted the most exquisite
pictures in the world. It stood on a high green hill, and far below lay
the immense city of Buss, with its wide streets, many towers, and
glittering fountains. As the King and Queen looked down from their
beautiful castle on to the mighty city and great green plains which
surrounded it, they ought to have been happy, but, curious to say,
they were not. They had everything in the world to make them happy
except one thing, and that one thing they longed for ardently, the
more so because they did not see any chance of obtaining it.
“Ah, if I only had a child!” sighed the Queen.
“Yes; a little boy,” said the King.
“Or a little girl,” retorted the Queen. “Don’t you know any faeries, my
dear, who would gratify our one desire?”
“No,” replied the King, shaking his head sadly. “My great-grandfather
was the last person who ever saw a faery; no one has ever seen one
since.”
“I don’t believe they exist,” said the Queen angrily.
“Oh yes, they do,” observed her husband. “This palace is said to
have been built by faery hands.”
“I don’t believe they exist,” declared the Queen again. “If they did,
they would surely help me by giving me a little girl or boy. What’s the
good of faeries if they don’t help you?”
“I wish they would help me,” sighed his Majesty; “all my subjects are
getting so unruly that I don’t know but what there will be a revolution,
and they’ll put some one else on the throne.”
“Who else could they find?” asked the Queen curiously.
“Oh, I’m not certain of that,” replied the King. “You see, my
grandfather, who was the first of our dynasty, ascended the throne
by the help of the faeries, and the king who was deposed vanished,
but they say some of his descendants live there;” and he pointed
downward to the city.
“And there they will stay,” said the Queen angrily. “I don’t believe a
word of it. Faeries indeed! they don’t exist.”
“But they do,” persisted the King.
“Pooh!” replied her Majesty. “Pooh!”
Now, when the Queen said “Pooh!” her husband knew it was no use
talking any more, so he retired to his cabinet to look over some
petitions from starving people, while the Queen went down with the
ladies-in-waiting to walk in the garden.
It was really a delightful garden, filled with the most wonderful
flowers. There were great beds of scented carnations, glowing with
bright colours, red and white foxgloves, in whose deep bells the
faeries were said to hide, masses of snowy white lilies, and a great
mixture of marigolds, hollyhocks, sweet-williams, daisies, buttercups,
and dahlias, which made the whole ground look like a brightly-
coloured carpet. And as for the roses—oh, what a quantity of
charming roses there were growing there! Red roses, varying in
colour from a deep scarlet to a pale pink; white roses looking like
snowflakes; yellow roses that glittered like gold, and faintly-tinted
tea-roses that perfumed the still air with their sweet odours. Oh, it
was really a famous garden, and bloomed all the year round, for the
kingdom was situated in the region of perpetual summer, where
snow never fell and frost never came.
The Queen, whose name was Flora, wandered disconsolately about
the garden, quite discontented with the beautiful flowers, because
she could not obtain the wish of her heart. The ladies-in-waiting
began to pluck flowers in order to adorn the royal dinner-table, and
Queen Flora walked on alone towards a great white rose tree that
was covered with blossoms. As she stood looking at it, she suddenly
heard a tiny laugh, and a great white rose unfolded its petals,
showing a golden heart, and also a dainty little faery dressed in
delicate green leaves, with a crown of little white rosebuds, and a
wand made of a blade of grass. When the Queen saw her, she was
much astonished, because she did not believe in faeries, but, now
she really saw one, she had to believe her own eyes.
“I am called Rosina,” said the faery in a sweet, low voice, “and I
heard you say you did not believe faeries existed; now you see they
do, because I am a faery.”
“Yes, you must be a faery,” replied the Queen, clasping her hands,
“because no human being could be so small.”
“Oh, I can be any size I please,” said the Faery Rosina, with a laugh,
and, stepping down from the rose, she alighted on the ground, and
instantly grew as tall as the Queen herself.
“Oh, you are a real, real faery!” cried Flora in
delight. “But why do the faeries not appear
now?”
“Because the land is so badly governed,” said
Rosina in a severe tone. “Yourself and the
King only think of luxury, and never of
assisting the poor people; but I am going to
cure you both of such neglect.”
“But how?” asked the Queen, trembling.
“By giving you your wish,” said the faery,
plucking a white rosebud off the tree. “Lay this bud beside your bed
to-night, and at the dawn of day it will change into a beautiful little
baby Princess, which is what you want.”
“Oh yes, yes!” cried the Queen; “I do want a Princess.”
“Every night at sundown,” said the faery slowly, “the Princess will
once more change into a flower, and become a human being again
at sunrise.”
“But will she change like this all her life?” asked the Queen, in great
dismay, for she did not like to have such a curious baby.
“She will be a Princess by day and a rosebud by night,” said Rosina,
smiling, “until she marries the great-grandson of the King whom your
husband’s grandfather deposed from the throne.”
“And where is this Prince to be found?” demanded the Queen
breathlessly. “I’ll marry my Princess to him at once.”
“You can’t do that,” said the faery, shaking her head. “The exiled
Prince does not know who he is, and the Princess herself will have
to tell him he is of the royal blood. When she does that, and you
marry them to one another, the spell will be removed, and she will be
a Princess both by day and by night.”
“I don’t see how she’s ever going to find this lost Prince!” said the
Queen angrily. “I shall certainly not let my child run about the world
looking for him.”
“Fate is stronger than you are,” replied the faery, “and you will see
what you will see.” So saying, she suddenly disappeared, and, as
the white rose slowly curled up its petals, the Queen knew the Faery
Rosina was inside.
The ladies-in-waiting, who had seen the Queen talking to a strange
lady, dared not approach before, but now they saw their royal
mistress was alone, they ventured to come near, and one of them
offered to take the white rosebud which the Queen held.
“Oh no!” cried Flora, hastily drawing back her hand; “I am going to
keep this rosebud. It is my”—
She was going to say Princess, but, thinking it wiser to keep her own
counsel, she held her tongue, and, on returning to the palace, told no
one but the King about the faery’s promise. The King laughed at her,
and said he did not believe her story—that she must be dreaming;
but the Queen persisted in her tale, that the rosebud would become
a Princess, and placed it on a velvet cushion by the side of her bed.